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Fahud Salt Basin Province, Oman— Geological Overview and Total Petroleum Systems

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Fahud Salt Basin Province, Oman— Geological Overview and Total Petroleum Systems Ghaba Salt Basin Province and Fahud Salt Basin Province, Oman— Geological Overview and Total Petroleum Systems By Richard M. Pollastro U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2167 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director This report is only available on-line at: http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/bulletins/b2167/b2167.html Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Published in the Central Region, Denver, Colorado Manuscript approved for publication June 28, 1999 Graphics by the author Photocomposition by the author Edited by Lorna Carter CONTENTS Foreword 1 Acknowledgments 2 Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Province Geology and Petroleum Occurrence 5 Province Boundaries 5 Structural Setting 5 Stratigraphy 9 Petroleum System Overview 11 Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production History 14 Total Petroleum Systems and Assessment Units 18 Ghaba Salt Basin Province (2014) 18 North Oman Huqf/“Q”–Haushi(!) Total Petroleum System (201401) 18 Reservoirs, Seals, and Trap Styles 20 Source Rock Character and Geochemistry 20 Burial History, Generation, and Migration 21 Ghaba-Makarem Combined Structural Assessment Unit (20140101) 24 Fahud Salt Basin Province (2016) 25 North Oman Huqf–Shu’aiba(!) Total Petroleum System (201601) 25 Reservoirs, Seals, and Trap Styles 26 Source Rock Character 28 Burial History, Generation, and Migration 28 Fahud-Huqf Combined Structural Assessment Unit (20160101) 28 Middle Cretaceous Natih(!) Total Petroleum System (201602) 31 Source Rock Lithology and Geochemistry 31 Reservoirs, Seals, and Trap Styles 31 Burial History, Generation, and Migration 33 Natih-Fiqa Structural/Stratigraphic Assessment Unit (20160201) 33 Summary 36 References Cited 37 iii FIGURES 1. Map showing U.S. Geological Survey Province boundaries, names, and numbers, location of burial histories, and oil and gas field centerpoints 4 2. Map showing salt basins, structural elements, and major oil and gas fields of Oman 6 3. Generalized northwest-southeast cross section across study regions of Oman 7 4. Generalized east-west cross section across central Ghaba Salt Basin 8 5. Stratigraphic section of Oman showing source rocks and producing reservoirs for Ghaba and Fahud Salt Basins 10 6. Map showing geographic distribution of oil types found in Oman and approximate “Q” oil migration fairway 12 7. Diagram showing various populations for Oman oil types 13 8–10. Charts of petroleum system events for: 8. North Oman Huqf/“Q”–Haushi(!) Total Petroleum System 15 9. North Oman Huqf–Shu’aiba(!) Total Petroleum System 16 10. Middle Cretaceous Natih(!) Total Petroleum System 17 11. Map showing Ghaba Salt Basin Province 19 12. Burial-history diagram, vitrinite reflectance equivalent, and stages of hydrocarbon generation for Huqf source rocks, Ghaba Salt Basin Province 22 13. Burial-history diagram for deep-gas reservoirs, Barik Sandstone Member, Ghaba Salt Basin 23 14. Map showing North Oman Huqf–Shu’aiba(!) Total Petroleum System and related data 27 15. Burial-history diagram, vitrinite reflectance equivalent, and stages of hydrocarbon generation for Huqf source rocks, Fahud Salt Basin Province 29 16. Burial-history diagram for deep-gas reservoirs, Barik Sandstone Member, Fahud Salt Basin 30 17. Map showing North Oman middle Cretaceous Natih(!) Total Petroleum System and related data 32 18. Burial-history diagram, burial temperatures, and vitrinite reflectance equivalent for Natih Formation source rocks, Fahud Salt Basin 34 19. Burial-history diagram and major diagenetic events of Wasia Group near Anaima-1 well, Fahud Salt Basin 35 TABLES 1. Common characteristics of source rocks and oils of Ghaba and Fahud Salt Basin Provinces, north-central Oman 40 2. Allocation of known oil and gas fields to Total Petroleum Systems and Assessment Units of the Ghaba and Fahud Salt Basin Provinces, Oman 41 iv Ghaba Salt Basin Province and Fahud Salt Basin Province, Oman—Geological Overview and Total Petroleum Systems By Richard M. Pollastro Foreword unit. If necessary, a Total Petroleum System can be subdivided into two or more assessment units This report is a product of the World in order that each assessment unit is Energy Project of the U.S. Geological Survey, in sufficiently homogeneous. Each assessment unit which the world has been divided into 8 can incorporate several exploration plays based regions and 937 geologic provinces for purposes on different reservoir formations, trap types, of assessment of global oil and gas resources exploration strategies, and discovery histories. (Klett and others, 1997). These provinces have Assessment units are considered established if been ranked according to the discovered they contain more than 13 fields, frontier if petroleum volumes within each; 76 "priority" they contain 1–13 fields, and hypothetical if provinces (exclusive of the U.S. and chosen for they contain no fields. their high ranking) and 26 "boutique" provinces A numeric code identifies each region, (exclusive of the U.S. and chosen for various province, Total Petroleum System, and assess- reasons) were selected for appraisal of oil and ment unit; these codes are uniform throughout gas resources. Assessment results will be the project and will identify the same item in released in a later report. More specific digital any of the publications. The code is as follows: compilations of the geology and province boundaries of the Arabian Peninsula are also Example available on CD-ROM (Pollastro and others, Region, single digit 3 1998). Province, three digits to the right of region The Total Petroleum System constitutes the code 3162 basic geologic unit to be assessed for Total Petroleum System, three digits to the undiscovered oil and gas resources. A Total right of province code 3162050 Petroleum System includes the essential Assessment unit, one digit to the right of elements and processes, as well as all petroleum system code 31620504 genetically related hydrocarbons, that occur in petroleum shows, seeps, and accumulations The codes for the regions and provinces were (discovered and undiscovered) whose established, listed, and mapped in Klett and provenance is a pod or closely related pods of others, 1997. mature source rock (modified from Magoon and The purpose of describing the Total Dow, 1994). The minimum petroleum system is Petroleum Systems of this area is to aid in that portion of the Total Petroleum System for assessing the quantities of oil, gas, and natural which the presence of essential elements and gas liquids that have the potential to be added processes has been proved. to reserves within the next 30 years. These An assessment unit is a mappable volume of volumes either reside in undiscovered fields rock within the Total Petroleum System that whose sizes exceed the stated minimum-field- encompasses petroleum fields (discovered and size cutoff value for the assessment unit or occur undiscovered) which share similar general as reserve growth of fields already discovered. geologic traits and socio-economic factors. The "Reserves" quoted in this report are from fields in an assessment unit should constitute a Petroconsultants, Inc., 1996 Petroleum population that is sufficiently homogeneous in Exploration and Production database and other terms of geology, exploration strategy, and risk area reports from Petroconsultants, Inc., unless so that the chosen methodology of resource otherwise stated. assessment is applicable. A Total Petroleum Figure(s) in this report that show System might equate to a single assessment boundaries of the Total Petroleum System(s), 1 assessment units, and pods of active source rock Total Petroleum System (201401) and Ghaba- were originally compiled using geographic Makarem Combined Structural Assessment Unit information system (GIS) software and later (20140101), were identified for the Ghaba Salt drafted into the present illustrations. Basin Province (2014). In the Fahud Salt Basin Political boundaries and cartographic Province, however, two overlapping Total representations were taken, with permission, Petroleum Systems (TPS) were recognized: (1) from ESRI's 1992 ArcWorld 1:3 million digital the North Oman Huqf–Shu’aiba(!) TPS coverage, have no political significance, and (201601); Fahud-Huqf Combined Structural are displayed for general reference only. Oil Assessment Unit (20160101), and (2) the middle and gas field centerpoints, shown in drafted Cretaceous Natih(!) TPS (201602); Natih-Fiqa figure(s), are reproduced with permission from Structural/Stratigraphic Assessment Unit Petroconsultants, Inc., 1996 Worldwide Oil and (20160201). The boundary for each Total Gas Field database. Petroleum System also defines the boundary of Also included as figures are events charts the corresponding assessment unit and includes that show the time of deposition of essential all trap styles and hydrocarbon-producing rock units; the time processes, such as trap reservoirs within the petroleum system. formation, necessary to the accumulation of In both the Ghaba and Fahud Salt Basin hydrocarbons took place; the critical moment in Provinces, hydrocarbons were generated from the petroleum system; and the preservation several deeply buried source rocks within the time, if any. The format is that proposed by Infracambrian Huqf Supergroup. One general Magoon and Dow (1994). “North Oman Huqf” type oil is dominant in the Fahud Salt Basin. Oils in the Ghaba Salt
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