DOCSLIB.ORG

Privacy Protection in the Information and Communications Technology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Privacy Protection in the Information and Communications Technology University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2011 Privacy protection in the information and communications technology (ICT): a comparative analysis of the laws of the United States, European Union and Jordan Akram Almatarneh University of Wollongong, [email protected] Recommended Citation Almatarneh, Akram, Privacy protection in the information and communications technology (ICT): a comparative analysis of the laws of the United States, European Union and Jordan, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3470 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. Privacy Protection in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT): A Comparative Analysis of the Laws of the United States, European Union and Jordan A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy From University of Wollongong By Akram Almatarneh LL.B (MU, Jordan) LL.M (UWS, Australia) M.Phil (Macquarie University, Australia) Faculty of Law 2011 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS CONTENTS………………………………………………….. ii LIST of FIGURES, TABLES and APPENDICES………….. viii ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………... ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………….... xi STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP……………………….... xiii AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS……………………………… xiv ABSTRACT………………………………………………….. xv CHAPTERS 1–9…………………………………………….... 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………. 447 APPEDNICES………………………………………………... 478 i CONTENTS Chapter One General Introduction 1.1 Background to the Research……………………………………………... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………... 3 1.3 Research Questions……………………………………………………….. 8 1.4 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………... 9 1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Research…………………………………… 17 1.6 Approach and Methodology……………………………………………... 19 1.7 Literature Review…………………………………………………………. 22 1.8 Chapter Outline…………………………………………………………… 33 Chapter Two The Concept of Privacy 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 38 2.2 Definition of Privacy……………………………………………………... 39 2.3 Importance of Privacy…………………………………………………….. 46 2.4 Privacy as a Legal Concept: Property Right or Human Right?............. 56 2.5 Privacy and Other Concepts……………………………………………... 62 2.5.1 Privacy and Secrecy……………………………………………………. 62 2.5.2 Privacy and Confidentiality……………………………………………. 64 2.5.3 Privacy and Reputation………………………………………………... 66 2.5.4 Privacy and Security………………………………………………….... 67 2.6 International Recognition of the Right to Privacy……………………. 68 2.6.1 Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR (1948), Article 12)...................................................................................................................................... 69 2.6.2 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR (1976), Article 17)……………………………………………………………………. 70 2.6.3 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR (1950), Article 8)……………………………………………………………………………... 72 2.6.4 American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR (1969), Article 11).......................................................................................................................... 75 2.6.5 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHR (1990), Article 18)……………………………………………………………………………. 76 2.7 International Standard of Privacy……………………………………….. 78 2.7.1 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)… 78 ii 2.7.2 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)………………………….. 83 2.8 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………… 87 Chapter Three Privacy in Islam 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 90 3.2 The Sources of Shari’ah (Islamic Law)………………………………….. 91 3.2.1 The Holy Qur’an………………………………………………………. 91 3.2.2 The Sunnah…………………………………………………………….. 94 3.3 Shari’ah and Some Aspects of Privacy…………………………………... 95 3.3.1 Privacy of the Home…………………………………………………… 95 3.3.2 Suspicion and Espionage………………………………………………. 99 3.3.3 Private Correspondence……………………………………………….. 103 3.3.4 Confidential Conversation……………………………………………... 104 3.4 The Privacy of Non-Muslim……………………………………………... 107 3.5 The Privacy of the Deceased Persons…………………………………... 108 3.6 The Role of Government………………………………………………… 110 3.7 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………… 111 Chapter Four Privacy and Information and Communications Technology in Jordan: The Public Sector 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 114 4.2 ICT and Its social, economical and political Impacts…………………. 114 4.3 ICT and Its impacts on Privacy………………………………………….. 117 4.4 ICT in Jordan……………………………………………………………… 120 4.4.1 Electronic Government in Jordan……………………………………... 125 4.4.2 E-Government Initiative and Individual Privacy Concerns………….. 129 4.4.2.1 Collection of Personal Information……………………………….. 135 4.4.2.2 Use and Disclosure of Personal Information……………………... 139 4.4.3 Privacy Impact Assessments (PIA) for the E-Government Initiative… 146 4.5 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………… 149 iii Chapter Five Privacy and Information and Communications Technology in Jordan: The Private Sector 5.1ntroduction………………………………………………………………..... 151 5.2 Economic and trade liberalisation in Jordan…………………………… 154 5.2.1 Jordan and the World Trade Organisation (WTO)…………………... 156 5.2.1.1 Jordan’s Obligations in Telecommunications under WTO GATS……………………………………………………………………... 157 5.2.1.2 Jordan’s Obligations in Banking sector under WTO GATS…….. 160 5.2.2 The Jordan-US Free Trade Agreement (JUSFTA)…………………... 164 5.2.3 The Jordan-European Association Agreement………………………... 173 5.2.3.1 EU-Jordan Action Plan…………………………………………… 176 5.3 The Telecommunications Sector in Jordan…………………………….. 182 5.3.1 The Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (MoICT)……………………………………………………………………... 186 5.3.2 Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (TRC)………………... 187 5.3.3 The Privacy Implications of the Telecommunications Sector in Jordan………………………………………………………………………... 191 5.3.3.1 An Online Case Study…………………………………………….. 192 5.4 The Banking Sector in Jordan…………………………………………… 198 5.4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 198 5.4.2 The Banking System in Jordan………………………………………... 200 5.4.3 The Banking System and the ICT in Jordan………………………….. 203 5.4.3.1 Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)…………………………….. 204 5.4.3.2 Internet Banking………………………………………………….. 205 5.4.3.3 Telephone Banking……………………………………………….. 207 5.4.3.4 Credit Cards………………………………………………………. 208 5.4.4 The Privacy Implications of e-Banking in Jordan…………………….. 208 5.4.5 The Extent of e-Banking Services in Jordan …………………………. 210 5.4.6 The Privacy Concerns of e-Banking in Jordan………………………... 212 5.4.6.1 Online Privacy Consent…………………………………………... 214 5.4.6.2 Transborder Data Flows (TDF)………………………………….. 216 5.4.7 The Privacy Implications of Foreign Banks in Jordan: A Case Study……………………………………………………………………………. 218 5.5 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………… 221 iv Chapter Six The Legal Landscape of Privacy Protection in Jordan 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 225 6.2 The Legal System in Jordan……………………………………………... 225 6.2.1 The Constitution of Jordan……………………………………………. 226 6.2.2 The Sources of Law in Jordan…………………………………………. 228 6.2.3 The Court System in Jordan…………………………………………... 229 6.3 Laws Applicable to Privacy Protection in Jordan……………………... 235 6.3.1 Major Laws……………………………………………………………. 236 6.3.1.1 The Jordanian Constitution and Privacy………………………… 236 6.3.1.2 The National Centre for Human Rights Law No 51 of 2006…… 240 6.3.1.3 The Civil Code No 43 of 1976……………………………………. 241 6.3.1.4 The Penal Code No 16 of 1960…………………………………… 244 6.3.1.5 The Law on Guaranteeing the Right of Access to Information No 47 of 2007……………………………………………………………... 247 6.3.2 Privacy Laws Concerning Jordan’s Telecommunications Sector... 250 6.3.2.1 The Telecommunications Law No 13 of 1995…………………… 250 6.3.2.2 The Postal Services Law No 34 of 2007………………………….. 254 6.3.3 Privacy Laws Concerning the Banking Sector in Jordan………… 255 6.3.3.1 The Banks Law No 28 of 2000…………………………………… 256 6.3.3.2 The Credit Information Law No 15 of 2010……………………... 259 6.3.3.3 The Anti-Money Laundering Laws and Regulations……………. 262 6.3.3.3.1 The Anti-Money Laundering Law No 46 of 2007………….. 263 6.3.3.3.2 Regulations of Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Circular No 29 of 2006……………………………………... 265 6.4 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………… 269 Chapter Seven The Legal Landscape of Privacy Protection in the United States 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 271 7.2 Privacy as a Constitutional Right……………………………………….. 273 7.2.1 The First Amendment…………………………………………………. 274 7.2.2 The Fourth Amendment………………………………………………. 279 7.2.3 The Ninth Amendment………………………………………………... 283 v 7.3 US Privacy Torts Law……………………………………………………. 285 7.3.1 Intrusion upon Seclusion………………………………………………. 285 7.3.2 Public Disclosure of Private Facts…………………………………….. 287 7.3.3 False Light……………………………………………………………... 290 7.3.4 Appropriation………………………………………………………….. 289 7.4 US Federal Legislations Applicable to Privacy………………………... 294 7.4.1 Privacy Laws Concerning the Public Sector……………………….. 295 7.4.1.1 Privacy Act of 1974……………………………………………….. 295 7.4.1.2 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) of 1966…………………….. 298 7.4.1.3 Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments (EFOIA) of 1996……………………………………………………………………….. 303 7.4.1.4 Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988……….. 304 7.4.1.5 E-Government Act of 2002……………………………………….. 309 7.4.2 Privacy Laws Concerning US Telecommunications Sector………… 312 7.4.2.1 Electronic Communication
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contestation Between Islamic Authority and Local Culture in Marriage Law in Jordan Jayusman1* Oki Dermawan1 Mahmudin Bunyamin2 Sudarman2
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 492 Proceedings of the 1st Raden Intan International Conference on Muslim Societies and Social Sciences (RIICMuSSS 2019) Contestation Between Islamic Authority and Local Culture in Marriage Law in Jordan Jayusman1* Oki Dermawan1 Mahmudin Bunyamin2 Sudarman2 1Faculty of Syariah, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia 2Faculty of Ushuluddin and Religous Study, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The treasure of Mazhab Fiqh (the school of thoughts in Islamic jurisprudence) is somewhat difficult to accommodate the legal conditions of modern Islamic marriage. The new law must accommodate the benefit of life, which is the aim of Islamic law reconciliation, in the present time. Marriage law in Jordan also does not fully adhere to the majority of mazhab fiqh in the country. However, many maslahat (public common welfare) have accommodated their values. The focus of this study is to study the marriage law in Jordan and the dynamics of Islam and local culture in marriage law in Jordan. This study concludes the following. In the renewal of marriage law in Jordan, it still maintains the maqāsid al-syarī'ah (the goal of Islamic law) for the achievement of the benefit of the law and rejects harm. Jordanian family law is inseparable from the local wisdom that is owned and institutionalized in the community. Renewing marriage law in Jordan is done with the principle of preserving an existing law or regulation that is considered good, and developing it with a better law or better regulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan and the World Trading System: a Case Study for Arab Countries Bashar Hikmet Malkawi the American University Washington College of Law
    American University Washington College of Law Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law SJD Dissertation Abstracts Student Works 1-1-2006 Jordan and the World Trading System: A Case Study for Arab Countries Bashar Hikmet Malkawi The American University Washington College of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/stu_sjd_abstracts Part of the Economics Commons, and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Malkawi B. Jordan and the World Trading System: A Case Study for Arab Countries [S.J.D. dissertation]. United States -- District of Columbia: The American University; 2006. Available from: Dissertations & Theses @ American University - WRLC. Accessed [date], Publication Number: AAT 3351149. [AMA] This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in SJD Dissertation Abstracts by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JORDAN AND THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM A CASE STUDY FOR ARAB COUNTRIES By Bashar Hikmet Malkawi Submitted to the Faculty of the Washington College of Law of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Juric] Dean of the Washington College of Law Date / 2005 American University 2 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UMI Number: 3351149 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Bankruptcy in Ja'farī Jurisprudence
    ISSN: 2687-1882 Cilt / Volume: 2 Sayı / Issue: 2 Aralık /December 2020 Bankruptcy in Ja’farī Jurisprudence Caferî Hukukunda İflas Heshmatollah Samavati PhD, Independent Author Iran [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0823-5122 Makale Bilgisi/Article Information Makale Türü/Article Type: Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Geliş Tarihi / Date Received: 16.10.2020 Kabul Tarihi / Date Accepted: 22.12.2020 Yayın Tarihi /Date Published: 31.12.2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.811434 Atıf/Citation: Samavati, Heshmatollah, “Bankruptcy in Ja’farī Jurisprudence”, Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 2/2 (Aralık 2020): 203-220. doi: 10.48203/siader.811434 İntihal: Bu makale, Turnitin yazılımınca taranmıştır. İntihal tespit edilmemiştir. Plagiarism: This article has been scanned by Turnitin. No plagiarism detected. Web: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/siader mailto: [email protected] Bankruptcy in Ja’farī Jurisprudence 204 Abstract The study examines bankruptcy in Islam from the perspective of the Ja'farī school of ju- risprudence. To this end, it first describes the meaning of the term ‘iflās’ (bankruptcy). Then, considering the connection between ‘i’sār’ (insolvency) and iflās, the article elucida- tes the relationship between iflās and i’sār as well as the differences between them. However, the main issues the paper deals with are the conditions required for the issuance of the bankruptcy judgment and its effects on the debtor and the creditors. Meanwhile, it seeks to show that the provisions of Islamic and Shiite bankruptcy laws are debtor-friendly. Moreover, the article explores the Shiite resources in order to demonstrate the similarities between Islamic bankruptcy and the prevailing laws in Western countries.
    [Show full text]
  • I Leaders of Pakistan Movement, Vol.I
    NIHCR Leadersof PakistanMovement-I Editedby Dr.SajidMehmoodAwan Dr.SyedUmarHayat National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad - Pakistan 2018 Leaders of Pakistan Movement Papers Presented at the Two-Day International Conference, April 7-8, 2008 Vol.I (English Papers) Sajid Mahmood Awan Syed Umar Hayat (Eds.) National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad – Pakistan 2018 Leaders of Pakistan Movement NIHCR Publication No.200 Copyright 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing from the Director, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to NIHCR at the address below: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, New Campus, Quaid-i-Azam University P.O. Box 1230, Islamabad-44000. Tel: +92-51-2896153-54; Fax: +92-51-2896152 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Website: www.nihcr.edu.pk Published by Muhammad Munir Khawar, Publication Officer Formatted by \ Title by Khalid Mahmood \ Zahid Imran Printed at M/s. Roohani Art Press, Sohan, Express Way, Islamabad Price: Pakistan Rs. 600/- SAARC countries: Rs. 1000/- ISBN: 978-969-415-132-8 Other countries: US$ 15/- Disclaimer: Opinions and views expressed in the papers are those of the contributors and should not be attributed to the NIHCR in any way. Contents Preface vii Foreword ix Introduction xi Paper # Title Author Page # 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Law: a Question of Adaptability
    www.mruni.eu Juozas VALČIUKAS Juozas Juozas Valčiukas DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ISLAMIC LAW: A QUESTION OF ADAPTABILITY LAW: ISLAMIC ISLAMIC LAW: A QUESTION OF ADAPTABILITY ISBN 978-9955-19-893-2 2018 SOCIAL SCIENCES, LAW 01 S VILNIUS, 2018 MYKOLAS ROMERIS UNIVERSITY Juozas Valčiukas ISLAMIC LAW: A QUESTION OF ADAPTABILITY Doctoral dissertation Social Sciences, Law (01 S) Vilnius, 2018 The Doctoral Dissertation was written from 2011 to 2017, defended at Mykolas Romeris Univer- sity according to the right to carry out doctoral studies provided to Mykolas Romeris University and Vytautas Magnus University under the order of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, dated 8 June 2011, No. V-1019. Scientific supervisor: Prof. Dr. Justinas Žilinskas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law, 01 S). ISBN 978-9955-19-892-5 (online) © Mykolas Romeris University, 2018 ISBN 978-9955-19-893-2 (print) MYKOLO ROMERIO UNIVERSITETAS Juozas Valčiukas ISLAMO TEISĖ: ADAPTYVUMO KLAUSIMAS Daktaro disertacija Socialiniai mokslai, teisė (01 S) Vilnius, 2018 3 Daktaro disertacija rengta 2011-2017 metais, ginama Mykolo Romerio universitete pagal Mykolo Romerio universitetui su Vytauto Didžiojo universitetu Lietuvos Respublikos švietimo ir mokslo mi- nistro 2011 m. birželio 8 d. įsakymu Nr. V-1019 suteiktą doktorantūros teisę. Mokslinis vadovas: Prof. dr. Justinas Žilinskas (Mykolo Romerio universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, teisė, 01 S) 4 In the memory of prof. Leonidas Donskis To my grandmother Vanda Borodkiniene for lessons of patience and everlasting optimism To all the students who devote their life to execute a last will of Stasys Lozoraitis Jr., Lithuanian President of Hope 5 GLOSSARY OF ISLAMIC TERMS Darrura, pl.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    International Comparative Jurisprudence 2021 Volume 7 Issue 1 ISSN 2351-6674 (online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/j.icj.2021.06.001 THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE: WESTERN AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES Juozas Valciukas1 Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania E-mail: [email protected] Mohammad Khazer Saleh Al Majali2 Qatar University, Qatar E-mail: [email protected] Received: 29 April 2021; accepted: 19 May 2021 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/j.icj.2021.06.001 Abstract. With the constant reoccurrence of the question of peaceful coexistence among people of different religions, legal traditions, and understandings of freedom and human nature, there is a need for a fresh study of the concept of freedom of conscience. This article addresses conceptual, doctrinal, and normative issues relating to the concept of freedom of conscience as a human right by examining it from Islamic and Western perspectives. Chapter 1 of this paper considers the Western perspective on the right to freedom of conscience in three key areas. The religious, philosophical, and legal aspects of this concept receive particular attention in an attempt to discern the essence of what freedom of conscience means in the West. To understand how this concept is articulated in legal terms, this article analyses both its national and international legal bases, alongside the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Chapter 2 of this paper is devoted to the study of the Islamic perspective on the concept of freedom in general and on the right to freedom of conscience in particular, in order to ascertain whether or not this right exists in Islamic legal tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctor of Philosophy of Comparative Private International Law of the University of Western Australia [School of Law/ Compartive Private International Law] 2020
    Evaluation of the Transplantability of the Doctrine of Proper Law of the Contract from Australian Law into the Jordanian Legal System Mohammad Rasmi Yousef Al-umari L.L.B. / L.L.M This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Comparative Private International Law of the University of Western Australia [School of Law/ Compartive Private International Law] 2020 Thesis Declaration I, [Mohammad Rasmi Yousef Al-umari], certify that: This thesis has been substantially accomplished during enrolment in this degree. This thesis does not contain material which has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or other tertiary institution. In the future, no part of this thesis will be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of The University of Western Australia and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. This thesis does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. This thesis does not violate or infringe any copyright, trademark, patent, or other rights whatsoever of any person. Third party editorial assistance was provided in preparation of this thesis by Scribo Proofreading & Editing. This thesis does not contain work that I have published, nor work under review for publication. Signature: Date: 31/07/2020 i This thesis has been accomplished under the supervision of Camilla Andersen Bruno Zeller Professor, Cand.
    [Show full text]
  • Hibah Dengan Syarat Balasan Menurut Pandangan Fuqaha Dan Kedudukannya Dalam Undang-Undang Sivil Jordan
    Jurnal Syariah, Jil. 20, Bil. 3 (2012) 309-328 Shariah Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2012) 309-328 HIBAH DENGAN SYARAT BALASAN MENURUT PANDANGAN FUQAHA DAN KEDUDUKANNYA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG SIVIL JORDAN Conditional Hibah in Favour According to The Opinions of Islamic Jurists and Its Position in The Civil Law of Jordan Noor Lizza Mohamed Said1 Mohd. Ridzuan Awang2 Amir Husin Mohd Nor3 ABSTRACT Conditional hibah (bequest) in favour has become a popular product in Malaysia with a market that is growing in tandem with the rapid development of the nation’s Muslim estate planning industry. Such products with the underlying conditional hibah principle need to be viewed in terms of the law, type of contract and impact on the contracting parties. However, written laws of 1 Lecturer, Department of Syariah, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, [email protected]. 2 Associate Professor, Department of Syariah, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, [email protected]. 3 Associate Professor, Department of Syariah, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, [email protected]. 309 Jurnal Syariah, Jil. 20, Bil. 3 (2012) 309-328 conditional hibah in favour are still lacking in Malaysia in contrast with those provided under the Civil Law of Jordan. Therefore, this article aims to examine the views of the Islamic jurists on the conditional hibah in favour and the relevant provisions in the Civil Law of Jordan. Specific written laws for hibah are essential for regulating hibah transactions in the emerging markets so that they are consistent with the sharia principles and meet the demand of the Islamic community in this country.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazhir Profesional Kunci Kesuksesan Nazhir Profesional Kunci Kesuksesan Wakaf Produktif
    Nazhir Profesional Kunci Kesuksesan Wakaf Produktif Murtadho Ridwan Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Kudus [email protected] Abstract: Nazhir in waqf activities does not constitute as one of its principles (rukn). But, in its execution or implementation of asset management, Nazhir has a central role. The development and decrease of waqf assets management depends on Nazhir. Nazhir has a strategic position and function in the management and development of waqf, therefore, the role of Nazhir is really needed anytime and anywhere. However nowadays there are many Nazhir that can not manage waqf well so a problem of consumptive waqf arises. To solve the problem; consumptive waqf should be changed to productive waqf, individual Nazhir should be changed to institutional Nazhir and traditional Nazhir should be changed to professional Nazhir. Actually professional Nazhir has an obligation to manage and maintain the waqf property. Professional Nazhir that recruited must have the ability of Islamic law, waqf law and modern business management. Thus Nazhir will be able to carry out its duties and obligation in managing waqf optimally in accordance with the expectations of Wakif. In conclusion professional Nazhir must have the capability of: human skill, human technical and human relation. Keywords: productive waqf, professional nazhir, management Pendahuluan Ajaran wakaf sudah dikenal lama oleh semua peradaban umat manu- sia, dan biasanya berbentuk wakaf untuk tempat peribadatan yang dikelola oleh para pemuka agama. Dalam ajaran Islam, wakaf merupakan kegiatan filantropi yang berfungsi sebagai aset kontruksi pembangunan demi kesejah- teraan masyarakat. Pada prinsipnya, wakaf merupakan anjuran kepada si kaya untuk memperhatikan orang-orang yang kurang mampu dengan cara mendermakan dana abadi yang dikelola, dan hasilnya dimanfaatkan untuk Volume 3 Nomor 1, Juli 2012 91 Murtadho Ridwan membantu kebutuhan, membina dan mengangkat derajat manusia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
    The Constitution of The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan CHAPTER The State and System of Government ONE CHAPTER Rights and Duties of Jordanians TWO CHAPTER Powers: General Provisions THREE CHAPTER The Executive Power FOUR Part I: The King and His Prerogatives Part II: Ministers CHAPTER The Legislative Power - The National Assembly FIVE Part I: The Senate Part II: The Chamber of Deputies Part III: Provisions Governing Both Houses CHAPTER SIX The Judiciary CHAPTER Financial Matters SEVEN CHAPTER General Provisions EIGHT CHAPTER Enforcement and Repeal of Laws NINE CHAPTER ONE The State and System of Government Article 1 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is an independent sovereign Arab State. It is indivisible and inalienable and no part of it may be ceded. The people of Jordan form a part of the Arab Nation, and its system of government is parliamentary with a hereditary monarchy. Article 2 Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic is its official language. Article 3 The city of Amman is the capital of the Kingdom, but it may be transferred to another place by a special law. Article 4 The Jordanian flag shall be of the following form and dimensions: “The length of the flag shall be twice its width. It shall be divided horizontally into three parallel and equal stripes, the uppermost of which shall be black, the center, white, and the lowest, green. At the end of the flag-staff the flag shall have a red triangle, the base of which shall be equal to its width. In the triangle there shall be a white seven- pointed star of such a size that it may be one-fourteenth part of its length.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan Justice Sector Assessment Report and Recommendations
    JORDAN JUSTICE SECTOR ASSESSMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS APRIL 2011 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and prepared by Tetra Tech DPK, A Division of Tetra Tech ARD. 1 ACRONYMS ABA American Bar Association ACC Anti-Corruption Commission ACJLS Arab Center for Judicial and Legal Studies CLE Continuing Legal Education CMD Civil Case Management Department CSO Civil Society Organization DPK TetraTech-DPK GID General Intelligence Directorate GOJ Government of Jordan IT Information Technology JC Judicial Council JIJ Judicial Institute of Jordan JOB Jordanian Ombudsman Bureau JUST Judicial Upgrading Strategy LOE Level of Effort MIZAN Automated case management system MOJ Ministry of Justice MoSD Ministry of Social Development MOU Memorandum of Understanding NGO Non-Governmental Organization ROL Rule of Law ROLP USAID funded Rule of Law Program SBLC Small Business Legal Clinic TC Cassation Court Technical Office TCN Third Country National UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................ 4 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 14 2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 15 3. STATUS OF THE JUSTICE SECTOR .................................................. 17 4. CHALLENGES TO JUSTICE SECTOR REFORM ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • A Pragmatic Approach to Intellectual Property and Development: a Case Study of the Jordanian Copyright Law in the Internet Age
    Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Volume 35 Number 2 Spring 2013 Article 2 Spring 2013 A Pragmatic Approach to Intellectual Property and Development: A Case Study of the Jordanian Copyright Law in the Internet Age Rami Olwan LLB, Yarmouk University, Jordan; LLM, Buckingham University, United Kingdom; LLM, Columbia University, New York, United States; PhD, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Rami Olwan, A Pragmatic Approach to Intellectual Property and Development: A Case Study of the Jordanian Copyright Law in the Internet Age, 35 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 209 (2013). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol35/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Pragmatic Approach to Intellectual Property and Development: A Case Study of the Jordanian Copyright Law in the Internet Age * RAMI OLWAN “For too long IPRs have been regarded as food for the rich countries and poison for poor countries . [I]t is not as simple as that. Poor countries may find them useful provided they are accommodated
    [Show full text]