TIJSKEGEE AIRMKN WORLD WAR II ••« IJ 20 AIR POWER 'MiStOrij / SUMMER 2006 Gerald A. White, Jr. AIR POWER / SUMMER 2006 21 (Overleaf) Weather station Torld War II saw the breakthrough of blacks' through the 1920s and 1930s was reflected in the at Tuskegee. (Photos cour- tesy of the author) ' into many areas of military service previ- greatly increased performance, range, altitude, and H ously denied them. Although racial segrega- payload of aircraft. tion allowed only a very few the full range of oppor- Concurrent with growth of the relatively new tunities available, those who broke through the science of aeronautics was a revolution in meteo- numerous barriers huilt a record of significant rology, one of mankind's oldest subjects of interest, accomphshment. One area denied to hlacks was ser- both assisted with and driven by the advancement vice in Army Air Corps (later Army Air Forces^).'' of aviation. The ability to plan military and civilian This denial extended to any support position in the flying activities with more than a forecast based on Air Corps, including meteorological observing and scattered ground observations, verified by the forecasting. Creation of segregated flying units dur- observations of a "dawn patrol" observation flight, ing World War II required they be manned by per- was becoming a commercial and military necessity. RACIAL SEG- sonnel fully trained in all support and technical spe- Even without aviation requirements, public and REGATION cialties. How this process unfolded during and after business interests demanded more accurate fore- ALLOWED the war illustrates some of the problems and contra- casts to avoid losses to commercial fishing and ONLY A VERY dictions created by the institutionalized segregation shipping, transportation, agriculture, recreation FEW THE of the American military and society it reflected as and emergency planning for forecasting extreme FULL RANGE the U.S. entered World War II. weather phenomena such as tornadoes, blizzards, OF OPPOR- hurricanes, and thunderstorms.'' TUNITIES ... Expansion of the Air Corps Weather Service Despite the increasing interest, growth in civil- ian and military meteorological programs was slow THOSE WHO Although plans for U.S. Army expansion were prior to the war. Developing academic programs to BROKE already underway, it was the German invasion of explore this evolving science was costly and the THROUGH Poland, on September 1, 1939, that signaled the impact of the Great Depression made it more diffi- THE threat of war as real. As the Air Corps started its cult. By 1937, only three American universities wartime buildup, it was transitioning from a small offered graduate degrees in meteorology. The NUMEROUS and exclusive organization. An Air Corps officer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology I MIT) was BARRIERS like most of the rest of the Army before World War first; Dr. Carl Gustav Rossby estimated that MIT BUILT A II, was by custom a white male^ and, by law, with spent "in the vicinity of $200,000 over the years RECORD OF few exceptions, a pilot. To appreciate the growth of from 1928-1938 to maintain such a department SIGNIFICANT the Air Corps into the Army Air Forces (AAF) dur- while, at the same time, the total tuition income ing World War II, there were only 2,727 Air Corps probably did not exceed $25,000." Tbe California ACCOM- officers serving, 2,058 of them Regular Army, in Institute of Technology (Caltech) had created their PLISHMENT September 1939. By 1945, the number of officers meteorological department in 1933, and New York assigned or detailed to the AAF peaked at 388,295, University (NYU) had established one by 1937.^ As which included 193.000 pilots and almost 95,000 the Army's primary user of meteorological services, navigators and bombardiers trained since 1939. beginning in 1933, the Air Corps had sent a hand- Overall, the AAF went from a force of approxi- ful of pilots to MIT and Caltech for graduate work mately 26,000 in September 1939 to almost in meteorology, even though the Army's Weather 2,400,000 in the fall of 1944.'^ Service did not move from the Signal Corps to the Air Corps until 1937.^ This growth reflected both the world-wide nature of the AAF's wartime responsibilities and In July 1940, the Army had only 62 qualified the quantum increase in aircraft capabilities from weather forecasters, primarily in the Air Corps. a short-range daylight (and good weather) force to This was part of only an estimated 377 in the entire a transcontinental organization capable of operat- country, counting 150 with the Weather Bureau, 94 ing at night and in all but the most severe weather. with commercial airlines, 46 in the Navy and 25 in The rapid improvement in aircraft technology various educational institutions." The rapid pro- GeraldA. White, Jr., is a staff historian at HQAir Force Reserve Command and has been selected as his- torian for the 501st Combat Support Wing, RAF Mildenhall, UK. He has a BS degree in business from San Jose State and completed coursework towards an MA in history from George Mason University. Mr. White was an Air Force historian for the 305th Air Mobility Wing (AMW), Air Force Weather, and the 514th AMW (AFRO. He served on active duty as a USAF intelligence specialist from 1975-1979 and California Air National Guard, 1980-1984. He wos a C-5 loadmaster and has over 4,500 military fly- ing hours and ten combat support missions. He also served on active duty at the Pentagon, 1996-1998, as NCOIC, Public Affairs, Air Force Reserve. He retired as an enlisted historian in 2003. He is author of The Great Snafu Fleet; 1st Combat Cargo/344th Airdrome/326tb Troop Carrier Squadron in WW II's CBI Theater, published in 2001. Other publications include. The Roots of Army Air Forces Weather Reconnaissance in World War II: A First Look //) October 2003 and articles Tuskegee Weather Pioneers and A Part of History: Archie Williams...An AFW hero, a US Olympian, both in the Mar I Apr 2005 OBSERVER ma^asme. His civilian honors include a 2005 Notable Achievement Award, while his mil- itary honors include ihe Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters (OLC), Air Medal, Aerial Achievement Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, and Air Force Commendation Medal. 22 AIR POWER ^History / SUMMER 2C)(M> tion boards before they could be admitted, the degree requirement was dropped so long as they met the science and math requirements and the maximum age was raised to 30. The first wartime class started with 440 cadets on March 16, 1942, another 400 started in September 1942 and 1,750 started in November 1942. Blacks and Military Aviation Like the rest of America, there was a great interest in aviation in the hlack community prior to World War 11. However, they were greatly under- represented due to their limited economic circum- stances, made worse by Jim Crow laws and prac- tices that restricted or denied their entrance into military and commercial aviation.^'* This started to change in 1939, with the creation of the Civilian Pilot Training (CPT) Program. The growing politi- cal influence of the black community resulted in Godman Field weather sta- jected growth of the Air Corps required a growing the program initially being offered at six histori- tion. number of weather officers, at one point estimated cally black colleges, including the Tuskegee at many as 10,000, with another 20,000 enlisted Institute. In addition, some blacks who attended ohservers and forecasters. integrated colleges outside the south also entered The answer was to create a training course at the CPT program through their schools and two several leading universities to "mass produce" non-college affiliated programs run by blacks were weather officers; a program set up by AAF weather set up in the Chicago area. It is estimated that as officers and leading academics including Dr. many as 2,000 black men and women completed Rossby, formerly of MIT and then at the Weather one or more CPT courses between 1939 and the Bureau. In addition to MIT, Caltech, and NYU, program's termination in 1944.''* departments were established subsequently at the The black military aviation experience started University of Chicago and University of California with activation of the 99th Pursuit (later Fighter) at Los Angeles (UCLA) to meet the demand.^" Squadron, activated at Chanute Field, Illinois, on Initially, twenty aviation cadets who had washed March 22,1941. Even though flight training did not out of flying training for other than academic rea- begin at Tuskegee until July 19, 1941, this some- THERE WAS sons received an abbreviated (ten and a half week) what unusual arrangement allowed the Air Corps course at MIT in the summer of 1940 to qualify to segregate the enlisted trainees, given that the A GREAT them for teaching apphed meteorology to aviation INTEREST IN Army normally had each unit in their own bar- cadets. In conjunction with the universities and the racks and mess-hall. When it came to race, sepa- AVIATION IN Weather Bureau, this course was expanded into a rate was seldom completely equal.'"' THE BLACK thirty-three-week course, starting in September 1940, leading to a certificate in meteorology. Iti many ways, the Air Corps approached the COMMUNITY question of training these first black airmen in a ...HOWEVER, The course was free but applicants had to somewhat contradictory manner. While planning THEY WERE agree that "upon completion of the course [theyl for a segregated base located in the deep south, the GREATLY will take the next Junior Professional Assistant — AAF ignored calls to use a civilian school or import UNDER-REP- meteorological option — Civil Service examination" instructors to Tuskegee and pragmatically concen- if not already enrolled as a Flying Cadet or trated technical training for the 99th Pursuit RESENTED accepted into the Army, Navy, or other government Squadron at Chanute Field, an Air Corps training DUE TO agency by graduation.