The Royal Society of

Review 2002 (Session 2000-2001)

The Royal Society of Edinburgh Review 2002

CONTENTS Contents Proceedings of the Ordinary Meetings ...... 3 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting ...... 7 General Secretary’s Report...... 7 Treasurer’s Report ...... 15 Accounts for the financial year ending 31 March 2001 ...... 21 Activities Prize Lectures ...... 41 Lectures ...... 49 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions ...... 79 Publications ...... 107 Fundraising ...... 109 Scottish Science Advisory Committee ...... 111 Evidence, Advice and Comment ...... 113 Inquiries ...... 115 Public Policy Seminars ...... 117 Links with Industry ...... 119 Events for Young People ...... 121 Research Awards ...... 123 Medals, Prizes and Prize Lectureships ...... 129 Grants Committee ...... 131 International Programme...... 133 Fellows’ Social Events ...... 135 Grants, Sponsorship and Donations ...... 137 Changes in Fellowship During the Session ...... 139 Staff ...... 141

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ORDINARY MEETINGS See pp 41-78 for reports on lectures and prize lectures

6 November 2000 5 February 2001 Chairman Chairman Sir William Stewart FRS PRSE Sir William Stewart FRS PRSE Lecture Formal Admission to Fellowship Heterogeneous catalysis: from Professor Robert Hale. ‘black art’ to atomic understand- Award ing. Professor Gerhard Ertl, The President presented the 30th HonFRSE, of the Fritz-Haber- Award of the Gunning Victoria Institut der Max-Planck- Jubilee Prize Lectureship to Gesellschaft, Berlin. (page 49) Professor Angus Macintyre, FRS, 4 December 2000 FRSE, Professor of Mathematics at the Department of Mathematics Chairman and Statistics, University of Edin- The Rt Hon Lord Ross PC, VPRSE burgh, for his outstanding Formal Admission to Fellowship contribution to logic, model Dr Christopher Browitt theory, algebra, analysis and Lecture theoretical computer science. People Flows and Knowledge Lecture Flows: international Students and What Does Gödel’s Theorem Mean Public Policy. Professor Lalage After 70 Years? (Gunning Victoria Bown, OBE, FRSE, Chair of the Jubilee Prize Lecture). Professor Council for Education in the Angus Macintyre, FRS, FRSE. (page Commonwealth Working Group 41) on Student Mobility. (page 57) 5 March 2001 8 January 2001 Chairman Chairman Sir William Stewart FRS PRSE Sir William Stewart FRS PRSE Election of Fellows (see list on Formal Admission to Fellowship page 139) Professor Kenneth Reid Scrutineers Lecture Bishop Mario Conti and Professor The Defences of Scapa Flow: George Holmes protecting the Royal ’s Fleet Formal Admission to Honorary Anchorage, 1914–1945. Mr Fellowship Geoffrey Stell, Head of Architec- Professor Lawrence Markus ture at the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monu- Professor Lawrence Markus is a ments of . (page 59) distinguished who has made significant and lasting contributions, both in research and

3 Review of the Session 2000-2001

teaching, to the University of Award Minnesota-Minneapolis in the 5th Award of the BP Prize Lecture- of America, and to ship in the Humanities to the University of Warwick in the Dr Adrienne Scullion, from the . In this respect he Department of Theatre, Film and is a remarkable example of the Television Studies at the University “special relationship” between the of , in recognition of her two countries; for the last thirty substantial contribution to Scottish years he has divided his profes- dramatic literature and contempo- sional life between the two rary performance in the Universities, serving in research professional theatre in Scotland. and in administrative positions Lecture associated with the development Self and Nation: issues of Identity of a number of areas of mathemat- in Modern Scottish Plays by ics and control science. For many Women (BP Prize Lecture in the years he has held the much- Humanities). Professor Adrienne coveted Regent Professorship of Scullion. (page 45) Mathematics at the University of Minnesota; at the University of 9 April 2001 Warwick he has held, at various Chairman times, Nuffield and Leverhulme Sir William Stewart FRS, PRSE Chairs of Mathematics; he is now Regent Professor Emeritus at the Formal Admission to Fellowship University of Minnesota and Professor C Snape Honorary Professor of Mathematics Lecture at the University of Warwick. Delivers - At Last. Professor Markus is a devoted Professor Gordon McVie, Director anglophile and American patriot; General, The Cancer Research he was involved with the Manhat- Campaign. (page 65) tan Atomic Energy Project in 1943 4 June 2001 and then served in the US Navy Chairman from 1943 to 1946. He and his Sir David Carter, FRSE, VPRSE wife Lois have for many years divided their lives between the two Formal Admission to Fellowship countries, with winter and summer Professor S Blackmore, Professor J L in their apartment in Royal Leam- Brockington, Professor D Charles- ington Spa, and autumn and worth, Dr T P P Clifford, Professor spring in their home in Minneapo- D H Crawford, Professor S C lis. Garrod, Mr B G Ivory, Professor R D Jack, Professor N H Keeble, The Formal Admission to Fellowship Hon Lord MacLean, Professor R Professor Andrew Hook Morrison, Professor R E Mulvey, Professor J A Murphy, Professor A F Murray, Lord Patel of Dunkeld,

4 Proceedings of the Ordinary Meetings

Professor D J Porteous, Professor I 2 July 2001 G Priede, Professor G E Rickman, Chairman Professor J F Roulston, Professor J Sir William Stewart FRS, PRSE E L Simmons, Professor K S Sorbie, Professor J K Stringer, Professor G Formal Admission to Fellowship M Teasdale, Professor A J Walton, Mr A Cubie, Professor C T H Professor A Whiten. Davies, Professor D Edwards, Professor R H Flin, Professor N A R Lecture Gow, Professor C Kuo, Professor C Health in Old Age - Dream or R McInnes, Professor M J Padgett, Reality? Professor Marion E T Professor J A Sherratt and Profes- McMurdo, Department of Medi- sor R Thompson. cine, Dundee University, Ninewells Hospital. (page 70) Lecture Knot Theory and Fluid Mechanics - A Reflection on the Work of Tait and Kelvin. Professor Keith Moffatt, FRS, FRSE, University of Cambridge. (page 72)

5

PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATUTORY GENERAL MEETING The Annual Statutory General for the 219th Session were: Meeting took place in the Socie- Professor J F Cornwell FRSE, and ty’s Wolfson Theatre on Monday Dr M A D Fluendy FRSE. The Ballot 29 October 2001 at 4.45pm. was held and papers counted. Sir William Stewart, FRS, President, The Scrutineers later reported that took the Chair. all those shown on the ballot form had been elected by an President’s Welcome overwhelming majority. The President welcomed the Fellows and then expressed General Secretary’s Report to gratitude to all the outgoing the ASM. members of Council and Commit- “The Annual Report and Accounts tees for their notable for 2001, which were included contributions to the Society. He with the papers for this meeting, mentioned especially Professor describe the main activities during Peter Wilson, outgoing General the period April 2000 to March Secretary, and Professor Bob 2001. This oral report is designed Donovan, Vice-President, who to bring the Fellowship up to date would become Chairman of the with developments since March RSE Scotland Foundation. 2001. He noted that the Scottish Since March there have been a Executive had recognised the number of activities which are Society as an independent learned breaking new ground. Our body by asking it to host the international programme contin- Scottish Science Advisory Commit- ued apace and we have made tee whose Chairman was expected excellent progress in developing to become chief advisor on and enhancing our links and science to the Scottish Executive. relations in Europe and beyond. In Europe, positive steps have been In addition the Society was being made regarding the Society proactive in initiating Inquiries obtaining membership of the All into Foot and Mouth Disease, European Academies Network. Infectious Salmon Anaemia and We will learn the outcome of that Mediation in the Health Service. in Spring next year. We have also The President was also pleased to strengthened our links with highlight the award, by HRH The European contacts - notably the Duke of Edinburgh, of Royal European Commission, and have Medals to Sir James Black, OM, hosted major Scottish / European FRS, Hon FRSE; Professor Ian Scott, events, the most recent being the FRS, FRSE; and Professor Tom launch of The Future of Europe Devine, FBA, FRSE, Hon MRIA. debate in Scotland. Beyond Election of Officers and Council Europe, continued progress has for the 219th Session been made in establishing a The Scrutineers appointed for the research exchange agreement election of Officers and Council

7 Review of the Session 2000-2001

with the National Science Council, Working Party on Foot and Mouth Taiwan, which should be imple- Disease. mented next April. We also set in This summer has also seen the train the establishment of an launch of the RSE’s fundraising agreement with the Chinese initiative. We were delighted and Academy of Sciences which has honoured that HRH The Duke of expressed a willingness for Edinburgh, who is celebrating his entering into such a relationship 50th anniversary as an Honorary with the Society. Fellow, agreed to be Patron of this This summer has also seen the campaign, which he launched at RSE become an integral part of the RSE on 6 August. The cam- the Scottish Executive’s Scottish paign has already benefited from Science Strategy, with the RSE the generous commitment of the being charged with the setting-up Lloyds TSB Foundation for of the Scottish Science Advisory Scotland which is providing a Committee to identify priorities, further £1.1 million of funding for inform policy in science and Personal and Support Fellowships, technology and advise Scottish and PhD Studentships, concerned Executive Ministers on issues of with the Ageing Population. scientific importance. This Scottish Another important activity in July Science Strategy takes forward the this year was the second round of key recommendations of the Royal Royal Medals for outstanding Society of London/Royal Society of achievement, which were awarded Edinburgh Joint Report on by the HRH The Duke of Edin- Devolution and Science. burgh at a ceremony in the Palace The RSE has also instigated a of Holyroodhouse. This year’s number of Working Parties. In medals were awarded to: Sir June, prompted by a symposium James Black, Professor Ian Scott on Medical Practice and the and Professor Tom Devine. Growth of Litigation in the UK On top of all these events, the held at the RSE last year, the Society’s regular programme of Society established a group, activities continues to expand. chaired by Lord Ross, that is exploring mediation as a means of For a week in the summer, S1/S2 resolving clinical negligence pupils attended the new RSE disputes. The Society has also Summer Science Camp at Satro- formed a Working Party, chaired sphere in . This was a by Professor Sir Roderick Mac- week-long non-residential camp Sween, to look into recent with a general theme of Space changes to the methodology for and Time, supported by Lloyds identifying cases of Infectious TSB Foundation for Scotland. A Salmon Anaemia, and is also in Discussion Forum on Mobile the process of establishing a Phone Technology and Safety for S5-6 pupils was held at Glasgow

8 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting

University, held jointly between practice with regard to commer- the RSE and the BA, and support- cialisation within the Scottish ed by the EPSRC and Institute of science base. . The Society also held New In supporting outstanding young Physics Masterclasses for S5-6 researchers, the Society awarded students, in conjunction with the six Enterprise Fellowships (includ- University of Glasgow, to build on ing two in the newly-funded the success of the Startup Science category of Microelectronics), one Masterclasses for S1/2 pupils. PPARC Enterprise Fellowship, one In fulfilling our role as a provider BP Fellowship, and one Lloyds TSB of expert evidence and advice to Foundation for Scotland Fellow- Parliaments and Governments, the ship. With the additional funding Society has responded to 29 from the Scottish Executive further requests for comment Enterprise and Lifelong Learning since 31 March 2001. These have Department now in place, the included a Human Rights Com- Society was also able to award a mission for Scotland, possible larger number of Personal and scenarios for the uptake of GM in Support Fellowships this year, and agriculture and the draft Land awarded six Personal Fellowships Reform Bill. Scotland’s Wellbeing - and two Support Fellowships. We our public policy seminar pro- also awarded the Bruce-Preller gramme - has also continued, Prize Lectureship to Professor with Urban Congestion being the Adrian Bird and look forward to subject of the fourth in the this lecture in due course. series. Through this series the Since 31 March 2001, the Society Society has sought to facilitate an has also held 20 lectures and inclusive approach to policy events here and at other centres debate in Scotland. In keeping throughout Scotland. Highlights with earlier events in the pro- have included Professor Marion gramme, it was attended by a McMurdo’s lecture on “Health in Scottish Executive Minister, and Old Age – Dream or Reality”, brought together a wide range of which was attended by a record interested parties. 220 people, and a half-day In strengthening the links be- symposium on “Foot and Mouth tween industry and academia, the Disease – the Implications for RSE organised a series of Science Agriculture” at the BA Festival of Base Research and Commercialisa- Science in Glasgow. tion workshops, with the support As this is the last Report I will of Technology Ventures Scotland present to the Fellows before I and SHEFC. The Workshops were demit office, perhaps I may be held in Glasgow, Dundee, Edin- allowed a few personal com- burgh and Inverness and were ments. I have greatly enjoyed my aimed at identifying and encour- five years of office as your General aging the adoption of best

9 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Secretary, and I thank you for to publicly thank Dr. Marc Rands electing me. During that time who has been the back-room boy many major changes have oc- responsible, with me, for the curred in the RSE, three of which I publication of over two hundred would highlight here. Society Responses to Government Firstly, the acquisition, refurbish- Reports and Enquiries and who ing and eventual occupation of has carried out this difficult task No 26 George Street has marked a with unflagging energy and significant change, allowing our enthusiasm. Lastly, my thanks to increasing staff numbers more all the RSE staff for their support working space and permitting a in numerous ways, headed up by wider range of Society events. our outstanding Executive Secondly, the introduction of the Secretary, who has kept us all in new category of Corresponding order and enabled us to take on Fellow, and the revision of the board our expanding activities Laws allowing (amongst other during a very taxing and difficult things) a more effective method of period. Thank you all, and please electing new Fellows, has en- give as much encouragement and hanced the status of the support to my successor – Andrew Fellowship and enabled them to Miller – as you have given me.” become more representative of General Secretary’s Report for the numerous disciplines we claim the Financial Year Ending 31 to encompass. Thirdly, the March 2001 agreement of the Scottish Execu- This year saw the development of tive to appoint a Chief Scientist the Society’s 5-year Corporate Plan and to entrust the RSE with the to guide the Society’s progress task of finding and supporting over the coming years. The the incumbent will greatly development of the Plan has been enhance the standing and driven forward by a Steering prestige of the Society. Group, led by the President, and These and many other initiatives an Editorial Group convened by have come about as a result of Professor John Laver, with assist- close teamwork by the Officers ance and input from a wide and Staff of the Society, and I wish cross-section of the Fellowship. to publicly acknowledge the The development of the Plan has support and friendship which I been an essential part of the have enjoyed. It is invidious to process of finding the means to select names, but I would like to sustain and develop the Society pay especial tribute to Sir Lewis over the next five years. Robertson and Sir Lawrence There were a number of regular Hunter who, as successive Treasur- changes to Council membership ers, have been my running mates following the Annual Statutory over the period. I would also like Meeting. In particular, the Council

10 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting bid farewell to Sir James Armour, Two Darwin Trust Awards were who had provided a valuable also presented by the RSE this year contribution as Vice-President, to schools teams at the Engineer- and welcomed his worthy succes- ing Education Scheme Scotland’s sor, Sir David Carter. Annual Exhibition and Awards Links with Young People and at the British Youth Science It has been another busy year for Fair. Both winning teams exhibited the Society’s Young People’s their research projects at the New programme with events taking Frontiers in Science exhibition, place across Scotland. Since April held at the RSE in the summer, 2000 the Society has organised which was attended by the public ten Schools’ Lectures throughout as well as school pupils and Scotland with titles as varied as teachers from all over Scotland. ‘International Space Station Unfortunately, the RSE Roadshow Alpha’ and ‘Serpents and Synthe- on ‘Food for Thought’, was to sisers’. As clear evidence of our take place in in March Scotland-wide locus, the RSE 2001, but had to be postponed contributed to the Science due to the out-break of Foot and Festival and organised a Discus- Mouth disease in the area. sion Forum, on GM foods, as part Links with Industry of the Science Festival (in The Society has continued to conjunction with the BA). With strengthen the links between financial support from Lloyds TSB industry and academia. Two high- Foundation for Scotland, the profile Foresight Seminars were Society has also run Startup held in June and December on the Science masterclasses at Satro- topics of the Financial Services and sphere in Aberdeen, New Lanark Healthcare: Pharmaceuticals, Education Centre, Stirling Univer- Biotechnology and Medical sity, the Museum of Flight at East Devices, in partnership with Fortune, Glasgow University and Scottish Enterprise and SHEFC. An St Andrews University. event was also held on ‘Danish Other successful events have (and European) Development included the RSE’s regular Satur- within Science, Technology and day Maths Masterclasses, thanks Innovation’ with a presentation to Professor Jack Carr and Teresa from Dr Ove Poulsen, Deputy Carr. The RSE Christmas lecture Permanent Secretary, Danish ‘Nature, Nurture or Neither - What Ministry of Research. Genetics Tells Us About Ourselves’ In developing its support for at Perth High School was present- commercialisation, the Society has ed by Professor Steve Jones. This also initiated a series of Science lecture was heard by 300 students Base Research and Commercialisa- from eight schools in Perth and tion (SBRC) Workshops with the Kinross and Fife. support of Technology Ventures

11 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Scotland and SHEFC. These Scottish Enterprise also generous- Workshops are to be aimed at ly agreed to expand the Enterprise identifying, and encouraging the Fellowships scheme and fund new adoption of, best-practice with Enterprise Fellowships in Commu- regard to commercialisation nication Technologies and within the Scottish science base, Microelectronics. Following a and will be held throughout launch event in January 2001, Scotland. The first event was held some high-quality applications at Glasgow University in March, were received and Fellowships covering topics such as spin-outs, were awarded in the new areas. licensing, Intellectual Property The Scottish Executive Education Rights, job creation, challenges in and Lifelong Learning Department engaging the Scottish industrial has also awarded further funding base and the impact of the of £900,000 over three years to Research Assessment Exercise. the Society, to expand its existing Research Awards, Medals and Scottish Executive Enterprise and Prizes Lifelong Learning Department The Society continues to support Personal and Support Fellowships research across a broad range of schemes and to introduce new disciplines, and to recognise Fellowship schemes in 2001/ research excellence, through its 2002. fellowships, prizes and prize Evidence, Advice & Comment lectureships. The Society has been increasingly The Society was honoured this fulfilling its role as a provider of year by two Royal visits. In July our expert evidence and advice to Patron, Her Majesty The Queen, Parliaments and Governments, on visited the Society and awarded both sides of the border. This the first Royal Medals to Professor advice has been on topics ranging Sir Kenneth Murray, Professor from Scottish National Parks, Peter Higgs, and Lord Perry. In Healthcare in 2020 to the Scottish October we were again honoured, Science Strategy. this time by the presence of Her In addition to responsive evi- Royal Highness, The Princess dence, the Society enhanced its Royal, when she awarded the role as an important think-tank by MacRobert Trusts/Royal Society of developing a series of Public Policy Edinburgh Millennium Prize at a Seminars, entitled ‘Scotland’s dinner at , to Wellbeing’. The series began in Aberdeen-based Tritech Interna- December with a seminar address- tional for its outstanding ing the ‘Active Involvement of innovation and commercialisation. Older People’ and continued in The dinner was supported by February and March with seminars Technology Ventures Scotland. addressing ‘Education through Inclusive Schooling’ and ‘Renewa-

12 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting ble Energy - 21st Century Chal- Edinburgh Lecture Series. This lenges and Changes’. Mr event filled the 1200 seats at the Malcolm Chisholm, Deputy McEwan Hall, plus 500 more in Minister for Health & Community overflow venues, and the event Care, Mr Nicol Stephen, Deputy was web-cast to schools around Minister for Education, Europe Scotland. and External Affairs, and Mr Other highlights of the year have Stephen Hampson, Head of included a week-long internation- Enterprise & Industrial Affairs al conference on Human Nature, Group at the Scottish Executive involving five plenary lectures attended and spoke at the delivered by world-renowned respective seminars. scientists on consecutive evenings; Meetings the Caledonian Research Founda- The Society has again increased tion conference on Cloning and the number of meetings in its Cell Therapy and the joint sympo- programme and has seen a sium with the Royal College of marked upturn in the attendance Physicians of Edinburgh on the at meetings, with the overspill Scientific Basis of Clinical Effec- rooms being put to use for several tiveness. lectures. The quality of meetings Publications remains high, with positive The Society published five issues feedback from audiences, and the of Proceedings A and two issues Society is succeeding in raising its of Transactions, and a steady rate public profile. of submission of papers to both Particular highlights this year journals has been maintained. included the ‘New Frontiers in Information about other publica- Science’ exhibition which was tions of the Society is given in the jointly hosted at the RSE with the Appendix. Royal Society of London. This was RSE News has now been renamed the first time this prestigious ‘ReSourcE’ and will now be event was held outwith London published quarterly. Its style has and the exhibition of innovative also become more ‘user friendly’ science in the UK was attended by and suitable for dissemination to about 1500 members of the a wider audience. Contributions public, as well as 208 students from Fellows for additional from 11 Schools and 100 Chemis- material, however, are as welcome try and Biology teachers, together as ever. with over 100 Fellows and their guests at a preview soiree. Fellowship Matters The election year 2000 - 2001, Another successful event was a culminating in the election of memorable lecture by Professor Fellows in March 2001, was the on ‘The Uni- first of an initial three-year verse in a Nutshell’, part of the exercise following the recommen-

13 Review of the Session 2000-2001

dations of Professor Laver’s this important academic organisa- Working Party on the Balance of tion. the Fellowship. The number of The Society was also active beyond new Ordinary Fellows was set at the European horizon. Interna- an upper limit of 55 and included tional Committee Convenor, extra allocations in those disci- Principal Andrew Miller, represent- pline areas identified as being ed the Society at the 220th poorly represented in the Fellow- Anniversary meeting of the ship. In addition, ten American Academy of Arts & Corresponding Fellows were Science; Fellowship Secretary, elected and four Honorary Professor John Laver represented Fellows. The average age at the Society at the United States election for Ordinary Fellowship Council for Learned Societies; he was 52. also, supported by Executive A two-stage selection process was Secretary Dr William Duncan, met also initiated in this election year with the President and other resulting in greater competition officers of the Chinese Academy for places and hopefully greater of Sciences (CAS). Alongside transparency of the election these activities the Society also process. hosted a visit of Cuban scientists, International Activities lead by Dr Carlos Borroto, Head of The Society continued to strength- the Cuban Project for Biotechnol- en and promote its international ogy for Animals and Plants. activities. In May, the Society Staffing Matters signed a formal agreement with The Society’s external image the Royal Danish Academy, received extra thought and promoting and strengthening co- attention this year through the operation between researchers in appointment of a Public Relations Denmark and Scotland and Officer, Stuart Brown. The Society between the two Academies. was grateful to the Scottish European links were also en- Executive for seconding Mr hanced through membership of Graeme Herbert to the Society for Scotland Europa - which resulted a year to support the Society’s in the Society hosting an impor- growing international activities tant European seminar, involving and the Society’s Public Policy EU Vice President Neil Kinnock, Seminar series. First Minister, Mr Henry McLeish The Society owes a great debt of and Deputy First Minister, Mr Jim gratitude to its small, but hard- Wallace. Professor Pieter Drenth, working staff. To most Fellows, President of the All European the RSE offices are perhaps not Academies (ALLEA) network, also perceived as a hive of activity, but, visited the Society as part of the as with a swimming duck, a very process of seeking membership of great deal of the action goes

14 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting unseen ‘under the water’. In this ing payment of rent by the my final year of office, I would like commercial tenant of RSE Scot- to make full acknowledgement of land Foundation in the premises the help and support which I have of 26 George Street. I shall return always received from all the staff, to this topic later. but especially from those working Our Fundraising campaign was directly with me in the conduct of commenced and this required my duties as General Secretary. some pump-priming. Some Peter Wilson expenditure has been incurred in Professor Peter Wilson CBE raising the profile of the Society, General Secretary and that has been a necessary Treasurer’s Report to the ASM prelude to the Fundraising (presented by The Rt Hon Lord campaign. All this leaves the Ross, Vice-President and Acting Society at the end of the financial Treasurer) year with a modest deficit. “In the absence abroad of the Looking to the future, it is a Treasurer, Sir Laurence Hunter, I matter for concern that the have been asked to present to this General Fund is at a low level meeting the Accounts for the year because this imposes constraints ended March 2001. When Sir on our ability to engage in Laurence completed his report to programmes and activities on last year’s ASM, he made the which we would wish to embark following observation – “One from time to time. thing I have learned is that no year Turning to the Accounts them- is likely to be without its share of selves, at page 15, you will see an change and surprise.” Events have increase under ‘Income in respect shown these remarks to be of Meetings’. This is due to the especially apposite to the year of New Frontiers exhibition. There is this report. also an increase under ‘Expendi- I draw attention to the Treasurer’s ture in respect of Meetings’ for report that prefaces the accounts. the same reason. Still under I do not propose to read this Expenditure, there is an increase report in full – to do so would be under Promotion of Research a work of supererogation, but I which is due to there being a full will refer to some salient matters. year of the Lloyds TSB Foundation As is mentioned in the Introduc- for Scotland funding for fellow- tion, during the year in question ships on the Ageing Population. considerable steps were taken to We can take satisfaction from the fulfil the Society’s longer-term fact that despite this overall aims, and there was an upsurge of increase in volume of activity with activity on a broad front. Unfortu- associated increase in expendi- nately, serious difficulties began ture, management & secretariat to emerge before March regard- costs have remained stable.

15 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Fellows will be interested to have Studentships amounting to an up-date on developments since £1.1m over the next three years to the end of the financial year in develop new research into March, because the year improving the quality of life of the has been running for over six ageing population in Scotland. All months. I regret to report that that is very good news for the things got worse as regards the Society. On the subject of Fund- commercial tenant in 26 George raising, I also wish to stress that Street. The company (Houseworks) the aim of the Fundraising is not was placed in receivership and has to meet any deficit in its Accounts, now departed after the RSE but is to enable the Society to Scotland Foundation took steps to expand its activities and put into irritate the lease and so bring it to effect what is contained in the an end. This means the Society is Society’s Corporate and Business facing a continuing income loss Plans. due to there being no tenant Fellows will also observe from the paying rent to the Foundation for Balance Sheet that Investments at these subjects. Active steps are market value appear in round being taken to find a new tenant. figures at £2,279,000. That was Two potential tenants have the situation as at March 2001. As withdrawn but there are encour- at September 2001, the market aging signs that we will be able to value had fallen to £2,096,000. find a suitable tenant. As negotia- Having regard to the fall in the tions are in hand, I would not value of shares generally since the wish to say any more about this at event of 11 September 2001, it is the present time. gratifying that there has not been I have already mentioned Fund- an even greater fall in the value of raising. The launch of our our investments. We have done Fundraising campaign is now in better than the “FOOTSIE” or the process, but in order to bring charity funds index. The majority money in, it is necessary first to of the fall is borne by the special expend money, and this will entail restricted funds and not the a significant increase in expendi- General Fund. ture for Fundraising and Publicity Finally, I would draw Fellows’ in the current financial year. I am attention to the Treasurer’s pleased, however, to remind you Conclusion in his written report. that in the area of Fundraising we There is uncertainty due to the have had initial success, with the RSE Scotland Foundation having Scottish Executive giving no tenant for the premises at 26 £900,000 of additional funding George Street. Under normal for Fellowships, and with Lloyds circumstances, the rental from TSB Foundation for Scotland these premises would represent a generously agreeing to provide significant part of our annual money for Fellowships and

16 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting income. As I have said, every effort brought in additional income but is being made by the Foundation also increased our expenditure. to conclude a lease with a suitable Serious difficulties began to tenant, and we can only hope that emerge in the receipt of rental current negotiations have a income from the Foundation’s satisfactory outcome. Also of commercial tenant in 26 George critical importance is to achieve Street. The development of the success in our Fundraising Corporate and Business Plans led campaign. This will require a great on to the commencement of a deal of effort. However, unless the Fund raising campaign, which in Fundraising campaign proves itself needed some pump- fruitful, we will not be able to put priming. into effect all that we have The net effect of these events has identified in the Corporate and been to leave the Society with yet Business Plans. another modest deficit, which is The Treasurer states that next year disappointing, but almost will be another delicate year, but inevitable in the circumstances of subject to certain provisos, he the effort to raise the profile and expresses guarded confidence for the activity level of the Society. the future. He closes his Conclu- More worrying is the consequence sion by expressing sincere thanks that the General Fund continues to Kate Ellis and William Duncan at a low level. The health of this for the support they have given Fund is vital to the Society’s ability him, and I would wish to endorse to pursue the objectives and what he says in that regard. If any engage in the programmes and Fellows have any queries on the activities that it chooses on its Accounts, I will endeavour to own account - quite apart from answer them with assistance from the objectives that it seeks to Kate Ellis, but meantime I am achieve in collaboration with happy, on behalf of the Treasurer, others. One of the longer-term to commend the Accounts to the aims has to be to reverse the trend Fellowship.” of this Fund, as a demonstration Treasurer’s Report for the of the capacity of the Society to Financial Year ending 31 March take an innovative and independ- 2001 ent course of action, when it sees The year ended in March 2001 fit. was an eventful one, in which not Overview of result for the all went according to plan, yet year: considerable steps were taken in The result for the year ended 31 the direction of fulfilling the March 2001, was a deficit of Society’s longer term aims. There £76,000 as compared to the was a considerable upsurge in deficit of £193,000 last year. activity on a broad front, which However, the result last year was

17 Review of the Session 2000-2001

impacted by the special payment a rise in the total number of to the Foundation of £208,000, Fellows eligible to pay full sub- without which there would have scriptions and, importantly, the tax been a small overall surplus. Of recoverable, as the subscription is the total deficit for the year the now eligible as a Gift Aid dona- result on General fund was a tion. Fellows who opt to deficit of £74,000, after charging continue paying subscriptions at £55,000 of building depreciation. the full or abated rate when their This amount has been returned to age would entitle them to make a General fund ‘below the line’ reduction continue to make a through a transfer from the valuable contribution to the total. Capital Asset reserve. The The subvention to the RSE operating result on the general Scotland Foundation in support of fund after all funds transfers, but the publication of Proceedings A before investment movements, is and Transactions has fallen to a surplus of £14,000 as compared £7,300 from last year’s figure of to last year’s equivalent figure £11,000. The net loss overall on which was a deficit of £11,000. publications is £39,900 including The total operating income of the cost of publication of the Year £1,771,000 represents an Book and RSE News. increase of nearly 25% over the Meetings income at £275,800 previous year but the equivalent increased by over 100% mainly operating costs have increased by due to the successful ‘New 30% on a like-for-like basis after Frontiers in Science’ exhibition adjusting for the special grant to which was held in June 2000. The the RSE Scotland Foundation last drive to raise income levels both year. The central overhead costs from registration fees and included in this total have risen by donations in support of confer- 15%, with the proportion relating ences and symposia continues, to the management and adminis- resulting in an underlying increase tration of the Society falling from in meetings income, excluding the 18% to 16 % of central costs and exhibition income, of 16%. The from 7% to 6% of total expendi- related expenditure, including the ture. The expansion in costs allocation of central costs, at therefore arises from the in- £397,300 was increased by 54% creased level of activity and the overall and by about 7% in investment in publicity and relation to the recurring activities. fundraising initiatives. Educational activity has continued The year 2000/2001 : Income at a similar level to last year but and Expenditure timing differences in the pro- Fellows’ subscriptions rose in the gramme have resulted in a fall in year to £97,300, reflecting the income of £10,000. The science modest increase in subscriptions, masterclasses funded by the

18 Proceedings of the Statutory General Meeting

Lloyds TSB Foundation for Other receipts include £88,500 of Scotland have been operational in interest from RSE Scotland four centres with a consequent Foundation which was paid out of increase in cost. the rentals received on surplus The seminars in the earlier series space in 26 George Street and a in support of Foresight and grant of £25,000 from the Commercialisation seminars were MacRobert Trusts for the Millenni- completed, following which the um Prize awarded in October need to take stock of the chang- 2000. ing environment and the Investment income has remained contribution the Society could stable. This may be difficult to make in these areas lead to a gap sustain in the context of the in this programme. The income staged withdrawal of tax relief, fell from £74,000 to £16,100 which this year amounted to with costs of £35,300, after £14,000, and the low level of absorption of central costs. interest rates. Activity in the area of international Appeal receipts represent the final links remains at a low level, receipts from the 1994 Appeal constrained by the limited and related tax relief. pump-priming funding available. As explained above, the general This year this area has benefited management costs have remained greatly from the time input by stable in absolute terms, but there Graeme Herbert, whilst on has been increased expenditure secondment from the Scottish on both publicity, in staff costs, Executive. and fundraising. The latter is The Promotion of Research, investment in the new fundraising covering the award of Research initiative, with no corresponding Fellowships and Enterprise increase in income in the year Fellowships, has expanded from under review. £634,000 to £825,700. This Balance Sheet increase arises from the introduc- The Society’s net assets of £7.35 tion of new schemes: such as the million have decreased by £0.2 PPARC Enterprise Fellowships for a million in the year to 31 March two-year pilot; additional Scottish 2001. Fixed assets, comprising Enterprise Fellowships in Commu- the buildings at 22- 26 George nication technologies; a full year Street, and investments, represent of the Lloyds TSB Foundation for £7.1 million of this total. The Scotland-funded Research overall value of investments of Fellowships and Studentships; £2.28 million has decreased by and the normal increase to cover £134,000 in a difficult year for the annual salary increase of investment markets. These Research Fellows. investments continue to be the assets of the designated and

19 Review of the Session 2000-2001

restricted funds and hence not year, and we also have some new available to generate income (or accounting standard requirements capital) to be used for general to be complied with. But I am purposes. confident that with careful Net current assets of £242,000 management, we can come have improved from last year’s through this transitional financial level but much of this is due to an period to one that will deliver the increase in the money owed by sort of capability to which the the RSE Scotland Foundation on Society aspires. It will remain of current account. importance that we do not allow our ambitions to run ahead of our Restricted and Designated Funds capability. reflect the majority of the £109,000 unrealised fall in the I would conclude by expressing value of investments whilst the my sincere thanks to Kate Ellis and low level of the General Fund William Duncan who have continues to limit the possibilities continued to provide first rate for development. Future pro- advice and support. grammes remain dependent on Laurence C Hunter the expansion of this capital base. Sir Laurence Hunter CBE Conclusion Treasurer, September 2001 The outlook for 2001-2002 is clouded by the uncertainty that surrounds the re-letting of the premises at 26 George Street. The reports made by the General What seems important in this Secretary and the Treasurer were respect is to achieve a let that will proposed for acceptance by provide a solid and reliable source Professor M B Wilkins FRSE and of income to the RSE Scotland seconded by Professor J J Mc- Foundation, enabling it to make Cutcheon FRSE and accepted its repayments to the Society. unanimously by the Fellows Equally important in the outlook present. period is the success of the Fund- The President proposed that raising campaign, in terms both of KPMG be confirmed as Society entering into longer term partner- auditors. The Fellowship endorsed ships with Charities and other his proposal. bodies and of sustaining the The President then awarded the Society’s capacity for independent 4th Henry Duncan Prize Lecture to action and choice of direction. Professor David McCrone and The early signs are very promising, invited him to deliver his lecture, but a great deal of effort is still entitled Stateless Nations in the required to deliver the capability 21st Century: the Case of that the Society desires. Next year Scotland.(page 46) promises to be another delicate

20 ACCOUNTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDING 31 MARCH 2001 Statement of Council’s Responsibilities Under the Laws of the Society, the • ensure that the recommenda- Council has the responsibility to tions of the Statement of manage all matters concerning Recommended Practice (Ac- the affairs of the Society. The counting by Charities) have Treasurer, a member of the been followed Council, has a duty under the • prepare the accounts on a Laws of the Society to present to going concern basis unless it is the Fellows at the Statutory inappropriate to assume the Meeting the Accounts for the Society will continue its activi- preceding financial year to 31 ties. March. The Council has a responsibility Under Charities legislation, the for keeping proper accounting Council is required to prepare records which disclose with accounts for each financial year reasonable accuracy at any time which give a true and fair view of the financial position of the the state of affairs of the Society Society and which enable it to at 31 March and of its financial comply with the Law Reform activities during the year then (Miscellaneous Provisions) ended. (Scotland) Act 1990 and the In preparing these accounts, the Charities Accounts (Scotland) Council should Regulations 1992. It has general • select suitable accounting responsibility for taking such policies and apply them steps as are reasonably open to it consistently to safeguard the assets of the • make judgements and estimates charity and to prevent and detect that are reasonable and prudent fraud and other irregularities.

Auditor’s Report to the Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

We have audited the accounts on the Auditing Practices Board and pages 23-37. by our profession’s ethical Respective responsibilities of guidance. Council and Auditors: We report to you our opinion as The Council is responsible for to whether the accounts give a preparing the Trustees’ report true and fair view and are properly and, as described above, the prepared in accordance with the accounts in accordance with the Laws of the Society, the Law Laws of the Society, relevant UK Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) legislation and accounting (Scotland) Act 1990, and the standards. Our responsibilities, as Charities Accounts (Scotland) independent auditors, are Regulations 1992. We also report established in the UK by statute, to you, if, in our opinion, the

21 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Trustees’ report is not consistent which we considered necessary in with the financial statements, if order to provide us with sufficient the Society has not kept proper evidence to give reasonable accounting records, if we have not assurance that the accounts are received all the information and free from material misstatement, explanations we require for our whether caused by fraud or other audit. irregularity or error. In forming Basis of opinion: We conducted our opinion we also evaluated the our audit in accordance with overall adequacy of the presenta- Auditing Standards issued by the tion of information in the Auditing Practices Board. An accounts. audit includes examination, on a Opinion: In our opinion the test basis, of evidence relevant to accounts give a true and fair view the amounts and disclosures in of the state of the Society’s affairs the financial statements. It also as at 31 March 2001 and of its includes an assessment of the incoming resources and applica- significant estimates and judge- tion of resources including its ments made by the Council in the income and expenditure in the preparation of the accounts and year then ended and have been of whether the accounting properly prepared in accordance policies are appropriate to the with the Laws of the Society, The Society’s circumstances, consist- Law Reform (Miscellaneous ently applied and adequately Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 disclosed. and the Charities Accounts We planned and performed our (Scotland) Regulations 1992. audit so as to obtain all the KPMG, Chartered Accountants, information and explanations Registered Auditors, Edinburgh September 2001

22 Accounts

BALANCE SHEET AT 31 MARCH 2001 Note No 2001 2000 £££ £ Fixed Assets Tangible fixed assets 12 2,665,327 2,743,525

Fixed Asset Investment Investments at market value 13 2,279,378 2,413,715 Historical Cost : £2,203,109 (2000-£2,234,478) Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation 2,171,984 2,218,792

7,116,689 7,376,032

Current Assets RSE Scotland Foundation current account 76,815 - Debtors 14 112,188 76,040 Cash at bank and in hand 44,224 109,473 Money Market and other term deposits 250,000 404,279

483,227 589,792

Current Liabilities Creditors : Amounts falling due within one year 15 (240,886) (402,381)

Net Current Assets 242,341 187,411

Total Assets less Current Liabilities 7,359,030 7,563,443

Creditors: Amounts falling due after one year16 - (6,413)

Net Assets 7,359,030 7,557,030

Funds General Fund 17 212,683 199,815 Designated Funds 18 5,779,526 5,923,574 Restricted Funds 19 1,366,821 1,433,641

7,359,030 7,557,030

Approved by the Council on 26 September 2001

Laurence C Hunter Sir Laurence Hunter, CBE Treasurer

23 Review of the Session 2000-2001

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001 Note No General Designated Restricted 2001 2000 Fund Funds Funds Total Total

££ £ ££ Income Fellows’ Subscriptions 4 97,287 - - 97,287 80,090 Meetings 230,151 - 45,741 275,892 129,119 Educational Activities 5,423 - 10,988 16,411 26,520 Academic/Industry Links - - 16,152 16,152 74,504 International Activities 2,567 - - 2,567 1,733

238,141 - 72,881 311,022 231,876

Promotion of Research - receipts 5 - - 825,207 825,207 634,841 Other receipts 6 91,922 - 38,335 130,257 65,092 Scottish Executive Grant 278,000 - - 278,000 278,000 Released from deferred income 6,413 - - 6,413 6,413 Investment income 7 1,666 52,333 68,859 122,858 123,281 Total operating income 713,429 52,333 1,005,282 1,771,044 1,419,593

Appeal receipts - 13,267 - 13,267 20,041 Appeal Interest Income 7 - 511 - 511 4,263 Total incoming resources 713,429 66,111 1,005,282 1,784,822 1,443,897

Expenditure Publications 8 39,930 - - 39,930 44,506 Meetings 350,016 - 47,341 397,357 257,190 Educational Activities 38,718 7,364 10,988 57,070 49,207 Academic/industry links 19,163 - 16,152 35,315 91,045 Fellowships Office 48,920 - - 48,920 44,995 International Activities 19,907 - - 19,907 9,304 Evidence, advice & comment 49,546 - - 49,546 43,670 566,200 7,364 74,481 648,045 539,917 Promotion of Research 9 7,685 - 867,108 874,793 685,561 Prizes and Grants 14,288 30,198 28,734 73,220 26,178 Grant to RSE Scotland Foundation - - - - 208,753 Buildings and Maintenance 22-24 George Street -depreciation 22,061 - - 22,061 22,061 22-24 George Street-other 12,947 23,139 - 36,086 11,176 26 George Street-depreciation 32,949 - - 32,949 32,949 Management and secretariat 62,054 12,428 29,236 103,718 102,288 Fundraising and publicity 69,813 - - 69,813 8,085 Total resources expended 787,997 73,129 999,559 1,860,685 1,636,968

Operating surplus/(deficit) (74,568) (20,796) 5,723 (89,641) (217,375) Appeal surplus - 13,778 - 13,778 24,304

Surplus/(Deficit) for the period (74,568) (7,018) 5,723 (75,863) (193,071)

24 Accounts STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001

Note No General Designated Restricted 2001 2000 Fund Funds Funds Total Total ££ £££ Surplus/(deficit) for the period (as set out in the Income and Expenditure account) (74,568) (7,018) 5,723 (75,863) (193,071) Transfer Between Funds 89,192 (89,192) - - -

14,624 (96,210) 5,723 (75,863) (193,071)

Gains/(losses) on investment assets Realised gains 558 15,194 23,041 38,793 50,597 Realised losses (735) (20,019) (30,358) (51,112) (17,009) (177) (4,825) (7,317) (12,319) 33,588 Unrealised (1,579) (43,013) (65,226) (109,818) 26,776

Net Movement in Funds 12,868 (144,048) (66,820) (198,000) (132,707) Balance brought forward at 1 April 2000 199,815 5,923,574 1,433,641 7,557,030 7,689,737

Balance carried forward at 31 March 2001 212,683 5,779,526 1,366,821 7,359,030 7,557,030

25 Review of the Session 2000-2001

CASH FLOW STATEMENT YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001 Note No 2001 2000 ££ Reconciliation of net movement in funds to net cash outflow from operating activities Deficit for the year (75,863) (193,071) Appeal receipts (13,778) (20,041) Dividends receivable (104,412) (104,942) Interest receivable (107,551) (48,934) Interest payable - - Depreciation 81,517 77,873 Decrease/(increase) in debtors (28,360) 56,780 Decrease/(increase) in RSE Scotland Foundation current account (140,044) - Increase/(decrease) in creditors (205,835) 195,249

Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities (594,326) (37,086)

Cash flow statement Net cash outflow from operating activities (594,326) (37,086) Appeal receipts 13,778 20,041 Returns on investments and servicing of finance: Interest received 135,030 22,187 Interest paid - (419) Dividends received 95,478 116,835 Capital expenditure and financial investment: Purchase of tangible fixed assets: (3,639) (2,835) Proceeds from sale of tangible fixed assets 320 - Proceeds from sale of investments: 272,657 304,558 Purchases of investments (260,457) (291,596) Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation 46,808 (221,914)

Increase/(decrease) in cash (294,351) (90,229)

Reconciliation of net cash flow to movement in net funds Increase (decrease) in cash in the year 25 (294,351) (90,229)

Net funds at beginning of year 513,752 603,981

Net funds at end of year 219,401 513,752

26 Accounts NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2001 1 Accounting basis The accounts have been prepared under the historical cost accounting rules as modified to include the revaluation of investments as required by the Statement of Recommended Practice for charities (SORP) approved by the Accounting Standards Board in October 1995. The accounts comply with the provisions of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990, the Charity Accounts (Scotland) Regulations 1992. The accounts comprise three primary financial statements: the Income and Expenditure Account, the Statement of Financial Activities and the Balance Sheet.

2 Funds The Society’s funds are classified in accordance with the definitions in the SORP into Restricted funds, where there are restrictions placed by a donor as to the use of income or capital, Designated funds, where the Society has set aside sums from its unrestricted funds for a particular purpose and the General (unrestricted) Fund. The classifications made are as follows: a) General Fund - a discretionary Fund available to Council to meet the ordinary activities of the Society. b) Designated Funds Staff restructuring fund In July 2000 Council resolved that the balance of the 1994 Development Fund be used to create a Staff restructuring fund, to be used at its discretion to provide flexibility in staffing arrangements and in developing future operations. 1994 Appeal Fund - contributions from Fellows and other benefactors in response to an appeal to replenish Society Funds following the purchase of 26 George Street and its refurbishment. Capital Asset Reserve Fund - representing the book cost of the rooms at 22-24 George Street, and 26 George Street and an allocation in respect of funding of the refurbishment of 26 George Street. Building Maintenance Fund - a reserve to support the future maintenance of the fabric of the Rooms. Dr James Heggie Fund - income from this fund supports the Society’s activities with young people. Grants Fund - a fund created by contributions and legacies from Fellows and used to provide grants to support research activities of Fellows. C H Kemball Fund - income from this fund is used to provide hospitality for distinguished visitors from other learned societies and academies. c) Restricted Funds Robert Cormack Bequest Lessells Trust Auber Bequest Prizes Fund Dryerre Fund Piazzi Smyth Legacy Fund CASS Fund Retailing Seminar Fund

3 Accounting Policies a) Subscriptions are accounted for on the basis of the subscription year to October 2001 and includes income tax recoverable on subscriptions paid under Gift Aid. b) Other income and expenditure is accounted for on an accruals basis. c) Interest and dividends are accounted for gross, tax deducted being recovered or recoverable from the Inland Revenue. d) Publication income receivable in foreign currencies is converted into sterling at rates of exchange ruling at the date of receipt. e) Revenue grants are credited to income in the period to which they relate; capital grants are deferred and amortised over the useful life of the assets to which they relate. f) Donations of a recurring nature from other charitable foundations and one-off gifts and legacies included in other income are taken to revenue in the period to which they relate. g) The Society’s principal assets are its buildings in George Street, Edinburgh. Under FRS 15 the Society depreciates the buildings assuming a 50 year life. It is the policy of the Council to maintain the buildings to a high standard and an provision is made for upkeep of the buildings through a designation from General fund. Any permanent diminutions in value are reflected in the Income & Expenditure Account. Costs of repairs and maintenance are charged against revenue. h) Minor equipment is written off to Income & Expenditure Account in the year of purchase. Computer and audio- visual equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over four years. i) Investments are stated at their market value at the balance sheet date. Unrealised surpluses on revaluation are credited to funds in accordance with their proportionate share of the investment portfolio. j) The Society participates in a defined benefit pension scheme which is externally funded. The cost of providing pensions is allocated over employees’ working lives with the Society and is included in staff costs.

27 Review of the Session 2000-2001

2001 2000 ££

4 Subscriptions Contributions from Fellows Admission Fees 5,500 4,000 Annual Subscriptions 82,225 76,090 Income tax recoverable under gift aid 9,562 - 97,287 80,090

5 Promotion of research - receipts Scottish Executive grant - research fellowships 304,507 263,703 British Research Fellowships Trust 139,045 169,691 Caledonian Research Foundation 35,115 21,185 Scottish Enterprise 188,130 158,763 PPARC Enterprise Fellowships 54,619 - Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland 103,791 21,499 825,207 634,841 Further information relating to grants, donations and receipts and their application is set out in note 24

6 Other receipts Fleck additional receipt 1,419 2,116 Lessells Trust additional receipt 13,335 11,680 Retailing Seminar Fund - 8,000 Legacy from Professor Frank Alexander - 12,000 Other income 667 3,749 Sales of ties (net) 240 262 Sales of sundry publications 412 952 Rent of rooms 590 - Grant from MacRobert Trust for Millennium Prize 25,000 - Interest receivable from RSE Scotland Foundation 88,594 26,333 130,257 65,092 In addition to the donations set out above, the Society receives donations made specifically in support of meetings which are included in meetings income (see note 24(c))

7 Investment income Dividends (Net) 90,326 88,381 Income tax recoverable on dividend income 14,086 16,561 Interest arising on term deposits (Gross) 18,446 18,339 Interest arising on Money market deposits 511 4,263 123,369 127,544 Less: Appeal fund interest 511 4,263 122,858 123,281

8 Publications Editorial & management costs of journals 18,437 13,584 Support of journals published by RSE Scotland Foundation 7,380 11,060 Other publications 7,972 9,784 33,789 34,428 Proportion of central costs (note 10) 6,141 10,078 39,930 44,506

The RSE Scotland Foundation became publisher of the Society’s journals and Year Book with effect from the 1997 volumes. The Society retains copyright and incurs editorial costs in respect of these publications. The Society has made a donation to the RSE Scotland Foundation equivalent to the Foundation’s net deficit on publications. 28 Accounts

2001 2000 ££

9 Promotion of Research Direct Costs : Restricted Funds SEELLD Research Fellowships - Support 60,093 55,831 SEELLD Research Fellowships - Personal 206,900 171,916 266,993 227,747 BP Research Fellowships 125,869 153,941 CRF European Fellowships 31,262 17,311 Scottish Enterprise Fellowships 168,547 147,741 PPARC Enterprise Fellowships 48,304 - Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland Fellowships 92,292 20,499 Robert Cormack Bequest 5,770 6,838 John Moyes Lessells Scholarship 22,860 7,112 Auber Bequest Awards - 3,400 Henry Dryerre Scholarship 13,271 6,030 D S McLagan Travel Grant - 1,485 775,168 592,104 Direct costs : General Funds Library 1,304 1,196 776,472 593,300 Proportion of central costs (note 10) 98,321 92,261 874,793 685,561

10 Central Costs Total Payroll: 462,128 426,067 Less paid by RSE Scotland Foundation (83,578) (81,522) Salaries (note 11) 378,550 344,545 Other Costs: Staff training, agency and recruitment costs 15,159 18,768 Establishment expenses (22-24 George St) 24,571 21,415 Establishment expenses (26 George St) 110,458 71,487 Computer and equipment costs 12,039 8,951 Communication, stationery and printing costs 39,115 29,813 Travel and subsistence, hospitality 23,617 17,663 Miscellaneous 5,991 1,214 Professional fees 14,172 22,112 Audit fee 5,875 5,288 Depreciation 26,507 22,863 Publicity 7,852 11,241 285,356 230,815 Total Central Costs 663,906 575,360

29 Review of the Session 2000-2001

10 Central Costs (cont’d) In addition to direct costs incurred, central costs have been apportioned to expenditure on functional activities, as follows: General Designated Restricted 2001 2000 Fund Funds Funds Total Total ££ £ £ £ Publications 6,141 - - 6,141 10,078 Meetings 160,959 - - 160,959 147,551 Educational Activities 45,846 3,735 - 49,581 42,604 Academic/Industry links 38,396 - - 38,396 55,591 Fellowships Office 48,920 - - 48,920 44,995 International links 17,340 - - 17,340 7,994 Evidence, advice & comment 49,052 - - 49,052 42,140 Promotion of Research 98,322 - - 98,322 92,261 Prizes and Grants 1,186 16,433 1,682 19,301 10,687 Buildings and Maintenance 12,947 - - 12,947 11,176 Management and Secretariat 62,054 12,428 29,236 103,718 102,288 Fundraising and publicity 59,229 - - 59,229 7,995 600,392 32,596 30,918 663,906 575,360

11 Employees Total Paid by Paid by 2001 Foundation Society 2000 £ £ £ £ Wages and salaries 390,124 70,548 319,576 294,199 Social Security Costs 29,115 5,926 23,189 24,024 Other pension costs (note 21) 42,889 7,104 35,785 26,322 462,128 83,578 378,550 344,545

The average number of employees of the Society including those employed under joint contracts with the RSE Scotland Foundation during the year was 20. (2000 - 18)

22,24 26 George Street George Street Equipment Computer Total £ £ £ £ £ 12 Tangible Fixed Assets Cost At 1 April 2000 1,103,038 1,647,468 53,927 39,650 2,844,083 Additions - - 3,056 583 3,639 Disposals - - - (808) (808) At 31 March 2001 1,103,038 1,647,468 56,983 39,425 2,846,914

Depreciation At 1 April 2000 22,061 32,949 26,964 18,584 100,558 Disposals - - - (488) (488) Charge for the year 22,061 32,949 16,538 9,969 81,517 At 31 March 2001 44,122 65,898 43,502 28,065 181,587

Net Book Value At 31 March 2001 1,058,916 1,581,570 13,481 11,360 2,665,327

At 31 March 2000 1,080,977 1,614,519 26,963 21,066 2,743,525

30 Accounts

Proceeds on Market Value at Investments sale of Gain/(loss) value at 31 1 April 2000 made at cost investments on sale Revaluation March 2001 £ £ £££ £ 13a Fixed Asset Investments Managed Funds 233,478 - (72,025) 4,742 14,383 180,578 Fixed interest 567,502 72,714 - - (21,825) 618,391 UK equities 1,163,595 95,366 (200,578) (1,587) (43,555) 1,013,241 Overseas equities (managed funds) 285,100 - (54) (15,474) (58,821) 210,751 Cash deposits 164,040 (168,080) 260,457 - - 256,417 2,413,715 - (12,200) (12,319) (109,818) 2,279,378 The deficit on sale of investments measured against their historical cost was £19,172 (2000 - surplus £59,848). The investment management fee of £12,200(2000 £12,962) has been deducted from the proceeds of sale of investments.

2001 2000 13b Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation £ £ Due within one year 46,808 46,958 Due after one year 2,125,176 2,171,834 2,171,984 2,218,792 The Loan initially bears interest at 4% per annum, capped at the amount of rent received by the Foundation, and is repayable over the period to 30 June 2047, the expiration of the lease of 26 George Street.

2001 2000 14 Debtors £ £ General debtors 45,478 49,727 Stock of ties 3,653 3,728 Prepayments and accrued income 51,203 19,665 Income Tax Recoverable 11,854 2,920 112,188 76,040

15 Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year Bank overdraft 74,823 - General creditors 81,672 36,109 Accruals and deferred income 59,935 256,243 RSE Scotland Foundation Current Account - 63,229 University of Glasgow (note 19) 13,828 12,347 Symposia income deferred 4,215 28,040 Deferred capital grant 6,413 6,413 240,886 402,381

31 Review of the Session 2000-2001

2001 2000 16 Creditors: Amounts falling due after one year £ £ Deferred capital grant - 6,413 - 6,413

17 General Fund At 1 April 2000 199,815 204,452 Net movements in funds for the year from Statement of Financial Activities 12,868 (4,637) At 31 March 2001 212,683 199,815

Capital Asset Building Staff 1994 Appeal CH Kemball Grants Dr James Reserve Maintenance Development Fund Fund Fund Heggie Fund Total Fund ££ ££ ££££ 18 Designated Funds At 1 April 2000 4,914,288 120,449 7,831 8,884 17,607 641,152 213,363 5,923,574

Investment income - 6,925 3,518 511 846 30,796 10,248 52,844 Other income - - - 13,267 - - - 13,267 Less Direct expenditure - (18,771) - (4,368) - (13,765) (3,629) (40,533) Investment Management Fees - - (370) - (89) (3,240) (1,078) (4,777) RSE admin and staff costs - - (3,923) (8,046) - (13,193) (2,657) (27,819) Surplus/(deficit) for the year - (11,846) (775) 1,364 757 598 2,884 (7,018) Transfers between funds Re building depreciation (55,010) ------(55,010) Re loan repayment (46,808) ------(46,808) From General fund - - 12,626 - - - - 12,626 (101,818) - 12,626 - - - - (89,192) Net gains on investment assets Realised - - (374) - (90) (3,272) (1,089) (4,825) Unrealised - - (3,333) - (801) (29,171) (9,708) (43,013) At 31 March 2001 4,812,470 108,603 15,975 10,248 17,473 609,307 205,450 5,779,526

32 Accounts

Robert Cormack Lessells Auber Prizes Dryerre Bequest Trust Bequest Fund Fund Others Total £ ££££££ 19 Restricted Funds At 1 April 2000 123,701 414,080 317,907 77,986 462,445 37,522 1,433,641 Investment income 5,941 19,889 15,269 3,746 22,212 1,802 68,859 Other income - 13,335 - - - - 13,335 Less Direct Expenditure (5,770) (22,860) - (2,052) (13,271) (1,599) (45,552) Investment Management (625) (2,093) (1,607) (394) (2,337) (190) (7,246) RSE Admin and staff (2,043) (6,837) (5,249) (1,288) (7,636) (620) (23,673) Surplus/(deficit) for year (2,497) 1,434 8,413 12 (1,032) (607) 5,723

Net gain on investment assets Realised (631) (2,113) (1,622) (398) (2,360) (193) (7,317) Unrealised (5,628) (18,840) (14,464) (3,548) (21,040) (1,706) (65,226) At 31 March 2001 114,945 394,561 310,234 74,052 438,013 35,016 1,366,821

“Prizes Fund” comprises The Keith Fund, The Neill Fund, The Makdougall-Brisbane Fund, The Gunning-Victoria Fund, The James Scott Prize Fund, The Bruce-Preller Lecture Fund, The W.S. Bruce Memorial Fund, The Dr D.A. Berry Fund, The Henry Duncan Prize Lecture Fund and The BP Prize Lecture in the Humanities Fund. “Others” comprise the Piazzi-Smyth Legacy Fund, the Retailing Seminar Fund and the CASS Fund. The Retailing Seminars Fund arises from the donation of the surplus from an earlier series of meetings that publicised research in the retailing sector. The fund is to be used to support meetings in this area. Under the terms of the Lessells Trust the University of Glasgow is entitled to 10% of additional amounts received by the Society from the Trust. The balance included in Creditors at 31 March 2001 represents the total sum apportioned but not yet paid over to the University (note 15).

Unrestricted Designated Restricted 2001 2000 Funds Funds Funds Total Total ££ £ £ £ 20 Analysis of Assets between Funds Fund balances at 31 March 2001 are represented by : Tangible fixed assets 24,842 2,640,485 - 2,665,327 2,743,525 Investments 80,327 832,230 1,366,821 2,279,378 2,413,715 Loan to RSE Scotland Foundation - 2,171,984 - 2,171,984 2,218,792 Current assets 58,422 899 52,867 112,188 76,040 RSE Scotland Foundation current account 76,815 - - 76,815 (63,229) Deposits 60,708 134,826 54,466 250,000 404,279 Bank overdraft less cash 23,166 (898) (52,867) (30,599) 109,473 Current liabilities (111,597) - (54,466) (166,063) (339,152) Creditors over one year - - - - (6,413) 212,683 5,779,526 1366,821 7,359,030 7,557,030

33 Review of the Session 2000-2001

21 Pension Costs a) USS The Society participates in the Universities Superannuation Scheme, a defined benefit pension scheme which is externally funded and contracted out of the State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme. The assets of the Scheme are held in a separate trustee-administered fund. The fund is valued every three years by a professionally qualified independent actuary using the projected unit method, the rates of contribution payable being determined by the trustee on the advice of the actuaries. In the intervening years the actuaries review the progress of the scheme. It is not possible to identify each institution’s share of the underlying assets and liabilities of the scheme and hence contributions to the scheme are accounted for as if it were a defined contribution scheme. The cost recognised within the deficit for the year is equal to the contributions payable to the scheme for the year. The latest actuarial valuation of the scheme was at 31 March 1999. The most significant assumptions, those relating to the rate of return on investments and the rates of increase in salary and pensions, are as follows: Past Service Liabilities Future Service Liabilities investment return 4.5% 5.5% Salary Increase 3.6% 3.5% Pension Increase 2.6% 2.5%

At the valuation date the market value of the scheme’s assets was £18,870 million and the value of past service liabilities was £17,427million. The value of the assets represented 108% of the benefits that had accrued to members, after allowing for expected future increases in earnings. The contribution rate payable by the Society was 14.0% of pensionable salaries.

b) Lothian Pension Fund The Society also participates in the Lothian Pension Fund, a defined benefit pension scheme established under local government pension fund regulations. The assets of the Scheme are held in a separate trustee-administered fund. The fund is valued every three years by a professionally qualified independent actuary using the projected unit method, the rates of contribution payable being determined by the trustee on the advice of the actuaries. In the intervening years the actuaries review the progress of the scheme.

The latest actuarial valuation of the scheme was at 31 March 1999. The major assumptions used by the actuary were that, over the long term, the return on the scheme’s assets would be 6.1% per annum, salary increases would average 4.3% per annum and present and future pensions would increase at a rate of 2.8% per annum.

At the valuation date the market value of the scheme’s assets was £1,483 million and the value of past service liabilities was £1,571 million. The value of the assets represented 94% of the benefits that had accrued to members, after allowing for expected future increases in earnings. The contribution rate payable by the Society was 205% of employees’ contributions of 6% of pensionable salaries, amounting to 12.3%. The actuary has confirmed that it is appropriate to take the pension charge to be equal to the actual contribution paid during the year. The total pension charge for the year was £35,785 (2000 -£26,321).

22 Transactions with Council members No member of Council received any payments other than reimbursement of expenditure on travel and subsistence costs actually and necessarily incurre in carrying out their duties as Councillors and Officers. The aggregate of such reimbursement amounted to £6,273 (2000 -£6,172).

23 RSE Scotland Foundation RSE Scotland Foundation is a charitable trust, recognized in Scotland as Scottish charity number SCO24636. It was created in March 1996 with the object of advancing the education of the public in Scotland in science and engineering and in so doing to conserve the scientific and cultural heritage of Scotland. The President, General Secretary, Treasurer, Curator and a Vice President of the Society are ex officiis Trustees of the Foundation, which draws on the resources of the Society in carrying out its objects. The Foundation also has five nominated Trustees. The Foundation became publisher of the Society’s journals under a Publications Rights Licence effective from 1 January 1997. The Foundation has also carried out work in support of the Society’s involvement in the Scottish Science Trust and the implementation of the Technology Ventures Strategy.

On 1 July 1997 the Society granted to the Foundation a 50 year lease over 26 George Street carrying an obligation to refurbish the building within a three year period. The Council of the Society agreed to make funding of up to £2.3 million available to the Foundation in support of the refurbishment. The agreed terms of the loan are as described in note 13(b).

34 Accounts

At 31 March 2001 the financial position of the RSE Scotland Foundation was as follows:

2001 2000 Net Liabilities Fixed assets 2,105,629 2,147,522 Current assets 170,300 118,045 RSE Current Account (76,815) 63,229 Current liabilities Loan from Royal Society of Edinburgh (46,808) (46,959) Other (144,977) (178,473) Creditors over one year:-Loan from Royal Society of Edinburgh (2,125,176) (2,171,833) Represented by Income and Expenditure Account (117,847) (68,469)

The Income and Expenditure for the year ended 31 March 2001 was as follows: 2001 2000 ££ Income Publications 99,895 87,804 Academic/Industry Links 3,525 75 Other receipts - grant from Society re publicatioons 7,380 11,060 Grant from Society re brought forward deficit - 208,753 LEEL - 4,495 Licence fees 98,063 62,582 Rent of Rooms 35,229 54,348 Rent and service charge receivable 153,702 54,211 Investment Income 2,383 1,238 400,177 484,566

Expenditure Publications 107,513 98,865 Academic/Industry Links 3,500 - Public understanding of science 1,000 - Conference Facilities Hire 38,234 32,662 Depreciation of leasehold improvements 42,742 41,507 Building management 129,997 113,445 Management and Secretariat 30,095 31,471 Provision for bad debts 7,880 - Total Operating Expenditure 360,961 317,949 Interest payable 88,594 26,333 Total resources expended 449,555 344,282 Operating (deficit) /surplus for the year (49,378) 140,284 Balance brought forward (68,469) (208,753) Balance carried forward (117,847) (68,469)

The Council of the Society has confirmed to the Trustees of the Foundation that they will continue to support the Foundation and will not call for the repayment of the current account balance in the foreseeable future.

2001 2000 24 Supplementary Information; grants, donations, receipts ££ a) Scottish Executive /(1999-Scottish Office) Grants Income EELL Department Promotion of Research 304,507 263,703 Public Policy Seminars 9,974 - Exhibition 10,000 - Other activities 278,000 278,000 Department of Health 6,996 6,378 609,477 548,081 35 Review of the Session 2000-2001

24a) Supplementary Information; grants, donations, receipts (cont’d) Direct Staff and 2001 2000 Costs other costs Total Total Allocated to Functional Activities Meetings office 26,970 53,732 80,702 88,759 Educational activities - 40,659 40,659 22,686 Publications office 7,380 27,111 34,491 32,226 Promotion of research 266,993 37,514 304,507 263,703 Evidence advice and comment 494 49,052 49,546 43,670 Management and secretariat - 62,054 62,054 64,446 Buildings - Establishment expenses 24,571 - 24,571 21,415 - Maintenance - 12,947 12,947 11,176 326,408 283,069 609,477 548,081

The Scottish Executive provides grant-in-aid under the powers of S.23 National Heritage (Scotland) Act 1985 to meet the costs of SEELLD Research Fellows, and costs of activities including the cost of maintaining the Society’s premises and a share of the Society’s staff and other costs. The grant from the Department of Health is from the Chief Scientist Office for an oral health seminar.

BP Research Caledonian Scottish Lloyds TSB Wellcome Fellowship Research Enterprise Foundation Trust Trust Foundation for Scotland b) Donations ££ £ £ £ Income Promotion of research - receipts 139,045 35,115 188,130 103,791 - Education - - - 10,988 - Meetings Income - - - 15,500 9,144 139,045 35,115 188,130 130,279 9,144 Costs Promotion of research 125,869 31,262 168,547 92,292 7,033 Education - - - 10,988 - Prize lecture - - - 3,000 - Conference - - - 12,500 - Workshops ----- RSE administration and staff costs 13,176 3,853 19,583 11,499 2,111 139,045 35,115 188,130 130,279 9,144

The BP Research Fellowship Trust supports postdoctoral fellowships in Scottish HEIs. The Trustees of the Trust are the President, General Secretary and Treasurer of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Caledonian Research Foundation supports postdoctoral fellowships in biomedical sciences and European visiting fellowships, a prize lecture and an international conference. The Wellcome Trust sponsors a series of research workshops. The Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland supports postdoctoral Fellowships, postgraduate studentships and lectures and conferences to fund and disseminate research aimed at improving the quality of life for an ageing population.

c) Donations in Support of Meetings The Society gratefully acknowledges all those who make donations in support of meetings. The companies, trusts and other bodies that made donations of £1,000 or more in the year ended 31 March 2001 are as follows:

Applied Materials plc Archibald Campbell & Harley BAE Systems plc Binks Trust BNFL plc BT plc Faculty of Advocates Glaxo Wellcome plc Health Services Research Council ICIAM 99 Kymata plc MDDUS Medical Defence Union Medical Protection Society Royal Academy of Engineering Royal Society Russell Trust Schlumberger Scottish Council for Postgraduate Scottish Natural Heritage SHEFC Medical and Dental Education Sir Halley Stewart Trust Standard Life UKAEA 36 Accounts

25 Analysis of net funds/(debt) At At 31 March Cash 1 April 2001 flows 2000 £££ Cash at bank 44,224 (65,429) 109,473 Deposits 250,000 (154,279) 404,279 Overdraft (74,823) (74,823) - 219,401 (294,351) 513,752

26 Main Activities 2000/01 1999/2000 Meetings and Education Lectures 17 15 Symposia/Conferences/Seminars 17 12 Policy seminars 3 - Debates 1 - Workshops 2 3 Technology Ventures Seminars 4 7 Young People’s events Science Masterclasses 16 10 Maths Masterclasses 16 16 Schools Lectures 10 11 Christmas Lectures 2 2 Discussion Forum 1 2 RSE Roadshow 0 1 Publications (issues) Proceedings A 6 6 Transactions 2 3 Year Book and miscellaneous publications 1 1 RSE News 4 4 RSE Fellows Number of Fellows 1287 1241 Candidates for Fellowship 156 245 Research Fellowships and Scholarships Postdoctoral Research Fellows in post 15 12 Support Research Fellows 7 4 European Visiting Research Fellows 7 8 Enterprise Fellows in post 8 5 Applications for Research Fellowships 80 96 Studentships appointed 2 - Prizes and Grants Prizes awarded 8 6 Grants awarded 18 31 Central Administration Submissions to Government and public agencies 30 32 External events held at RSE - 22 George Street 1 1 - 22-26 George Street 150 125

37 Review of the Session 2000-2001 Value Market Closing for year for Revaluation on Sale Gain/(Loss) Sales Proceeds Cost Purchase Value Market Opening 2,544 58,300 (6,999) (10,460) (24,727) (4,030) 12,084 20,800 33852 (156) 33,696 Number Royal Society of Edinburgh Schedule of investments - movements at valuation. Year ended 31 March 2001 March 31 ended Year valuation. at movements - investments of Schedule Edinburgh of Society Royal AstrazenecaAutonomy CorpBank of Scotland Stk 25pBP Amoco Ord US$0.25 }BPB Industries Ord 50pBritish Telecom Ord 25pCable & Wireless Comms Ord 50p 6,000CGU Ord 25p 6,000Electrocomponents Ord 10p 2,100 400 15,250 42,600Glaxo Smith Kline 34,410 1,850Glaxo Wellcome Ord 25pHSBC Holdings Ord US$0.50 } 47,771IMI Ord 25p 6,500 21,738 - -Legal & General Group Ord 2.5p} 3,300Limit Ord 25p 41,308 64,706 13,397 2,600Lloyds TSB Group Ord 25p 2,801Marks - & Spencer Ord 25p 24453 Ord Misys 1p 22,750National Express 35,900N Brown Group Ord 10p 5,000 16,000 - (39,128) 102,504 33,100 36,320 - - 22,000 (52,825) 30,060 (600) 3,000 (10,453) 16,363 510 5,854 77,990 (11,018) 1,201 - 42,000 (12,303) 3,228 34,920 70,560 2,944 36,753 - 9,435 (5,688) 687 - (26,739) - 14,813 35,620 51,566 (24,500) 3,399 2,457 (3,321) 27,852 8,137 25,207 - - 1,475 5,280 - 34,575 41,600 (24,970) - 11,437 - 53,020 26,250 - - Investment Closing

38 Schedule of Investments Value Market Closing for year for Revaluation on Sale Gain/(Loss) Sales Proceeds Cost Purchase Value Market Opening 4,500 26,8315,000 25,6508,000 41,600 13,579 40,410 5,425 31,075 1,920 43,520 255,466 1,163,595 95,366 (200,578) (1,587) (43,555) 1,013,241 Number Next Ord 10pNTLIncPillar Property Inv Ord 29 7/17p }PrismOrd Rail 5pReed International Ord 12.5pReckitt 7,650 & Benckiser Ord 10 10/19p Rotork Ord 5p 22,606 1p Ord Sage 6,500SainsburyOrd (J) 25pSalvesen (Christian) Ord 28 1/8p - Ord Energy 29,754 Southern & Scottish 50p -SSL International 24,518 Ord 10p 50,000 - Ord Trading & Transport Shell 25p 33,200Smithkline Beecham 7,500Ord 9,500 6.25p 65,750Spirent 9,500 (14,813)Unilever Ord 1.4p } - 20,625 26,885Viridian Ord 25p (22,600) 66833 -Vodaphone (41,790) AirTouch Ord 5p -Whitbread Ord 6,999 25pWilson Bowden Ord 10p 19,390 4,213 17,272 66,240 (6,127) 8,750 7,142 6,388 (63,376) (872) 30,494 5,000 28693 - - 2,779 4,000 28,994 3,500 12,691 (15,536) 34,075 22,300 42,445 21,236 - - - (3,854) - (2,864) (6,500) 17,263 59,250 4,013 9,690 - (43,368) - - 24,638 36,575 23,465 - - (13,606) 7,553 16,888 (3,025) (7,398) 36,246 8,260 (1,058) 31,050 9,865 30,560 20,178 Investment Closing

39 Review of the Session 2000-2001 Value Market Closing for year for Revaluation on Sale Gain/(Loss) Sales Proceeds Cost Purchase Value Market Opening - 56,722 (41,196) (53) (15,473) - - 30,000 59,550 (23,475) 36,075 62,39225,881 233,478 110,97893,251 (72,025) 285,100 4,742 14,383 180,578 (53) (40,394) (15,473) 70,584 (58,823) 210,751 £70,000558,000 - 567,502 72,714 72,714 0 (21,825) 4,295 618,391 77,009 Number Bank of Scotland 9.25% IRPFCorus Finance 6.75% 2008Carlton Comms 6.5% Conv 2010 HSBCHoldings 11.69% 2002 48,000 £100,000ICI Investments 7.625% 2007Powergen 8.5% 2006 62,760 102,456Royal Bank £70,000 of Sc 7.387% £100,0002010/49 Treasury 9.75% Stock 2002 81,332 106,785 £70,000 £70,000 78,892 75,727 (10,808) 4,200 91,648 66,960 (553) 2,249 109,034 80,779 2,913 (646) 81,805 75,081 Investment Closing Aberforth Smaller Co Trust PLCGartmore Global Bond FundSmaller Companies IT ULS 2003 30,000 Acc Fund European Cazenove UT 32,392 74,850CFS Asia PacificFleming American - IT Ord 25p 91,345Fleming Japanese IT Ord 25p Fund Pacific Asia Ivory Stewart 67,283Inc Templeton Emerging Markets IT 4,000 20,000TOTALS 29,960 36,370 7,000 78,200 (72,025) 9240 - 4,742 41,196 16,650 969,109 - 2,249,675 (2,267) 91,500 168,080 89,078 (272,656) - (12,318) 1,320 (29,300) (109,820) 11,108 31,280 48,900 2,022,961 (1,557) 52,304 7,683

40 PRIZE LECTURES The 30th Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lecture 5 February 2001 - Professor Angus Macintyre What Does Gödel’s Theorem Mean After 70 Years?

Angus Macintyre is one of the main exponents of model theory, particularly in its interaction with algebra, number theory and algebraic geometry. Model theory is a branch of mathematical logic which has developed during the 20th century into an independent and fundamental area of mathematics. The leaders of this development were Alfred Tarski (1901-1983) and Abraham Robinson (1918-1974); Angus Macintyre continues the line, indeed he suc- ceeded Abraham Robinson at Yale where he worked for 12 years. His professorial career continued for a further 12 years at Oxford and more re- cently at the . Over the last seven years he has played an important leadership role across the mathematical spectrum as Scientific Director of the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences. Because of its technical nature, its volume and diversity, it is impossible to review his scientific work briefly. Overall, his work has extended enormously the areas where model theory is used. Recent publications have involved such varied subjects as neural nets, the cohomology of algebraic varieties and Schanuel’s conjecture on transcendental numbers. His erudition and enjoy- ment of life are additional factors that attract logicians worldwide to collaborate with him.

Professor Macintyre reminded the improved, culminating in Turing’s audience that Gödel’s Incomplete- definition of effective calculability. ness Theorem was published in What Gödel showed was that 1931, when the author was 25. putatively universal formal systems He noted that probably no other for mathematics (anachronistically, theorem of pure mathematics has idealised mechanical devices for been more written about in generating theorems) do not have popular literature, and the ex- the power to generate simple tremes of its misrepresentation are theorems about themselves. The mind-boggling. generality of his method is such as Professor Macintyre felt that, to leave a permanent gulf in contrary to a widespread impres- principle between the informal sion, Gödel’s proof is not difficult. notion of mathematical truth and It has an unrivalled ratio of general the precise formal notion of interest to mathematical difficulty. mechanical output from a black Gödel apparently agreed with box. At various points in the last Kreisel’s opinion that others would seventy years, Gödel’s Theorem has probably have got to the same figured prominently in discussions result soon, but were hampered by of creativity and consciousness, ideology. As it turned out, Gödel’s (notably in the controversial work paper was quickly understood and of Sir ).

41 Review of the Session 2000-2001

The “universal’” system singled concluded that it is a memorable out for mention by Gödel in 1931 example, in the tradition of was “Principia Mathematica” of Einstein, of what can be achieved Russell and Whitehead, a system by a combination of philosophical almost obsolete at that time. analysis and undemanding Subsequently Gödel obtained mathematics. It has encouraged deep results about the deductive the growth of mathematical logic, power of specific modern systems nowadays useful in more tradition- such as ZFC (Zermel-Fraenkel with al areas of mathematics. But there Choice), here revealing the possi- is no reason, for now, for it to bility that problems which had affect the practice of mathematics. resisted were in fact In the ensuing discussion Professor independent of the only axioms Macintyre was asked whether the about which there is widespread every day reasoning by mathemati- agreement (a possibility amply cians maps onto a logical system. confirmed by the last forty years of He felt that in general it does not. work on ZFC). Gödel proposed a A lot of careful work has been scheme for finding new axioms at carried out on the basis of set least for this part of mathematics. theory – but it is rarely used! Despite the extensive popular Referring to the Russell paradox, literature, and the undoubted he was challenged to explain who beauty of Gödel’s proof, Professor shaves the barber and to discuss Macintyre observed that the the issue of the set of all sets. His mathematical enterprise seems brief answer was that there is not little affected. No objective of any set of all sets. Finally the mainstream mathematics has been difference between provability and shown to be out of reach of truth was raised. He responded current axioms due to the Gödel that provability can be defined but phenomenon. Though we know truth is more difficult. Gödel that the phenomenon affects even believed there is a mathematical equations in number theory, it is reality and that this is not a not known to bear at all on the paradox. “high theory” of modern arithme- Professor Allan Sinclair proposed tic algebraic geometry, which has the vote of thanks, noting the yielded a series of spectacular highly impressive character of the results (notably the Taniyama- exposition - notwithstanding the Shimura Conjecture and Fermat’s failure to define truth! He con- Last Theorem). Gödel’s theorem cluded that the audience was was the first about some prima indebted for such an excellent facie reasonable model of theorem lecture and thanked Professor proving, and it revealed glaring Macintyre for providing such a oversights in the foundational good example to the many young positions most prominent around people present. 1900. Professor Macintyre

42 Prize Lectures

5th BP Prize Lecture in the Humanities 5 March 2001 Dr Adrienne Scullion, Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies, University of Glasgow Self and Nation: Issues of Identity in Modern Scottish Plays by Women

Dr Adrienne Scullion has been a lecturer in the Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies at the University of Glasgow since 1996, an appoint- ment which followed her term as British Academy Postgraduate Fellow. It is indicative of the renewed vitality of Scottish theatre over the past decade that it has attracted scholarly interest in its dramatic literature, in its institu- tions and in a revision of its history. In each of these areas, Dr Scullion has been a pioneer. She has written seminal essays on drama and theatre in Scotland in the eight- eenth and nineteenth centuries, on contemporary dramatists (with a focus on women playwrights) and on the impact of social and political change on theatrical culture. Her work extends to radio, film, and television. The quality of her research and writing has helped to promote Scottish theatre and drama as important subjects for international, as well as national, scholars. But Dr Scullion’s commitment to Scottish theatre is not confined to the acad- emy. She is an active member of the boards of management of a number of companies, ranging from the Citizens’ Theatre to the East Glasgow Youth Theatre, and is an adviser in Performing Arts to the Scottish Arts Council. She has promoted the study of theatre, and specifically theatre in Scotland, in Secondary Schools by her work for the Scottish Consultative Council on the Curriculum’s Review of Scottish Culture in the Curriculum, and by her involve- ment in the curriculum design and implementation of Higher and Advanced Higher Drama. Dr Adrienne Scullion’s contribution to professional theatre in Scotland, to theatrical education in Scotland and to theatrical scholarship, both nationally and internationally, has led the Royal Society of Edinburgh to award her the BP Prize Lectureship in the Humanities in 2000.

Dr Scullion began by saying that we create, imagine and represent the creation and implementation Scotland, and the Holyrood of the devolved Scottish parlia- Government would result in shifts ment marked a radical in how we understand and reorganisation and recreation of participate in the dynamic proc- British political structures. She esses of Scottish national identity. said devolution would affect how

43 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Her lecture argued that, if repre- responding to the nation. Dr sentations and images and Scullion proceeded to discuss this identities are evolving within through close analysis of Zinnie modern Scottish culture, then so Harris’ Further than the Furthest too must critical language, critical Thing, Sue Glover’s Shetland Saga rhetoric and discourse. and Nicola McCartney’s Home (all This argument was contextualised 2000). in relation to the ideas and All three plays offered different engagements with national versions of community – empire, identity within modern critical nation, island, family – and literature – and, in particular, different dramas of inclusion and within Scottish critical literature. exclusion. Analysis focused on In recent years the wider critical language, on the recurrent motif literature around the idea of of the ‘return of the native’ and identity – and in particular on the role of external and national identity – has shifted. It unpredictable in the is commonly argued that the re- creation of ‘belonging’. The emergence of political and of lecturer argued that the context of ethnic nationalism in Europe and devolution affords the opportuni- beyond has led to a reconsidera- ty to rethink the rigid lines of tion of issues of identity, and an identity and move towards smaller interrogation of critical orthodox- and more flexible connections. ies. The ideas of nations as These plays met the challenges of ‘imagined communities’ and of a devolved Scotland by adopting a identity as fragmentary and ‘fuzzy’ dramaturgy, by telling stories that matter when considering the are both international and evolution of identity politics and outward looking and essentially its impact on our critical vocabu- and immediately committed to lary. Dr Scullion’s lecture work within and about Scottish questioned how these develop- society. It was political devolution ments are tested in relation to and the creation of the new interpretations of gender and the Scottish Parliament that insisted idea of ‘national’ within Scottish that these two dynamics can no cultural criticism. longer be interpreted as mutually The lecturer then considered exclusive. issues of identity and representa- The lecturer concluded by asking tion in the drama that emerged where next for cultural criticism in from that system. Because of the Scotland. If it was agreed that orthodoxies of Scottish cultural devolution matters in terms of practices and criticism, when representation and that devolu- artists challenge the conventions tion might just impact on the type of narrative or of gender represen- of art being made; and if it was tation, they also challenge the agreed that feminist art and conventions of representing and

44 Prize Lectures criticism might unsettle represen- of Glasgow, offered a vote of tational and critical orthodoxies, thanks for an address well then we should anticipate that grounded in Scholarship and for devolution will result in shifts in the focusing of issues which the criticism of and for Scotland. helped the hearers to understand Following a brief discussion themselves. She also thanked the session, Professor Jan MacDonald, Lecturer’s two assistants, whose Professor of Drama from the contribution in reading extracts Department of Theatre, Film and from scripts, added to the appreci- Television Studies at the University ation of the issues being addressed.

45 Review of the Session 2000-2001

4th Henry Duncan Prize Lecture Monday 29th October 2001 Professor David McCrone Stateless Nations in the 21st Century. The Case of Scotland David McCrone has long been the pre-eminent sociologist of Scotland. For many years, he has conducted and published influential work on social for- mations and social change, on politics and voting behaviour and on urban development in Scotland. To this formidable range, he added groundbreak- ing work on the use and abuse of heritage and cultural tradition. Then in 1992 he published Understanding Scotland, the definitive text on the mak- ing of Scottish society over the last century and a half. A second and revised edition has just been published. Central to all this work has been his abiding concern with the anomalous nature of Scotland as a ‘stateless nation’. To understand this anomaly, he undertook over many years the comparative study of nationalisms and their social bases, which culminated in the publication in 2000 of his magisterial study, The Sociology of Nationalism. He was the moving spirit behind the successful application to the Leverhulme Trust for a £1M programme grant to study the relationship of national identity and devolutionary processes in the U.K., a programme which he now coordinates and directs, inspiring and shep- herding nine separate projects, run by scholars from five institutions, into a surprisingly coherent form. He played a major role in devising and advising on procedures for the Scottish Parliament. At the University of Edinburgh, he is Professor of Sociology and co-Director of the Institute for Governance, a scholar of international renown, and one of Scotland’s most distinguished social scientists.

Professor McCrone started by modern world, and to set it up as noting that it is one of the a case of a stateless nation which enduring puzzles of the social illuminates processes which sciences that while Scotland had a require the social sciences, and claim to have played a major sociology in particular, to refocus intellectual role in founding the how it sees the world in quite a discipline of sociology – at least fundamental way. Hence, looking what we might call its proto- at Scotland is not some kind of sociology – it has taken until the parochial endeavour, but has 21st century for it to come to much wider implications for how terms with the Scottish case. we do social science in the The general tenor of his lecture modern world. was to use the Scottish case as an Doing sociology frequently arena, a test-bed, for shifts in the involves a Scottish way of think-

46 Prize Lectures ing: a concern with observation, under. Larger societies can hold causation, experimentation, out for longer but ultimately have connecting with and not being to change, often with bad grace. embarrassed about the ‘real’ Instead of being an odd, ill-fitting world. A Scottish way of doing case, Professor McCrone conclud- sociology would deal in the ed that Scotland should be moved language of universals while to the centre of the social science doing so in the grammar of the dilemma about the autonomy and particular, comparing and con- boundaries of societies. trasting social processes as they In the subsequent discussion emerge and impact differentially Professor McCrone was asked if in different territories, and at there is something coercive about different scales. attaching the notion of nation to There is something analytically an “imagined community”? In valuable about studying small replying he observed that civic societies like Scotland. Desperate nationalities do not necessarily jibes about ‘parochialism’ are carry coercion, unlike, say, ethnic really far from the truth. Compari- groups. Overlapping nations son, and the comparative method, exist, giving people more oppor- so fundamental to human as well tunity to choose where they fit. as natural sciences, is de rigueur Professor Tom Devine gave a vote because no one in their right of thanks, congratulating Profes- senses thinks Scotland (or Ireland sor McCrone on the award of his or Denmark, for that matter) are prize and the quality of his unique or universal. presentation. The clear delivery There is another and crucial and cogent analysis was suitable reason why Scotland has been for the audience, which ranged resurrected as a suitable case for widely beyond social scientists. It sociological treatment. The world was apparent that there is a body of the so-called nation state is of academics thinking through coming to an end, or at least, is where their subject stands and being thoroughly problematised. why the sociology of Scotland Just as a small boat is the first to matters in the broader context of sense changing and cur- their discipline. He had provided rents, so small societies confront the audience a strong basis for social change most immediately, further discussion. He thanked and have to react quickly or go Professor McCrone for an enlight- ening and stimulating lecture.

47

LECTURES

Professor Gerhard Ertl, HonFRSE, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin 6 November 2000 Heterogeneous catalysis: From ‘black art’ to atomic understanding Professor Ertl commenced his some of the most significant lecture by observing that the term technical processes, namely the “catalysis” was introduced in synthesis of ammonia from 1835 by Berzelius in order to hydrogen and nitrogen. This was classify certain types of chemical developed by Haber and Bosch at reactions whose progress is the beginning of the 20th Century affected by additional substances and forms the basis of the which were not part of the fertiliser industry. A suitable reaction products. It was only catalyst was found by Mittasch around 1900 that W. Ostwald from thousands of screening presented the generally accepted experiments and is still applied in definition of a catalyst as being a essentially unaltered form in species which increases the rate of almost all industrial plants around a chemical reaction through the the world. It consists mainly of formation of intermediate iron with small additional concen- compounds and which is restored trations of various oxides, which at the end of the reaction. The enhance the activity as “promot- catalysts in biological systems are ers”. Despite its complexity, called enzymes. Heterogeneous however, the individual steps catalysis denotes the phenome- forming the mechanism of this non that the reaction is governed reaction have recently been largely by bonding (chemisorption) of the clarified. reacting molecules to the surface This became possible through of a solid catalyst. It forms the application of the “surface basis for chemical industry as well science” strategy in which a as for environmental chemistry, “real” catalyst is replaced by well- e.g. with the car exhaust catalyst. defined single crystal surfaces as These catalysts are usually com- model systems which may be plex multi-component systems investigated at very low gas exhibiting high specific surface by applying a series of areas due to their nanometre scale sophisticated experimental tools structures, and research still bears supplemented by recent theoreti- to some extent the trial-and-error cal progress. Scanning tunnelling characteristics of a “black art”. microscopy (STM) is, in this As an example, Professor Ertl connection, a most powerful pointed out that this aspect technique which permits direct becomes evident if one considers

49 Review of the Session 2000-2001

observation of surface processes The concluding discussion down to the atomic scale. focussed on the fascinating Professor Ertl illustrated this by nature of the patterns created by discussing some of the elementary the evolving chemical processes. steps involved in a very simple Professor Ertl was asked about the reaction, the oxidation of carbon analogies with other areas of monoxide to carbon dioxide, science to which nonlinear dynamics also could be applied, CO+½O2®CO2, as catalysed by platinum metals in a car exhaust such as optical/laser resonators. converter. He pointed out that although many features are similar, the Typically, a catalyst is operated in a underlying mathematics varied flow reactor and represents an depending on whether one was open system far from equilibrium. dealing with dissipative or non- For fixed external conditions, the dissipative systems. He also noted reaction rate is expected to be that the concepts behind the constant (provided there are no -like features that he had changes of the properties of the shown can be traced back to catalyst). This is, however, not observations made in the 19th always the case, and instead the Century of solitary waves in the rate may vary periodically with Union Canal at Hermiston on the time or becomes even chaotic. In western edge of Edinburgh! parallel, the distributions of the chemisorbed particles on the A vote of thanks was expressed by surface may become non-uniform Professor Geoffrey Webb, Profes- and form patterns on mesoscopic sor of Chemistry and Head of the (say mm) length scales. Such Physical Sciences Planning Unit, effects of spatio-temporal self- University of Glasgow. He organisation are a consequence of emphasised the exceptional the nonlinear character of the quality of the speaker’s laborato- underlying mathematical equa- ries at the Fritz-Haber Institut and tions. Professor Ertl showed a their long and distinguished short video film which demon- history. The impact of catalysis on strated in this context the rich industrial chemical processes has variety of experimental observa- indeed been impressive and the tions with CO oxidation on a commercial impact considerable. platinum surface. He thanked Professor Ertl for his illuminating and enjoyable presentation.

50 Lectures

The Phillips’ Report on BSE: Its Impact on Science and Society 28 November 2000

Sir William Stewart FRS FRSE, The Uncertainties President, Royal Society of The most important question is Edinburgh opened the lecture by ‘Will the incidence of nvCJD keep giving a welcome and an overview rising?’ There is at present an of the lecture on the Phillips’ upward trend in the rate of Report on BSE. incidence and various mathemati- Presentations were made by : cal models are being used to Professor Robert Will, Director, predict how this rate may develop. CJD Surveillance Unit, Western The answer is that we don’t know General, Edinburgh who ad- with any certainty what will dressed the factual information happen. The complexity and and then the uncertainties uncertainty of the disease causes surrounding nvCJD. much confusion for the public; a matter compounded by sensation- The Facts al headlines in the press. To date there had been 87 cases We do not know how much of nvCJD, some of whom are still bovine CNS tissue entered human alive. Age at death ranges from 14 food products. MRM (mechani- to 74, with an average of 29. Age cally removed meat) was probably of onset ranges from 12 to 74, responsible for this transfer and it with an average of 27. There is no may have processed into products sex bias. such as burgers and sausages. 77 of those cases have a single Sections of tonsil from the victims nucleotide polymorphism at all stain positive for prion protein. codon 129 of the gene encoding This is not the case for other the prion protein (PrP). This forms of CJD. Hence the tissue suggests that this particular distribution of nvCJD appears genotype is a risk factor. What we different and this may present don’t know is the susceptibility of other risk factors for transmission. other genotypes at this locus. BSE is also present in , There is compelling evidence that Spain and France. The common BSE causes nvCJD. This evidence methodology used in the surveil- comes from research in several lance of BSE across Europe was countries and this collaborative essential to the 1996 hypothesis research continues. linking nvCJD to BSE. The rise in European cases is concerning and the need for continued surveil- lance is very important.

51 Review of the Session 2000-2001

The reporting one reads in the process of Government in the just newspaper is not always what the recent past. In an unusual step, scientists have said. The commu- the conservative Government nication of risk by journalists is handed over its administration not a simple issue. material to this inquiry enabling The purely voluntary system of light to be shed upon events nvCJD notification is a remarkable between 1985 and 1996. achievement for the neurological We might consider that the risk of community. nvCJD is remote. One’s opinion is Finally, we must improve the care quite different if this disease of those afflicted by this disease happens to affect you or someone and collaborate further to find you know. It is fatal and is quite prophylactic treatment. different to the risk one might associate with being knocked Mr Peter Stewart, Vice Presi- down by a bus. nvCJD kills you. dent, Scottish National Farmers There is no choice and no therapy. Union who focused on the needs of industry and what the Govern- With regard to communicating ment is doing. the level of risk, the call from the scientific community is that there Graeme Miller, Chairman, should be openness and clarity in Scottish Consumer Council who what is expected of them. In the asked how can the consumer be past scientists have been asked by protected? Government to advise outside and their field of expertise and with ill- defined terms of reference. What David Body, Solicitor, Irwin is more, sometimes their advice Mitchell, Solicitor for the nvCJD was not listened to. Scientists families who looked at the Public must be aware of this. Perspective. From 1988 to 1996 the reassur- Introduction ances given by Government were A great deal of publicity has been not based well in fact. given to the BSE Inquiry during its What have we learned from work between 1998 and 2000. the Inquiry? The 16 volumes deal with many aspects ranging from animal and It is more important to learn the human health, livestock farming lessons of the past than it is to and feed industry processes and make scapegoats of those who controls to Government and were responsible for what went Public administration. All the wrong. In seeking to learn analysis of the Philips Inquiry lessons from the past, Lord Philips demonstrates an absolute identifies some of the secretive attention to thoroughness, and habits in the political and admin- wide ranging insight into the istrative culture of this country which are most to blame.

52 Lectures

Ensuring that interdepartmental years after the SBO bans were rivalry is not allowed to cloud introduced. issues that may affect public From the emergence of nvCJD health. It took nearly 6 months itself the lessons to be learnt for the central veterinary laborato- were that: ry to contact the world renowned prion diseases centre at Edin- 1. Although likelihood of a risk to burgh to inform it of the human life might appear existence of and concerns about remote, where there is uncer- BSE. There was also a significant tainty all reasonable practicable delay in MAFF notifying the precautions should be taken. Department of Health of this 2. Precaution measures should be disease for which the Department strictly in even if the risk of Health might ultimately be that they address appears responsible if there was a human remote. threat posed. 3. All pathways by which nvCJD The Southwood Committee was may be transmitted between constituted to give initial advice to humans must be identified and Government about the threat that all reasonably practicable BES might pose. Lord Philips felt measures taken to block them. than an advisory committee in this 4. All potential pathways of position should not water down infection to humans should be its formulated assessment of the identified and reviewed so that, risk out of anxiety to not cause once again, there is clear public alarm. interdepartmental co-operation Enforcement of health and safety within the Government and standards. There must be a clear planned with consistent pattern of enforcement and a objectives handled interdepart- means of audit to safeguard mentally to ensure its success. against disregard of rules, i.e. In relation to scientific committees enforcement of the Specified e.g. the Southwood Committee, Bovine Offals (SBO) ban. A need the Tyrell Committee and SEAC, for clear guidance where central there need to be lessons learnt Government gives local authori- about the setting up of commit- ties regulatory and enforcement tees, particularly terms of powers. MAFF should clearly tell reference, the handling of the public and those responsible conflicts of interests, the resourc- for enforcement the reasons for ing, and those who bring and importance for those precau- expertise to those committees. In tionary measures. Poor practice at relation to policy the role of such slaughterhouse level meant that committees was felt by Lord infected organs from cattle were Philips to involve drawing a line entering the human food chain between that which the commit-

53 Review of the Session 2000-2001

tees could be truly establish as The meeting ended with a lively advice and that which lay in the and wide-ranging question and hand of ministers as political discussion session. decision. In giving advice on nay A fuller report of the proceedings issue commit- is available on the Society’s web tees should follow a formal site. structure based upon recognised principles of risk management and the proceedings of those committees should be as open as is compatible wit the require- ments of confidentiality.

54 Lectures

The Rt Hon Lord Ross, PC, FRSE 1 December 2000 Human Rights and Responsibilities Part of the Edinburgh Lecture Series “Human rights are rights which not then incorporate it into its individuals, by virtue of their domestic law, although since being human beings, are entitled 1966 individuals could petition to expect to have guaranteed to the European Court of Human them.” Rights in Strasbourg. It was not Five main questions were ad- until the passing of the Human dressed. Rights Act 1998 that effect was given to the ECHR in UK domestic (1) what is the history of Human law. Rights, and of the UK’s adoption of the European Convention on (2) UK citizens had already enjoyed Human Rights (ECHR)? many of the important rights contained in the ECHR, but the (2) do we need the ECHR? Strasbourg Court had held that (3) what effect will it have on our the UK had violated the rights of lives? individuals in this country in a variety of ways. This showed that (4) is there a cost to be paid of the ECHR was necessary. It gave introducing the ECHR into our citizens a powerful weapon for law? challenging excesses by public (5) do we place too much empha- authorities, and the Act of 1998 sis on rights and too little on gave people the right to raise responsibilities? human rights issues in the (1) The modern concept of human Scottish courts instead of having rights owed much to the Ameri- to go to Strasbourg. can and French Declarations of (3) The areas where the ECHR Independence. At the end of the would bite were legion, and a Second World War, the United number of cases had already been Nations Organisation was set up, decided in Scotland under the and it was recognised that there ECHR. In some cases, the ECHR was a need to protect the basic might have the effect of restoring rights of individuals. UNO the old common law of Scotland, adopted the Universal Declaration and the approach of the ECHR of Human Rights in 1948, and the was familiar to the law of Scot- Council of Europe signed the land. Previously, Parliament had European Convention for the been omnipotent, but now Protection of Human Rights and legislation must be compatible Fundamental Freedoms in 1950. with ECHR rights, and so there The UK ratified the ECHR but did was now a standard by which

55 Review of the Session 2000-2001

legislation could be tested, and to increased scrutiny, thus preju- the Scottish Supreme Court would dicing judicial independence. have to exercise jurisdiction as a (5) Although it was good to constitutional court. Another promote a culture where people effect was that the rules for were reminded of their funda- interpreting legislation had been mental rights, more should have altered. The actions of public been done to remind them that authorities might in future be they had duties and responsibili- challenged in a number of areas – ties too. including prisons, police, criminal law, employment law, education, Finally, Lord Ross stressed that the health, privacy and the media. problems about human rights legislation should be approached (4) There were costs to be paid. with realism and good sense and Some provisions of ECHR might kept in proportion. The ECHR was be trivialised; there might be an concerned with civil liberties. increase in litigation; the courts Despite certain drawbacks could in effect nullify Acts of identified in the lecture, the Parliament which might bring the advantages outweighed the law and the courts into disrepute. disadvantages, and overall the Judges would be called upon to people of Scotland would benefit decide socially and politically from the incorporation of the sensitive questions, which might ECHR into our domestic law. result in judges being subjected Professor Hector MacQueen proposed a vote of thanks.

56 Lectures

Professor Lalage Bown, OBE, FRSE Chair of the Council for Education in the Commonwealth Working Group on Student Mobility 4 December 2000 People Flows and Knowledge Flows: International Students and Public Policy “Information is the only resource welcomed in Scottish universities we have that is nondepletable and in the past has changed dramati- can be freely shared without cally. In the new era of depriving anyone of its use.” globalisation, education has become a saleable commodity and International students comprise meanwhile ever more new an important instrument for knowledge is developed outside scholarly knowledge sharing and the conventional university also a means for promoting system. economic and political national policies. Many of the issues There are now special dilemmas involved at the present time were for the Commonwealth, which illuminated by research undertak- includes both richer and poorer en for the Council for Education members, and for many of whom in the Commonwealth and higher education interchange was UKCOSA, reported as Student seen as the glue holding the Mobility on the Map, Tertiary organisation together – the very education interchange in the first action of the initial Common- Commonwealth on the threshold wealth Education Conference was of the 21st Century (London, July to establish the Commonwealth 2000). The report and its recom- Scholarships and Fellowships Plan mendations were presented to (CSFP). In the world as a whole Commonwealth Ministers of and in the Commonwealth, the Education at the end of November share of access by countries of low 2000. Some recommendations to Human Development is now very the British Government have been small – less than 6%. Further, noted by Baroness Blackstone, members have other affiliations, Minister for Higher Education. such as the UK’s treaty obligation to give favourable access to EU In spite of pessimistic predictions students. after the introduction by some countries of full-cost fees, there In Britain, international students has been recent expansion of are a vital source of income (an international student numbers. average overall of £2000 over Unesco reported over a million in cost) and arguably keep some the 22 main host countries. departments and postgraduate Nevertheless the general atmos- programmes functioning. While phere in which students were the UK is the largest contributor

57 Review of the Session 2000-2001

to the CSFP, a possible means of need for a twin tack approach in encouraging more students from public policy. low HD countries, other awards After the address, described by now no longer favour the poor Professor Wilson as a ‘tour de (British Council and DFID awards force’, a number of comments are disappearing). were made: the greater value for For the Commonwealth and its foreign students of post-graduate members, including Britain, what studies with undergraduate work is the answer? Ingenious schemes being done locally; the introduc- for learning at a distance can help, tion of branches abroad by British but the general hope is in the new Universities; the availability of “borderless learning” i.e. to Open University courses, and concentrate on knowledge flows valuable twinning between rather than people flows. There particular faculties of Common- are still challenges – many low HD wealth and British Universities. countries do not have the technol- After these comments had been ogy; and it would be necessary for answered, Principal Andrew Miller costs to be met somehow. Further, thanked the speaker for giving the the experience of learning in audience so much to think about another environment is regarded in a stimulating address. as enriching. There is therefore

58 Lectures

Mr Geoffrey Stell Head of Architecture at the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 8 January 2001 The Defences of Scapa Flow: Protecting the ’s Fleet Anchorage, 1914 – 1945

Mr Stell, in opening his talk, at Recognition of the strategic value which he presented many explan- of Scapa Flow grew rapidly in the atory slides, pointed out that late 19th and early 20th centuries, Scapa Flow, at the heart of the in step with a growing awareness Orkney archipelago, was one of of the German military threat. It the great natural anchorages of became the Royal Navy’s principal Europe. Its name evidently fleet anchorage in two world derived from the Old Norse wars, when for crucial periods it meaning ‘bay of the long isth- was arguably the single most mus’, and the quality of its important expanse of water in the holding ground over an average world, facing an enemy ranging depth of 20 fathoms or less must across the North Atlantic and the have been recognised since at (‘the stopper in the least the time of the . North Sea bottle’ as it was referred However, medieval sites had so far to). But when the Royal Navy revealed little information about went in force to its war station in the use of the Flow, and the few 1914 and again in 1939, Scapa’s traces of later fortifications – defences were known to be mainly of the Cromwellian period vulnerable. In 1939 that vulnera- – related mainly to seaward inlets bility was immediately and cruelly on the Eastern Mainland of exposed, for, in contrast to much Orkney, not to the Flow itself. Not of the rest of Britain, there was no until late in the Napoleonic era, ‘’ in Orkney. Having shortly before Waterloo in 1815, been the setting for the interned did a sheltered inlet opening off German twenty the south-west corner of the Flow years earlier, Scapa Flow was seen - Long Hope - acquire sufficient as a special, symbolic target importance to merit significant whose destruction would avenge government defence expenditure the humiliated but unvanquished in the shape of two Martello military pride which had manifest- towers and a gun battery, built to ed itself in the of that protect convoys of sailing ships on fleet in 1919. the long north-about route The response to these early aerial against French and American and submarine attacks ultimately Privateers. led to the creation of one of the

59 Review of the Session 2000-2001

most concentrated defence ty of the RCAHMS to embrace networks in Britain, centred wrecks and other undersea around the famous Scapa ‘box features was also a particularly barrage’. Many of these defences useful facility in a Scapa context. retain tangible archaeological Use had been made of a wide definition, and the surviving range of historical source- remains which ring Scapa Flow materials and illustrations which reflect different phases of con- were found in abundance, struction and use in both wars. principally in London, at the Public They have a density and variety Record Office and the Imperial second to none in Scotland and War Museum, and locally at the include many of the last examples Orkney Archives in , of their type in Britain. They even supplemented by museum include a World War II coats collections of the different battery built over and around a services. The holdings in the prehistoric ! National Monuments Record of Mr Stell presented the main Scotland contributed significantly, findings of a recently-completed particularly through the collec- survey of these wartime remains in tions of oblique and vertical aerial Orkney and related parts of the photographs taken by the RAF in Scottish Mainland carried out by and after World War II. A small the Royal Commission on the but disconcertingly illuminating Ancient and Historical Monu- collection of wartime aerial ments of Scotland (RCAHMS). The reconnaissance views of Scotland, survey represented a special including Orkney, taken by the contribution on the part of German is also held by RCAHMS to the Defence of Britain the NMRS. project which was inaugurated by The Commission’s limited aim had the Council for British Archaeolo- been to try and match what was gy and the Fortress Study Group known from historical sources in 1995. with what was detectable on the RCAHMS had brought the full ground and in the memories of panoply of its survey techniques those who served there. It was to bear on the subject, including possible to draw out a few key measured drawing, photography persons who designed or ran the – aerial as well as terrestrial – and Scapa defences, as well as obtain- computerised mapping. Being an ing invaluable oral testimony from essential prerequisite of all the many unsung heroes who wartime operations, accurate were involved in the actual mapping was also of first impor- building or manning of them. As tance in the study and a result of this ‘combined op’, a understanding of the disposition fascinating detailed picture has of wartime remains. The capabili- emerged of the everyday reality of

60 Lectures defending the most vital naval A vote of thanks was proposed by anchorage in Britain in both world Professor David Breeze, FRSE, who wars referred to the meticulous and The fascinating address led to a thorough work carried out by the number of questions about the oldest Royal Commission which effectiveness of the booms had been founded in 1908. It has installed and the routes by which recorded not only what was on supplies arrived for the troops. the ground but also what local The speaker pointed out that survivors could contribute. All this marine archaeology has been had been relayed to the meeting dominated by the wrecks of the in a lucid and entertaining way, German naval ships, which has for which he thanked the speaker. prevented any real underwater At the same time he wished the research. Commission well in its future researches.

61 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Sir John Krebs 16 February 2001 Is Food Safe? Joint Lecture with the Edinburgh Centre for Rural Research/Institute of Biology

Speaker’s Abstract The Food Standards Agency was totally risk free and the question set up to protect the health of the is, what constitutes an acceptable public and the interests of level of risk? The Agency uses consumers in relation to food. A expert scientific advice to assess central part of its job is to see that risk and approaches communica- the food the consumer buys is tion and management of risk in safe. But what does it mean to say an open and honest way. BSE and that “food is safe”? We all have other examples from the Agency’s vivid memories of Ministers work will illustrate how to answer claiming at the height of the BSE the question: Is food safe? epidemic that beef was absolutely safe. In reality nothing in life is

62 Lectures

Mr Alan Tweedy and Mr David Lewis 19 February 2001 Engineering the Scottish Parliament Building In Association with the Royal Academy of Engineering

For some years the Royal Academy Mr David Lewis on 19 February of Engineering and the Royal 2001. Society of Edinburgh have held a The published lecture can be joint annual lecture, resulting in a obtained from the Royal Academy detailed publication on the theme of Engineering, 29 Great Peter of the lecture. Street, Westminster, London, The 2001 lecture, “Engineering SW1P 3LW. Tel. 0207 222 2688. the Scottish Parliament Building” www.raeng.org.uk. was given by Mr Alan Tweedy and

63 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Professor Michael Usher, FRSE 27 March 2001 An Archipelago of Islands : The Science of Nature Conservation RSE/Scottish Natural Heritage Joint Annual Lecture

Speaker’s Abstract Effective conservation manage- the uncritical application of this ment requires the integration of theory. First, landscape ecology many sciences, though the has underlined the role of the biological sciences will always be physical arrangement of habitats central. A series of examples will in space. Second, metapopulation be discussed where there is the dynamics has underlined the lack use of mathematical models, of spatial stability for many where there are perspectives from species, and indeed for many the earth sciences, and where the habitats. Effective conservation increasing links with the social requires the synthesis of these sciences are discernible. newer approaches. We need to In the 1970s, the theory of island understand how archipelagos of biogeography provided a stimulus habitat patches work in the for the design of nature reserves. conservation of wider-scale However, two more recent biodiversity. developments have cast doubt on

64 Lectures

Professor Gordon McVie Director General of the Cancer Research Campaign 9 April 2001 Cancer Research Delivers – At Last!

Professor McVie started his lecture for common cancers than the by observing that it is thirty years British. Our National Health since Richard Nixon declared war Service has been caught on the on cancer and the impact has hop by the unexpectedness of been a long time coming. The improvement of treatments. Its reason was that money was not chaotic system of uptake of the solution; that could only be innovation and provided by technology. Thirty ill-thought-through delivery of years on we now have the tech- cancer care has resulted in a delay nology and all we require is the of 10-15 years in realising money. But luck has been on our improvements from research side for the last quarter century. A efforts compared to in the US. number of new treatments have But cancer research in this country been discovered by a mixture of has kept apace and many of the serendipity and sheer dogged significant cancer genes which persistence. Thanks to that we have emerged have been cloned have enjoyed an improved cure in the UK and turned into diag- rate in 46 of the main cancers in nostic or therapeutic products. adults and every single kind of Further, many interesting anti- cancer in children. This year it is cancer drugs and effective calculated that one million people radiotherapy regimes have been are alive and well and free of the developed and we have pioneered dreaded disease having been the measurement of quality of life diagnosed within the last 15 as an end point in cancer care and years. The cure rate for children’s put human rights for cancer leukaemia in 1970 was zero, now patients at the top of the political we boast an 80% cure rate for agenda. Research into cancer common sub-types of the disease problems in the deprived section and overall in children’s cancer 6 of society and ethnic minorities in out of 10 children are cured our country has also been compared to 10% at the time amongst the first in the world. Nixon launched his Cancer Act in Professor McVie concluded with the US. Progress has been slower his view that we are now turning in the United Kingdom than the technological corner. Knowl- almost any of our sister European edge of the human genome is states, certainly slower then in permitting us to pick out those white America. Only Black genes that cause cancer and then Americans have poorer outcomes to develop that genetic informa-

65 Review of the Session 2000-2001

tion into early diagnostic tools, asked. Professor McVie comment- preventive strategies and tailor- ed that these are starting as made cancer treatments. The expensive but the prices will come latest predictions indicate that down. On patenting gene cancer should be controllable in therapies, he reported that the 90% of patients by 2050. Campaign did patent a breast The subsequent discussion started cancer gene but it will hand it over by picking up on Professor to the NHS at no cost. McVie’s concern expressed about Professor McVie was asked about the terrible impact of smoking. the impact of diet on prevention What should government be of cancer. He felt this was less doing, given the various conflict- well understood than with, say, ing interests? He answered that heart disease. Further research is this, of course, is a political issue still needed on exactly what does but there has been a good lead the damage and the interactions from America, where, using of genetic and environmental government money, teenagers factors. Noting that smoking and have been recruited to lead drinking alcohol was a very high educational campaigns against risk combination, he was finally smoking by the young. The asked about the effect of alcohol suggestion that we should only alone. In reply he noted that, support politicians who do not whereas there appears to be some smoke was left to the audience to link with breast and head/neck consider! However he noted the cancers, smoking is a thousand importance of raising the issue times more risky. widely. Professor Colin Bird proposed the The question as to whether we vote of thanks, noting how could afford to implement the informative, comprehensive and wonderful diagnostics and cures indeed entertaining the lecture that have been discovered was had been.

66 Lectures

Professor Vicki Bruce, OBE, FRSE, FBA 11 April 2001 Identifying Faces : A Psychological Investigation Edinburgh International Science Festival Lecture

Professor Bruce observed that the However, despite our undoubted face is one of the most easily expertise, we can be remarkably accessible and reliable cues to an poor at recognising faces in individual’s identity. All human certain situations. faces must share the same basic People who have witnessed crimes pattern, constrained by the may feel sincere and confident in demands of activities such as their ability to recall or to identify vision, , digestion and a criminal, but eyewitnesses speech, but we are also highly frequently make mistakes when sensitive to variations on this attempting to identify people pattern. Dynamic alterations in seen briefly in criminal episodes. faces from moment to moment In some much-publicised cases of convey emotions and other wrongful conviction, the same signals important for interperson- innocent person was mistakenly al communication, while more identified by more than one enduring differences between independent witness. Witnesses individual faces convey informa- who attempt to recall a face using tion about personal identity. systems which allow a composite People can be remarkably good at image to be constructed can also recognising familiar faces even find that this is an extremely from poor quality images. Faces challenging task. Psychological appear to be “special” visual research has been important in patterns for the human brain. revealing the limitations of Babies track face-like patterns, eyewitness memory for faces, and suggesting they have some innate in suggesting improvements to knowledge of the general struc- procedures which are used to ture of the face, and infants also question witnesses, and to the learn their mother’s face very technologies used to support quickly after birth. Specific areas witness recall of faces. of the human brain appear These days, particularly in the UK, dedicated to the perception of images of people committing human faces. As a result of brain crimes are often recorded via damage, patients sometimes lose closed circuit television (CCTV) the ability to recognise faces while cameras. While the widespread remaining unimpaired in many use of CCTV might appear to other visual recognition tasks, solve the problem of person again suggesting that there may identification at crime scenes, be areas of the brain that are recent research has shown that it specialised for face recognition.

67 Review of the Session 2000-2001

can be problematic to establish this emotion raised ethical issues the identity of faces caught on and that this aspect might actually CCTV, even when the images are distract from accurate recognition. of high quality. Recognition of The advantage that police have if CCTV images by people highly they already know a person familiar with the faces shown can recorded on video was confirmed be excellent, but attempting to but Professor Bruce pointed out verify the identities of otherwise that this still does not stop the unfamiliar faces by making defence in court arguing it is only comparisons between different a resemblance. With regard to images is difficult, and subject to identity parades, she was asked error. Human perception, like whether inviting individuals to eyewitness memory, can be move might help identification. In confused by superficial resem- reply she suggested that the blance between different images rareness of such requests perhaps of unfamiliar faces. Such observa- indicated an acceptance of the key tions have theoretical as well as importance of the face in recogni- practical implications. tion. A further issue concerned Professor Bruce concluded that computer-generated likenesses face perception and recognition and whether they were symmetri- has been a particularly strong area cal. Professor Bruce agreed that of research in Britain, with several real faces are asymmetric but of the leading groups working in pointed out that current computer universities in Scotland. She fitting programmes are based on therefore felt it most appropriate real sets of features and therefore that this lecture was being given this factor is included. When at the Royal Society of Edinburgh asked about disguises she noted as part of the celebrations how easy it is to disguise even marking the centenary year of the familiar faces. On a final topic, British Psychological Society (BPS). she agreed that the difficulty we In the ensuing discussion Profes- have in differentiating between sor Bruce was asked how quickly a faces from less familiar racial face can become “familiar”. In groupings is widespread and reply she noted this was a matter pointed out that this is an entirely of on-going research but it would symmetrical phenomenon. appear, from video training, that a A vote of thanks was moved by few minutes were sufficient. Professor Ivana Markova. She Significantly, the observer needed noted the significance of the to learn the more important occasion and the important role internal features of the face. On of the BPS over the last hundred whether the emotion associated years. She observed how the face with an initial incident can be also appears to tell us much about used to assist subsequent identifi- the mind and is so important in cation, she felt reproduction of our relationships.

68 Lectures

Lord Sutherland of Houndwood, Kt, FBA, FRSE 29 May 2001 The Virtues of Old Age

Lord Sutherland’s lecture looked working life should be altered, at three issues in the light of spacing it out with resultant changes in the demography of the reduction of pressures. Should, population: indeed, retirement be obligatory 1. Does our society have a system at a given age? While the aged of values currently skewed did not want to be a burden on towards attaching more value to their families, should there be a youth than to age? legal requirement of support, as in Singapore, on children, or was 2. Does philosophical emphasis it the duty of the State to step in upon the importance of the when penury in old age arose autonomy of moral agents, fail to without fault? give due attention to the many ways in which, often increasingly The meeting closed with an with use, we are dependent upon enthusiastic vote of thanks others? proposed by Professor John Beck, especially for the depth of the 3. Are there any virtues which are speaker’s thinking in his approach distinctive of, or at least especially to the problem. The abolition of consonant with, old age? TB and pneumonia by the medical At the conclusion of the address profession has led to the length- Lord Sutherland agreed to answer ening of our lives, which has questions and discuss to aggravated the situation; there the questions he had posed. It was consensus that public was pointed out that greater support should be provided to the respect was prevalent in the East, aged, who should not be written where darshan was shown to off as unproductive, but the elderly family members, even if extent and conditions of such demented; gratitude was also felt provision was problematic. Lord by younger members for money Sutherland had analysed the spent on their education and question and highlighted the upbringing. Others spoke of the moral duty of society to look after failure to value the voluntary care its senior citizens, and for this the society gave. It was recommend- audience was most grateful. ed that the shape of people’s

69 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Professor Marion McMurdo Head of Ageing and Health, Department of Medicine Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee 4 June 2001 Health in Old Age - Dream or Reality?

Professor McMurdo explained beginning to emerge that for that although increasing life welll-educated affluent older expectancy was hailed by some as people, morbidity was being one of the greatest achievements compressed and that healthy of the 20th century, a more ageing might be achievable for common reaction was a doom- some. A landmark observational laden prediction of health and study followed university gradu- social budgets being bled dry by ates from their early 40s to their the burden of caring for depend- mid 70s, and focussed on modifi- ent old people. able risk factors of cigarette This overwhelmingly negative smoking, body index and reaction had been fuelled by a exercise patterns. Those with high misunderstanding about health in health risks in their 60s had both old age. Certainly older people an earlier onset of disability and a often have poorer health than greater cumulative level of younger people, due in part to the disability. In contrast, the age at higher rates of disease in old age. onset of disability was postponed The incidence of heart disease by more than five years in the low increased with age, but this did risk groups. not mean that ageing itself was a It was clear that regular physical cause of heart disease. Nor did it activity was associated with a mean that heart disease was reduced risk of coronary heart inevitable in old age. Finally disease, diabetes, cancer of the laying to rest the myth that all the colon and others. Demonstrating ills of old age were “just your that exercise was beneficial was age” would represent a major less difficult than persuading breakthrough for the health care people to be more physically of older people. active. Part of the problem was Some fears about the ageing of the common misconception that society had their origins in the to reap health benefits continu- well-established relationship ous, vigorous exercise (jogging or between advanced age and squash) was required. This notion dependency. This raised the had its origins in studies of the important issue of whether the effects of endurance exercise health of the rising older popula- training on maximal tion was increasing or uptake in young adults. This data deteriorating. Evidence was produced a daunting and scientif-

70 Lectures ic physical fitness recommenda- with regular physical activity, even tion of 20-60 minutes of in extreme old age. Strength endurance exercise at 60% to training did not halt the loss of 90% of maximal heart rate, three muscle fibres, but the improve- or more times a week. However, a ments in strength reported in reassessment of the original studies of exercise training in evidence, together with a growing older people might be equivalent body of new research, had shown to 10-20 years of “rejuvenation”. that most of the health benefits Professor McMurdo’s amusing could be gained by and persuasive address, illustrated moderate-intensity physical with supporting charts and activity, outside of formal exercise provocative pictures was enthusi- programmes. This was good astically received by an audience news for couch potatoes of all who were happy to be assured ages who were terminally dis- that the health of the aged was heartened by the pervasive improving and their life expectan- lycra-clad images of aerobic cy steadily increasing through exercise. better nutrition, housing and Physical capacity peaks in early sanitation. Professor McMurdo adulthood and then declines then responded to questions, progressively. Part of the decline particularly on how to meet the was due to ageing and was cost of looking after the aged and irreversible, as even healthy provide them with adequate ageing was associated with a loss pensions. of muscle mass. However, some The meeting closed with a vote of age related changes that were thanks by Professor Charles once thought to result solely from Forbes, who emphasised the ageing were now known to be the importance of the message given result of disuse and were poten- by the speaker and assured her tially reversible. There was now that her enthusiasm would help substantial evidence that lost the audience to effect the impor- physical fitness could be regained tant changes of life style which she was recommending.

71 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Professor Keith Moffatt, FRSE Director, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences University of Cambridge 2 July 2001 Knot Theory and Fluid Mechanics A Reflection on the Work of Tait and Kelvin

Professor Moffatt described Kelvin’s interest in the subject was several recent developments in motivated by his desire to develop knot theory and vortex motion an atomic theory in terms of against the background of the vortices “in the aether”. Kelvin early pioneering work of Helm- recognised that knotted vortex holtz, Tait and Kelvin. The origins filaments (or tubes of very small of knot theory are inextricably cross-section) would permanently linked with the laws of the vortex retain their knotted form, and that motion in ideal fluids, discovered the characteristic frequencies of by Helmholz (1858). Peter Guthrie oscillations of these forms about Tait refers to the Helmhotz paper their equilibrium states (if such in a letter to Hamilton dated 7th existed) might provide a funda- December 1858, by which time he mental explanation for the known had translated it into English for spectroscopic properties of matter. his personal use, under the title It was this insight that led Tait to “Vortex Motion”. In his paper “On initiate the great project of Vortex Atoms” presented to the classifying knots, in three papers Royal Society of Edinburgh on 18 (1877, 1884, 1885) in which he February 1867, Sir William provided a more or less complete Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) refers classification of knots up to to “a magnificent display of crossing number 10. The word smoke rings” which he had “Topology” first appears in Tait’s witnessed in Tait’s lecture-room; second 1884 paper “Listing’s this short paper was but a prelude Topologie” which refers to to Kelvin’s great paper (1868/9) Listing’s (1847) paper “Vorstudien in which the theorem we now zur Topologie” with the words: “I know as Kelvin’s Circulation was altogether ignorant of the Theorem was demonstrated. existence of the Vorstudien till it Unable to reproduce Tait’s smoke was pointed out to me by Clerk- rings (due to lecture room smoke- Maxwell, after I had sent him one detectors), Professor Moffatt of my earlier papers on knots; and demonstrated the creation of I had to seek, in the Cambridge vortex rings in water using University Library, what was coloured dyes and went on to perhaps the only then accessible show how more complex interac- copy”. Be that as it may, it was tions can occur. He noted that apparently Tait’s papers that

72 Lectures simulated the development of Subsequent open discussion drew topology as a recognisable branch attention to analogies between of mathematics; it may fairly be the elastic bending of wires and said that the origins of topology of magnetic flux tubes; and the lie in classical fluid dynamics! way that long DNA molecules The topological aspect of fluid twist and writhe, thus minimising dynamics nevertheless lay dor- their volume. In answer to a mant for some 80 years, and came question concerning the possible to new life only gradually with the relevance of this topic to develop- development of a rather different ing higher strength materials, discipline, namely magnetohydro- Professor Moffatt observed that dynamics, during the 1950s and the most likely application would 1960s. The magnetic field in a be in gaining a better understand- perfectly conducting fluid is a ing of turbulent flow, e.g. when “frozen-in” field, just like the knots or vortices meet. Referring vorticity in an ideal fluid; moreo- to a slide that had been shown, ver, it is sensible to seek which illustrated the half-ring minimum-energy states for vortices created in the water by magnetic flux tubes knotted in a oarsmen, the idea of assisting prescribed manner. These are rowers to become more efficient stable magnetostatic (equilibrium) was raised. It was concluded that states, and they admit a spectrum while application of this theory of frequencies of oscillation when might have some relevance, disturbed from equilibrium. The natural ability and hard training analogous Euler flows are, were likely to be more important! however, in general unstable, A vote of thanks was moved by which perhaps goes some way to Professor Alex Craik, of the explaining why Kelvin was so University of St. Andrews. Refer- frustrated in his grand project to ring to the Workshop held earlier develop a vortex theory of atoms. that afternoon, he explained that Nevertheless, his ideas have the day’s events were commemo- received new life in the parallel rating the 100th anniversary of magnetohydrodynamic context; the death of PG Tait. He ex- and the very fact that the analo- pressed his pleasure in seeing the gous Euler flows are unstable way that topological fluid dynam- gives a new handle on the ever- ics had continued to be a vital challenging unsolved problem of research subject, and Professor turbulence. Moffatt’s development of the Professor Moffatt concluded his concept of helicity had been a lecture with descriptions of more remarkably useful advance. recent mathematical studies in Congratulations were also in this area, including his own work order with regard to attempting on the concept of helicity. experimental demonstrations during the lecture.

73 Review of the Session 2000-2001

7 September 2001 The Foot and Mouth Controversy Delivered at the University of Glasgow as part of the BA Festival of Science

Foot and Mouth Disease: A than viral culture. DNA technolo- World Problem. Professor Fred gy is used to identify the presence Brown FRS, United States of the viral polymerase gene, a Department of Agriculture highly conserved gene through- out the seven FMDV serotypes. FMDV is not ‘like a common cold’. The UK government were offered It is one of the most important this test soon after the outbreak diseases of food animals and in but declined. the last few years it has had global impact. The US Department of Would vaccination have helped to Defence considers FMDV the most contain this outbreak? If not, why important biological agent in do we maintain a strategic existence, and has provided reserve? significant funding to fight it. What will we do next time? There When Western Europe began will be a next time. vaccination in 1952, cases Foot and Mouth Disease Virus: dropped greatly from the then The Nature of the Beast. annual rate of 100,000. In 1989 Professor Dave Rowlands, Brussels ordered an end to Department of Microbiology, vaccination. Experience elsewhere University of Leeds. suggested this move to be unwise; when Argentina stopped Although we know a significant vaccination a huge outbreak amount about FMDV, including its resulted. 3D structure, we must conduct more basic research into its In combating such an epizootic nature. we need faster diagnosis, ideally ‘pen-side’, and subsequent FMDV is the fastest-growing culling. Until recently diagnosis animal virus; extremely infectious; has necessitated viral culture – a extremely fast rate of spread. 3-day process. However, the rapid Traditionally, inactivated FMDV spread of FMDV means that by the forms the basis of vaccine. This time results are available infection vaccine is not ideal however, as it has spread still further. is specific to an individual sero- A 2 hour diagnostic test has type. Additionally there is the recently been developed. Not only added danger of outbreak caused is this test faster, but it can detect by improper inactivation of the infection 24 – 96 hours sooner virus, as happened in 1981.

74 Lectures

An ideal vaccine is effective The last Scottish case occurred on against a wide serotype range. May 31, a success partially due to Development now focuses on an extended culling regime. The synthetic peptides able to elicit an huge head-start of the disease in effective immunogenic response. Cumbria has caused a lingering Results so far indicate very good incidence of disease in that region response in guinea pigs, average and elsewhere in England. response in pigs but only poor The current control programme response in cattle. has weaknesses, including lapses Sadly, when the UK ended its use in biosecurity and relaxations of of FMDV vaccine ten years ago, UK movement restrictions. We cannot funding for vaccine development afford the slightest relaxation; a decreased substantially. We have 10% increase in infection rate the technology to eradicate FMDV could lengthen the outbreak by from the world, but do we have months. the political will? Vaccination is not sufficient to halt The Science of controlling the spread of FMDV. It could only Disease Outbreaks. Professor be used in particular circumstanc- Mark Woolhouse, Centre for es: when delivered at a very high Tropical Veterinary Medicine, coverage; to protect against The Royal ‘Dick’ School of persistent challenge; to protect Veterinary Studies, University rare / valuable livestock; and in of Edinburgh. support of a culling programme. I am an advisor to government on DEFRA must have emergency control of the current outbreak. procedures to allow very fast We now know that on first news action; currently they are too slow. of this outbreak (February 23) The crucial lesson must be to there were already 70 – 80 cases. ensure faster diagnosis and to act Initial control measures included quickly.. movement restrictions; biosecuri- The view of the Veterinarian. ty; surveillance; and culling of Hugh Reid, Moredun Research infected premises and ‘dangerous Institute. contacts’. As a veterinarian, I add the By March 29 we had 1000 cases. following: Government asserted that the · The mass movement of animals outbreak was ‘under control’; it for slaughter is not just a welfare was not. At that time cases were issue; it is now a disease issue. exponentially increasing, a situation clearly ‘out of control’. · The running down of our state Control measures were strength- veterinary service is a major ened, including a reduction in reason why we were unable to culling time from 3 days to 24h. pick up this disease faster.

75 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Disease surveillance has been · Is there now a case for prophy- inadequate for some time. lactic vaccination? · FMDV in parturient animals is · Is FMDV now endemic in extremely serious. In March I England? witnessed a field of aborting · Is wind-borne spread signifi- ewes, unable to stand and being cant? attacked by crows. The scene was utterly distressing. · Is there evidence of deliberate spread? Questions from the Floor included: · Has the country of origin of the contaminated material been · How effective is the use of identified? disinfectant in biosecurity? · Can we restock if FMDV is still · Has any leisure user been shown here? to have transmitted the virus? · Should we restock with vaccinat- · Has delay in carcass disposal ed animals? increased spread? · Do we need a policy for out- · Does vaccination of animals breaks such as this? prevent further transmission?

76 Lectures

Professor Malcolm Gillis President, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA 25 September 2001 Unleashing Technology for the 21st Century

Speaker’s Abstract

This address focuses on three Discussion of information and technologies stemming from computational technology focuses university-based research at Rice primarily upon ultra-fast comput- and other institutions. Innova- ing and grid computing. The tions arising from these section on biotechnology deals technologies could bring about mainly with innovations in significant changes in the way we biomedicine, virtually all of which live, how well we live, and how have been made possible by long we live. discoveries and innovations The discussion opens with originating in physics, chemistry, reflections on the origins of the computer science, and engineer- technological revolution wrought ing. Nanotechnology, now a field by the rediscovery and commer- unto itself, is also seen to be very cialisation of steam power; some closely linked to computational of the lessons learned from that and biomedical technology, with experience provides perspective very significant implications for for understanding the generation materials science as well. and transfer of 21st-Century In the end, the linkages between technology in three critical fields: these three fields are seen to be information technology, biotech- significant. Finally, some of the nology, and nanotechnology. relevant lessons learned from the Significant fruits from these development of the steam technologies will ripen only over technology are applied to the several years, and in some cases, outlook for some 21st Century decades. technologies.

77

CONFERENCES, SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOPS AND EXHIBITIONS Symposium The Management of Radioactive Waste Thursday 16 November 2000 The Symposium on The Manage- public, must be met, through ment of Radioactive Waste was asking, listening and winning held at the Society on 16 Novem- public confidence and acceptance. ber 2000 and attracted some 65 In conclusion, he said “if the participants including MSPs, nuclear industry is to move Fellows and representatives from forward then we must convince bodies involved in this issue, the public that we are acting with including BNFL, British Energy, safety as our major concern. SEPA, Scottish Executive and Nirex. Hopefully in the future you will Sir William Stewart, President see that we have attacked this opened the meeting by giving a problem honestly and openly”. welcome on behalf of the Society. Mr Rob Edwards, Correspondent He highlighted the need for a for New Scientist and Sunday Scottish strategy and the increas- Herald reflected on the public ing demands for safety and attitudes towards the Manage- suggested that the decommis- ment of Radioactive Waste, sioning of Dounreay should be including the anxieties of ordinary considered not as a threat, but as people and their political repre- a real opportunity. sentatives. Dr John McKeown, Chief Execu- He reviewed the history, the tive, United Kingdom Atomic problems of disposal in the UK Energy Authority, went on to and how we might move forward. discuss the following: He suggested that history demon- - Safety and security strates that people do not want - Environmental responsibility radioactive waste. It also indicates the public’s deep mistrust of - Value for money nuclear industry. - Public acceptance Reprocessing is the most pollut- He explained that the UKAEA ing aspect of the nuclear industry, recognised the need for safe and politicians, the public and the storage and disposal of radioac- European Community all share tive waste but accepted that there the view that it is an anachronism. was, unfortunately, much uncer- Technology developed in the USA tainty in the management of these allows the combining of Uranium processes. The public had a right waste with other radionuclides, to be heard on this issue and in but at the end of the day we are the 21st Century all levels of left with the basic problem which approval, both scientific and we faced 25 years ago, as de-

79 Review of the Session 2000-2001

scribed in the wise words of Brian Environmental Protection Agency Flowers MP: outlined the regulations of ‘We must assume that radioactive radioactive disposal in Scotland. waste will remain damaging to She explained the role of SEPA the biosphere for hundreds of and the legislation governing the thousands of years, a timescale control of radioactive material but transcending man’s experience. It emphasised that decommission- is morally wrong to inflict fusion ing is the biggest challenge for power onto future generations the industry: when not one method for storing “…under EC legislation, article 37 the waste has yet been demon- of the Euratom Treaty requires strated.’ submission to the EC of intent to In conclusion Mr Edwards said: decommission. SEPA will closely “to say that the AEA is not part of scrutinise any such plan. We are the UKAEA is missing the point – aware that UK-wide consultation they are the same thing. It is not will take place in this area and we up to the nuclear industry to sell look forward to contributing”. itself. We need new organisations She concluded by saying that because the public will never trust “SEPA aims to be an open and the nuclear industry”. transparent organisation. With Ms Julie Tooley, Acting Director of regard to independent advice I Environmental Strategy, Scottish would add that we take this point very seriously”.

80 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

Wellcome Trust Research Workshop Systematic Reviews on the Brain 19 January 2001

This research-based workshop on followed by at least 30 minutes of systematic reviews in the fields of discussion and lively debate. neurology, neurosurgery and Topics for discussion included psychiatry was attended by 30 ‘recent developments in observa- participants currently involved in tional meta-analysis’, ‘recent this field. Speakers included Dr developments in meta-analyses of John Geddes of Oxford University, RCTs’, ‘an update on meta- Dr John Stern of Birmingham analyses in Neurology’ and also a University, Professor David Weller debate on the place of guidelines of Edinburgh University, Professor in clinical practice. Several new Martin Eccles from the National research collaborations were Institute of Clinical Excellence, formed at the meeting which was Professor Peter Sandercock of a rare opportunity to meet many Edinburgh University and the leading names in this important Cochrane Stroke Group, Professor field in a relatively small group. James Petrie, Director of SIGN and We would like to thank the Royal past President of the College of Society of Edinburgh and the Physicians and finally Dr A Pelosi, Wellcome Trust for supporting Consultant Psychiatrist. research in this interesting and Each session was led by an expert expanding area. in the given subject area and was

81 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Oral Health Workshop Dental Health in the Older Adult : a Neglected Issue? 26 January 2001

Dental health in the older adult is implications for the maintenance a topic that will be important to of oral health and function. The all as we mature and yet there is importance older adults place on some evidence that currently it oral health was discussed by Dr might be a neglected issue. Nigel Nuttall (Dental Health Professor Nigel Pitts, (Dental Services Research Unit, Dundee Health Services Research Unit, Dental Hospital and School). He Dundee Dental Hospital and compared over-65-year-olds with School, University of Dundee) younger dentate adults and found outlined the aim of the day’s them less concerned of cost, fear symposium as a debate of current and organisational issues, but issues, from a broad base of more concerned about long term dental and non-dental expertise, value, while not seeing the need in order to make recommenda- for “fancy” treatment. The tions for future developments. prevalance and aetiology of oro- The meeting was organised by the facial pain, including the effect of Royal Society of Edinburgh and dental treatment, was then included a number of members of discussed by Dr Tatiana Macfar- the Medical Research Council’s lane (University of Manchester Health Services Research Collabo- Dental School) and the potential ration. risk to future oral health of The day began with evidence of complex dental treatment was the dramatic change in oral health eloquently outlined by Dr Nick of older adults seen over the past Grey (Edinburgh Dental Institute), three decades since the first UK who reinforced the lack of Adult Dental Health Survey in evidence in this area. 1968 to the most recent exercise There is an assumption that with in 1998. Dr James Steele (Depart- age a decline in oral health is ment of Restorative Dentistry, The inevitable. Professor Marion Dental School, University of McMurdo (Head of Ageing and Newcastle upon Tyne) stressed Health, Department of Medicine, that greater change was still to Ninewells Hospital and Medical occur. In the next 20 years it is School) reminded us that health in expected that 80% of people old age may be influenced by aged 65 years and over will have both ageing and expectations that teeth and that the majority of “it is just your age”. She also these teeth will have been treated stressed the importance of the with large and complex restora- quality of perceived health and tions, which has worrying links with nutrition. Professor

82 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

John Bond (School of Health continuous delivery of health care Sciences, University of Newcastle) was described by Mr Patrick reinforced the importance of life Sweeney (Consultant in Dental experience and argued that the Public Health, Argyll and Clyde need to change institutional and Forth Valley Health Boards), barriers should be our focus, and the importance of this was rather than “blaming” individu- confirmed by Professor James als. Mrs Pat Dawson (Scottish Beck (Dental School, University of Association of Health Councils) North Carolina) with a debate on identified the importance of how oral infection might affect consumers contributing through systemic disease. genuine partnership, rather than Finally, Mr Charles Ormond (West merely taking a consumeristic of Scotland Division, Faculty of approach to the clinical effective- General Dental Practitioners) ness agenda and development of described clearly the willingness services. Opportunities to include of general dental practitioners to recommendations for oral care in provide care for older adults and strategy documents such as the highlighted current barriers, Scottish Health Plan and Regula- including accessibility of practices tion of Care (Scotland) Bill were and lack of evidence-based also discussed. The impact on the guidance. delivery of care for older adults of recent changes to dental primary The meeting then split into four care services was debated by Mr working groups who reported Arthur Hughes (Dental Practice back with an agenda for future Division, Edinburgh), while the action to ensure that oral health difficulties caused by a lack of in this group should not remain a sensitive tools to measure oral neglected issue. The priorities health needs and treatment included a focus on appropriate outcomes to evaluate any type of and effective care which delivered intervention was clearly demon- what patients found important, strated by Dr Finbar Allen the urgent need for effective (Department of Restorative preventive (as well as interventive) Dentistry, National University of dental care for groups at particu- Ireland). lar risk, and preparations to combat a “bolus” of need for The potential benefit that seam- complex maintenance care that is less health service data would likely to arrive in the next decade. make to a comprehensive and

83 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Symposium The Future of Medical Education in Scotland organised by The Royal Society of Edinburgh and The Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee 23rd January, 2001

Introduction by Sir William health. It is anxious to shape the Stewart FRS FRSE, President of services around the needs of the Royal Society of Edinburgh individual patients with improved The President stated that medical care in the home and community. education is a topic of great All will require more doctors in importance to the people of the NHS trained to work with Scotland, since it has direct other arms of the NHS. relevance to the quality of health 2. Professionalism of Doctors. care available to them. Scotland Public accountability of doctors is has had a distinguished history in currently being called into the field of medical education, but question, so there is a need to re- the system must be prepared to establish trust in their adapt in changing circumstances professionalism and competence. by incorporating appropriate new The profession and the Govern- concepts and technologies if it is ment must be much more explicit to remain in the forefront of about professional standards and international competition. He said accountability. The complex issues that the objective of the evening around revalidation and clinical was to stimulate a wide ranging governance must be resolved discussion amongst individuals quickly with involvement of the with experience in the field. public. The Implications for Higher 3. Response of Higher Education. Education. Sir Alan Langlands, It is encouraging that medicine Principal and Vice Chancellor, continues to attract high-quality University of Dundee undergraduates for training. Three themes are relevant : Moreover, the medical schools have responded well to the 1. Forces shaping change in the challenges set by the GMC in National Health Service. The NHS 'Tomorrows Doctors'. The ground must respond to rising patient has been set to use the new expectations, technological concepts and techniques in advances and demographic educational technology, but these changes. The Government has are very demanding on staff. identified priorities, including heart disease, cancer and mental

84 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

Improvement in the quality of 2. Challenges for Postgraduate clinical care has been restricted by Medical Education. There is a a shortage of doctors in the NHS. need for a new synthesis between The Government's decision to service and training since current increase medical student numbers arrangements are breaking down. south of the border is welcomed, It is essential that systems north but it is disappointing that there and south of the border should has been no commitment to develop along the same lines to increase the number in Scotland. retain freedom of movement of In conclusion, he raised the doctors in the training and question whether the complex specialist grades. The need for and changing demands of the proper educational supervision of NHS can be met within the trainees could be best achieved by existing framework of medical proper reward and recognition of education. In particular, there clinical teachers. appears to be a lack of coherence 3. Progress in Postgraduate between the different compo- Training. Pre-registration house nents of undergraduate, officers. Better training is needed postgraduate and continuing for these doctors. Progress has medical education. been made with the introduction Postgraduate Education. Dr of a defined curriculum with Graham Buckley, Chief Execu- structured training for Specialist tive, Scottish Council for Registrars. There are now annual, Postgraduate Medical and as well as endpoint, assessments Dental Education to define standards. Since the start of the NHS there Assessments were introduced in have been two key advances in 1992 for General Practice Regis- postgraduate medical education - trars and have proved to be highly the establishment of the compul- effective. There is concern that 5% sory pre-registration house officer of these trainees do not meet the year in 1953 and the structured basic skills required for independ- training for specialists introduced ent practice. The introduction of by Sir in 1996. payments for teachers has been an important factor in achieving 1. Workforce Issues. The output the success in this area of training. of UK trained doctors is still inadequate to meet the needs of Senior House Officers represent the NHS and it is anticipated that 50% of the trainees. There is an the services of overseas trained urgent need to set up managed doctors will be necessary for the and structured training pro- next 20 years. The shortage of grammes for doctors in this doctors will be aggravated by the heterogeneous group. new EU working time regulations. Dr Buckley concluded that while there has been considerable

85 Review of the Session 2000-2001

progress, more work has to be concept of using learning objects done to ensure the optimal that offer the prospect of trainees quality of P/G education is selecting their individualised available with the most effective educational programmes at use of resources. different locations, in different E is for Everything . e-Learn- orders and at different paces, but ing? A Vision for the Future of working towards a common Medical Education in Scotland. endpoint. Professor R Harden, Director, Professor Harden outlined his Educational Development concept that the new technolo- Scottish Council for Postgradu- gies of e-learning could be ate Medical and Dental developed with international Education and Director, Centre cooperation. To have good for Medical Education, Universi- prospects for success, it will be ty of Dundee essential that the process should Technological advances in be led by the traditional Universi- e-learning now offer the prospect ties with established expertise in of delivering flexible training to medical education. e-learning large numbers and also individu- should be seen as complementary alised programmes of work in a to traditional medical education cost-effective manner and with and not as a competitor. It would unlimited opportunities for be possible for Scotland to take a international cooperation. The leading role internationally. time is now ripe for Scottish Opening Discussants Universities to exploit these The view from the medical opportunities. school. Professor John Simpson, An increasing range of simulators Head of Department of Pathol- and models will allow clinical ogy and Sub-Dean for Medical procedural skills to be learned Education, University of Aber- before they are extended to deen patients. It will be essential to The main purposes of the medical blend the newer e-learning with schools are : traditional face-to-face learning to achieve the best overall medical (a) to assist in self learning and to education. direct learning resources There have been important recent (b) to provide role modelling for advances in educational concepts, clinical practice including outcome-based learn- (c) to assess the process of medical ing, curriculum mapping and education study training guides that help to The medical schools have re- direct and complement the blend sponded enthusiastically to the of face-to-face and e-learning. radical changes in the process of There is great potential in the new

86 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions medical education recommended (e) A flexible attitude should be by the GMC. Quality Assessment encouraged to make the best of is helping to the monitoring of available skills in the workforce the effectiveness of the changed (f) A vision was essential to enable approaches in medical schools. Scotland to continue to be Professor Simpson thought that it regarded as at the forefront of was timeous to establish healthcare education for the full (a) a vision of what will be re- range of disciplines in the health quired of medical education in the sector foreseeable future Discussion and Summary. (b) a common strategy for medical Professor P W Howie, Chairman education within Scotland of the Scottish Council for Postgraduate Medical and (c) a need to train more students Dental Education within the system, with greater He identified six themes that had graduate entry. emerged from the meeting He believed that it would be 1. The urgent need to meet practical to start to implement the Scotland's needs systems that Professor Harden had outlined for an International 2. Effective collaborations must be Virtual Medical School with established Scottish leadership (IVIMEDS). 3. Effective Educational Develop- Learning together. Professor ment Joan Stringer, Principal and Vice 4. The need to invest in new Patron, Queen Margaret educational technologies College, Edinburgh Several speakers gave strong She made the following points support to Professor Harden's (a) Medical education should not vision of e-learning and an be viewed in isolation, since other IVIMEDS, but others expressed professions made important caution lest the new technology contributions to clinical care displaces the fundamentally (b) Expertise would need to be important role of the traditional developed to implement new clinical teacher. It was recognised technologies in health care that the new technology will play education an increasingly important part in clinical teaching and that it should (c) Committed health profession- blend with, not contradict, als must demonstrate the will to traditional clinical teaching. implement the planned educa- SHEFC should be encouraged to tional changes support academic development (d) The health care professions with the new technologies. must work and learn together

87 Review of the Session 2000-2001

5. Opportunity for Scotland - the foreseeable needs of its Medical education is marketable workforce. world-wide. (b) to ask that the Scottish Council 6. Enabling the process for Postgraduate Medical and At the present time the key Dental Education re-evaluate the actions that are required are : role of the SHO grade in the NHS (a) to encourage the Health (c) to explore the opportunities for Department to explore the need collaboration between the key for additional students to meet players in medical education.

88 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

Particle Physics Workshop New Opportunities in Particle Physics 7 February 2001

Seventy-five research Rahman (Glasgow), who ex- gathered for a highly successful plained the various approaches day examining the prospects and being followed to improve by opportunities for Particle Physics large factors the radiation toler- theory, experiment, detector and ance of new detector accelerator technology at the start technologies. of the new millennium. Short talks by Martin Kimber Ian Bertram (Lancaster) opened by (Durham), Mark Alford (Glasgow), describing the techniques and Michael Kraemer (Edinburgh) and challenges used at the D0 detec- E Bouhova-Thacker (Lancaster) tor, to commence operations at explored developments in phe- the upgraded TeVatron collider in nomenology, the superconducting Chicago on 1 March 2001. The phase of quark matter, Higgs LEP collider closed in November physics at high energy photon 2000, leaving a cliff-hanger on colliders, and matter-antimatter the question of the Higgs Boson, asymmetry studies in CP violation. proposed years ago by Peter Dr Bertram had already left to Higgs, FRSE, who was honoured speak in Chicago. Our next by the Queen for this work in scheduled speaker, Alain Blondel 2000. The TeVatron is the flag- (Geneva), was not so fortunate carrier for the high-energy frontier with his planes and so Ken Peach until the Large Hadron Collider in (Rutherford) spoke extemporane- Geneva starts operations in 2006. ously on the historical Clifford Johnson (Durham) gave a background to neutrino oscilla- didactic tour through the concep- tions. This segued brilliantly into tual revolutions of the last few Prof. Blondel’s arrival. He fascinat- years in string and brane theory. ed us with the rationale, Elegance of mathematics has techniques and potential of a often historically opened up new proposed European Neutrino concepts in physics. The excite- Factory Complex, and the meeting ment felt by the theorists was went off into the twilight stimu- catching. The same enthusiasm lated with the excitement of the characterised the talk by Mahfuzur field and the burgeoning oppor- tunities.

89 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Symposium The Future of Retailing: Catching the Consumer 22 February 2001 The second in a series of annual credit cards, customers had symposia on The Future of accounts at individual shops. The Retailing was held at the Society changes have affected everyone. on 22 February 2001 and attract- Edinburgh now competes with ed some 125 participants. other cities in order to attract Professor John Swanson Beck, Pro- shoppers. This has also created gramme Convener, opened the problems with planning. meeting by giving a welcome on Professor Michael Levy, Charles behalf of the Society. Clark Reynolds Professor of Professor Gavin McCrone went on Marketing, Babson College, to provide an overview of the Boston, discussed Supply Chain symposium by emphasising the Management in a networked importance of retailing to the economy; Stephen Scott, Senior Scottish economy and society and Consultant, Fitch Design Consult- pointed to the substantial ants Limited, focused on retail changes occurring in the sector branding: store design and from Retailed Price Management, product labelling; Matthew Taylor, a system where manufacturers Business Development Manager, fixed prices to an emergence of Quadstone Limited, described the larger firms in the retail business, new uses of marketing informa- and how this has affected many tion and John Clare, Chief grocers and small corner shops. executive, Dixons Stores Group plc He provided the example of Tesco ,reviewed retail marketing and explained how it conducts through multiple distribution more business than occurs in the channels. whole of Scotland, and Walmart, The meeting ended with a panel which owns ASDA, has more discussion, which generated the retailing business than the whole following conclusions : of Spain. - Retailers and their customers are Professor McCrone went on to say at the end of the supply chain. that employment in the sector has Retailers are concerned about decreased, and the nature of the the Internet’s impact on how jobs involved has altered. Retailers they supply merchandise and are more responsive to their services to their customers. customers’ demands, and person- Much of their efforts are alise relationships with their concentrated on the front end - customers, which affects cost from point-of-sale to the structures. Information technolo- customer. Yet there are incredi- gy has had a big impact. Before ble opportunities to create

90 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

sustainable competitive advan- amounts of detailed information tages in the supply chain as a on customer behaviour to the result of the new technologies already vast amounts of data surrounding the Internet. being generated through Therefore, technology for existing channels. The automa- technology’s sake is not neces- tion of business processes has sarily sustainable and a new provided lots of information, technology should first be tested and companies have the poten- to see if it brings advantages. tial to transform. We started with - The world of the consumer is mass marketing, but in the constantly changing, and future we will be moving expectations are increasing. towards one-to-one marketing. Brands must respond. They must - Advances in technology increase serve the customer and express the ability for electronic commu- themselves in a consistent way nication to play an even more and use the growing number of significant role in business in the channels available in which to future. Customers and business- build trust in the customer- es will benefit, but only those retailer relationship. that grasp the opportunities that - New electronic channels of this world creates. None of this communication between the means the end of shops as we retailer and the customer have know them. Multichannel the potential to add vast approaches will win.

Exhibition - Transformism by Matt Laver In conjunction with the second in the series of Retailing Seminars spon- sored by Archibald Campbell and Harley, Solicitors, a successful exhibition of photography by Napier University Graduate, Matt Laver, was held from 19 February to 19 March 2001. Matt’s portfolio juxtaposes modern retailing space with gothic architecture and parodies the movement from religion to consumerism and the subse- quent resurgence of religion.

91 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Symposium Aspects of Food Safety April 4 2001 In planning this symposium the strategy to reduce food poisoning organising committee included a by 20% over 5 years. broad sweep of current topics, all In terms of food-borne microbial touching on public concerns pathogens, Professor Hugh about the safety of the food Pennington set the historical chain. Food Safety now ranks as context and then evaluated the one of the major public issues of risks arising from well-known the day. organisms such as Salmonella and The programme began with an Campylobacter to the more recent introduction by Sir John Arbuth- threat from a potent pathogen of nott that set the topic within animal origin, namely E.coli 0157. social parameters, including Public In dealing with the risks, he also Health, Consumer Choice, commented on the collapse of Economic Issues and National and public trust that followed the BSE International Politics. The interplay epidemic in cattle and emphasised between these factors is complex the absolute priority to learn from and illustrates the requirement for the Phillips enquiry. clear policies and priorities at Professor James Ironside then national and international level assessed the impact of vCJD in designed to promote the produc- humans, dealing with its patholo- tion of safe nutritious food, with gy and diagnosis; factors that effective control of the food chain affect susceptibility; and the very at its critical points. Above all long incubation period. He consumers must know what they thoroughly reviewed the controls are eating and risks must be fully which were now in place to explained; the role of the inde- protect animals from BSE and the pendent scientist is vital. measures designed to prevent BSE The role of the Public Health entering the human food chain. Laboratory Service in England and The uncertainties that had to be Wales was described by Professor considered in modelling the likely Richard Gilbert.The importance of extent of vCJD in humans were a diagnostic capability to monitor also discussed. incidence of disease in man and The link between animals and animals is vital, as is the humans in the spread of infection horizon-scanning necessary to was addressed by Professor Bill detect the emergence of new Reilly, who critically assessed the threats. Such a database can be importance of the environment. used to monitor progress towards He illustrated this with recent new targets such as the FSA’s work on E.coli 0157 outbreaks.

92 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

He also stressed the potential for UK about gene manipulation in cross-contamination involving foods has resulted in heated animal husbandry, wildlife, feed, controversy. This issue more than silage, and post-slaughter most also emphasises the tension handling of meat products. between science and public trust. The threat of adverse reaction to Very open consideration of food arises not only from the labelling, detection methods and presence of microbes; chemicals adequate lie at also play a significant role. And the heart of the debate. Professor Peter Aggett gave a very The symposium moved to its clear exposition of the adverse conclusion with a session on reactions including allergies that Communication and the Consum- affect some individuals. He er led by Deidre Hutton. While stressed that evidence pointed to steps to explain the science of the reactions to foods being more risk are helpful, this is no longer a common than reactions to one-way message. Consumers additives. want their views to be considered The potentially dramatic chemical early in the process and they want poisoning associated with to be involved in the decision- shellfish contaminated with toxins making. Scientists must learn that from marine phytoplankton was collaboration involves not just described by Dr Colin Moffat. scientists; consumers wish to be Symptoms vary from gastro- actively involved. intestinal toneurological, and Summing up, Sir John Krebs death can occur. Global warming Chairman of the FSA placed food and other environmental factors safety in the broader context of may contribute to the increased agricultural practice. He posed the presence of microalgae in the question: “Where next for food seas. The challenge to regulators and farming after the Foot and and the industry is considerable Mouth Disease epidemic?” Major and requires close working locally issues surround intensive agricul- and internation-ally. ture, local and global food The topic of Genetically Modified production, control of the food Food, introduced by Professor chain internationally, the role of Derek Burke, illustrated most subsidy and the role of regulatory clearly the problems associated bodies such as the FSA. An open with the introduction of novel inclusive dialogue dealing with foods based on genetically these issues and the management modified crops. Though the and communication of risk is evidence of harm from consump- essential. tion is slight and GM food is This well-attended meeting common in some countries, the generated healthy debate and perceived risk of long-term effects discussion amongst the diverse and general public concern in the audience present.

93 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Robert Cormack Bequest Meeting 23 April 2001 at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow

This meeting, intended to enable drews; Rejean Dupuis, University astronomers and those interested of Glasgow; Marek Kukula, ROE in astronomy in Scotland to and Holger Baumgardt, University present and to see, a broad of Edinburgh. selection of what is currently The meeting culminated with a going on in Scottish astronomy is special lecture by Professor Colin held annually, with the venue McInnes, of the University of alternating between the RSE and Glasgow Department of Aero- other locations in Scotland. The space Engeineering, entitled meeting focuses primarily on Near-Term Space Science Applica- research, but also encompasses tions for Solar Sails. teaching and Public Understand- ing work. Solar Sailing is a unique and elegant form of propulsion which The 2001 meeting, held at the transcends reliance on reaction Department of Physics and mass. Solar sails can therefore Astronomy, University of Glasgow, enable new high-energy mission comprised a series of short talks concepts, and enhance some and poster presentations by: existing mission concepts by Kenton D’Mellow, University of significantly reducing launch Glasgow; Istvan BAllai, University mass. of St Andrews; Jim Dunlop, ROE/ Future missions which are enabled University of Edinburgh; Esther by solar sails include a solar polar Haydock, University of Glasgow; orbiter, planetary and small body Hick Cross, University of St sample return and fast missions to Andrews; Iain Hannah, University the outer solar system. Professor of Glasgow/Glasgow Caledonian McInnes’ talk looked at near, mid University; Gillian Wright, ROE, and far-term mission applications Helen Bryce, University of Glas- for solar sails and the challenges gow; Jean-Claude Thelen, necessary to enable these mis- ; Phil sions. Armitage, University of St An-

94 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

Wellcome Trust Research Workshop Narrative and Memory in the History of Health, Medicine and Illness 28 April 2001 This research workshop explored Participants included young narrative and memory approaches scholars and more experienced across inter-disciplinary bounda- advocates of narrative and ries, bringing together historians memory-based approaches and of medicine and sociologists, who were drawn from a wide range of are using life history or auto- academic disciplines, including biographical methods, with medicine, the arts and social members of the medical profes- sciences. sions, who have an interest in The meeting broke into four narrative-based medicine (NBM). workshop groups. Morning The workshop compared defini- groups were organised by tions and interpretations of discipline, whilst afternoon narrative, memory and evidence groups were broader. used by the two groups and also Group Reports discussed the differing approach- es to methods of collection and A number of possible outcomes the uses made of narratives and were identified by members of the memories. discussion groups and are summarised here. Speakers were : Group 1. The nature of medical Malcolm Nicolson (Senior Lecturer, evidence was discussed at some Wellcome Unit for the History of length. Medicine at Glasgow): Narrating The group then proceeded to evidence in the history of medi- discuss patient evidence, includ- cine. ing family history and negotiated Phil Cotton (Lecturer, Department narratives. of General Practice at Glasgow): It was agreed that “trust”could Narrative based medicine in an no longer be taken for granted evidence based world. and patients no longer fully Joanna Bornat (Senior Lecturer, believed narratives by either the Open University): Reminiscence state or clinicians (even when and oral history; parallel universes evidence-based). or shared endeavor. Methods by which patients (and Howard Mitchell (Project Co- their narratives) were recruited in ordinator, WEA Scottish Oral the gathering of evidence were History Project): Nursing lore? considered. These included the influence of the media.

95 Review of the Session 2000-2001

The history of evidence, including - medicine through external the idea of up-to-date evidence vs forces, e.g. state in the UK and the contrasting history of patient insurance companies in the US illness, was also explored. (is EBM about controlling Linking together narrative, identity costs?) and trust, the group asked the - the differences between doctor/ following questions: patient and nurse/patient - How well do doctors need to relationships. know patients? Participants wondered whether - Can narratives be unhelpful? EBM was about evidence-based treatments rather than evidence- - What should be done with based diagnosis and whether patient narrative? narrative-based medicine (NBM) - Should silenced narratives be was a product of a confessional uncovered? society and reached the conclu- sion that NBM (including patient Evidence-based medicine (EBM) as feelings) and EBM and screening a discourse represented a shift in lay at opposite ends of a spec- medical knowledge and the group trum. suggested that examining the history of this shift would be Group 4. A fourth group ques- illuminating, especially given that tioned the nature of “the ideal the history of the component narrative”, wondering if there was parts of EBM is much older than to talk in “the ideal”, that of EBM itself. given that there might be some stigmatism of what was perceived Groups 2 & 3. These groups to be”unacceptable narrative” or discussed lack of chronology. - ways in which EBM might fit The group also discussed how complement other already well- “truth or suspicion” and the “real understood systems life context” of illness and - the part EBM might have played distress, as well as “time” could in reinventing the professional influence the quality of a narra- authority of the medical profes- tive. sion?. The group considered whether It was also felt that the social narrative was improved by length history of EBM might be further and concluded that this was not clarified by considering its role in necessarily true, with the caution relation to: that practitioners should not - the doctor-patient relationship attempt to discourage disclosure when it is offered. However, there - settings which display different could be difficulties in using ways of financially controlling sensitive data collected in this way, resources (including time) not the least being validation.

96 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

The group concluded that patient making assumptions as to narratives did serve a useful the extent of the doctor’s knowl- purpose, in particular with regard edge on his case and/or specific to examining life-style and its condition. effects on health. Additionally, it was felt important Afternoon groups 1&2. Two of to acknowledge pre-conceived the afternoon groups discussed assumptions on the part of the the therapeutic implications of the interviewer that might negate oral history interview, and other contrary views. narrative and memory approaches, Other reasons for silences might noting how such approaches be shame, denial, and the stigma might empower individuals by of disease. reinforcing self-worth/identity. It was noted that nursing narra- It was agreed that more informa- tives and nurses’ memories would tion on how individual clinicians also be relevant in any history. work, including the ways in which treatment changes with knowl- Afternoon Group 4. In the final edge of a patient’s background, discussion of the day the role of would be useful. oral history in the history of health, illness and medicine was Given that stories do change over considered and it was accepted time, participants discussed the that oral history was still “of lower importance of various methods of status”. assessing reliability and interpret- Issues for the future were : ing information. - Do oral historians want a whole Participants expressed the belief history or snippets? that silenced feelings were unusual, but added that what is - When is enough, enough? excluded from a narrative could be - Who sets the agenda? Is it ever important. the patient? Among other questions on - How flexible should oral history biographical-based research, be and how does this impact on participants discussed assump- validity? tions brought to interviews or - What are the differences consultations by oral historians between focus groups and and doctors, and whilst noting one-to-one interviews? that the two groups had very different purposes, tried to - Is enough attention paid to the ascertain if there were any links. joint construction of narratives, especially in medical consulta- Afternoon Group 3. Another tions? discussion centred on the nature of memory and selected silences, which could arise as a result of the

97 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Output and Future Plans It is hoped that this will be A number of participants, espe- published in Oral History. cially the younger scholars, Finally, a number of the partici- indicated that they would like to pants have curricular hold further meetings. responsibilities in Scottish As well as a collaborative research University departments, including paper drawing on the findings of medicine, and it is hoped that this the Workshop, a fuller report for research workshop will be participants, as well as those who influential in future developments were unable to attend, is planned. in higher education.

98 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

Workshop Maths in Industry 6 September 2001 This day-long workshop discussed a catalyst for new areas of mathe- a number of aspects of the matical research. interactions between maths and The afternoon was largely devoted industry. to two particular industrial areas During the first session it became in which mathematics is being apparent that all sorts of busi- successfully applied, namely liquid nesses find mathematics useful. crystals (a field to which the late The subject will become increas- Professor Frank Leslie, who first ingly vital and already enough suggested this particular work- companies are convinced of its shop, contributed enormously) usefulness to fund the Fraunhofer and optical communication Institute. systems (the latter requiring the Attention was given to the variety study of non-linear waves). of possible mechanisms for The final session emphasised the interaction between academic importance of , mathematicians and commercial when working on problems of companies. This led on to how commercial or other practical industry has in the past and interest, being adaptable and continues in the present to act as prepared to use all appropriate areas of mathematics.

99 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Conference Carbohydrates in Disease – Targets for Therapies? 27 September 2001 The study of the role of carbohy- strategies using ultra-high drates in biological systems is a sensitivity mass spectrometry in rapidly emerging field with the sequencing carbohydrates, availability of new practical tools identifying novel glycoproteins and methods coupled with and developing screening strate- genomics-based technologies. gies to study glycosylation Carbohydrates can be investigated changes in knockout mice. Her from a number of different talk was illustrated with examples perspectives, but it is rarely the from her research on the role of case that these intersect. The glycoproteins in areas such as purpose of the meeting was to reproduction, autoimmune bring together the leading diseases and proteomic sequenc- researchers from a number of ing. different backgrounds and, by Unlike oligonucleotides and providing a common forum for oligopeptides which are routinely discussion, help to stimulate made in an automated fashion, further research in this area. the chemical synthesis of oligosac- The one-day meeting was struc- charides provides enormous tured around four thematic challenges to the synthetic sessions on: structure and chemist. However, new synthetic function; structural chemistry and breakthroughs and solid phase drug design; carbohydrates and approaches are beginning to proteins; and carbohydrate facilitate the rapid assembly of binding toxins as tools and oligosaccharides. therapies. Dr Antony Fairbanks (University of Professor Konrad Sandhoff Oxford) discussed the problems (University of Bonn) began the inherent in ologosaccharide meeting with a presentation on synthesis and described the neurodegenerative sphingolipid applicability of the new advances. storage diseases. He described An example of the successful elegant experiments with knock- application of synthesis, coupled out mice that allow studies into with X-ray crystallography, was the phenotype effects of deficien- described by Professor Randy cies in either the biosynthesis or Read (University of Cambridge). the degradation of complex Shiga-like toxins use their penta- gangliosides. meric B-subunits to bind to the

Professor Anne Dell (Imperial carbohydrate component of Gb3 College, London) then described glycolipids in host cells. Informa- tion from the crystal structure of

100 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions the pentameric subunit com- GM1-binding toxins, such as plexed with a Gb3 trisaccharide cholera toxin and heat labile allowed for the design and enterotoxin, consist of an enzy- synthesis of a five-fold symmetric matically active A-subunit and five carbohydrate analogue with sub- B-subunits that bind to GM1 nanomolar affinity for the toxin. gangliosides. Since the B-subunits The session on carbohydrates and are ‘non-toxic’ they could be proteins began with a presenta- exploited as systems to deliver tion from Dr Paul Crocker peptides into cells. (University of Dundee) on sialic Professor Tim Hirst (University of acid binding lectins, or Siglecs. Bristol) described this work and These recently-discovered sialic recent findings that the B-subunit acid binding Ig-like lectins are a of cholera toxin and an E. coli major family, characterised by an enterotoxin possess a capacity, N-terminal V-set Ig domain that linked to their lectin function, to mediates sialic acid binding, directly modulate mammalian followed by varying numbers of immune systems. The B-subunits C2-set Ig domains. Siglecs are can down-regulate certain expressed predominantly in the immune responses and promote immune system and are involved others. There are potential uses in in both adhesive and signalling the prevention of inflammatory functions, suggesting a role in autoimmune disorders, such as cellular activation via sialic acid arthritis and diabetes, and as recognition. mucosal vaccine adjuvants. The second presentation in this The final paper of the day was session was given by Dr Malcolm given by Professor Germán Lyon (Christie Hospital, Manches- Camejo (AstraZeneca, Mölndal, ter). He described recent work on Sweden) on the role of complex heparan sulphate proteoglycans, carbohydrates in atherosclerosis. where the heparan sulphate Proteoglycans rich in sulphated polysaccharide is conjugated to a glycosaminoglycan chains, protein core. These ubiquitous chondroitin and dermatan molecules were long thought to sulphates are responsible for the play predominantly structural retention of apoB-containing roles within the extracellular lipoproteins, through specific matrix. However, new research is interactions between positively showing that they are integral cell charged lysine and arginine rich surface components, displaying segments of the lipoprotein with molecular complexity and variabili- negatively charged sulphated ty between different tissues. They proteoglycans. Consequent interact with a more diverse range structural changes in the lipopro- of proteins, including growth teins increase their susceptibility factors/cytokines, than previously to degradation. These structural thought. alterations also have important

101 Review of the Session 2000-2001

consequences in the interaction of glycosaminoglycans or that induce lipoproteins with arterial cells that the synthesis in smooth muscle are responsible for the tissue cells of proteoglycans with lower response leading to atherogene- affinity for apoB-lipoproteins, are sis. potential anti-atherosclerotic Therapies that reduce the associa- agents. tion of apoB-lipoproteins with

102 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

Symposium Pont’s Worlds : Timothy Pont’s 16th Century Maps and Mapping in a Wider Context Saturday 29 September 2001

The fifth and final seminar in the carried out since 1996 during series established by Project Pont Project Pont, reporting current was organised jointly by the research and defining some new National Library of Scotland and research questions. Reflecting the the Royal Society of Edinburgh inter-disciplinary nature of recent and held in the Society’s Rooms research, speakers included on 29 September 2001. The historians of cartography, architec- touring exhibition on the work of ture, church and state, Pont - Mapping the Realm - which geographers and archaeologists. had been arranged by the NLS was on display at the seminar and Dr Jeffrey Stone (Aberdeen during the subsequent week. University) summarised our present knowledge of Pont After graduating from the himself and examined the depic- University of St Andrews in the tion of bridges on Pont’s maps early 1580s, the young Timothy and the information that can be Pont undertook the mapping of derived from this. Chris Fleet (NLS) the whole of Scotland and the analysed the manuscript and compilation of written descrip- printed maps of Robert Gordon of tions of parts of the country, the Straloch which contained informa- best known of which is his tion derived from Pont’s maps and description of Cunningham, manuscripts, paying particular Ayrshire. Thirty eight of the attention to the place names on delicate sheets of paper on which Gordon’s maps. Professor he drew his maps survive in the Lawrence Keppie (Glasgow NLS. These manuscript maps University) examined in detail the range in quality from very rough information provided by Pont on sketches to more finished copies, the Antonine Wall, stressing the but almost all depict topographic importance of his early description features, settlements, place of the Wall and his interpretation names, buildings, bridges, towns of the evidence available at that and woodland. Pont’s maps time, and his list of extant or formed the basis for the first Atlas probable forts along the Wall. Dr of Scotland produced by Blaeu in Alan Macdonald (Dundee Univer- 1654. sity) considered Pont and his work Speakers at the seminar placed in the context of his father’s Pont’s maps in context, reviewing involvement in the affairs of some of the results of research church and state, concluding that

103 Review of the Session 2000-2001

although Pont is known to have concerned with local description been appointed minister of the including the mapping and parish of Dunnet, , in textual description of the topogra- 1601, a post which he held until phy, and the historic, social and at least 1611, but must have economic features of an area. demitted by 1614, there was no Such local or regional description evidence that he actually under- contributed to more general took his duties as minister. In geographic knowledge. In this both the surviving maps and other sense Pont was very much the material there is perhaps rather chorographer of Scotland. The less evidence for Pont’s interest in seminar was concluded by ecclesiastical concerns and church Professor Charles McKean who buildings than in other aspects of thanked those who had taken contemporary economical and part in the seminar and all those social activities. Pont’s maps and who had collaborated in Project map-making were set in the Pont during the previous five context of contemporary mapping years. in England and north-west Europe As a result of Project Pont, much by Catherine Delano-Smith more is known about Pont (London University), who illustrat- himself, his maps and their ed that Pont was a map-maker of contexts in Scotland. However, his times: local to Scotland, yet no there still remain such fundamen- less firmly part of general Europe- tal issues as the reasons for the an practice. Professor Charles compilation of the maps and the Withers (Edinburgh University) ways in which Point carried out his similarly placed Pont’s work in the field work, as well as the means by context of contemporary geo- which Pont’s maps were incorpo- graphical description, rated into the maps published by emphasising the distinction to be Blaeu in 1654, some sixty years made between chorography and after their origin. geography. The former was

104 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Exhibitions

Conference The Quality of Life and the Socio-Economic Problems associated with Ageing 3 October 2001 Speakers’ Abstracts Delivering New Standards in life path of income likely to Health Care. develop as labour market behav- Sir Alan Langlands, Principal & iour changes? How can we run Vice-Chancellor, University of pension systems that are stable Dundee and can be trusted when they take There is a strong commitment in so long to come to maturity and Whitehall and Holyrood to yet are so frequently reformed? improve health and social care for State Versus Private Sector older people. Standards have Provision. been set to improve the quality of Mr Jim Stretton, Chief Execu- care and to reduce variations in tive, UK Operations, Standard service provision. Life. But the task of helping older The ageing of the population, the people to maintain their inde- wish of many to enjoy substantial pendence and meeting the needs periods of retirement, changes to of others with multiple and family structures and the increas- complex needs is one of the most ing costs of care and medical difficult facing the health and treatment for the less-fit elderly all social care system. It requires new combine to raise complex ques- service models, new forms of tions of affordability. The partnership working, investment principal policy response in the UK and the active involvement of has been to encourage the older people and their carers. transfer of parts of the funding This talk will critically appraise process from the public to the current policies and set out the private sector. What will be the pre-requisities for delivering real effects? and sustainable change. Political Realism and Policy Changes in Income over a Life- Options. Time and Issues of Retirement. Professor Alice Brown, Profes- Mr Andrew Dilnot, CBE. Insti- sor of Politics & Vice Principal, tute for Fiscal Studies, London University of Edinburgh How much income do those over The establishment of the Scottish retirement age have? How has Parliament just over two years ago this changed over time, and how has changed the context in which is it likely to change? How is the public policy is developed in Scotland. The new, more propor-

105 Review of the Session 2000-2001

tional, electoral system has making, offer the potential for resulted in a different balance of different voices to be heard and power between the political new options to be placed on the parties. In addition, the proce- policy agenda. These options have dures of the Parliament are based at times diverged from policies on the principles recommended south of the border, not least in by the Consultative Steering relation to the topic of this Group, namely power-sharing, conference on the quality of life accountability, access and partici- for the ageing population. This pation, and equal opportunities. presentation examines the extent These new conditions, and the to which the aspirations for the commitment to involve a wide new political system in Scotland range of people in decision- have been realised and explores the prospects for the future.

106 PUBLICATIONS

Proceedings A: Mathematics. comprising 23 papers; volume The journal had 156 papers 91.3/4 (2001, for 2000) - the submitted for consideration Southern Uplands Symposium during the Session and published double issue, comprising 18 six issues: parts 130.6 to 131.5 papers; and volume 92.1 (2001), inclusive. 74 papers were pub- comprising 6 papers. lished. Other Publications RSE News. Issue 30 “Engineering the Scottish Parlia- (replaced by ReSourcE in April ment Building”: the 2001 Royal 2001) Society of Edinburgh/Royal ReSourcE. Issues 1 and 2 Academy of Engineering Joint Lecture, delivered in Edinburgh by Transactions: Earth Sciences. Mr David Lewis and Mr Alan E Three issues were published: Tweedie. Published by the RSE, volume 91.1/2 (2000) - the Hutton February 2001. IV Symposium double issue,

107

FUNDRAISING Council agreed to launch a The major campaign objective is fundraising campaign to secure to create and develop sufficient the funds necessary to implement reserves so that the Society can the Corporate Plan (2001-2006) develop its programme of activi- produced following extensive ties as articulated in the Corporate consultation with the Fellowship Plan. It will also enable the and key external RSE supporters. Society to address issues of The campaign was formally importance to Scotland, in an launched in August 2001 when independent manner, through HRH the Duke of Edinburgh, think tanks and through specially Patron of the Fundraising Cam- constituted fora. paign visited the RSE. The launch A small Fundraising Executive coincided with news of a major Committee, chaired by RSE Vice- grant from the Lloyds TSB Founda- President, Lord Ross was set up to tion for Scotland to expand a co-ordinate the different aspects programme of research on of the campaign, and a Fundrais- measures to improve quality of life ing Advisor, Stuart Armstrong was for an increasingly ageing popula- contracted to help shape the tion. campaign on a day-to-day basis. Shortly before the formal launch, The initial task was to articulate a meetings were held in Glasgow, vision which represented the very Aberdeen, London and Edinburgh varied nature of the Society. at which the President and Senior Realising Scotland’s Excellence is Officers presented the final the banner under which the version of the Corporate Plan and Society is aiming to increase its outlined the fundraising objec- contribution to Scotland’s devel- tives. opment , through the expertise of the Fellowship and in partnership The Corporate Plan recognises with business, academia amd that Scotland needs to engage all public bodies. its available resources to realise its full potential and the RSE contains This report covers the period up to within its Fellowship a major October 2001 and at that stage reservoir of knowledge and skill the Fellowship was in the process that should be deployed to of being contacted through achieve that objective. personal letters from the Presi- dent.

109

SCOTTISH SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE At the launch of A Science Committee Members Strategy for Scotland in August Professor Wilson Sibbett, CBE, 2001, the then Minister for FRS, FRSE (Chair) Enterprise & Lifelong Learning, Wendy Alexander, announced the Professor Geoffrey Boulton, OBE, creation of the Scottish Science FRS, FRSE Advisory Committee . This new Professor Jane Bower committee is a key part of the Dr Donald Bruce Science Strategy and a central element of the science policy Professor Muffy Calder framework which sets out a new Professor John Coggins, FRSE way forward for science in Scotland. Dr Graham Durant The Scottish Science Advisory Professor Tariq Durrani, FRSE, Committee, will operate under FREng the auspices of the RSE, and will Mrs Sarah Fletcher identify scientific priorities, Professor Margaret Gill, FRSE inform policy in science and technology, and advise Scottish Professor Peter Grant, FRSE, FREng Executive Ministers on issues of Professor Sally Macintyre OBE, strategic scientific importance. FRSE The Committee’s remit to monitor Dr John Nicholls progress and advise the Executive on how the Scottish Science Professor Andrea Nolan Strategy is being implemented Mr Ian Ritchie across departments, was agreed Professor John Savill following consultation between the President, Sir William Stewart, Professor David Wallace CBE, FRS, and the Scottish Executive, which FRSE, FREng will fund the work of the Commit- Dr John Whitelock tee. SSAC Staff The Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is responsible for Dr Avril Davidson. Head of appointments to the Committee, Secretariat. and the Secretariat. The Chair of Ms Tracy Rickard. PA/Administra- the Committee, will also act as tor. chief advisor on science to the All were appointed after the end Scottish Executive. of the Session covered in the publication.

111

EVIDENCE, ADVICE AND COMMENT November 2000 April 2001 Work Plan of the Agriculture and Review of Teaching Funding: Third Environment Biotechnology Stage Consultation. Scottish Committee. Agriculture and Higher Education Funding Council Environment Biotechnology The European Commission’s Committee proposals in its White Paper December 2000 “Strategy for a future Chemicals Assessment of Risk to Biodiversity Policy” (COM(2001)88) House of from GM Crop Management. Lords European Union Committee Advisory Committee on Releases Review of Research Policy and to the Environment Funding: Second Stage Consulta- for Scientific tion. Scottish Higher Education Advisory Committees. Office of Funding Council Science and Technology European Commission’s Chemicals January 2001 White Paper. Department of the Are We Realising Our Potential. Environment, Transport and the Royal Commission on Environ- Regions mental Pollution The Adventitious Presence of GM Long-term Effects of Chemicals in Seeds in the Seed of Conventional the Environment. Royal Commis- Varieties. Scottish Executive Rural sion on Environmental Pollution Affairs Department consultation February 2001 Proposed Cairngorms National Proposed Loch Lomond & the Park. Scottish Natural Heritage Trossachs National Park. Scottish May 2001 Natural Heritage Scottish Executive’s Interim Wave and Tidal Energy. House of Response to the Findings of the Commons Science and Technolo- Phillips Report. Scottish Executive gy Committee Rural Affairs Department March 2001 The Sixth Environmental Action National Parks in Scotland - Direct Programme. Scottish Executive Elections. Scottish Executive Environment Group Environment Group Devolution and the Arts, the Fuelling the Future. Foresight Humanities and the Social Energy Futures Task Force Sciences. The Royal Society of Edinburgh and British Academy Cost/Benefit Assessment and the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act Animals in Scientific Procedures. 1986. Animal Procedures Com- House of Lords Animals in mittee Scientific Procedures inquiry

113 Review of the Session 2000-2001

June 2001 Supply of Scientists and Engi- The Forthcoming Review of the neers. Sir Gareth Roberts’ Review Common Fisheries Policy. Scottish of the Supply of Scientists and Executive Rural Affairs Department Engineers Stem Cell Research. House of September 2001 Lords Stem Cell Research Commit- Commission Proposals on Adven- tee titious GM Presence in Non-GM The Nature of Scotland - A Policy Seeds. Scottish Executive Rural Statement. Scottish Executive Affairs Department Environment Group Application of the Consultative Foresight Review. Department of Steering Group Principles in the Trade and Industry Scottish Parliament. Scottish Parliament Procedures Committee July 2001 Land Reform: The Draft Bill. The Future of Europe. Scottish Scottish Executive Rural Affairs Parliament European Committee Department Developments on European Quinquennial Review of the Grant Commission proposals on Awarding Research Councils. traceability and labelling of GMOs Office of Science and Technology and food and feed products derived from them, and on Review of Funding for the Volun- genetically modified food and tary Sector in Scotland. Scottish feed. Food Standards Agency Executive Development Depart- ment Research Support Libraries Group – Call for Evidence. UK Funding Natural Heritage Zones Pro- Councils gramme. Scottish Natural Heritage October 2001 European Commission Proposal to Code of Practice for Scientific Introduce Legislation Controlling Advisory Committees: Second Radioactivity in Foodstuffs. Food Round of Consultation. Office of Standards Agency (Scotland) Science and Technology Inquiry into the Global Economy. Protecting our Rights: A Human House of Lords Select Committee Rights Commission for Scotland. on Economic Affairs Scottish Executive Justice Depart- ment August 2001 Copies of these submissions are Possible Scenarios for the Uptake available on the RSE Website at of GM in Agriculture. Agriculture www.royalsoced.org.uk or can be and Environment Biotechnology obtained from the Society’s Commission Research Officer, Dr Marc Rands ([email protected])

114 INQUIRIES During the Session, Working Parties were set up to look at the issues involved in Foot and Mouth Disease, Infectious Salmon Anaemia and Mediation in Medical Negligence Cases. Infectious Salmon Anaemia Particular emphasis was placed on Following representations made future methods of prevention and to the RSE by members of the control. The final report, (issued public, expressing the view that July 2002) with recommendations the current EC legislation is not for priorities should there be a based on science, a Working Party, further outbreak, is available on chaired by Professor Sir Roderick the RSE web site. MacSween, was set up to assess Members were : the science behind legislation Professor Ian Cunningham (Chair) governing the control of Infec- Professor Gavin McCrone (Vice- tious Salmon Anaemia (ISA), a viral Chair) disease of salmon. Sir James Armour The final report was published in Professor Brian Ashcroft June 2002 and is available on the Dr Jean Balfour RSE Website. Mr Ivan Broussine Members of the group were : Sir David Carter Dr W J Irvine Sir Roderick MacSween (Chair) Mrs Barbara Kelly Professor Ian Aitken Dr Bill Martin Professor Peter Maitland Dr Donald MacRae Professor Imants Priede Professor Jeff Maxwell Professor Stuart Reid Dr Laura Meagher Professor John Sargent Mr David Mitchell Sir William Stewart Dr Peter Nettleton Dr Marc Rands (Secretary) Professor Stuart Reid Foot and Mouth Disease Dr Robert Sellers Mr Loudon Hamilton (Secretary) Chaired by Professor Ian Cunning- ham, this group, with members Mediation in Medical Negli- drawn from veterinary health, gence Cases medicine, farming, economics, Prompted by a symposium on tourism, consumers and the Medical Practice and the Growth general public, was tasked with of LItigation in the UK held at the conducting a wide-ranging RSE in 2000, a panel of experts assessment of the impact of the chaired by RSE Vice-President, disease on animal health and Lord Ross was set up, with the examining the social and econom- support of the Scottish Executive ic consequences of the epidemic and the Medical and Dental on the countryside and on Defence Union of Scotland, to Scotland as a whole. explore whether mediation could

115 Review of the Session 2000-2001

help resolve disputes between Mrs Pat Dawson patients and health services in Mr Tom Divers Scotland. Mr Hugh Donald The group took evidence through- Dr John Garner out Scotland from a range of Mr Ranald Macdonald professional and public bodies. Dr William Mathewson The report was published in Mr Grant McCulloch February 2002 and is available on Lord Patel the RSE website. Mrs Anne Smith (now Lady Smith) Professor John Sturrock Members of the group were : Dr Charles Swainson The Rt Hon Lord Ross (Chairman) Ms Helen Tyrell Dr David Blaney Mr Graeme Herbert (Secretary) Ms Maggie Boyle

116 PUBLIC POLICY SEMINARS As part of its continuing contribution to helping Scotland meet the new challenges set by devolution, the Society ran a programme of public policy seminars entitled “Scotland’s Well-being”, supported by the Scottish Executive, which provided the necessary funding and seconded to the Society, a staff member, Graeme Herbert, to manage the programme. The programme comprised a series of “think tank” events, which provided neutral platforms for discussion of important economic, cultural and social development issues, and which helped to inform the policy decision- making process concerning the future well-being of the people of Scotland. Four seminars were held during the session. The programme was inclusive in its approach and brought together people from all walks of life, including Scottish Executive Ministers, the public, MSPs, academics, practitioners, the voluntary sector and Scottish Executive and Local Government officials. Reports are available on the RSE website. www.royalsoced.org.uk

14 December 2000. The Active from the Government’s objective Involvement of Older People. The of stimulating the development of specific focus of this was support- the renewables industry and the ing and encouraging the active obligations it proposes to help involvement of an ever-increasing achieve this. older population, through 25 June 2001. Urban Congestion tapping into the contribution they - A Charging Solution. The can make to society and business; specific focus of this was on the the contribution business can potential introduction of road make to actively involve them; and pricing and the range of issues providing learning that equips that need to be developed and them with practical skills and addressed as a consequence. knowledge to be actively involved. The last seminar in the pro- 14 February 2001. Educating gramme was held on 19 through Inclusive Schooling. This November, during the 2001-2002 focused on the mainstreaming of session. This focused on the all children within both the fields potential use of mediation in of primary and secondary educa- helping to resolve disputes tion, and in particular how involving patients and the health disaffected and disengaged services in Scotland, and it children can be supported and supported the work of the engaged within this. Society’s Mediation Working 26 March 2001. Renewable Group, which considered this Energy -21st Century Challenges particular issue and reported its and Changes. This focused on the considerations in February 2002. challenges and changes arising

117

LINKS WITH INDUSTRY The RSE is committed to promoting the economic well-being of Scotland by encouraging closer links between the country’s research base and its commercial sector. This already happens in a number of ways, including providing Enterprise Fellowships which allow young researchers to develop- ing their research from a commercial perspective; supporting the Government’s Foresight programmes in Scotland; and by undertaking work leading to and in support of Technology Ventures, a national strategy aimed at increasing the volume of Scottish-based businesses exploiting Scotland’s world-class Science base. Details of the Society’s Enterprise Fellowships are provided in the Research Awards section. The following events were also held in encouraging closer links between the country’s research base and its commercial sector in 2000/01. Events 12th March 2001: The first RSE Science Base Research and 11th December 2000: The Commercialistion Workshop, held Fourteenth Foresight seminar on at the University of Glasgow. Healthcare: Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology and Medical Chaired by Professor Robert Devices. Donovan, the workshop included a presentation from Dr Cathy Introduced by Professor Robert Garner, Director, Research and Donovan, this seminar included Enterprise, The University of keynote presentations by Profes- Glasgow, and a Panel discussion sor David Delpy, FRS, Professor of including Mr Hugh Thomson, Medical Photonics, University Director, Research and Consultan- College London and member of cy Services, University of the Foresight Healthcare Panel on Strathclyde; Ms Margaret McGarry, “Healthcare 2020 - Some Outputs Director, City Industries, Scottish from the Healthcare Panel” and Enterprise Glasgow and Dr John Professor Graeme Catto, FRSE, Bremner, Business Development Vice- Principal of Kings College Director, Link Technologies Ltd. London, Dean of Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School of Medicine 15th May 2001: The second RSE and former Chief Scientist of the Science Base Research and Scottish Executive Health Depart- Commercialistion Workshop, held ment on “Healthcare in 2000: A at the University of Dundee. (Personal) Scottish Perspective”. Chaired by Professor Robert Donovan, the workshop included a presentation from Mr James Houston, Director, Research and Innovation Services, University of Dundee, and a Panel discussion which included Mrs Lorna Siller,

119 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Director, Research and Enterprise a presentation from Dr Iain Glenn, Services, University of St Andrews, Research Director, Highland Mr Kevin Bazley, Development Psychiatric Research Foundation, Manager, Biotechnology and UHI Millenium Institute, Mr Calum Healthcare, Scottish Enterprise Davidson, Head of Knowledge Tayside and Mr Michael Voice, Economy and Growing Business Director, Cypex Limited, Dundee. Group, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and Mr Alistair Good- 15th June 2001: The third RSE lad, Managing Director, SAGA Science Base Research and Seafoods, Shetland. A Panel Commercialistion Workshop, held discussion followed including Dr at Heriot-Watt University. J.Douglas McKenzie, Managing Chaired by Professor Robert Director, Integrin Advanced Donovan, the workshop included Biosystems, Oban. a presentation from Ms Gillian 20th August 2001: The RSE McFadzean, Director, Technology Science Base Research and and Research Services, Heriot Watt Commercialistion Workshop University, and a Panel discussion summary event, held at the RSE, with Dr Robert Smailes, Director, chaired by Professor Robert Research and Innovation, Universi- Donovan. ty of Edinburgh, Mr David Caughey, Development Manager, The summary event was held at Scottish Enterprise Edinburgh and the RSE on 20 August 2001 with Lothians and Dr Gerald Buller, an invited group of science base Director, Terrahertz, Edinburgh. research and commercialisation representatives from universities 28th June 2001: The fourth RSE and research institutes, key Science Base Research and personnel from Government and Commercialistion Workshop, held local hi-tech start-ups. The event at the University of the Highlands sought to examine the common and Islands Millennium Institute issues arising from the four Executive Office, Inverness. regional workshops and identify Chaired by Professor Robert and encourage the adoption of Donovan, the workshop included best practice.

Reports of all the above seminars have now been published and can also be found on the RSE Website at www.royalsoced.org.uk

120 EVENTS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE Schools Lectures Startup Science Masterclasses 25 January 2001. Flashes and Supported by Lloyds TSB Founda- Bangs by Dr Oliver Musgrave at tion for Scotland Ross High School, Tranent, East Glasgow University. Lothian 21, 28 October, 11,18 November 12 March 2001. Building Bridges 2000 by Professor Miles Padgett at 31 March, 7, 28 April, 5 May Gairloch High School, nr Inverness 2001 30 March 2001. Human Genome St Andrews University. – the movie by Dr Wendy Bick- 11,18, 25 November, 2 December more at Douglas Academy, 2000 Milnagavie, Glasgow 21, 28 April, 5, 12 May 2001 30 April 2001. Serpents and Stirling University. Synthesisers by Professor Murray 11,18, 25 November, 2 December Campbell at Inverkeithing High 2000 School 28 April, 12, 26 May, 9 June 2001 12 September 2001. Human Satrosphere, Aberdeen. Genome – the movie by Dr Wendy 4,18 November, 2,16 December Bickmore at Cults Academy, 2000 Kinkorth Academy, as part of Heriot-Watt University. TechFest 12, 19, 26 May, 2 June 2001 13 September 2001. Human Summer Science Camp Genome – the movie by Dr Wendy Supported by Lloyds TSB Founda- Bickmore at Peterhead Academy tion for Scotland and Ellon Academy, as part of TechFest Satrosphere, Aberdeen 23-27 July 2001 16 October 2001. Aspects of Cancer by Professor John Wyke at For a week in the summer, S1/S2 Glenalmond College, nr Perth pupils attended a new series of masterclasses at Satrosphere on Christmas Lectures the general theme of Space and 12 December 2000. Nature, Time. The pupils studied the Nurture or Neither - What Genet- theory of sundials, made card- ics Tells Us About Ourselves by board models and painted two Professor Steve Jones at Perth different ones on the tarmac High School. outside Satrosphere. The week Students from eight schools in also included a visit to the Perth & Kinross and Fife heard this Planetarium and to the Maritime lecture. In the evening Professor Museum to study past methods of Jones gave the talk Almost Like a navigation. The camp concluded Whale: Is Man Just Another with a visit to the historic sundials Animal? to the general public. at the National Trust for Scotland’s Pitmedden Gardens and a

121 Review of the Session 2000-2001

demonstration of Global Position- Discussion Forum ing Systems. 18 June 2001. Primary School Maths Master- Mobile Phone Technology and classes Safety:’Good to Talk’? at the Craigmount High School, Edin- University of Glasgow. In conjunc- burgh tion with the BA. Supported by 28 October, 4, 11, 18 November the IOP and EPSRC. 2000 Sir William Stewart FRS, PRSE, who Kirkliston Primary School, West had chaired the Independent Lothian Expert Group, which published 4, 11, 18, 25 November 2000 the highly regarded Stewart report St George’s School, Edinburgh on Mobile Phones and Health in 13, 20, 27 January and 3 February May 2000, chaired this Discussion 2001 Forum. Kelvinside Academy, Glasgow Dr James Irvine of Strathclyde 20, 27 January, 3, 10 February University began by explaining 2001 how mobile phone technology Physics Masterclasses works. After the physics, Dr Dick Lerski from the University of New Saturday morning master- Dundee’s Medical School spoke classes for S5/S6 students, in about the effects of radiofrequen- conjunction with the University of cy radiation emitted by mobile Glasgow Department of Physics phones on the brain and about and Astronomy. non-thermal effects. Ethics and 29 September, 6, 13, 20 October sociology followed as Mr John 2001 Fellows, a lay member of the Stewart Committee, discussed the RSE Roadshow public’s concerns. 19-21 March 2001. The young people then discussed Food For Thought as part of in workshop groups, developing National Science Week at Eye- their own proposals as to the way mouth High School, Berwickshire. forward. Almost all of the young Postponed due to an outbreak of people who attended owned or Foot and Mouth Disease in the had use of a mobile phone. But area they were concerned and wanted to know more about how mobile phones would affect them. They called for easier access to safety information and more ‘independ- ent’ research into the effects on health. Strong concerns were expressed about the siting of mobile phone masts.

122 RESEARCH AWARDS The following Research Awards were made in the Session 2000/2001.

BP Research Fellowship SEELLD Support Research Dr Matthew Costen: Novel Fellowships techniques in inelastic collision Dr David Hopkins: Decay of dynamics. (Chemistry, Heriot- residues from GM plants in soils. Watt) (Environmental Science, Stirling) SEELLD Personal Research Dr Anthony Powell: Exploiting Fellowships low-dimensionality in metal Dr Peter Andolfatto: Population chalcogenides: electrical and Genetics of the Drosophila magnetic properties of new melanogaster species group. materials. (Chemistry, Heriot- (ICAPB, Edinburgh) Watt) CRF Biomedical Research Dr David Andrew: The central Fellowships neuroanatomical representation of dental pain. (IBLS, Glasgow) – Dr Mandy Jackson: Molecular from USA mechanisms that regulate the Dr Sonja Franke-Arnold: Precision neuronal glutamate transporter magnetometry utilising electro- EAAT4. (Centre for Neuroscience, magnetically induced Edinburgh) – from USA transparency. (Physics, Strathclyde) Dr Lesley Stark: Studies of the molecular effects of NSAIDs in Dr Alun Hubbard: Modelling the colorectal cancer: implications for Ice-Sheet, Landscape, Climate cancer prevention and novel drug System of Antarctica. (Geography, discovery. (Oncology, MRC Edinburgh) – from New Zealand Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh) Dr Nigel Kelly: What causes the clock to start ticking? Understand- Dr Robin Plevin: Generation of ing the rates of mountain transgenic mice to study the role building. (Geology, Edinburgh) – of proteinase-activated Receptor-2 from Australia in inflammatory disease. (Physiol- ogy & Pharmacology, Strathclyde; Dr Jason Smith: Single nanocrys- at Centre for Genome Research, tallites in novel resonant Edinburgh) microcavities; towards a triggered single photon source. (Physics, CRF European Visiting Research Heriot-Watt) Fellowships in the Humanities Professor T Artemieva, Russian Academy of Sciences, from School of European Languages & Cul- tures St Petersburg, Russia, to Edinburgh University.

123 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Dr S Döring, from University of Microelectronics Essen, to Dept of Moral Philoso- Dr Ben Hounsell: Commercialisa- phy, St Andrews University. tion of a high performance Dr M Fazzini, from University of programmable processor for Macerata, Italy, to Dept of English multimedia data processing Literature, Edinburgh University. applications. (Electronic & Ms J Tomicka, from National Electrical Engineering, Edinburgh) Museum of Warsaw, Poland, to Dr Andrew Peacock: Image Fusion Hunterian Museum and Glasgow Systems. (Electronic & Electrical University. Engineering, Edinburgh) Dr S Murdoch, from Aberdeen Communications Technologies University, to State Archives Dr Meurig Sage: Paraglide – Stockholm, University of Uppsala, mobile computing support for Gothenburg Regional Archive and anaesthesia. (Computing Science, University. Glasgow) Dr C Woolfson, from Glasgow Biotechnology University, to Kaunas Medical Academy, Lithuania. Dr Chris Hillier: Novel technology to assist the discovery of the next Lloyds TSB Foundation for generation of cardiovascular Scotland Support Research drugs. (Biological & Biomedical Fellowship Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian) Dr Malcolm MacLeod: Explaining Dr Marie Claire Parker: Enzyme- memory performance in old age. coated Microcrystals. (Chemistry, (Psychology, St Andrews) Glasgow) PPARC Enterprise Fellowship Enterprise Fellows’ Presenta- Dr Grant Crossingham: Scinti- tions spheres – The shape of things to The Scottish Enterprise and PPARC come in gamma-ray spectroscopy. Enterprise Fellows gave their (Physics & Astronomy, Southamp- six-monthly and final presenta- ton) tions to members of the Scottish Enterprise Fellowships Enterprise Fellowships Selection Optoelectronics Committee at events held at the RSE on 26th March 2001 and 2nd Dr Stuart McKay: Personal Interac- October 2001 respectively. tive 3-D Imaging System using a Novel Optical Screen. (Mechanical These presentation events give the Engineering, Strathclyde) Committee an opportunity to find out how the Fellows are progress- ing and what successes and problems they have encountered during the Fellowship. Former

124 Research Awards

Enterprise Fellows are invited to Dr Edwin van Teijlingen, for a attend and exchange ideas and workshop entitled, Psycho-social advice. Business collaborations ethical aspects of genetic counsel- between some of the Enterprise ling. Fellows have resulted from this Dr Douglas Roy, for a workshop opportunity to meet. entitled, The application and Presentations were made by : potential of microarray and chip Dr Ala Al-Obaidi based technologies in biomedical (Optoelectronics) research. Dr Wei Huang Cormack Vacation Scholarships (Communication Technologies) Mr Richard Archibald, Edinburgh Mr Douglas Maxwell University, for his project entitled (Biotechnology) The -space bias of the Dr Andrew Mearns Spragg galaxy distribution. (Biotechnology) Dr Andy Porter Mr Peter Arrowsmith, Edinburgh (Biotechnology) University, for his project entitled Dr Matthew Dallimore A search for new Planetary (PPARC) Nebulae in the Galactic Bulge. Dr Mark Williams Mr Niall Deacon, Edinburgh (PPARC) University, for his project entitled Dr Andrew Zadrozny The parallax of a newly discovered (PPARC). star. Lessells Scholarships Mr Michael Fleming, Glasgow Mr Steven MacGregor, Strathclyde University, for his project entitled University : Testing the Large Scale Homogeneity of the Uni- Mr Gordon Cameron, Napier verse. University. Miss Sarah Smolkin, Glasgow Mr Ben Thornber, Edinburgh University, for her project entitled University. Space Mission Studies of Solar Wellcome Trust Research Coronal Heating and Mass Supply. Workshops Mr Martin Torney, Strathclyde Dr David Smith and Dr Lesley University, for his project entitled Diack, for a workshop entitled, Modelling x-ray line and continu- New perspectives of the Aberdeen um emission from comets. typhoid outbreak.

125 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Research Fellows in Post During the Session

SEELLD Personal Research CRF/RSE European Visiting Fellowships Research Fellowships Dr S Collins, Glasgow University, Dr I Biliarsky, From Institute of Physics. History, Sofia, Bulgaria, to Dept of Dr G Robb, Strathclyde University, Mediaeval History, St Andrews Physics. University. Dr M Evans, Edinburgh University, Professor N Hrovatin, From Physics and Astronomy. University of Ljubljana Slovenia, to Dr S Farrington, Edinburgh Business School & Economics University, Genetics. Department, Glasgow Caledonian University. Dr S Booker, Dundee University, Mathematics. Professor V Lahoda, from Institute of Art History, Prague, Czech Dr A Arnold, Strathclyde Universi- Republic, to School of Art History, ty, Physics. St Andrews University. Dr A Anderson, Dundee Universi- Dr M Mikeshin, from The Russian ty, Mathematics. Academy of Sciences Russia, to Dr M Haw, Edinburgh University, Institute for Advanced Studies in Physics and Astronomy. the Humanities, Edinburgh SEELLD Support Research University. Fellowships Dr C Barker, from Dundee Univer- Dr D Johnston, Heriot-Watt sity, to Humbolt University in University, Mathematics. Berlin, Germany. Dr S Linton, St Andrews University, Dr C Emmott, from Glasgow Computer Science. University, to Institute of Linguis- tics, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Professor J Irvine, St Andrews University, Chemistry. Dr A Roach, from Glasgow University, to British School in Dr N Stuart, Edinburgh University, , Italy. Geography. Dr G Warwick, from Glasgow Dr W Weiglhofer, Glasgow University, to American Academy University, Mathematics. in Rome, Italy. Dr A Mount, Edinburgh University, BP Research Fellowships Chemistry. Dr C Peters, Edinburgh University, Professor S Barnett, Strathclyde Chemistry. University, Physics & Applied Physics. Dr K Skeldon, Glasgow University, Physics & Astronomy. Dr D Skryabin, Strathclyde Univer- sity, Physics.

126 Research Awards

Dr C Gordon, Strathclyde Universi- in Optoelectronics ty, Chemistry. Dr Ala Al-Obaidi, Robert Gordon Dr Y Najman, Edinburgh Universi- University, Optoelectronics. ty, Geology & Geophysics. PPARC Fellowships Dr A Finch, St Andrews University, Mr Matthew Dallimore, South- Geological Sciences. ampton University, Physics & Lessells Scholars Astronomy. Mr Simon McGeough, Aberdeen Dr Mark Williams, Queen Mary & University, Mechanical Engineer- Westfield College, London, ing. Physics. Mr Matt Staines, Strathclyde Dr Andrew Zadrozny, Durham University, Civil Engineering. University, Physics. Mr Mark Taylor, Napier University, Lloyds TSB Foundation for Civil Engineering. Scotland Personal Research Cormack Vacation Scholars Fellowships Ross Galloway, Glasgow Univer- Dr J Paterson, Dundee University, sity. Molecular & Cellular Pathology. Iain Hannah, Glasgow Caledonian Dr H Wilkinson, Stirling University, University. Applied Social Science. Dominic Marsat, Edinburgh Lloyds TSB Foundation for University. Scotland Support Research Fellowships Kirsty Selway, Glasgow University. Dr N Alm, Dundee University, Derek Shanks, Glasgow University. Computer Science. Christina Walker, St Andrews Dr L Phillips, Aberdeen University, University. Psychology. Vivienne Wild, Edinburgh Univer- LLoyds TSB Foundation for sity. Scotland PostGraduate Stu- Scottish Enterprise - Enterprise dentships Fellowships Miss L Jessiman, Dundee Univer- in Biotechnology sity, Psychology. Mr Douglas Maxwell, Strathclyde Mr R MacLean, Aberdeen Univer- University, Bioengineering Unit. sity, Psychology. Dr Andrew Mearns Spragg, St Dryerre Scholarship Andrews University, Gatty Marine Miss Alison Littlejohn, Aberdeen Laboratory. University, Biomedical Sciences. Dr Andrew Porter, Aberdeen University, Molecular & Cell Biology.

127

MEDALS, PRIZES AND PRIZE LECTURESHIPS Royal Medals, 2nd Award 2001. Physical and Engineering Presented by HRH The Duke of Sciences: Professor A Ian Scott Edinburgh at a ceremony in FRS FRSE for his outstanding Holyrood House on 4 July 2001. contributions to natural product Life Sciences: Professor Sir James and organic chemistry over the Black OM FRS Hon FRSE for his past thirty years. Among his many unique contribution to the achievements has been the advancement of Pharmacology establishment of the mechanism and to the discovery of highly for the synthesis of the key life effective drugs which have pigments cholorphyll and heme. revolutionised the treatment of He has also done seminal work on the biosynthesis of Vitamin B disease and benefited untold 12, numbers of patients throughout and on alkaloids and on the the world. Sir James’ work led to important anti-tumour agent the discovery of two blockbuster taxol. drugs in different fields. Firstly, Bruce-Preller Prize Lecture the renowned “beta-blocker” 34th award 2000 to drugs which changed cardiovascu- Professor Adrian Bird FRSE for his lar therapeutics beyond lecture entitled The Epigenetics of recognition. He also had great Disease. success in another therapeutic area with the development of Bicentenary Medals cimetidine, which selectively Sir James Armour CBE FRSE, for blocks the effects of histamine on his outstanding support to the the stomach and heart with President and service to the minimal toxicity. The design of Society as Vice-President 1997- these histamine H2 receptor 2000 blockers revolutionised the Sir Lewis Robertson CBE FRSE, for therapy of the peptic ulcer. his outstanding service to the Arts and Social Sciences: Society as Treasurer 1994-1999 Professor Tom Devine FBA Hon Professor Peter Wilson CBE FRSE, MRIA FRSE for his outstanding for his dedicated service to the contribution to Scottish History, Society as General Secretary 1996- particularly the relations between 2001 Scotland and Ireland. Professor Devine is a most distinguished CRF Prize Lecture academic historian who has 11th Award 2001 to Dr Lewis shared his knowledge and Cantley, Department of Cell insights through publications Biology, Harvard Medical School, such as “The Scottish Nation” USA, for his lecture entitled which was, undoubtedly, a Signalling Via Phosphoinositide publishing landmark of 1999. Kinases.

129

GRANTS COMMITTEE

The Grants Committee considered 28 applications and a sum of £15,763 was awarded to 26 applicants. Approximately 53% of this sum was awarded as travel assistance.

Travel Assistance Research Visitor to Scotland Professor E N K Clarkson, for travel Professor A Werritty, to enable Dr to Wales. £300. Stewart Franks, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Professor P S Corbet, for travel to Australia to visit the University of Gallivare, Sweden. £430. Dundee, £350. Professor D W T Crompton, for Professor W Sibbett, to enable travel to Cornell University. £615. Professor E M Wright, University Professor G B Donaldson, for of Arizona, Tucson, USA, to visit travel to Copenhagen. £500. the School of Physics and Astron- Professor B Harte, for travel to omy at St Andrews University, Pretoria and Cape Town. £900. £900. Dr M R W Johnson, for travel to Professor R A Kempton, to enable India. £900. Professor A J Bailer, Miami University, USA, to visit Biomathe- Professor S McKee, for travel to matics & Statistics Scotland at Sao Paulo. £500. Edinburgh University, £900. Professor G Milligan, for travel to Professor E N K Clarkson, to Christchurch, New Zealand. £750. enable Dr Franco Tortello, Museo Professor A A Paterson, for travel La Plata, Argentina, to visit the to Australia and New Zealand. University of Edinburgh, £900. £750. Support for Meetings Professor A H F Robertson, for Professor A Broadie, for a meeting travel to Strasbourg. £500. entitled The Scottish Enlighten- Professor D S Saunders, for travel ment in its European Context to to St Petersburg. £500. be held at Glasgow University, £500. Professor M F Thomas, for travel to Australia. £900. Dr C Glidewell, for a meeting entitled Universities of Scotland Mr R Tripp, for travel from Canada Inorganic Club 2001 (USIC 2001) to Scotland. £318 (subsequently to be held at St Andrews Universi- cancelled. Grant not taken up). ty, £600. Professor G A Watson, for travel Professor A C Wardlaw, for a to Leuven, Belgium. £500. meeting entitled Microbiology Golden Jubilee 2001 to be held at Glasgow University, £500.

131 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Professor M G Cannell, for a Support for Publication meeting entitled Forests at the Professor R S Crofts, as a guaran- Land-atmosphere Interface” to be tee against loss for the held at Edinburgh University, publication of Conserving £600. Nature:Scotland and the Wider Professor F A Huntingford, for a World, to be published by meeting entitled The Role of Tuckwell Press Ltd, £1000 Conservation Science in National Auber Bequest Award 2001 Parks to be held at Glasgow University, £600 Professor Elliot Leader of the Theoretical Physics Research Unit, Professor R Fletcher, for a meeting Birkbeck College, London, for entitled XVth Householder travel to Brookhaven National Symposium on Numerical Linear Laboratory, Upton, , USA Algebra to be held at Peebles and CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Hydro Hotel, £600 for his research project Testing Professor P W J L Brand, for a Quantum Chromodynamics, meeting entitled Techniques for £3000. [Professor Leader later the detection of planets and life informed the Society that he had beyond the solar system to be obtained funding from another held at the Royal Observatory, source. Award not made] Edinburgh, £500 Visiting Lecturer Grants None this Session.

The closing dates for applications to the Grants Committee are 28 February, 31 May, 31 August and 30 November.

132 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME The Society’s international The second, in September 2001 programme continued apace, with with the Scottish Jean Monnet excellent progress being made in Centre for European Excellence, a developing and enhancing its seminar which launched the links and relations in Europe and Future of Europe Debate in beyond. Scotland, which was attended by In Europe, work during the Jack McConnell, the then Scottish session set the ground for the Executive Minister for Europe, Society obtaining membership of members of the Scottish and the All European Academies European Parliaments, and Network, which it did in March ambassadors and representatives 2002. The Society also became a from European member and member of Scotland Europa. This accession states. helped strengthen its other Beyond Europe, the ground was European links - notably with the set for the establishment of European Commission. agreements of scientific coopera- The Society co-hosted two tion between the Society and the important events on the future of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Europe: the National Science Council, Taiwan. The first, in February 2001 with the Scottish Executive and Scot- These agreements were formally land Europa, a seminar discussing signed during the 2001-2002 Scotland’s part in Europe, which session and work is progressing was attended by Neil Kinnock, on their implementation. Vice-President of the European The Society also hosted interna- Commission and Henry McLeish, tional visitors, including, in the then Scottish Executive First February 2001, a Cuban biotech- Minister. nology delegation, led by Dr Carlos Borrotto, Deputy Director of the Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Havana.

133

FELLOWS’ SOCIAL EVENTS Discussion Dinners 29 October 2001. Stateless 7 December 2000. (At University Nations in the 21st Century. The of Stirling). European Funding for Case of Scotland. Research : the priorities and Following Professor David trends. McCrone’s address to the Society. Alan Seatter presented recent (see page 46), with The Right Hon developments in European Lord Ross, PC as Praeses and research policy, concentrating in Professor Sir Neil MacCormick as particular on the idea to develop a discussant. European Research Area, and Discussion Suppers current preparations for the next 14 November 2000. The Role of European Union Framework the Expert Witness, led by the Programme. Among the ques- Right Hon Lord Ross, PC, Dr Adam tions addressed were: What is the Neville, and Professor John Knox, scale of the task facing research with the Rt Hon Lord Ross, PC, in policies in Europe today? How the chair. can each country individually or collectively help European re- 13 February 2001. Too Much search be more competitive on a Science, Too Little Technology?, world scale? What can be done to led by, Sir Graham Hills, Professor make the climate for private Geoffrey Boulton and Dr Ian investment in research and Sword, with Professor Bruce development better? How can the Proudfoot, in the chair. European Union’s own contribu- Fellows’ Coffee Meetings tion be made more effective? Weekly Coffee Meetings were 5 March 2001. Self and Nation. held throughout the winter and Following Dr Adrienne Scullion’s spring months. Speakers at the address to the Society, (see page monthly lecture meetings were: 43) with the Right Hon. Lord 3 October 2000. Subsequence Ross, PC as Praeses, and Professor and Consequence - Pertussis Douglas Gifford as discussant. Vaccine on Trial. Professor A C 13 September 2001. Joint Wardlaw. Chemical Industries Association/ 7 November 2000. Geopolitics, RSE Lecture and Dinner. Strategy and War. Professor J Sustainable Development through Erickson. Innovation, 5 December 2000. Whither Following a lecture by Mr Barry Human Nature? : Reflections on Stickings, Managing Director, the RSE 2000 International BASF UK and President, Chemical Conference on Human Nature. Industry Association. Professor M A Jeeves.

135 Review of the Session 2000-2001

9 January 2001. Emergence of Royal Medal Presentation the Ignorant Spectator. Professor The 2001 Royal Medals (see page P H Jones. 129) were presented on 4 July 6 February 2001. Don’t Bother 2001 by HRH the Duke of Edin- with the Evidence; We’ve Made up burgh, in the Picture Gallery of our Mind. Professor P N Wilson. Holyroodhouse in front of an 20 February 2001. Special audience which included the Lord Meeting to consider draft paper Provost of the City of Edinburgh, Flourishing of Intellectual Vitality the President and members of in Retirement. The paper, revised Council, invited Fellows and in the light of discussion, was guests. submitted on 23 April 2001 to Sir Research Awards Reception David Carter, Vice-President who, in May, presented it to the The 2001 Research Awards (see Business Committee and Council page 123) were announced by where it was welcomed in general. HRH the Duke of Edinburgh on 6 August 2001, at an event held to 6 March 2001. Speech and mark the Duke’s 50th Anniversary Speakers. Professor J D M H Laver. as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal 2 October 2001. Absurdity or Society of Edinburgh. Pedantry. Professor D J Finney. Poster presentations by twenty- The Royal Society Dining Club one current Research and This Club was established on 3rd Enterprise Fellows ran throughout January 1820, with the view of the evening. promoting the objectives of the Fellows’ Golf Challenge Royal Society of Edinburgh. In Session 2000/2001 meetings Fellows, guests and staff enjoyed were held as follows: a blowy golf outing at Aberdour on 7th September 2001. The 815th dinner - 4 December 2000. event was played as a Stableford Praeses : Professor R M MacKie. and the Stewart Trophy was won Croupier : Professor J M Howie.. by Professor John Cornwell. 816th dinner - 2 April 2001. New Fellows’ Dinner 2001 Praeses : Sir Charles Fraser, Croupier : Professor M B Wilkins. The New Fellows’ Dinner for 817th dinner - 4 June 2001. Session 2000/2001, hosted by Praeses : Professor A P Cracknell, Council was held on Friday 12 Croupier : Professor C C Bird. October 2001 and was attended by 54 New Fellows, members of 818th dinner - 26 September Council and RSE staff. Professor 2001. Praeses : Sir William Fraser, Peter Wilson proposed the toast Croupier : Sir Roderick MacSween. to the New Fellows, to which Professor Keith Ingold responded.

136 GRANTS, SPONSORSHIP AND DONATIONS The Society is grateful to the following organisations for their continuing support during the Session :

The Baron Fleck Bequest Scottish Executive Department of British Petroleum Health Lessells Trust Scottish Executive Enterprise & Lifelong Learning Dept Lloyds TSB Scottish Executive Environment & Morrison Charitable Trust Rural Affairs PPARC SHEFC Scottish Enterprise Wellcome Trust and also to the following for their support for specific events :

Archibald Campbell & Harley WS Ove Arup & Partners Astra Zenica UK Ltd Quality Meat Scotland Ltd British Nuclear Fuels plc Royal Society for the Promotion of Caledonian Research Foundation Health The Darwin Trust of Edinburgh Scottish Council of Postgraduate Medical & Dental Education Health Services Research Council Scottish Knowledge plc Holyrood Project Group Sharp Laboratories of Europe HSRC Unilever Research L & E Maths Societies University of Glasgow National Grid Company

137

CHANGES IN FELLOWSHIP DURING THE SESSION DEATHS Fellows Sir Kenneth Alexander Cecil Wilfred Nutt John Frank Allen John Stewart Orr Edward Raymond Andrew James Colquhoun Petrie Cecil Arnold Beevers Robert Alexander Rankin Charles Michael Mcintyre Begg John Mcarthur Reid James Bell John Charles Shenstone Richards Malcolm Murray Campbell John Alan Richardson Sir Kingsley Dunham Ian Naismith Sneddon William Whigham Fletcher Thomas Stevens Stevens Kenneth Boyd Fraser Sir Michael Strachan Sir Alistair Grant Duncan Taylor Sir William Henderson Baron Taylor Of Gryfe David Bowes Horn Arthur Geoffrey Walker William Scott Mackenzie Paul Egerton Weatherley John Laurence Malcolm Thomas Wilson Hans Anton Meidner (Musician/Composer) Christina Cruickshank Miller Thomas Wilson Crispin St John Alvah Nash- (Political Economist) Williams Sir Michael Woodruff Honorary Fellows

Olga Oleinik Cardinal Thomas Joseph Winning Sir Rutherford Robertson

ELECTIONS Honorary Fellows Keith Usherwood Ingold Martin David Kruskal Charles Patrick Fleeming Jenkin Colin Renfrew

Corresponding Fellows Ole Eiler Barndorff-Nielsen Peter Ladefoged Peter Boyle Vladimir Maz’ya Bonnie Jean Dunbar Birger Munk Olsen Anders Hjorth Hald Henning Sørensen Alexander M Klibanov Renhard Zimmerman

139 Review of the Session 2000-2001

Fellows

Stephen Blackmore Colin Robert Mcinnes John Leonard Brockington Donald Angus Mackenzie Ewan Brown Hugh Robert Peel Miller Keith Mark Brown Ronald Morrison Anthony Carbery Robert Emmet Mulvey Deborah Charlesworth John Anthony Murphy Timothy Peter Plint Clifford Alan Fraser Murray Jonathan Mark Cooper Miles John Padgett Dorothy Hanson Crawford David John Porteous Barbara Elizabeth Crawford Imants George Priede Roger Stanley Crofts Stuart William John Reid Andrew Cubie Neville Vincent Richardson Christine Tullis Hunter Davies Geoffrey Edwin Rickman Dianne Edwards John Francis Roulston Robert Francis Elliott Philip Ronald Schlesinger Alan Hutchinson Fairlamb Jonathan Adam Sherratt Rhona Hunter Flin John Edmund Leonard Simmons David Patrick Frisby Graham Smith Simon Christopher Garrod Kenneth Stuart Sorbie Heinz Joachim Giegerich Joan Kathleen Stringer Neil Andrew Robert Gow Michael Anthony Summerfield Brian Gammell Ivory Graham Michael Teasdale Ronald Dyce Sadler Jack Roy Thompson Stanley Bernard Kaye David Philip Tweedie Neil Howard Keeble Anthony John Walton Alexander George Kemp Andrew Whiten Alexander McCall Smith Jeffrey Graham Williams Patricia Clare Mazoura Morrow Macdonald

140 STAFF CHANGES DURING THE SESSION Arrivals Departures Mr Stuart Armstrong Ms Beatrice Alexander Fundraising Advisor Events Assistant Ms Elaine Hay Mr Peter Burns Research Fellowships Assistant / Facilities Assistant Telephonist Mr Ian Leslie Mrs Sharon Jesson Society Officer PA to President and General Mrs Marjorie McArthur Secretary Temporary PA to Executive Secre- Mr Frank Pullen tary and President Central Services Manager Mrs Heather Mantell Ms Susan Walker Events Manager Events Assistant Mrs Luana Pritchard Mrs Doreen Waterland Technology Ventures Co-ordinator PA to Executive Secretary Mrs Patricia Richardson Ms Anna Whitehead PA to Executive Secretary and Temporary Events Assistant President Other Staff in post throughout the Session

Mr Stuart Brown Seminar Officer (seconded from Public Relations Officer Scottish Executive) Ms Jennifer Cameron Miss Vicki Ingpen Communications and IT Support Journals Officer/Accounts Assist- Officer ant Dr Lesley Campbell Mr Robert Lachlan Fellowship Officer Accounts Assistant Dr William Duncan Miss Sandra McDougall Executive Secretary Special Projects Manager Miss Kate Ellis Mr David Murray Head of Administration (part-time Accounts Administrator Financial Manager from 1/09/01) Dr Marc Rands Ms Jennifer Etchells Research Officer Conference and Facilities Co- Ms Wendy Saunders ordinator Events Co-ordinator Mrs Anne Ferguson Dr Harinee Selvadurai Research Fellowships Secretary Education Officer Mr Graeme Herbert Mr Brian Scott International Affairs and Policy Facilities Assistant

141

Printed in Great Britain by J W Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol, BS3 2NT

ISSN 1476-4342