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Home , ABCD syndrome, Cross syndrome, Dyschromia, Elejalde syndrome, Griscelli syndrome, Hypopigmentation

Index

A Alpha hydroxyl peels, 253–255 ABCD syndrome, 11 Alpha keto peels, 254 , 4, 7, 21, 42, 43, 85 Alpha tocopherol, 267 Acidified peels, 257 Alpha--stimulating hormone (α-MSH), 242, 271 , 3, 21, 198 Alpha-MSH, 170 Acne excoriee, 14 Altered skin pigmentation, 1 Acne vulgaris, 14 Amoeboid pattern, 88 Acquired brachial cutaneous dyschromatosis, 3 Amyloidosis, 6 Acquired dermal melanocytosis, 29 Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica (ACD), 14, 45 Acquired hyperpigmented dermatoses, 3 Amyloidosis cutis, 6, 14 Acquired macular pigmentation of uncertain etiology Anaemia, 11, 13 (AMPUE), 193, 194 Anaerobic culture, 147 Acquired pigmentary skin disorders, 104 , 11 , 96, 97 Angiokeratoma, 8 , 96–98 Angora hair naevus, 5 Acral , 73, 76 Anti-inflammatory medications, 200 Acrochordons, 8 Antimalarials, 5 Acrogeria, 20 Anti-melanogenic agent, 175 Acromegaly, 6, 18 Antioxidants Acromelanosis progressiva, 16 AsA/vitamin C, 266, 267 Actinic , 63 oxidative effects, 266 –pigmented variant, 8 ROS, 266 Adapalene, 270 skin lightening effects, 266 Addison’s disease, 3, 6, 14, 18, 23 topical treatment agents, melasma, 176 Adjuvant therapies, 212 vitamin E, 267, 268 Adult onset Still’s disease, 22 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 6 Afamelanotide, 131 , 12 AIDS, 6 Aphthous ulceration, 6 Arachidonic acid, 197 description, 107 Arbutin, 175, 203 non-syndromic (see Non-syndromic albinism) Arbutin (hydroquinone-O-β-d-glucopyranoside), 264 subtypes, 107 , 6, 34 syndromic (see Syndromic albinism) Arsenical keratoses, 8 Albinism, black lock, cell migration disorder of the Ascorbic acid (AsA) neurocytes of the gut and deafness (ABCD) application, 266 syndrome, 118, 119 clinical efficacy, 266, 267 Albinism-deafness syndrome, 11, 23 MAP, 266 Alcohol swabbing, 4 optimum percutaneous absorption, 266 Alexandrite picosecond laser, 198 oral dose, 266 Alezzandrini syndrome, 5, 13 tolerability and safety, 267 Alkaptonuria, 6, 20, 36 UV light, 266 Aloesin, 274 water-soluble vitamin, 266 Alopecia, 19 Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) , 5 topical treatment agents, melasma, 176

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 281 P. Kumarasinghe (ed.), Pigmentary Skin Disorders, Updates in Clinical , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70419-7 282 Index

Ashy dermatosis (AD), 3, 20 C clinical characteristics, 193, 194 Cachectic states, 18 description, 183 Cadherin 11 (CDH11), 173 and EDP, 185, 186 Café-au-lait macules (CALM), 16, 17 histological features, 184, 185 Calcium D-pantetheine-S-sulfonate, 273 lesions of , 184 Camouflaging, in vitiligo, 130 pruritus/preceding and plaques, 184 Carbon babies, 31 transient non-elevated erythematous, 184 Carboxylated acidic amino acids, 257 Ataxia , 5, 12, 16, 23 Carcinoid syndrome, 3, 18, 20 Atopic , 3, 14, 21, 198 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, 15, 16 –‘dirty neck’, 4 , 6, 15, 19 Atrophoderma, 46 Carotonaemia, 19 Atypia, mild, 101, 102 Carpel tunnel syndrome, 6 Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine Caucasian phenotype, 102 (ACRRM), 63 Cellular grafting, vitiligo Autocrine/paracrine modulator, 173 advantages, 142 Autoimmunity, in vitiligo, 126 cold trypsinization, 142 Autosomal dominant (with variable penetrance) DMEM F12 medium, 142 , 85 epidermal cells, separation, 141 Azathioprine, 132 initial steps, 141 Azelaic acid (AzA) /epidermal sheets, culturing abnormal melanocytes, 265 process, 142–144 animal studies, 265 modifications, 142 antibacterial properties, 265 non-cultured melanocytes-keratinocyte clinical efficacy, 265, 266 transplantation, 142, 144 Pityrosporum ovale, 265 repigmentation, 142 tolerability and safety, 266 Centrofacial lentigines, 15 Cerebriform pattern, 63 Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), 11, 15 B clinical features, 116 Bacteria, 6 definition, 116 Bacterial , 6 differential diagnosis, 116 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, 15, 19 intervention and treatment, 117 Basal cell carcinoma, 6, 63 prognosis, 117 Basal cell carcinoma-pigmented variant, 8 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 116 Basal cell layer, 184 Cheilitis, 6 Basement membrane, 172 Chemical leucoderma, 13 BCC, 65, 67 Chemical leukoderma, 13 Becker’s , 22, 42 Chemical peels Benign lesions, 65, 66, 70, 71 acidified amino acid peels, 257 Benign pigmented naevi, 102 agents, 253, 254 Benzoyl peroxide, 149, 151 alpha hydroxyl peels, 253–255 Berloque dermatitis, 20, 22 alpha keto peels, 254 Beta-carotene, 1 application of chemical agent, 253 Beta hydroxy peels, 254, 255 beta hydroxy peels, 254, 255 Bier spots, 14, 160 contraindications, 258 Bilirubin, 1 dermatologists, 253 “Bird-headed” dwarfism, 5 disadvantages, 257 Black dermographism, 22 Fitzpatrick skin type IV, 253 , 16, 23 indications, 253, 254 Blood vessels, 171, 172 Jessner’s solution, 256, 257 Blue-green and blue-violet lesions, 217 melasma, 253, 257 Blue naevus, 7 Obagi blue peel, 257 Bluish-gray pigment deposits, 84 phenol, 253 Book syndrome, 5 phytic acid, 257 Botanicals, 204 PIH, 204 Bowenoid papulosis, 8 post peel instructions, 258 Bowen’s disease, 6 priming agents, 258 Bronze baby syndrome, 16 SM acid peels, 255 Burnt-out appearance, 184 stratum corneum, 253 Index 283

TCA, 255, 256 Cutaneous amyloidosis, 44 tretinoin, 257 Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), 90 Chemotherapeutics, 6 Cutaneous , 3, 14, 21 CHF, 6 Cutaneous oedema, 11, 13 Chikungunya, 20 Cutaneous papular mucinosis, 161 Chloroma/cutaneous myeloid sarcoma, 8 Cutis tricolour, 23 Chromameter/colorimeter, 174 Cyclooxygenase, 197 Chromhidrosis, 2 Cytotoxic drugs, 6 Chromophores, 209 Chronic , 7, 24, 158 Chronic arsenic poisoning (Mee’s lines), 6 D Chronic liver disease, 3 Darier’s disease (DD), 49, 156 Chronic mucocutaneous , 6 Darier’s sign, 4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 6 Darier-White disease, 6, 14, 15 Chronic paronychia, 6 Darier-White disease-associated hypopigmented Chronic protein loss/deficiency (‘flag sign’), 5 macules, 7 Chronic radiation, 6 Darker skin types, 167 Chronic/recurrent inflammation, 198 Dark-skinned patients, 149 Chronic renal insufficiency, 3 Dendritic cells, 95 Chronic use of nail enamel, 6 Deoxyarbutin, 264 CIE colour space, 59 , 2 Cirrhosis, 6 Depigmented, 11, 13 Citric acid, 254 Depigmenting agents Classification, 8, 9 efficacy and long-term safety, 261 Clear-cell acanthoma, 65, 70 efficacy and safety, 274 Clear cell papulosis, 7, 48, 49, 157 epidermal desquamation and , 270, 271 Clindamycin, 149, 151 inhibiting melanogenesis (see Inhibiting Clofazimine pigmentation, 33 melanogenesis) Cobblestone pattern, 95 melanogenesis, 261 Cobblestoning, 140 transfer, 269, 270 Cockayne syndrome A, 24 natural, 273, 274

CO2 laser, 198 steroids, 273 Cole disease, 12, 157 treatment of melasma, 261 Collagen vascular disease, 6 TXA, 271–273 Colloid milium, 7 inhibition (see Tyrosinase inhibitors) Colorimetry, 58 Dermal melanophages, 168 Comet-tail appearance, 88 Dermal , 184 Confluent and reticulated (CRP), 4, 87 Dermal melasma, 168 Congenital erythropoietic porphyria, 23 , 8 Congenital melanocytic naevus, 7 Dermatologists, 197, 253 Congenital melanotic macules of the tongue, 6 Dermatomyositis, 3, 7, 14, 18, 21, 22, 24 Connective tissue diseases, 198 Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis, 17 Connective tissue naevi, 7 Dermatopathology clues Conradi-Hunermann-Happle syndrome, 13, 17 histopathological findings Constitutive skin colour, 55 , 49 , 198 acanthosis nigricans, 42, 43 Contact stomatitis – e.g. cinnamon, 6 amyloidosis cutis dyschromica, 45 Copper bromide laser treatment, 178 atrophoderma, 46 Copper deficiency, 5, 11, 13 Becker’s nevus, 42 Corynebacteria, 4 clear cell papulosis, 48, 49 Cosmetic camouflage, 201, 202 Darier’s disease, 49 Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), 265 Dowling-Degos disease, 38, 39 Cosmetic procedures, 198 epidermodysplasia verruciformis, 46, 47 Cosmetic skin lightening products, 261 follicular infundibulum, tumour, 50 Costello syndrome, 15 hypopigmented , 45 Cowden syndrome, 19 indeterminate , 40 Crocodile skin-like pattern, 87 Leucoderma Syphiliticum, 48 , 119 lichen planus pigmentosus, 37, 38 Cryotherapy, 156 lichen sclerosus, 45, 46 Cushing’s syndrome, 6, 18 macular amyloidosis, 44 284 Index

Dermatopathology clues (cont.) Disarranged pattern, 95 morphoea, 46 Disorders of pigmentation, 79 neurofibromatosis, 47 Disrupted basement membrane, 172 , 41 Dithranol (topical), 5 plexiform , 48 Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), 2, 4, 6, 7, 19, 21, 24, 38, , 46 39, 85, 86, 160 reticulate acropigmentation, 39 Down syndrome, 5 sarcoidosis, 50 Drug-induced , 3 , 43 neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, 226 solar , 43 QSAL, 221 superficial mycoses, 47 QSRL urticaria pigmentosa, 49 minocycline, 218 melanocytes and melanin minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation, 218 acquired dermal melanocytosis, 29 treatment outcomes, 218, 219 carbon babies, 31 Drug-induced , 13 dermal melanocytosis, 28 Drug-induced pigmentation, 33 halo nevi, 29 Drug reactions, 21 melanosome synthesis, 29 Drugs–especially chemotherapeutics, 6 Mongolian spot, 29 Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), 22, 161 , 28 Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH), 22, 161 scleral pigmentation, 28 Dyschromia, 8 transport disorders, 30 Dyschromias, 2, 7, 14, 24 vitiligo, 30, 31 Dyschromic amyloidosis, 160 non-melanin pigments congenita, 4, 6, 17, 21 alkaptonuria, 36 Dysplastic (DN)/atypical naevus drug-induced, 33 description, 100 heavy metal-induced, 34, 35 mild atypia, 101, 102 ochronosis, 36, 37 moderate to severe, 101, 102 purpuric dermatoses, 35, 36 nevus with architectural disorder, 100 Talon Noir, 35 , 32, 33 Dermatosis papulosa nigra, 7, 8, 20 E Dermoscopy Ectodermal dysplasias, 11 clinical surface features, 79 Ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia, 11 disorders of hyperpigmentation Eczema, 12 (see Hyperpigmentation) Eczematoid purpura of Doucas, 83 disorders of hypopigmentation Edged and non-edged papillae, 95 (see Hypopigmentation) Elejalde disease, 11 disorders of pigmentation, 79 , 5, 30 neoplastic disorders of skin, 79 Endocrine disorders–acromegaly, 3 patterns, 80, 82 Endocrinopathies, 6 pigment network with color, 80 Endothelial cells, 172 UV light dermoscopy, 79 Endothelin-1 (ET-1), 175 Dermoscopy of melanoma Ephelides, 3 acral melanoma, 73–76 Epidermal-dermal interplay, 170 facial pigmented lesions, 73–75 Epidermal desquamation and melanin hand-held magnification device, 63 hydroxy acids, 271 NUM, 76, 77 retinoids, 270, 271 optics, 63 Epidermal grafting, 140 and pattern analysis, 69–73 Epidermal hyperpigmentation, 168 two-step algorithm (see Two-step algorithm) Epidermal melanocytes, 198 Descriptive metaphors, 63, 64 Epidermal melasma, 168, 224 Diabetes mellitus, 6 Epidermal naevus, 7 Diabetic dermopathy, 21 Epidermal thickness, 2 Diascopy, 4 Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), 14, 46, Dihydroxybenzene, 175 47, 161 Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 202 Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated pityriasis Diltiazem, 21 versicolor-like lesions, 7 Diode-pumped vanadate laser, 223 Ermine phenotype, 12 Dirt pigmentation, 22 Erythema, 1 Index 285

Erythema ab Igne, 21, 22 Fibroblasts, 170, 173, 178 Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) Field of view (FOV), 93, 94 and AD, 185, 186 Fingernail changes, 19 biopsy, 185, 187 Fisch syndrome, 5 cause, 186 Fitzpatrick, 55–57 clinical characteristics, 193, 194 Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (SPT) III–VI, 211 description, 184, 185 Fitzpatrick skin phototypes III and IV, 167 electron microscopy, 185 Fitzpatrick skin type IV, 198, 253 erythematous component, 185 Fitzpatrick skin type IV–VI, 198 follicular , 185 Fixed (FDE), 87 histologic findings, 185 Flagellate, 10 histopathological findings, 185 Flagellate pigmentation, 22 immunofluorescence examination, 185 Flavonoids, 274 treatment, 186 Flexural pigmentation with multiple lentigines, 4, 7 Erythema index, 172 Fluid emersion, 63 Erythematosus, 12 Focal dermal hypoplasia, 23 , 198 Focal vitiligo, 125, 126 Erythematous feature, 185 Folic acid deficiency, 15, 18, 20 Erythrasma, 4, 20 Follicular hyperkeratosis, 185 Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli, 3 Follicular infundibulum, tumour, 50 Erythrose peribuccale of Brocq, 3 Fontana-Masson staining, 149, 173 Estrogen receptor (ER), 173 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 198 Eumelanins, 1 Food colourings, 6 Excessive fluoride ingestion, 6 Fractional 1,550-nm non-ablative laser therapy, 177

Excimer lamp Fractional carbon dioxide (FCO2) laser efficacy of, 247 FP, 214 vs. excimer laser (see also Excimer laser (EL)) hypopigmentation disorders safety, 248 IGH, 215 VTRAC™ excimer lamp, 246 vitiligo, 215 Excimer laser (EL), 211, 212 melanocyte growth factors, 214 apoptotic dose, 211 to NB-UVB, 215 excimer lamp (see also excimer lamp) refractory cases, 216 excimer xenon chloride laser system, 246 skin rejuvenation, 214 hypopigmentation disorders tissue-selective laser, 214 vitiligo, 211, 212 Fractional photothermolysis (FP), 214 monochromatic, 211 and lentigines, 253 safety, 248 Fungal nail infection – and yeast, 6 with topical calcineurin inhibitors, 247, 248 Fungi, 6 treatment protocol, 246 UV-resistant areas, 212 UV-sensitive areas, 212 G for vitiligo, 246, 247 Galli-Galli disease, 4, 7, 20, 21, 86 Exogenous copper deposition, 5 Gaucher disease, 15 Exogenous inflammation, 198 Genital melanosis, 19 Exogenous material, 6 Genodermatosis, 2 Exogenous ochronosis (EO), 82, 83, 158, 175, 263 Gentisic acid, 274 Ginkgo biloba, 274 Glass compression examination, 169 F Glomus tumour, 8 Facial melanoses, 253 Glutathione Facial pigmented lesions, 73–75 clinical studies, 268 Familial lentiginoses, 6 depigmenting effects, 268 Familial periorbital hyperpigmentation, 3 GSH, 268 Familial progressive hyperpigmentation, 22 GSSG, 268 Familial white , 156 intravenous injections, 268 Fanconi anaemia, 12, 16, 17 oral preparations, 268 Fanconi syndrome, 5 SH groups, 268 Feathery pattern, 88 tolerability and safety, 268, 269 Felty syndrome, 18 topical preparations, 268 Ferulic acid, 274 Glycolic acid (GA), 253, 254, 256–258, 265 286 Index

Graft vs. host disease (GVHD), 6, 24 prognosis, 116 Granular , 4, 7, 22 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 113–115 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor Herpes zoster infection, 15 (GM-CSF), 175 Hispanics, 167 Grapeseed extracts (GSE), 273 Histidinaemia, 11 Grey baby syndrome, 15 Histiocytes, 185 Grey-blue hypermelanosis, 10, 16, 20 Histopathology, 7 (GS), 5, 11 HIV/AIDS, 18 clinical features, 117 Home-based phototherapy, 130, 245 definition, 117 Homocystinuria, 11 differential diagnosis, 117 Honeycomb pattern, 80, 95 intervention and treatment, 118 Hong-Lee eccrine naevus, 18 prognosis, 118 Hori’s naevus, 7 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 117 Hormonal stimuli, 168 Grover disease, 14 Howel-Evans syndrome, 6 Grover disease-associated hypopigmented macules, 7 H syndrome, 21 GSH, 268 Hurler syndrome, 16 GSSG, 268 Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, 22 Guttate hypochromia, 154 Hydroquinone (HQ) Guttate leukoderma clinical efficacy, 262, 263 chronic arsenic poisoning, 158 concentrations, 262 differential diagnosis, 154 degradation of , 262 LSA, 157 inhibiting tyrosinase, 261 MBEH, 264 melasma, 225 H metabolised and detoxified, 262 Haemangioma, 65, 68 non-metabolised, 262 Haemangioma–deep, 8 oxidative products, 262 Haemangioma, purpura, 6 PIH, 202 Haematologic malignancy, 6 tolerability and safety, 263, 264 Haemochromatosis, 3, 6, 18, 19 topical treatment agents, melasma, 175 Haemodialysis, 13 Hydroxy acids, 271 Haemoglobin, 1 Hyperbilirubinaemia, 6 Haemolytic anaemias, 21 Hyperchromia, 6, 15, 18, 19 Haemosiderin, 2 Hypermelanosis, 4 Haemosiderin deposition, 2 Hyperpigmentary disorder, 94 Haemosiderosis, 6, 10 Hyperpigmentary skin of melasma, 173 Hair pigmentation, 5 Hyperpigmentation, 2 Hairy tongue, 6 acanthosis nigricans, 85 Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, 5 Ashy dermatosis/EDP, 84 Halo naevi, 7, 8, 13 CRP, 87 Halo naevus, 5 DDD, 85, 86 Halo nevi, 29 EO, 82, 83 Hand-held magnification device, 63 FDE, 87 Harber’s syndrome, 4, 21 LPP, 84 Hartnup disease, 24 melasma, 81, 82 Heart failure, 6 periorbital, 85 Heavy metal-induced pigmentation, 34, 35 post-inflammatory, 86, 87 Heavy metal poisoning, 6 PPD, 83 Hepatic failure, 6 RAK, 86 Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, 23 urticaria pigmentosa (cutaneous mastocytosis), 87, 88 Hereditary coproporphryia, 21, 24 Hyperpigmentation disorders

Hereditary premature canities, 5 FCO2 laser Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), 11 melasma, 215 clinical features, 115 neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser definition, 113, 114 drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 226 differential diagnosis, 115 melasma, 223–225 epidemiology, 113 PIH, 225, 226 intervention and treatment, 116 solar lentigines, 222, 223 Index 287

QSAL macules, 148 drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 221 patchy, 12, 14 melasma, 220, 221 Hypopigmented/ depigmented, 3 Nevus of Ota, 220 Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF), 45, 149, 150 solar lentigines, 220 Hypopigmenting agents, 269 QSRL Hypopigmenting effects, 273 drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 218, 219 Hypopituitarism, 11, 13 melasma, 217 Hypothyroidism, 11, 13 Nevus of Ota, 216, 217 PIH, 217–219 solar lentigines, 218 I Hyperpigmentation of the tongue, 3 Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation (IEMP) Hyperpigmentation of the tongue/gingiva (racial), 6 categorization, 191 Hyperpigmented characteristic feature, 190 adulthood clinical and histopathological features, 190 guttate/punctate, 19 clinical characteristics, 193, 194 patchy, 20, 21 Darier’s sign, 190 pigment concentration/hyperchromia, 18, 19 definition, 190 early childhood diagnosis, 190, 191 guttate/punctate, 15 and EDP, 190 linear/whorled/segmental, 17, 22 and LPP, 190 patchy, 16, 17 with papillomatosis, 191 pigment concentration/hyperchromia, 15 Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis (IGH), 14, 154, 155, 156 predominant flexural pigmentation, 4 characterization, 153 Hyperpigmented macules, 85 clinical features, 154 Hyperpigmented/mixed pigmentation (hypopigmented dermoscopy, 155 and hyperpigmented), 3 electron microscopy, 155 Hyperpigmented patches, 171 epidemiology, 153 Hyperthyroidism, 5, 6, 18 etiology and pathogenesis, 154

Hypoalbuminaemia (Muehrcke’s nails), 6 FCO2 laser, 215 Hypochromia, 10, 11, 13 melanocytes, 155 Hypogonadism, 11, 13 pathology, 155 Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, 11 treatment Hypomelanosis of Ito, 12 counseling, 155 Hypoparathyroidism, 6 cryotherapy, 156 Hypopigmentary disorder, 94 topical retinoids, 156 Hypopigmentation, 2 Imipramine-induced hyperpigmentation, 218 IGH, 89 Immunohistochemical staining, 170 leishmaniasis, 90, 91 Immunohistochemical studies, 170 leprosy, 90 Immunohistochemistry, 172, 173 MF, 89, 90 Indeterminate leprosy, 40 vitiligo, 88 Individual typology angle (ITA), 55, 57, 59 Hypopigmentation disorders Industrial chemicals, 6 excimer laser/light (EL) Infantile nephropathic cystinosis, 11 vitiligo, 211, 212 Infantile sialic acid storage disease, 11

FCO2 laser Infections – especially erythrasma, 4 IGH, 215 Infections (including chikungunya), physical/chemical vitiligo, 215 injuries, 3 neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser Infection (typhoid, leprosy, trichinosis), 6 vitiligo, 222 Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black people, 3 QSAL Inhibiting melanogenesis vitiligo, 220 antioxidants, 266–268 QSRL arbutin, 264 vitiligo, 216 AzA, 265, 266 Hypopigmentation effect, 175 deoxyarbutin, 264 Hypopigmented glutathione, 268, 269 acantholytic disorders, 49 HQ, 261 depigmented, 11, 13 KA, 264, 265 eyes, skin and hair, 10, 11 MBEH, 264 guttate/punctate, 12, 14 methimazole, 269 linear/whorled/segmental, 12, 15 4-n-butylresorcinol, 266 288 Index

Intense-pulsed light (IPL) therapy, 176, 198, 220 PIH, 227 International Dermoscopy Society, 64 pulse duration, 209 Intradermal naevi, 65, 70 QSAL, 219–221 Intraepidermal carcinoma (IEC), 65, 69 QSRL, 216–219, 227 In vitro and in vivo mammalian studies, 265 safety and procedures, 210, 211 In vivo wavelength, 209 RCM (see Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM)) wavelength and pulse duration, 209 Isolated occipital white lock, 5 xenon chloride EL, 211, 212 Isolated white forelock, 5 Laser toning, 224 Isotretinoin, 188 Laser treatments, 200 Latanoprost, 131 Laugier-Hunziker, 6 J Laugier-Hunziker syndrome, 6, 19 Jaundice, 24 Lectins, 270 Jessner’s solution, 256, 257 Legius syndrome, 16 Leishmaniasis, 3, 90, 91 Lentigines, 6 K Lentigo, 6 Kapetanakis, 83 , 7, 20, 103, 104 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 8 , 19 Keratinising tumours, 65 LEOPARD syndrome, 6, 15 Keratinocytes, 1, 95, 170 Leprosy, 12, 90 , 6 Leprosy – tuberculoid, borderline tuberculoid, 7 Khellin, 237 Leucoderma, 8 Khellin + UVA (KUVA), 237 Leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum, 162 Kindler syndrome, 23 Leukoderma punctata, 13 Kligman formula, 204 Leucoderma Syphiliticum, 24, 48 Koilonychia, 6 Leukonychia partialis, 6 Kojic acid (KA) Leukonychia totalis, 6 Acetobacter and Aspergillus, 264 Leukotrienes, 197, 200 clinical efficacy, 265 (LA), 83 fermentation, dietary food items, 264 Lichenoid drug eruption, 7, 22 skin lightening agent, 264 Lichenoid tissue reaction patterns, 187 tolerability and safety, 265 Lichen planus, 6, 14, 22, 198 Konica Minolta Spectrophotometer, 58 Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP), 3, 7, 20, 22 Kwashiorkor, 11, 13 and AD, 187–189 biopsy, 189 blackish-brown patches, 186, 188 L characterization, 188, 189 Lactic acid, 253, 254 clinical and histopathological features, 186, 187 L-ascorbic acid, 266 clinical characteristics, 193, 194 Laser and light therapies description, 186 copper bromide laser treatment, 178 and EDP, 189 fractional 1,550-nm non-ablative laser therapy, 177 histopathological finding, 188 IPL, 176, 177 histopathology, 189 PDL treatment, 178 keratolytics, 188 Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum topical steroids, 188 garnet laser treatment, 177 treatment, 188, 189 Laser therapy Lichen sclerosus, 45, 46, 157 absorption spectra, 209 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA), 7, 157 and clinical applications, 210, 227 Lichen striatus, 6, 7, 13, 15 in darker skin types, 227 Licorice, 274 development, 227 Linea fusca, 3

FCO2, 227 Linea nigra, 22 formulas, 209, 210 Linolenic acid, 176, 271, 273 fractional carbon dioxide laser, 214–216 Lipohydroxy acid, 274 mechanism, 209 5-Lipoxygenase, 197

melasma, 227 Liquid nitrogen (LN2), 223 Nd:YAG, 221–227 Localized , 6 pigmentary disorders, 209 Longitudinal melanonychia (multiple), 3 Index 289

Low-fluence settings, 224 Melanocytic lesions (MM), 65, 97–102 L-selenomethionine, 268 melanoma, 102–104 L-tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), 261 naevi (see Naevi) Lymphatic leukaemia, 18 Melanocytic naevi, 20 Lymphocytes, 185 Melanocytic naevus, 8 Lymphomatoid papulosis, 8, 14 Melanocytosis, 28 Lymphosarcoma, 18 Melanogenesis, 1, 261 Melanogenesis-associated genes, 173 Melanogenesis-stimulating factors, 172 M Melanogenic cytokines, 175 Macular amyloidosis, 44 Melanogenic enzymes, 173, 261 Macular hypomelanosis, 4 Melanoma, 6, 8, 63 Macular pigmentation of uncertain etiology (MPUE) dermoscopy (see Dermoscopy of melanoma) AD, 185 MM, 102 clinical features, 183 Melanoma-associated leukoderma, 14 definition, 183 Melanophages, 27, 28, 30, 33, 37, 95 diagnosis, 192–195 Melanosomes, 1, 149, 150 EDP, 184–187 Melanosome transfer hyperpigmentation, 183 inhibitors, 176 IEMP, 189–191 lectins, 270 LPP, 186–189 niacinamide, 269, 270 Riehl’s melanosis (pigmented contact dermatitis), Melasma, 3 191, 192 blood vessels, 171, 172 Macules, 147, 148, 150, 151 centrofacial pattern, 169 Maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, 7, 21 chemical peels, 178 Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP), 266, 267 classification, 168, 169 Majocchi’s disease (MD), 83 clinical evaluation, 174 Malic acid, 253 clinical features, 168, 169 Malignancies, 6 development, 170 Malignant melanoma (MM) disrupted basement membrane, 172 diagnosis, 102 epidemiology, 167, 168 environmental factors, 102 epidermal-dermal interplay, 170

lentigo maligna, 103, 104 FCO2 laser, 215 screening, 102 fibroblasts, 170, 171 superficial spreading melanoma in situ, 103 image analysis, 174 Malignant melanoma, lentigo maligna, melanosis instrumental evaluation, 174 secondary to advanced melanoma, 8 laser and light therapies, 176–178 Malnutrition (Terry’s nails), 6 microRNAs, 173 Mandelic acid (MA), 255 neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser Marasmus, 11 complications, 224 Mastocytoma, 4, 8 epidermal melasma, 224 Mastocytosis, 7, 17, 20, 21, 50, 87, 88, 192 HQ, 225 McCune-Albright syndrome, 16 IPL, 225 Mean melanin index, 224 long-term outcomes, 225 Melanin, 1, 56, 57, 94 microdermabrasion, 225 eumelanin, 1 TC cream, 225 Melanin-containing granules, 185 treatment outcomes, 224 Melanin-dominant type, 169 wavelength of light, 224 Melanin index, 172, 224 pathogenesis, 170 Melanin-laden macrophages, 184, 185 QSAL, 220, 221 Melanin pigment, 80 QSRL, 217 Melanin synthesis, 1 sex hormones, 173 Melanin synthetic pathway, 261 solar elastosis in lesional skin, 171 Melanin type, 169 sun exposure, 170 Melanoacanthoma, 8 systemic TXA, 178 Melanoacanthoma/seborrhoeic keratosis, 7, 21 topical treatment agents, 175, 176 Melanocytes, 27, 95, 170 treatment, 174 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor, 273 treatment of, 261 Melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions, 80 Wnt pathway, 173 Melanocytic features, 65, 66 Melasma area and severity index (MASI), 174, 217, 267 290 Index

Menkes disease, 11, 12 Naevus of Ota, 16 Mequinol, 202, 274 Naevus spilus (NS), 99, 100 Merkel cell carcinoma, 8 Nail discoloration, 263 Metastatic melanoma, 13 Nail lacquers, 6 Methimazole, 269 Nail pigmentation, 6 Methotrexate, 5 Nail unit melanoma (NUM), 76, 77 4-Methoxyphenol (4-MP), 216 Narrowband ultraviolet B (NBUVB) 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 235, 236 contraindications, 244 Mexameter® MX18, 59, 174 description, 238 Microcystic lymphatic malformation, 7, 8, 12 dosimetry, 244 Micro-Koebner phenomenon, 88 home phototherapy treatment, 245 MicroRNAs, 173 immunosuppressive effect, 239 Microscopic treatment zones (MTZs), 214 narrowband UVB cabin, 238 Microthermal zones (MTZ), 177 for PMH, 243, 244 Minigrafting, 140 safety, 244, 245 Minigrafting/punch grafting, 139, 140 therapeutic armamentarium, of vitiligo, 238 Minocycline, 131, 218 therapeutic use of, 238 Minocycline-induced facial hyperpigmentation, 218 for vitiligo Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation, 218 adult, 239, 240 Mismatch repair cancer syndrome, 6, 19 with afamelanotide, 242 Mixed pigmentation, 22–24 with antioxidants, 241, 242 mMASI, 174 excimer light, 240 MMP2 protein, 172 factors influencing clinical response, 242 , 7 paediatric, 240 Mongolian spot, 16, 29 relapse rate, 242, 243 Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH), 264 vs. PUVA, 240 Monochromatic excimer light (MEL), 211 with topical calcineurin inhibitors, 240, 241 , 7 with topical vitamin D analogues, 241 Morphoea, 46 Narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy, 211 Morsicatio buccarum (chronic cheek chewing), 6 Narrowband UVB, 151 mRNA expression levels, 172 Natural agents Mucinoses, 7 anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, 273 Muckle-Wells syndrome, 22 GSE, 273 Mucopolysaccharidosis, 12, 16 hypopigmenting effects, 273 Mucosal melanotic macules, 6 licorice, 274 Multiple cytokines, 170 linoleic acid, 273 Multiple endocrine neoplasia, 14 linolenic acid, 273 Mycosis fungoides (MF), 7, 8, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, 89, melanin synthesis, 273 90, 162 N-acetylglucosamine, 273 Mycosis fungoides–pigmented variant, 8 N-undecyl-10-enoyl-L-phenylalanine acts, 273 Myotonic dystrophy, 5 oleic acid, 273 Myxoid pseudocyst, 6 phospholipase D2, 273 proteasomal degradation, 273 skin lightening properties, 273 N tyrosinase ubiquitination, 273 N-acetylglucosamine, 203, 273 4-n-butylresorcinol, 175, 176, 266 NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), 269 Nebulous pattern/galaxy sign, 88 NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nebulous (starburst) pattern, 88 phosphate), 269 Nelson’s syndrome, 6, 18 Naegeli syndrome, 17 Neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser Naevi chromophore, 221 DN/AN, 100, 102 hyperpigmentation disorders NA, 98, 99, 101 drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 226 ND, 97 melasma, 223–225 NS, 99, 100 PIH, 225, 226 spitz naevus and reed naevus, 98–100 solar lentigines, 222, 223 Naevus, 6, 12 vitiligo, 222 Naevus anaemicus (NA), 4, 12, 98, 99, 101 PIH, 221 Naevus depigmentosus (ND), 12, 13, 97 Q-switched, 221, 222 Naevus of Ito, 16 Neonatal lupus, 12 Index 291

Neoplasms, 6, 8 Noonan syndrome, 16 Neoplastic disorders of skin, 79 Notalgia paraesthetica, 22 Neoplastic–melanocytic naevus, melanoma, 6 N-undecyl-10-enoyl-L-phenylalanine acts, 273 Neoplastic–oral leucoplakia, SCC, verrucous Nutritional deficiencies, 3 carcinoma, 6 Nutritional disorders, 6 Nephrotoxicity, 264 Nephrotoxins, 262 Neurofibroma, 8 O Neurofibromatosis, 12, 16, 19, 22, 47 Oasthouse disease, 5 Neurofibromatosis – Crowe’s sign, 4 Obagi blue peel, 257 Nevus of Ota Occasional colloid bodies, 185 QSAL Ocher-colored fibers, 175 combination trials, 220 Ochronosis, 3, 36, 37 complications, 220 Ochronosis–exogenous, 7 treatment outcomes, 220 (OA) QSRL clinical features, 112 intradermal melanocytes, 216 definition, 112 limitations, 217 differential diagnosis, 112, 113 vs. treatment modalities, 217 epidemiology, 112 treatment outcomes, 217 intervention and treatment, 113 trigeminal nerve, 216 prognosis, 113 Nevus with architectural disorder, 100 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 112 Niacin (vitamin B3), 269 Oculocerebral hypopigmentation syndrome, cross type, 5 Niacinamide Oculocerebral hypopigmentation syndrome of Preus, 11 clinical efficacy, 270 Oculocerebral syndrome, 11 concentrations, 269 (OCA), 10 hyperpigmentation, 269 clinical features, 109, 110 niacin (vitamin B3), 269 definition, 107, 108 pharmacological agent, 269 differential diagnosis, 110, 111 tolerability and safety, 270 epidemiology, 107, 108 Niacinamide (vitamin B3), 176 intervention and treatment, 111 Nicotine stomatitis, 6 prognosis, 111, 112 Niemann-Pick disease, 16 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 108, 109 Non-glabrous skin, 80 Oestrogens, 261 Non-melanoma (NMSC), 63 Oleic acid, 176, 273 Non-segmental (bilateral) vitiligo (NSV) Onchocerciasis, 3, 24 acrofacial, 124 Onycholysis, 6 lip-tip, 124, 125 Onychomatricoma, 6 subtypes, 124 , 6 vitiligo minor and follicular vitiligo, 126 Onychophagia, 6 vitiligo vulgaris, 124, 125 Onychotillomania, 6 Non-syndromic albinism Optical density, 63 OCA Oral contraceptive use, 6 clinical features, 109, 110 Oral glutathione, 268 definition, 107, 108 Oral mini-pulse therapy (OMP), 129 differential diagnosis, 110, 111 Oral mucosal pigmentation, 6 epidemiology, 107, 108 , 6 intervention and treatment, 111 Orange-yellowish patchy areas, 89 prognosis, 111, 112 Oxidation of L-DOPA to L-dopaquinone, 261 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 108, 109 Oxidative stress, in vitiligo, 127 ocular albinism (OA) clinical features, 112 definition, 112 P differential diagnosis, 112, 113 Pachyonychia congenita (leucokeratosis), 6 epidemiology, 112 Pagetoid cells, 95 intervention and treatment, 113 Paget’s disease–pigmented variant, 8 prognosis, 113 Palmoplantar , 6 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 112 Papillary dermis, 95 Nontargeted phototherapy, 129 Paradoxical postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, 263 292 Index

Pattern analysis clinical features, 8 dermoscopy of melanoma pathological, 7 advantages, 71 clinical classification, 9 application, 70 clinical examination, 3, 4 asymmetry, 71, 72 clinical features, 10 clues, 71–74 histopathology, 7 colour, 71, 73 neoplasms, 8 diagnosis, 70 patient history, 2 features, 71 skin changes, 8 novice dermoscopist, 71 Pigmentation process, 71, 72 hair, 5 symmetry, 71 nail, 6 p-benzoquinone, 262 oral mucosal, 6 PDZ domain protein kidney 1 (PDZK1), 173 predominant flexural, 4 Peeling skin, 6 Pigmentation of the gingiva, 3 Pendulous cells, 172 Pigmented contact dermatitis, 191, 192 Pendulous melanocytes, 172 Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis, 192 Peptic disease, 6 Pigmented lesions Perifollicular pigmentation, 88 classification, 64 Periorbital hyperpigmentation, 85 Pigmented papillomatosis, 43 Peripheral repigmentation, 88 Pigmented plantar and palmar macules, 3 Periungual verruca, 6 Pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPD), 22, 35, 36, 83 Perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, 185 Pigmented purpuric dermatosis (capillaritis), 7 Pernicious anaemia, 11, 13 Pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatosis, 83 Peroxidase, 197 Pilar cysts, 6 Petaloid pattern, 88 Pili torti, 6 Peutz-Jeghers, 6 Pilomatricoma, 8 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 15, 19 Pityriasis alba (PA), 14, 41, 149, 150, 159 Phaeochromocytoma, 18 Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC), 14, 162 Phaeomelanins, 1 , 14 Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis, 12, 16 Pityriasis rotunda, 14 Phenol, 253 Pityriasis versicolor (PV), 4, 7, 12, 14, 149, 150, 159 Phenol peels, 253 Placebo , 11 vs. HQ, 262 Phospholipase D2, 176, 273 Plane , 7 Photochemotherapy, 129, 235, 236, 244 Plasminogen, 271 Photoprotection, 202 Plexiform neurofibroma, 48 Phototherapy, 6 POEMS syndrome, 18 advances, 235 Poikiloderma, 10, 46 NBUVB (see Narrowband ultraviolet B (NBUVB)) , 3, 24 origins, 235 Poikiloderma with , 23 PUVA therapy (see PUVA (psoralen and Polarised light systems, 63 ultraviolet A) therapy) Polka-dot/salt-and-pepper appearance, 88 vitiligo Polyangulated zone, 86 light-based therapies, 129 Polyposis, 19 nontargeted phototherapy, 129 Pomegranate extract (PE), 273 targeted phototherapy, 129, 130 Porokeratosis, 8 Phototoxic reactions, 22 Porphyria, 6 Physiological pigmentation, 3 , 3, 5, 7, 21, 24 Phytic acid, 257 Porphyrias, 24 , 3, 20, 22 Porphyrias–hereditary coproporphyria, 3 Picosecond lasers, 198, 204 Porphyria variegata, 3 , 5 Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, 3, 5, 86, 87, 253 trait, 11, 12, 16 clinical manifestations, 199 Pigmentary demarcation lines, 3 cutaneous inflammation, 197 Pigmentary disorders diagnosis, 199, 200 characterization, 27 differential diagnoses, 200 classification epidemiology, 197 aetiology, 7 etiology, 198, 199 Index 293

histopathology, 199–201 Prolidase deficiency, 5 neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, 225, 226 Prophylactic systemic prednisolone, 201 pathogenesis, 197 Propionibacterium acnes, 147, 149, 243 picosecond lasers, 204 Prostaglandin, 197, 200 prevention, 200, 201 Prostaglandin analogues, e.g. latanoprost (topical), 5 QSRL, 217–219 Proteus syndrome, 12, 16 skin of color, 197 pigmentosa, 22 TA, 205 Pseudo-chromhidrosis, 2 trauma/physical injury, 197 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6 treatment Pseudo-network pattern, 85 algorithm, 201 , 6, 12, 14 arbutin, 203 Psychotropic drugs, 218 ascorbic acid, 203 Pulsed-dye laser (PDL) treatment, 178 azelaic acid, 203 Purpura annularis telangiectodes, 83 botanicals, 204 PUVA (psoralen and ultraviolet A) therapy chemical peels, 204 administration, 236 cosmetic camouflage, 201, 202 description, 235 HQ, 202 for vitiligo, 236 investigator-blinded study, 204 KUVA, 237 Kligman formula, 204 long-term side effects, 238 kojic acid, 203 mechanism of action, 235, 236 Laser and light therapies, 204 oral psoralen, 236 mequinol, 202 photocarcinogenicity, 238 modalities, 201 PUVASol, 236, 237 N-Acetylglucosamine, 203 short-term side effects, 238 niacinamide, 203 topical PUVA, 237 photoprotection, 202 4,5,8-trimethylpsoralen, 235 post-acne, 204 retinoids, 202, 203 second-line, 201, 202 Q Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation–especially contact Q-switched Alexandrite laser (QSAL) dermatitis, 4 hyperpigmentation disorders Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: lichen planus, drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 221 fixed drug eruption, 6 melasma, 220, 221 Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, 6, 12 Nevus of Ota, 220 Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), 7, 90, 91, solar lentigines, 220 149, 150 hypopigmentation disorders Post-traumatic, 5 vitiligo, 220 Potassium hydroxide examination, 4 wavelength and pulse duration, 221 Prader-Willi syndrome, 11 Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet Predominant flexural pigmentation, 4 laser treatment, 177 Pregnancy, 6 Q-switched ruby laser (QSRL) Pregnancy-associated melasma, 167 hyperpigmentation disorders Primary biliary cirrhosis, 18 drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 218, 219 Primary cutaneous amyloidosis–macular/lichenoid, 7 melasma, 217 Primary cutaneous diseases, 198 Nevus of Ota, 216, 217 Premature greying, 5 PIH, 217, 218 Progeria, 5 solar lentigines, 218 Progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH), 3, 159, 160, hypopigmentation disorders 243, 244 vitiligo, 216 clinical characteristics, 147, 148 nanosecond range, 216 description, 147 skin thickening and epidermal changes, 216 differential diagnosis, 149 skin types I–IV, 219 electron microscopy, 149 solar lentigines, 219 epidemiology, 148 Quinacrine, 6 etiology, 149 histology, 149 pathogenesis, 149 R treatment, 149–151 Radiation, 6 Progressive pigmented purpuric dermatosis, 83 Rain drop depigmentation, 8 294 Index

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 266 Sebaceous cysts, 6 Red-brown hypermelanosis, 10, 21 Sebaceous , 65, 69 Red follicular fluorescence in hypopigmented Seborrhoeic keratoses, 8, 63, 65, 68, 70 macules, 147, 148 Secondary , 24 Red light lasers, 216 Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2), 171 Reed naevus, 98–100 Segmental lentiginosis, 22 Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) Segmental (unilateral) vitiligo (SV), 123, 124 cells and patterns Selenium deficiency, 11, 13 cobblestone pattern, 95 Sensorineural deafness, 6 dendritic cells, 95 Sex hormones, 173 disarranged pattern, 95 Shamberg’s disease, 21 honeycomb pattern, 95 Sickle-cell anaemia, 21 keratinocytes, 95 Siderosis, 7 melanocytes, 95 Silver poisoning, 6 melanophages, 95 Silver-Russell syndrome, 16 pagetoid cells, 95 Simvastatin, 131 limitations, 104 Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, 16 melanin, 94 Skin non-invasive analysis, 93 acquired pigmentary skin disorders, 96, 97, 104 patients and clinicians, 94 basal layer and dermo-epidermal junction pigmentary disorders clusters and nests, 95 acquired pigmentary skin disorders, 96, 97 edged and non-edged papillae, 95 melanocytic lesions, 97–104 cancer diagnosis, 93 principles, 93, 94 components, 93 public hospitals and private practices, 93 depth of, 93 skin (see Skin) dermal layer Refraction index, 63 papillary dermis, 95 Renal calculi, 6 reticular dermis, 95 Renal failure, 6 epidermal layer Repeated open application test (ROAT), 192 stratum corneum, 94 Re-pigmentation patterns, 96 stratum granulosum, 95 Resorcinol, 253 stratum spinosum, 95 Retention hyperkeratosis, 2 handheld device, 94 Reticular dermis, 95 hematoxylin-eosin staining, 149 Reticulate, 10 in vivo skin examination, 93 Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura (RAK), 39, 86 lesional and adjacent normal-appearing, 98 Retinoic acid (RA), 270 lesional and perilesional skin, 94 Retinoids melanin in, 94 adapalene, 270 non-lesional, 97 clinical efficacy, 270, 271 normal-appearing, 97 tolerability and safety, 271 perilesional normal, 97 tretinoin, 270 sun-damaged, 104 , 17 Skin-aging-associated secreted proteins (SAASP), 170 Rheumatoid arthritis, 6 Skin biopsy, 5, 168 Riboflavinaemia, 19 Skin color Riehl’s melanosis, 3, 21, 191–194, 198 chromophores, 56 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, 5, 23 chronic avoidance, 2 Royal Australian College of General Practitioners CIE colour space, 59 (RACGP), 63 colorimetric instruments, 58 haemoglobin, 57 haemosiderin, 2 S heavy metals, 2 Salicylic acid, 253, 271 ITA, 57, 59 Salicylic-Mandelic (SM) acid peels, 255, 256 measurements affecting factors, 60 Sarcoidosis, 7, 14, 50, 158 melanin, 56 Scalp heterochromia secondary to mosaicism, 5 physiological pigmentation, 3 Schamberg’s disease (SD), 83 reflectance spectrophotometry, 58 (see Skin Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), 264 pigmentation) Sclerotylosis, 23 Xanthoderma, 2 Sebaceoma, 8 Skin-directed therapies, 198 Index 295

Skin inflammatory reactions, 198 Surgery therapies, vitiligo Skin irritation, 263 epidermal grafting, 140 Skin lightening agent, 264 minigrafting/punch grafting, 139, 140 Skin of color, 197–199, 202, 204, 205 split-skin grafting, 141 Skin pigmentation, 19 Syndromic albinism drug-induced, 57 ABCD syndrome, 118, 119 Fitzpatrick type V/VI, 56 CHS vitiligo, 57 clinical features, 116 Skin rejuvenation, 214 definition, 116 Skin scrapings, 4 differential diagnosis, 116 Skin scrapings and potassium hydroxide intervention and treatment, 117 examination, 4 prognosis, 117 , 274 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 116 Skin whitening agent, 268 Cross Syndrome, 119 Smoker’s melanosis, 6 GS Solar-damaged skin, 170 clinical features, 117 Solar elastosis, 170 definition, 117 Solar lentigines differential diagnosis, 117 neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser intervention and treatment, 118 energy fluences, 222, 223 prognosis, 118 limitations, 223 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 117 side effects, 223 HPS QSAL, 220 clinical features, 115 QSRL definition, 113, 114 limitations, 218 differential diagnosis, 115 treatment outcomes, 218, 219 epidemiology, 113 Sour milk (lactic acid), 253 intervention and treatment, 116 Soybeans, 274 prognosis, 116 Spectrophotometry, 5, 58 responsible genes and pathophysiology, 113–115 Spermatozoa-like structures, 89 , 118 Spitz naevus, 98–100 Syringomas, 8 Split-face study, 220, 221 Systemic depigmenting agents, 264, 268, 273 Split-face trial, 178 Systemic glutathione, 268 Split-skin grafting, 141 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 6 Spoke-wheel areas, 63 Systemic sclerosis, 6, 15, 18, 22 Squamous cell carcinoma–pigmented variant, 8 16S rDNA analysis, 149 Starburst appearance, 88 T Stem cell factor (SCF), 170, 171, 178 Tacrolimus, 131 Steroids, 273 Talon Noir, 7, 35 Stratum corneum, 94, 253 Targeted phototherapy, 129, 130 Stratum granulosum, 95 Tartaric acid, 254 Stratum spinosum, 95 Tattoos, 32, 33 Strawberry pattern, 63 Tattoos–accidental, 7 Striata, 6 Telangiectasia, 16 Stucco keratosis, 8 Telangiectatic erythema, 169 Subacute bacterial endocarditis, 6 Tetracycline, 6 Subcellular selective photothermolysis, 177 Thromboxane activity, 200 Subungual fibrous histiocytoma, 6 Thromboxanes, 197 Subungual foreign body, 6 Thyroid disease, 14 Subungual linear keratosis, 6 Tietz syndrome, 11, 118 Sugarcane, 253 Tinea nigra, 6, 20 Sun avoidance, 200 Tissue whitening, 224 Sun exposure, 3, 56, 167, 168, 170 Tissue-selective laser, 214 Sun protection, 200 Tofacitinib, 131 Sunscreens, 170 Topical bleaching agents, 200 Superficial mycoses, 47 Topical corticosteroids, 200, 201 Superficial peels, 200 Topical depigmenting therapies, 264–275 Superficial spreading melanoma in situ, 103 Topical medications (e.g. potassium permanganate), 6 296 Index

Topical retinoids, 156 structureless and amelanotic/hypomelanotic Topical treatment agents, melasma lesions, 65 antioxidants, 176 vascular features in melanocytic lesions, 65 ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 176 vascular features in non-melanocytic lesions, 65 HQ, 175 Tyndall effect, 1, 217 melanosome transfer inhibitors, 176 Tyrosinase, 1, 261 niacinamide (vitamin B3), 176 Tyrosinase inhibitors TCC, 175 4-n-butylresorcinol, 266 tyrosinase inhibitors, 175, 176 antioxidants, 266 Touraine, 6 arbutin, 264 Tranexamic acid (TXA) azelaic acid (AzA), 265 absorption, 272 deoxyarbutin, 264 clinical studies, 272 glutathione, 268 hypopigmenting agents, 272 HQ, 261–264 intravenous, 272 kojic acid (KA), 264 lysine-binding sites, 271 MBEH, 264 melanin synthesis, 271 methimazole, 269 melasma, 178 topical treatment agents, melasma, 175, 176 oral doses, 272 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 5 plasminogen, 271 plasminogen activation, 271 tolerability and safety, 272, 273 U topical, 272 Ultraviolet (UV), 167, 168, 170, 172–177, 271 ultraviolet light, 271 irradiation, 170 Transient pigmentary lines of the newborn, 3 light dermoscopy, 79 Trauma, 6 radiation, 261 Treacher-Collins syndrome, 5 Urticaria pigmentosa, 4, 49, 190 Treponematoses, 3 Urticaria pigmentosa (cutaneous mastocytosis), 87, 88 Tretinoin, 270 UV-sensitive, 211 Tretinoin peels, 257, 258 Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peels, 253, 255–258 Trichrome pattern, 88 V Triple-combination cream (TCC), 175, 225, 263, 275 Vagabond’s disease, 24 Trisomy, 12, 13 Variegate porphyria, 21, 24 Trisomy 20 mosaicism, 16 Vascular anomalies, 6 Tuberculosis, 18 Vascular-dominant type, 169 (TSC), 5, 12, 16, 158 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 172, 178 Tumor of follicular infundibulum (TFI), 157 Vascular features Turner syndrome, 16 in melanocytic lesions, 65 Two-step algorithm non-melanocytic lesions, 65 dermoscopy Vascular type, 169 BCC, 65, 67 Vasculature, 169, 170, 172 classification of pigmented lesions, 64 Vasoconstriction, 11, 13 clear-cell acanthoma, 65, 70 Versapulse, 223 definition, 64 Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 90, 149 features, 65, 67 Vitamin B2 deficiency, 20 haemangioma, 65, 68 Vitamin B3 deficiency, 18, 20 IEC, 65, 69 Vitamin B6 deficiency, 20 intradermal naevi, 65, 70 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 5, 15, 18, 20 keratinising tumours, 65 Vitamin C, 266 limitations, 68, 69 Vitamin C deficiency, 20 melanocytic features, 65, 66 Vitamin D overdose, 18 melanocytic/non-melanocytic, 64 Vitamin E non-melanocytic, 65 alpha tocopherol, 267 scoring systems, 66 application, 267 sebaceous hyperplasia, 65, 69 bioconversion, 267 seborrhoeic keratoses, 65, 68 clinical efficacy, 267, 268 seborrhoeic keratosis, 65, 70 compounds, 267 and shared criteria, 68, 71 esters, 267 Index 297

lipophilic antioxidant, 267 topical calcineurin inhibitors, 133 tolerability and safety, 268 topical vitamin D analogues, 133 Vitiligo, 4–7, 11, 12, 14, 24 treatment approaches active stage, 96, 98 afamelanotide, 131 awareness activities, 123 biologicals, 132 camouflage, 130 conventional steroid sparing agents, 132 cause, 123 minocycline, 131 classification oral vitamins and antioxidants, 131, 132 focal vitiligo, 125, 126 prostaglandin analogues, 131 NSV, 124 simvastatin, 131 SV, 123, 124 tofacitinib, 131 conventional topical agents topical photocil, 132 calcineurin inhibitors, 128 variants, 139 corticosteroids, 128 Vitiligo ponctue, 11, 13 vitamin D analogues, 128, 129 Vitiligo universalis, 13 depigmenting agents, 130, 133 VivaScope 1500®, 93 excimer laser/light (EL) VivaScope 3000®, 94 adjuvant therapies, 212 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, 14 advantages, 212 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 5 immunomodulatory effects, 211 Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 16 irradiance and fluence, 212 limitations, 212 NB-UVB, 211 W photo(chemo)therapies, 211 , 5, 12 skin type and disease duration, 211 Watson syndrome, 16 treatment outcomes, 211 Werner syndrome, 5, 24 treatment trials, 212–214 White/depigmented netlike pattern, 88 UV-resistant areas, 211 White fibrous papulosis (WFP), 7, 8, 161 UV-sensitive, 211 White forelock with multiple malformations, 5

FCO2 laser, 215 White forelock with osteopathia striata, 5 light-based therapies White sponge naevus of oral mucosa, 8 nontargeted phototherapy, 129 , 6 photochemotherapy, 129 Wilson disease, 6, 18, 21 targeted phototherapy, 129, 130 Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1), 173 management, 132, 133 Wnt pathway, 173 medical management, 128 Wood’s lamp, 147 narrowband UVB (NBUVB), 133 Wood’s lamp examination, 4 neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet Wood’s light examination, 168, 169 laser, 222 Woronoff’s ring, 14 non-segmental, 139 pathogenic mechanisms adaptive immunity, 127 X autoimmune hypothesis, 126 Xanthoderma, 2 cellular metabolic alterations, 127, 128 , 8 genetic susceptibility, 126 Xenon-chloride excimer laser, innate immunity, 126, 127 see Excimer laser (EL) melanocytorrhagy, 128 Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), 16, 161 oxidative stress, 127 prevalence, 123 psychological interventions, 130 Y QSAL, 220 Yellow nail syndrome, 6 QSRL, 216 segmental, 139 stable stage, 96, 97 Z steroids, conventional systemic agents, 129 Zidovudine, 6 surgical therapy, 133 , 20