Contribution À La Reconstitution Du Paléoenvironnement Au Sahara

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Contribution À La Reconstitution Du Paléoenvironnement Au Sahara UNIVERSITE KASDI MERBAH - OUARGLA Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département des Sciences Biologiques Année : 201 5 - 201 6 N° d’enregistrement : /…./…./…./…./ THESE Pour l ’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat è s sciences e n Sciences Biologiques Contribution à la reconstitution du paléoenvironnement au Sahara septentrional dans les sols de bassins endoréique s : Cas de la région de Ouargla Présentée et soutenue publiquement Par YOUCEF Fouzia Le :05/06/2016 Devant le jury composé de : HACINI Messaoud Professeur U.K.M. Ouargla Président HAMDI - AISSA B a elhadj Professeur U.K.M. Ouargla Promoteur DJERRAB Abderrezak Professeur Université de Guelma Rapporteur MESSEN Nacer M.R. C.R.N.B. Ain Ouss e ra Rapporteur SELLAMI Farid M.R. INRAP, GSO France Rapporteur DADDI BOUHOUN Mu stapha M.C.A U.K.M. Ouargla Rapporteur Je dédie ce travail A La mémoire de mon che r père Mohammed Ma chère mère Fatma Mon cher époux Allaoua et ma fille Massila Mes chères sœurs et mon cher frère A La mémoire de mon neveu Youcef et de mon beau frère Mohammed F ouzia Remerciements A la fin de ce travail, i l m' est agréable de remercier de nombreuses personnes qui grâce à leur aide, ce travail a pu voir le jour : Je remercie en premier lieu, M. Hamdi - Aïssa Baelhadj pou r avoir accepté de diriger cette thèse , mais aussi pour ses conseils, son aide et ses encouragements durant toutes les étapes de réalisation de ce travail. Mes plus vifs remerciements vont à M. Hacini Messaoud pour avoir accepté de présider ce jury. Que soient également vivement remerciés : M. Djerrab Abderrezak , M. Messen Nacer , M. Sellami Farid et M. Daddi Bouhoun Mustapha pour avoir acceptés de faire partie de ce jury . Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont été menés au laboratoire de Biogéochimie des milieux désertiques (Université de Ouargla), que soit ici remercié son directeur M. Hadj - M'hammed Mahfoud . J’exprime ici toute ma reconnaissance envers M elle Messrouk H ouria pour son aide dans la réalisation des analyses par spectroscopie infrarouge. Je tiens à remercier vivement le directeur du laboratoire de micromorphologie d e l’AgroParisTech - INRA ( Paris - Grignon ) pour l'aide précieuse dans la préparation des lames minces. Un grand merci à M me Youcef Leila ( Professeur à l’université Mohamed Kheider Biskra) pour son aide précieuse. Mes vifs remerciements vont également à M. Chehma Abdelmadjid (Professeur à l’université de Ouargla) , pour son aide et surtout ses encouragements. Mille mercis à mes ami e s: Abbas Amel , Chaouch Saida , Oustani Mebrouka , Tra belsi Hafida et Houari El Kahina . Je remercie vivement M me Boudjenah - Haroun Saliha , Maitre de conférences à l' université de Ouargla pour ses encouragements et ses qualités humaines. Mes vifs remerciements vont également à tous mes collègues du département des sciences agronomiques surtout le chef de département Monsieur Guezoul Omar , M me Idder - Ighili Hakima et Monsieur Eddoud Amor . Et à to us mes collègues du département des sciences biologiques. Je remercie très vivement mon mari Belferrag Allaoua pour son aide sur terrain et surtout pour ses encouragements et son soutien tout au long de ce travail. i Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma gratitude aussi à tous ceux qui m’ont apporté leur aide lors de la réalisation de ce tte thèse: Monsieur Messaoud Hacini, Monsieur Zeddouri Aziz, M me Zeddouri Hadj Said Samia, M me Brahmi Karima et Monsieur Chellat Smaine. Un remerciement inconditionnel à mon père ( in memorium ), ma mère , mes sœurs et mon frère pour leur soutien et leur amour . ii Résumé Les indicateurs des changements paléoenvironnementaux au Sahara sont multiples, témoignant du passage de cette région par des conditions plus humides qui ont abouti à l'apparition d'écosystèmes différents de ceux d'aujourd'hui. Le présent travail a été r éalisé dans le but d'une contribution à la reconstitution d u paléoenvironnement du Sahara à partir de l'étude des sédiments de paléolacs, des sols à accumulation s calcaire s et des sols à accumulation s gypse uses dans la région de Ouargla . Le choix des site s, la description morphologique et l'échantillonnage ont été effectués suite à u ne étude préliminaire sur le terrain . Au labor atoire, une panoplie d'analyses physiques, chimiques, physico - chimiques, micromorphologiques, paléontologiques et minéralogiques a été appliqué e pour la caractérisation de ces sols. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la région de Ouargla a connu au cours de l'Holocène des fluctuations climatiques entre des périodes a rides et d'autres plus humides. Ces c hangements sont visibles sur ter rain par la présence d' indicateurs comme les couches noires, les fossiles, les formes d'accumulations d e gypse et de calcaire . Les couches noires étudiées possèdent des taux élevé s en matière organique et montre nt parfois même un bon état de préservation avec des structures végétales reconnaissables. Leur origine est organique et indiquent une formation dans un milieu lacustre pendant une période plus humide . Les fossiles et les microfossiles indiquent des eaux douces à peu salé e s , permanentes , calmes et oxygénée s . L es paléolacs étudiés qui ont une période d'activité probable entre 10000 et 4000 ans B.P. ont représent és des écos ystèmes qui ont abrités un e faune et une flore et assurant une source d'eau pour des animaux terrestres. L'existence de c es derniers a nécessité une végétation plus abondante . Les accumulations de gypse, très fréquentes dans les sols de la région indiquent aussi la fluctuation du climat entre des périodes aride s et d'autres plus humides . Les croûtes gypseuses de surface témoign ent d' un niveau de nappe phréatique plus haut qu'aujourd'hui et une évaporation intense sous un climat aride. Les croû tes gypseuses de la Sebkha Mellala ont été formées dans un milieu lagunaire. Les pseudomorphoses de gypse lenticulaire en calcite représentent un caractère hérité et signifie un changement de climat entre période s humide et aride. L'accumulation du gypse en bas des graviers indique une percolation de l'eau du haut vers le bas du profil durant une péri ode plus humide. Cette dernière explique aussi la formation des r hiz olites qui représentent des restes de systèmes racinaires anciens. Les cristaux de gypse présents à la surface de certains profils ont par contre une origine éolienne. Les accumulations calcaires présentes au niveau des sols de la région ne peuvent être expliquées par les conditions hyperarides actuelles , du fait que leur formation nécessite un climat plus humide suivi de la persistance d'un climat aride pour assurer leu r préservation au niveau de ces sols. Les nodules calcaires ont été formés in situ et les amas calcaires indiquent un drainage faible. Les encro û tements et les croûtes calcaires témoignent de précipitations abondantes et une formation dans un milieu lacustre pour l'encroûtement du paléolac. Les revêtements argileux témoignent d' une origine sédimentaire ancienne et l es minéraux argileux présents dans les sols et les sédiments étudiés sont hérités. Les sols et les sédiments ét udiés conservent des caractères anciens qui traduisent la fluctuation des conditions climatiques durant le Quaternaire; succession des sédiments hydro - éoliens résultants de l'alternance de période s humides qui ont permis l'apparition des paléol acs et de périodes arides se manifestant par des sédiments sableux et l'accumulation du gypse et de calcaire sous différentes formes . Mots clés: Sol, Sahara, paléoenvironnement, paléoclimat, micromorphologie, paléolac , Quaternaire, accumulations gypse uses , accumulations calcaire s , fossiles . Abstrac t I ndicators of paleoenvironmental changes in the Sahara are numerous, reflecting the passage of this region by wet ter conditions leading to the appearance of ecosystems different from those of today . The aim of this thesis is a contribution to the reconstruction of Saharan paleoenvironment through the study of palaeolake sediments , soils with calcareous accumulations and soils with gypsum accumulations in the area of Ouargla. A field preliminary study was necessary for the selection of site s , morphological description s and sampling. In the laboratory, physical, chemical, physico - chemical, micromorphological, palaeontological and mineralogical analyzes w ere applied to the characterizati on of these soils. The obtained results show cl imatic fluctuations between dry and humid condition s in the area of Ouargla during the Holocene. Indicators of these changes are already visible in the field (black layers, fossils, gypsum and calcareous accumulations...). The studied black layers have high content s of organic matter and sometimes even show a good preservation with recognizable plant structures. They have an organic origin and indicate formation in lacustrin e environment during a more humid period . Fossils and microfossils indi cate permanent, calm, oxygen ated and fresh to low salt water . These palaeolakes with a probable period of activity between 10000 and 4000 years B . P . represented ecosystems with a fauna and flora and prov iding a source of water for terrestrial animals which required abundant vegetation under more humid climate. Gypsum accumulations are frequent in soils of the region and indicate climate fluctuation between dry and humid periods . Surface gypsum crusts indicate a h igher groundwater level than today and intense evaporation under arid conditions . The gypsum crusts in Sabkha Mellala were formed in lacustrine environment. Calcite pseudomorphs a fter lenticular gypsum crystals represent an inherited character and indicate a change between humid and arid conditions . The accumulation of gypsum in the down part of gravel s indicates a descendant direction of water during a wet period. The latter also exp lains the formation of r hiz olit s which represent the remains of old root s. The gypsum crystals on the surface of some profiles have an aeolian origin .
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