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Estimating the Burden of Heat Illness in England During the 2013 Summer

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Estimating the Burden of Heat Illness in England During the 2013 Summer JECH Online First, published on February 12, 2016 as 10.1136/jech-2015-206079 Research report J Epidemiol Community Health: first published as 10.1136/jech-2015-206079 on 12 February 2016. Downloaded from Estimating the burden of heat illness in England during the 2013 summer heatwave using syndromic surveillance Sue Smith,1 Alex J Elliot,1 Shakoor Hajat,2 Angie Bone,3 Gillian E Smith,1 Sari Kovats2 1Real-time Syndromic ABSTRACT ability to thermoregulate with children more at risk Surveillance Team, Public Background The burden of heat illness on health of dehydration than adults as they have a higher Health England, Birmingham, 24 UK systems is not well described in the UK. Although the relative volume of water in their bodies. 2NIHR Health Protection UK generally experiences mild summers, the frequency Research Unit in Environmental and intensity of hot weather is likely to increase due to Heatwaves Change and Health, climate change, particularly in Southern England. We Globally, heatwaves are responsible for impacting Department of Social and investigated the impact of the moderate heatwave in Environmental Health Research, on human health on an annual basis: these impacts Faculty of Public Health and 2013 on primary care and emergency department (ED) have been widely documented. During 1994, there Policy, London School of visits using syndromic surveillance data in England. were 3000 heat-related deaths in South Korea5;in Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Methods General practitioner in hours (GPIH), GP out 1995 there were in excess of 700 deaths in London, UK of hours (GPOOH) and ED syndromic surveillance systems 6 3Extreme Events and Health Chicago ; during 2003 a European heatwave Protection, Public Health were used to monitor the health impact of heat/sun resulted in 71 000 excess deaths including 15 000 England, London, UK stroke symptoms (heat illness). Data were stratified by in Paris;78more recently, a heatwave across India age group and compared between heatwave and non- and Pakistan has resulted in excess of 3000 deaths, Correspondence to heatwave years. Incidence rate ratios were calculated for particularly in the elderly and poor.910 Dr Alex J Elliot, Real-time GPIH heat illness consultations. Syndromic Surveillance Team, The temperate maritime climate of the British Public Health England, 6th Results GP consultations and ED attendances for heat Isles limits the probability of heatwaves occurring Floor, 5 St Philip’s Place, illness increased during the heatwave period; GPIH on the same scale as other continents, however, Birmingham B3 2PW, UK; consultations increased across all age groups, but the climate change models suggest that the probability [email protected] highest rates were in school children and those aged of more severe heatwaves will increase in the ≥ 11 copyright. Received 20 May 2015 75 years, with the latter persisting beyond the end of future. Within the last few decades there have Revised 11 September 2015 the heatwave. Extrapolating to the English population, been a number of heatwaves that have occurred Accepted 8 November 2015 we estimated that the number of GPIH consultations for within England and Wales: the resulting impact on heat illness during the whole summer (May to health has been documented in a number of – September) 2013 was 1166 (95% CI 1064 to 1268). studies.12 17 In particular, during the European This was double the rate observed during non-heatwave heatwave of 2003, there was a 16% increase in years. excess deaths in England and Wales with London, Conclusions These findings support the monitoring of and the elderly predominantly affected.18 heat illness (symptoms of heat/sun stroke) as part of the In 2004, in direct response to the 2003 heat- Heatwave Plan for England, but also suggest that wave, and in particular the impact in France, the specifically monitoring heat illness in children, especially UK Department of Health launched the Heatwave those of school age, would provide additional early Plan for England. The aim of the Plan is to support http://jech.bmj.com/ warning of, and situation awareness during heatwaves. the National Health Service (NHS) and local authorities providing guidance and advice on how to prepare for and respond to heatwaves.19 An inte- gral part of the Heatwave Plan for England is INTRODUCTION health surveillance: morbidity and mortality surveil- Humans have efficient heat regulatory mechanisms lance systems routinely monitor the health impact which cope with increases in ambient temperature of heat during the summer. on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected up to a particular threshold that varies by indivi- duals depending on age, fitness and acclimatisa- Syndromic surveillance tion.1 The body increases radiant, convective and Syndromic surveillance is the near real-time collec- evaporative heat loss by vasodilatation and perspir- tion, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of ation.2 The physiological and clinical effects of heat health-related data to enable the early identification are generally well understood in healthy adults, but of the impact (or absence of impact) of potential less so in children, persons with chronic or acute human or veterinary public-health threats which disease, and the elderly. As a result of the natural require effective public health action.20 Syndromic patterns of ageing (or senescence) on homeostatic surveillance is becoming an important surveillance To cite: Smith S, Elliot AJ, mechanisms, normal thermoregulatory processes tool for monitoring public health in real-time. Hajat S, et al. J Epidemiol are compromised in elderly people, resulting in These systems have been previously used, albeit on Community Health Published 3 Online First: [please include poorer heat tolerance. The age-related factors that a limited international basis, to monitor the health Day Month Year] contribute to this include poor aerobic fitness, dif- impact of heatwaves. In particular, work in France doi:10.1136/jech-2015- ferences in body composition and chronic health and the UK has used syndromic surveillance in real- 206079 conditions. Children and babies have a limited time during heatwaves, with other studies assessing Smith S, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015;0:1–7. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206079 1 Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2016. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd under licence. Research report J Epidemiol Community Health: first published as 10.1136/jech-2015-206079 on 12 February 2016. Downloaded from the potential of these systems to complement existing surveil- period in 2013 were compared with the same period in 2012 – lance programmes.21 27 and 2014 (and additionally for 2011 for the GPOOH system The objective of this paper was to describe the impact of the only). 2013 heatwave on morbidity utilising syndromic surveillance A heatwave occurred during July 2013 in England. Unusually systems, using reported cases of heat illness presenting to health- hot weather affected most of the UK from 3 to 23 July 2013, care services in England. making the month the third hottest July on record.32 Within the UK, the formal definition of a heatwave uses regional-specific METHODS criteria for a level 3 warning in the Heatwave Plan for 19 Syndromic surveillance systems England. Level 3 warnings were initially called on July 12–14. The Public Health England (PHE) Real-time Syndromic Maximum daily Central England Temperature (CET) exceeded Surveillance Team (ReSST) coordinate a suite of national syn- 28.1°C from 13 to 19 July inclusive, and again on 22 July. – dromic surveillance systems and deliver a real-time syndromic During 18 19 July, the heatwave extended to Northern surveillance service that has been described in detail else- England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. A daily where.28 In brief, daily data are collected from a number of maximum temperature of 33.5°C was recorded on 22 July at healthcare provider sources and analysed, interpreted and Heathrow and Northolt (Greater London), which was the 32 assessed using statistical algorithms (modelling historical data to highest UK temperature recorded since 2006. identify significant activity).29 These data are aggregated into a number of syndromic indicators based on symptoms and clinical Syndromic data and data sources diagnosis of disease. For this study three national syndromic sur- For each of the three syndromic surveillance systems, daily veillance systems were used; general practitioner in hours counts of cases were obtained for heat/sunstroke (heat illness), (GPIH), GP out of hours (GPOOH) and emergency department an indicator that is based on an aggregation of underlying clin- syndromic surveillance systems (EDSSS) (table 1). The represen- ical codes extracted from the relevant system. Since several dif- tativeness of the systems varied: GPIH had extensive coverage ferent clinical coding systems are used in general practice and in of the English population (monitoring approximately 65% of EDs the codes differ slightly between surveillance systems. A English patients) with good representativeness of regions across breakdown of the clinical codes underlying the syndromic indi- England; GPOOH had approximately 70% of GPOOH service cator is available from the authors. providers across England albeit with less representative coverage For the GPIH system the daily rate per 100 000 patient popu- across some English regions; the EDSSS was a sentinel surveil- lation was calculated. Accurate patient denominators are difficult lance system with 35 sentinel emergency departments (EDs) to calculate for the EDSSS and GPOOH systems: it is difficult fi ‘ ’ reporting across England and Northern Ireland, of which 18 to de ne the catchment population for individual hospitals/ copyright. were selected for use in this study (based on the suitability of EDs, and individual OOH service providers can cover a number the local clinical coding system being able to record symptoms of different healthcare boundaries. Therefore, for each syn- of ‘heat illness’). Anonymised health data from each syndromic drome a daily percentage of all recorded contacts (attendances/ system were captured on a daily basis using automated processes: consultations) was calculated.
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