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FROM ANCIENT GREEK TO ASIAN PHILOSOPHY Edited by ELIZABETH HOPPE RONALD WEED ATINER 2007 From Ancient Greek to Asian Philosophy ii Introduction Athens Institute for Education and Research 2007 From Ancient Greek to Asian Philosophy Edited by Elizabeth Hoppe Ronald Weed iii From Ancient Greek to Asian Philosophy PUBLISHED BY ATHENS INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH 14 Solomou Street, 10683 Athens, Greece Tel. +30 210 36.34.210 Fax +30 210.36.34.209 Email: [email protected] URL: www.atiner.gr This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the Athens Institute for Education and Research. First Published: 2007 ISBN: 978-960-6672-17-0 Typeset, printed and binding by Theta Co. iv Introduction Table of Contents List of Contributors i Introduction 1 Hoppe, E. PART I ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY 1. Pre-Socratic Influences on Socratic Capacities (Dunameis) 7 Paleologou, M. 2. The World According to Plato 21 Hoppe, E. 3. Aristotle’s Theory of Principles: A Rationalistic − Empirical Ambiguity 37 Romano, J.J. 4. Aristotle’s Metaphysics and Quantum Physics 51 Glazebrook, T. 5. The Ergon − Energeia Perspective in the Interpretation of Aristotle’s 69 Eudaimonia Festin, J.M.L.M. 6. Virtuous Character: An Approachable Ideal 85 Homiak, M. 7. Democratic Envy in Aristotle: An Other-Centered Vice? 101 Weed, R. 8. Aristotle and Brain Death: What Happens When the Master meets Modern 113 Medicine? McEvoy, L. A. 9. The Providential Tourist: Epictetus on How a Stoic Travels 127 Stephens, O.W. 10. ‘Who am I?’ The Platonic Dialogues and the Upanishads on the Self 141 Schiltz, E. v From Ancient Greek to Asian Philosophy PART II COMPARATIVE AND ASIAN PHILOSOPHY 11. Maya and Dike and the Principles of Eco-Justice 157 Giancola, D. 12. The Position of Logic in the Principle of Islamic Jurisprudence: An 169 Analysis of Al-Ghazzali’s thought on his Book, Al-Mustasfa Min ‘Ilm Al-Usul (The Quintessence of the Principle of Islamic Jurisprudence) Hamat, F. M. 13. Indian Yoni-Linga and Chinese Yin Yang: Conceptual Comparisons 183 Ding, Z.J. 14. Discoveries of the Original Meaning of the Tao Te Ching 195 Wang, L. 15. Fumbling the Flywhisk: the ‘Hidden’ Complexities of Buddho-Daoist 211 Debate Thompson, M.J. 16. The Politics of Philosophy: Mou Zongsan, the Kyoto School, and their 223 Critics Tu, X. vi Introduction List of Contributors Ding Z. John, Professor, California State Polytechnic University, USA Festin J. Moises Lorenz Maria, Dean of Studies, San Carlos Seminary, Philippines Giancola Donna, Associate Professor, Suffolk University College of Arts & Sciences, USA Glazebrook Trish, Associate Professor, Dalhousie University, Canada Hamat F. Mohd, Lecturer, University of Malaya, Malaysia Homiak Marcia, Professor, Occidental College, USA Hoppe Elizabeth, Associate Professor, Lewis University, USA McEvoy L. Adrianne, Assistant Professor, Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, USA Paleologou Maria, Lecturer, California State University, USA Romano J. Joseph, Professor, Cabrini College, USA Schiltz Elizabeth, Assistant Professor, College of Wooster, USA Stephens O. William, Professor, Creighton University, USA Thompson M. John, Assistant Professor Christopher Newport University, USA Tu Xiaofei, Ph. D Candidate, Syracuse University, USA Wang Liancheng, Associate Professor, BS M&B CO., LTD. Shenzhen, China Weed Ronald, Assistant Professor, Tyndale University College, Canada i From Ancient Greek to Asian Philosophy ii Introduction Introduction The Athens Institute for Education and Research presented its first ever philosophy conference in June 1-3, 2006. Over 120 speakers gathered near Athens, Greece to present papers on a wide range of topics, two of which included Ancient Greek and Asian Philosophy. This volume highlights the main ideas that arose in these sessions. The first part on Ancient Greek thought includes papers on Plato and the Pre-Socratics up through Stoicism while the second part on Asian Philosophy covers ancient, medieval, and contemporary Asian thought. Despite the divergent topics, the papers interrelate through their investigation of basic philosophical problems, such as questions concerning ethics, knowledge, truth, wisdom, and the soul. I. Ancient Greek Philosophy This part begins with two essays that focus on Socrates and Plato. In noting that Socrates does not question what dunamis is, Lecturer Maria Paleologou from the California State University provides an in depth analysis on the Pre- Socratic usages of dunamis in order to demonstrate the ways in which Socrates conceives the term. While poetry, ethics, and science may at first seem quite unrelated to each other, Paleologou sifts through a variety of texts in order to reveal the common meanings of dunamis. The Associate Professor Elizabeth Hoppe from the Lewis University offers a consideration of a neglected aspect of Plato’s thought: the influence of geography on philosophy. Through a close reading of Plato’s dialogues Phaedo, Critias and Timaeus, Hoppe argues that Plato uses a geographical narrative in order to illustrate his own view of the limitations of philosophy. The spatial limitations inherent in geography provide an image of the limited scope of philosophy. Several papers focus on Aristotle, two of which examine his metaphysics. The Professor Joseph J. Romano from the Cabrini College undertakes an investigation of Aristotle’s use of the term arxē, that is, principle, and its classical interpretation as either indicating a Platonism or a precursor to modern science. Romano’s purpose is to disambiguate “principle” from the epistemology and metaphysical problems arising from the Aristotelian claim that knowledge is universal and that universals are not separable from the world of changing entities. The Associate Professor Trish Glazebrook from the Dalhousie University in Canada presents a novel application of Aristotle’s concepts of actuality and potentiality. She explains three perplexing problems in quantum physics that are articulated in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment, in Bell’s inequalities, and in the delayed-choice experiment. She then argues that Aristotle’s understanding of actuality presents a framework against which some of the problems of quantum physics can be understood and clarified. 1 From Ancient Greek to Asian Philosophy Four essays discuss ethical and political dimensions of Aristotle’s thought. In M. Lorenz Moises J. Festin’s paper who is Dean of Studies from the San Carlos Seminary in Philippines, he attempts to resolve two ongoing conflicts of interpretation concerning eudaimonia: whether contemplative activity is the sole constituent of eudaimonia or whether the latter is also constituted by other activities. His paper sheds light on this conflict by showing how the virtues of character are such that the distinctively human function (ergon) of their possessors is best served through their characteristic activity (energeia). The Marcia Homiak’s essay who is Professor from the Occidental College, responds to the objection by “situationists” that a virtuous character is almost impossible to attain and thus, is not a practical guide for the ethical life. Homiak surveys the situationist debate as it arose in the aftermath of Stanley Milgram’s psychological experiments in the 1960s. She challenges the reductionistic views of character that these studies assume and argues that virtuous character cannot be separated from the motivational elements that contribute to it. The Assistant Professor Ron Weed from the Tyndale University carefully investigates Aristotle’s Ethics, Politics, and Rhetoric in order to show how two seemingly divergent accounts of envy actually complement each other. While envy appears to be a self-centered vice, in which the person tries to attain something another already possesses, in other instances envy seems other-centered in that envy can drive people to deny the envied person some share of a good the envied one possesses. According to the Assistant Professor Adrianne McEvoy from the Mansfied University, many of the standard criteria for defining and diagnosing death generate difficulties that turn on what it means to be a person. McEvoy draws from Aristotle’s psychology and metaphysics to illuminate the range of raw and developed capacities and activities that are necessary and beneficial for human life. She concludes by showing that Aristotle provides a helpful framework for clarifying the strengths and weaknesses of the standard contemporary views, though he provides a more demanding requirement for human life than most of these views. Part I of the volume ends with an account of Stoicism. By articulating a Stoic view of travel, the Professor William O. Stephens from the Creighton University examines such questions as why a person should travel, and what a person should do when faced with hardships during his journey. After canvassing multiple Stoic justifications for travel derived from the writings of Epictetus, Stephens concludes by pointing out that rationality is what makes tourism providential. II. Comparative and Asian Philosophy The second part begins with two papers that focus on comparative philosophy. First, the Assistant Professor Elizabeth Schiltz from the College of Wooster, examines the interconnectedness between Plato and the Upanishads on the 2 Introduction immortality of the soul. Through her careful analysis, Schiltz reveals the close relationship between
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