Philosophy) Syllabus the Two Years M.A
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Dialectical Materialism and Science
MARXISM TODAY SERIES EDITED BY PROFESSOR BENJAMIN FARRINGTON, M.A. 7 DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM AND SCIENCE MAURICE CORNFORTH LAWRENCE & WISHART LTD LONDON 1949 NOTE This booklet is based on a report given to a conference of British Marxist scientists in London in June 1949. The original report has been amplified and corrected in the light of the discussion which there took place, and additional material has been added. What follows is to a great extent a collective effort. I am alone responsible for the form in which it here appears; and, in particular, for any mistakes that may be found in it; but it could not possibly have been written without the help of a number of comrades and it represents the summary of many discussions. Maurice Cornforth London, August 1949 CONTENTS Page I. THE CRISIS OF BOURGEOIS SCIENCE 5 Basic Conceptions 5 Successive Development of the Sciences 6 Achievements of Analysis 7 Two Kinds of Analysis 8 The Tendency of Analysis to Become Metaphysical 9 Evolution 11 Dialectical Materialism, a Scientific Generalisation 13 The Revolutionary Character of Dialectical Materialism 13 Frustration of Science 16 Crisis of Ideas 17 Two Trends in Science 20 II. MATERIALISM VERSUS IDEALISM 21 Against Idealism and Mechanism 21 Mechanical Materialism in the Fight Against Idealism 23 Three Types of Idealism 26 The Doctrine of Limitation 28 Positivism 29 The Materialist Theory of Knowledge 30 III. DIALECTICS VERSUS METAPHYSICS 34 Mechanism as a Form of Metaphysics 35 Deterministic and Statistical Regularities 36 Criticism of Mechanism -
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Maurice Cornforth MARXISM AND THE LINGI-JISTIC PHILOSOPHY This is a book about the problems of contemporary British philosophy. It con- tains a searching examination of the whole train of thought that has led from the be- ginnings of British Empiricism, through the development of mathematical Iogic and analytic philosophy, to the present pre- occupation of British philosophers with questions about language. Mr Cornforth has sought to begin a dialogue between Marxism and the Linguistic Philosophy. He makes a positive assessment of the contribution of such thinkers as Wittgenstein, Austin, Ryle and Hare, agreeing u'ith them that investi- gation of the uses of words is of fundamental importance for right thinking. At the same time he makes an energetic criticism both of their underlying assumptions and of many points of their analysis of "the logic oF language". Several chapters are devoted to questions of Logic and questions of Ethics, as raised in contemporary philosophy, and an alternative approach to these questions is attempted. The last part of the book con- tains a restatement, in the light of the pre- ceding discussion, of the Marxist point of view on questions of dialectics and the laws of thought, the laws of development of society, and human purposes and values. Mr Cornforth writes with clarity and humour, and with an easy mastery of technicalities. This book will be of value both to those specially interested in trends of academic philosophy, and to those con- cerned with wider questions of contempor- ary life and thought. 55s. net MARXISM AND THE LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY •W MARXISM AND THE LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY by MAURICE CORNFORTH 1967 LAWRENCE & WISHART LONDON Copyright © Maurice Cornforth, 196J First Edition 1965 Second Edition 1967 FftlNTBD AND BOUND IN BNO&AND BT HAZBLt. -
In Defense of Happiness: a Response to the Experience Machine
In Defense of Happiness: A Response to the Experience Machine Introduction Hedonism has seen better days. As a philosophical doctrine, it flourished in the utilitarian climate maintained by the great nineteenth-century British empiricists Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick. And even though utilitarianism continues to hold sway among many contempo rary ethical theorists, its hedonistic foundations have been all but abandoned. Nowadays, most philosophers entertain the idea of hedonism just long enough to dismiss it. Traditionally, hedonism has come in many guises. The term itself is derived from the Greek word hoovi] (hedone), meaning pleasure, and theo ries are hedonistic in virtue of the central role they assign to the notion of pleasure. Psychological hedonism is a view about human motivation. It holds that pleasure is the only possible object of a desire or pursuit. Moral hedon ism contends that pleasure is the only thing one ought to desire or pursue. A third version, rational hedonism, maintains that pleasure is the only thing one has reason to desire and pursue. 1 The most familiar formulation of hedonism, though, and the one with which I am primarily concerned here, is a doctrine about well-being and prudential value. Well-being is itself an elusive concept in need of explanation. An ex haustive and reductive definition is, however, beyond the scope of this essay; I offer instead some synonymous expressions. Although these expressions may not dispel all confusion, they will, I hope, help us recognize what is ascribed to a person when we say that he or she has well-being. -
The Methods of Ethics
The Methods of Ethics Henry Sidgwick Copyright © Jonathan Bennett 2017. All rights reserved [Brackets] enclose editorial explanations. Small ·dots· enclose material that has been added, but can be read as though it were part of the original text. Occasional •bullets, and also indenting of passages that are not quotations, are meant as aids to grasping the structure of a sentence or a thought. Every four-point ellipsis . indicates the omission of a brief passage that seems to present more difficulty than it is worth. Longer omissions are reported between brackets in normal-sized type.—The division of the work into Books, chapters, and numbered sections is Sidgwick’s. —Cross-references follow this system: ‘chapter 3’ means ‘chapter 3 of this Book’. ‘chapter 4.2’ means ‘chapter 4, section 2, of this Book’. ‘II/3’ means ‘Book II, chapter 3’. ‘IV/3.4’ means ‘Book IV, chapter 3, section 4’. An accompanying page-number refers to the page where the passage in question starts.—This version omits most of the 2,000+ cautions that Sidgwick includes, such as ‘I think. ’, ‘I conceive. ’, ‘it seems. ’ and so on. Even with these out of the way, the work doesn’t come across as bullyingly dogmatic.—In this version, most notably on pages 166 and 196, the author addresses the reader (‘you’), but in the original it is always ‘the reader’ and ‘he’.—This version is based on the sixth edition of the work (1901), the last non-posthumous one. The first edition appeared in 1874, the year after Mill died. First launched: October 2011 The Methods of Ethics Henry Sidgwick Contents BOOK I 1 Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................1 Chapter 2: The relation of ethics to politics.............................................7 Chapter 3: Ethical judgments................................................... -
6. Railton's “Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality”
6. Railton’s “Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality” Martín Abreu Zavaleta July 14, 2015 Railton is addressing one kind of problem that we raised. In class, we discussed the case of a parent who is offered a choice between saving the life of her own child or saving the life of another child. Saving the life of the other child would produce overall more utility than saving the life of her own, so utilitarian consequentialism claims that she should save the life of the other child. To many people, this seems to be the wrong result: surely, they think, whatever duty she has to save the life of the other child is overridden by her duties and obligations to save the life of her own child. Samuel Scheffler presents us with a less tragic, but related problem for consequentialism. Schef- fler observes that consequentialism demands that we don’t buy new shoes if we can spend that money in ways that will help other people more, or that we don’t watch TV if instead we could be doing more utility maximizing things. These two cases point to one important problem for consequentialism (here, under the guise of utilitarianism). Consequentialism seems to alienate us from the people we love and from things that make our lives richer. By focusing solely on the maximization of utility, it seems to ignore the value that other things bring into our lives: things like friendship, the love for one’s family, entertainment, art appreciation, etc. A life lived in line with consequentialist demands seems to be a very impoverished life, enslaved to the maximization of utility. -
Paradoxes Situations That Seems to Defy Intuition
Paradoxes Situations that seems to defy intuition PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 08 Jul 2014 07:26:17 UTC Contents Articles Introduction 1 Paradox 1 List of paradoxes 4 Paradoxical laughter 16 Decision theory 17 Abilene paradox 17 Chainstore paradox 19 Exchange paradox 22 Kavka's toxin puzzle 34 Necktie paradox 36 Economy 38 Allais paradox 38 Arrow's impossibility theorem 41 Bertrand paradox 52 Demographic-economic paradox 53 Dollar auction 56 Downs–Thomson paradox 57 Easterlin paradox 58 Ellsberg paradox 59 Green paradox 62 Icarus paradox 65 Jevons paradox 65 Leontief paradox 70 Lucas paradox 71 Metzler paradox 72 Paradox of thrift 73 Paradox of value 77 Productivity paradox 80 St. Petersburg paradox 85 Logic 92 All horses are the same color 92 Barbershop paradox 93 Carroll's paradox 96 Crocodile Dilemma 97 Drinker paradox 98 Infinite regress 101 Lottery paradox 102 Paradoxes of material implication 104 Raven paradox 107 Unexpected hanging paradox 119 What the Tortoise Said to Achilles 123 Mathematics 127 Accuracy paradox 127 Apportionment paradox 129 Banach–Tarski paradox 131 Berkson's paradox 139 Bertrand's box paradox 141 Bertrand paradox 146 Birthday problem 149 Borel–Kolmogorov paradox 163 Boy or Girl paradox 166 Burali-Forti paradox 172 Cantor's paradox 173 Coastline paradox 174 Cramer's paradox 178 Elevator paradox 179 False positive paradox 181 Gabriel's Horn 184 Galileo's paradox 187 Gambler's fallacy 188 Gödel's incompleteness theorems -
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[, Maurice Cornforth] E a Crítica Marxista Ao Pragmatismo 67 Panhamento No Título (Que Nada Mais Terá De Misterioso)
V M-V [, M C] P Paulo Antunes1 (Universidade de Lisboa) É no processo da atividade prática, sobre as bases das necessidades materiais da vida da sociedade (não na prática con- cebida de um modo limitado, reduzida à experiência e ao experi- mento, não na prática concebida no espírito do subjetivismo dos pragmatistas e instrumentalistas) que não só se têm aperfeiçoado historicamente os próprios órgãos dos sentidos humanos e se os tem prolongado pela técnica, como se desenvolve o pensamento abstrato com base na linguagem e que, instância decisória, se verifi ca em que dose e até que ponto é ou pode ele ser, dentro de quadros sociais históricos determinados, fi dedigno e verdadeiro. Vasco de Magalhães-Vilhena, 1964. § 1. Notas preambulares: em memória de Vasco de Magalhães-Vilhena Antes de começar, gostava de cumprimentar todos os presentes di- zendo que é com enorme satisfação que me encontro aqui a prestar home- nagem a Vasco de Magalhães-Vilhena (1916-1993) que já só me chegou através dos seus escritos, o que porventura muito honrará a quem fez do 1 [email protected] Philosophica, 49, Lisboa, 2017, pp. 65-78. 66 Paulo Antunes pensamento e da escrita parte essencial da sua vida2. Avancemos que o tempo é escasso para delongas. A comunicação que vos apresento, mais do que tomar como objeto a bibliografi a e/ou biografi a do homenageado ou apresentar sucintamente um tema ou temas que o cativaram, pretende, antes, servir-se de uma ou outra referência episódica dos seus textos. Para o caso, a comunicação pre- tende servir-se das referências que remetem, como o título anuncia, para a crítica marxista ao Pragmatismo. -
Obdrzalek, Moral Transformation and the Love of Beauty In
[Penultimate draft; Journal of the History of Philosophy, 2010 (Vol. 48), 415-44] Moral Transformation and the Love of Beauty in Plato's Symposium Suzanne Obdrzalek 1. Introduction On the day Eros was conceived, the gods were having a party to celebrate the birth of Aphrodite. His father-to-be, Poros (resource), was having a grand old time, and in fact got so carried away with the nectar that he passed out cold in Zeus’ garden. His mother-to-be, Penia (poverty), had not made the guest list, and was skulking around the gates. She was poor but cunning, and on seeing Poros sprawled on the ground, hatched a plot to relieve her poverty. She would sleep with him—after all, Poros was too drunk to know what was going on—and conceive a child who would enable her to escape her penury. The name of this child was Eros. This is the story of the origins of erōs which Diotima offers in her speech in the Symposium, and on the face of it, Plato couldn’t have come up with a stranger, more startling myth (203b1–204c6). Love, we learn, is born when a scheming, desperate woman who takes advantage of a drunk man who lies passed-out in the dirt. There is no mention of marriage, the wedding-bed, affection, beauty, even lust—no mention of any of the things which one would ordinarily associate with a myth about the origins of love. Plato is focusing on the seamier side of erōs; his myth describes just the sort of sexual encounter which might make a man mistrust erōs, in which a man is seduced by a cunning woman for the sake of profit. -
MAURICE CORNFORTH Greg Mclennan Writes: Maurice Cornforth, the British Communist Philosopher, Died on the Last Day of 1980 After
Marxism Today February 1981 31 MAURICE CORNFORTH say apologetic, for the theories and politics Greg McLennan writes: Maurice Cornforth, associated with Stalin's brand of Soviet Com- the British Communist philosopher, died on munism. Here, the ability to popularise the last day of 1980 after a long illness. He was cannot be praised independently of what it is 71. As a Communist intellectual, Cornforth that is being transmitted, and in this sense throughout his life and work strove to Dialectical Materialism has been a mixed combine very different qualities: those of the achievement. theorist, but also those of the political Whilst the faults of Dialectical Materialism activist. At Cambridge, Cornforth attended are very much bound up with the beliefs and to Wittgenstein, Moore, and Braithwaite, experience of a whole generation of Com- but also formed a Communist Party group, munists, rather than being simply the addressed meetings of workers, and helped oversights of an individual, Cornforth conduct the fight against unemployment in became increasingly aware of the difficulties the town. As a full-time party secretary in in being a 'party philosopher'. As an East Anglia in the 1930s, then as director of individual, one of his distinctive character- Lawrence and Wishart, he still managed to istics was the willingness and ability to wrestle with and criticise the dominant non- reappraise his own work and beliefs in the Marxist philosophical traditions. search for a consistent and honest One measure of Cornforth's success as philosophical position. Cornforth was, in both specialist and populariser is that his fact, a ceaseless 'revisionist'. -
ORIGINS of the PRIVATE Language ARGUMENT 59
Didlogos, 66 0995) pp. 59-78 ORIGINS OF THE PRIVATE lANGUAGE ARGUMENT JAN DEJN02KA In this paper I attempt a brief overview of all the major pre-analytic origins of the plivate language arguments (PI.As) in the analytic tradition. It is necessarily a bird's-eye view of a huge panorama. But it is enough to show that there are at least eight major o rigins, and a crowd of pre analytic anticipators of the analysts' PI.As. This weakens the analysts, claim that their linguistic turn radicall y breaks from traditional views. But connecting the analysts' PLAs to some of the biggest themes of traditional thought can only broaden and deepen their already great interest. Such a survey has been long overdue. Hector-Neri Castaneda, in his 1967 article "The Private Language Problem, " cited only two anticipators of the later Wittgenstein on private languages: Rudolf Carnap and julius R. Weinberg.1 Today there are some excell ent literatures on several ori gins, but they are largely piecemeal. I discuss the ori gins in eight secti ons: verificationism, naturalism pragmatism, materialism, mathematics, justifi cationism, realism versus nomina lism, the tlleoty that language and thought are identical , and as a second-level overview of all these, "no entity without identity." The first section is long because I discuss the controversy whether the Tractatus contains velificationism. johannes Herder defin ed "origin" as meaning cause, source (an tecedent), or beginning (first of its kind). It is hard to be so precise here. Histori cal influences are often sp eculative, and it is not always clear when antecedents end and things of a kind begin. -
List of Paradoxes 1 List of Paradoxes
List of paradoxes 1 List of paradoxes This is a list of paradoxes, grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate: Paradoxes may fit into more than one category. Because of varying definitions of the term paradox, some of the following are not considered to be paradoxes by everyone. This list collects only those instances that have been termed paradox by at least one source and which have their own article. Although considered paradoxes, some of these are based on fallacious reasoning, or incomplete/faulty analysis. Logic • Barbershop paradox: The supposition that if one of two simultaneous assumptions leads to a contradiction, the other assumption is also disproved leads to paradoxical consequences. • What the Tortoise Said to Achilles "Whatever Logic is good enough to tell me is worth writing down...," also known as Carroll's paradox, not to be confused with the physical paradox of the same name. • Crocodile Dilemma: If a crocodile steals a child and promises its return if the father can correctly guess what the crocodile will do, how should the crocodile respond in the case that the father guesses that the child will not be returned? • Catch-22 (logic): In need of something which can only be had by not being in need of it. • Drinker paradox: In any pub there is a customer such that, if he or she drinks, everybody in the pub drinks. • Paradox of entailment: Inconsistent premises always make an argument valid. • Horse paradox: All horses are the same color. • Lottery paradox: There is one winning ticket in a large lottery. It is reasonable to believe of a particular lottery ticket that it is not the winning ticket, since the probability that it is the winner is so very small, but it is not reasonable to believe that no lottery ticket will win. -
Hedonism Reconsidered
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Vol. LXXII1, No. 3, November 2006 Hedonism Reconsidered ROGER CRISP St Anne’s College, Oxford Tlus paper is a plea for hedonism to be taken more seriously. It begins by charting hedonism’s decline, and suggests that this is a result of two major objections: the claim that hedonism is the ‘philosophy of swine’, reducing all value to a single common denominator, and Nozick’s ‘experience machine’ objection. There follows some eluci- dation of the nature of hedonism, and of enjoyment in particular. Two types of theory of enjoyment are outlined-internalism, according to which enjoyment has some special ’feeling tone’, and externalism, according to which enjoyment is any kind of experience to which we take some special attitude, such as that of desire. Internalism-the tradi- tional view-is defended against current externalist orthodoxy. The paper ends with responses to the philosophy of swine and the experience machine objections. 1. Hedonism’s Decline Hedonism has a distinguished philosophical history. It was central in ancient philosophy. One interpretation of Plato’s Protugorus has Socrates defending the view, and it is taken seriously in many other dialogues, including the Philebus and the Republic. Aristotle analyses it closely in his Ethics. It was defended vigorously by the Epicureans and Cyrenaics, and attacked equally vigorously by the Stoics. More recently, hedonism was the standard view of the British empiricists from Hobbes to J.S. Mill.’ In the twentieth century, however, hedonism became significantly less popular. There are at least three reasons for this. First, Mill’s attempt to deal with the objection that hedonism was the ‘philosophy of swine’, using his distinction between higher and lower pleasures, was thought to be either an ’ See esp.