On Money and Mettā: Economy and Morality in Urban Buddhist Myanmar

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On Money and Mettā: Economy and Morality in Urban Buddhist Myanmar On Money and Mettā: Economy and Morality in Urban Buddhist Myanmar Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät I Sozialwissenschaften und historische Kulturwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Frau Laura Hornig geb. am 08. 12. 1989 in Berlin Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Chris Hann, Prof. Dr. Ward Keeler Datum der Verteidigung: 18. 04. 2019 Contents Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. xvi A Note on the Text ............................................................................................ xviii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 Embedded Economies ..................................................................................................... 9 Morality-inspired Economies ......................................................................................... 12 Access to Field Site and Methodology ........................................................................... 17 Pathein ............................................................................................................................ 21 Overview of Chapters ..................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2. Myanmar’s History and Political Economy ........................................ 28 Buddhist Kingship and British Imperialism ..................................................................28 Independence and the Burmese Way to Socialism ....................................................... 34 1990 until Today: From Early Market Liberalization to Recent Attempts at Democratization ............................................................................................................. 39 On Informal Economies and Civil Societies ................................................................. 46 Chapter 3. A Moral Framework: Key Concepts of Theravāda Buddhism ............. 52 The Role of Religion ....................................................................................................... 53 Theravāda Cosmology and Key Concepts ..................................................................... 55 Beyond Dāna: Buddhism and Economic Action .......................................................... 66 Morality in Family and Gender Relations......................................................................70 Nun-human Members of the Buddhist Cosmos ...........................................................76 Chapter 4. The Family .......................................................................................... 80 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 80 Case 1. Making Parasols: Family and Business, but not a ‘Family Business’ ............... 86 Business Ownership: Autonomy without Prestige ....................................................... 93 Trading Autonomy for Goun ........................................................................................ 100 Case 2. Maung Maung’s Rice Trade: A Chinese Family Business ............................... 107 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 5. The Workers ...................................................................................... 122 i Introduction ...................................................................................................................122 Autonomy and Work ..................................................................................................... 123 The ‘Good’ Employer: Incentives, Responsibilities, and Obligations ........................ 129 The Least Autonomous: Children as Economic Actors .............................................. 145 Child Workers in Thin Zar’s Tea Shop ........................................................................ 150 Whose Fault? Moral Discourses on Child Workers .................................................... 159 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 163 Chapter 6. The Community ................................................................................ 166 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 166 Conceptualizing Social Support ................................................................................... 168 Dāna and the Collective Dimensions of Buddhist Practice ........................................ 174 Daw Cho Cho: Supporting the Poor and Strengthening the Sāsana ......................... 179 The Neighborhood: Economic Support through Physical Proximity ........................ 187 Between Support and Stigma: Financial Arrangements ............................................. 188 Moral Judgments: Debt, Interest Rates and the Excluded ......................................... 202 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 205 Chapter 7. Conclusion ........................................................................................209 Whither Myanmar? ...................................................................................................... 214 Possibilities for Future Research ...................................................................................221 References .......................................................................................................... 226 ii Zusammenfassung „Von Geld und Mettā: Wirtschaft und Moralität im urbanen buddhistischen Myanmar.“ Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit Zusammenhängen zwischen wirtschaftlichen Prozessen und Moralität in Pathein, einer mittelgroßen Stadt in Myanmar. Sie basiert auf einer der ersten ethnographischen Langzeitforschungen, die sich spezifisch mit aktuellen wirtschaftlichen Prozessen auf der Mikroebene in Myanmar befasst. Ich untersuchte insbesondere, inwieweit moralische Faktoren für das Denken und Handeln von Arbeiternehmern und Angestellten im privatwirtschaftlichen Sektor Patheins eine Rolle spielen. Die Daten, die dieser Dissertation zugrunde liegen, wurden in der Zeit von August 2015 bis August 2016 sowie im Februar und März 2018 erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ökonomische und moralische Faktoren in einer wichtigen Wechselwirkung miteinander stehen. Moralität wird in dieser Arbeit als ein Komplex verstanden, der nicht nur verschiedene Vorstellungen vom allgemein „Wünschenswerten“ (Werte) beinhaltet, sondern auch Normen, Erwartungen und Verpflichtungen. Konkrete moralische Faktoren, die in dieser Arbeit vorkommen, sind unter anderem Autonomie, Prestige und soziale Verantwortung innerhalb und außerhalb der Familie. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert vor allem neue Erkenntnisse für die Forschungsfelder der Wirtschaftsethnologie und der Ethnologie des Buddhismus. Speziell ist die Dissertation eingebettet in wissenschaftliche Debatten zu Transformationskontexten, zunehmender wirtschaftlicher Stratifizierung sowie gelebter Religiosität. Sie liefert Anhaltspunkte dazu, wie verschiedene Werte und Normen sozial verhandelt werden und wie solche Faktoren wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen beeinflussen, jedoch umgekehrt auch durch solche Entwicklungen geformt werden. Meine Daten erhob ich vor allem im Kontext von Kleinbetrieben, hierbei hauptsächlich in sehr kleinen Betrieben mit maximal etwa zwanzig Angestellten. Untersucht wurden unter anderem Prozesse in Handwerksbetrieben, Restaurants, Einzelhandelsgeschäften und bei verschiedenen Serviceanbietern. Bezüglich der Betreiber dieser Betriebe spreche ich in meiner Arbeit bewusst nicht von „Unternehmern“, da die Konnotationen, die mit diesem Begriff iii einhergehen, für meine Informanten größtenteils unzutreffend sind. Für viele war die Selbstständigkeit eine wirtschaftliche Notwendigkeit, die nicht von ökonomischen Ambitionen, Innovationsgedanken und Profitstreben getrieben war, wie dies allgemein mit der Person des Unternehmers assoziiert wird. Während die Besitzer von diesen Kleinbetrieben in vielen meiner ethnographischen Beschreibungen die Protagonisten sind, bezog ich ergänzend auch die Perspektiven von Familienangehörigen und Angestellten mit ein. Jenseits der Kleinbetriebe untersuchte ich weiterhin die Einstellung von Selbstständigen ohne Angestellte. Viele meiner Informanten kombinierten außerdem ein Angestelltenverhältnis, zum Beispiel im öffentlichen Sektor, mit selbständiger Arbeit oder wechselten im Laufe des Lebens bereits zwischen beiden Positionen. Einerseits beleuchtet die Arbeit ganz konkrete soziale und wirtschaftliche Vorgänge, etwa welche Rolle Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen in Kleinbetrieben spielen oder wie Kleinbetriebe Angestellte anwerben und welche sozialen Unterstützungsmechanismen Menschen in wirtschaftlichen Notsituationen zur Verfügung stehen. Andererseits werden auch die tieferliegenden Moralvorstellungen der Akteure analysiert, von denen viele durch den Buddhismus gespeist sind.
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