Artificial Intelligence Beyond the Philosophy of Mind
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Non-Duality in Ken Wilber's Integral Philosophy
NON-DUALITY IN KEN WILBER’S INTEGRAL PHILOSOPHY: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL AND ALTERNATIVE PHYSICALIST PERSPECTIVE OF MYSTICAL CONSCIOUSNESS JEREMY JOHN JACOBS 2009 Ken Wilber Cover Photo: Denver Integral and Ken Wilber Meetup Group (http://www.meetup.com/denver- integral/photos/?photold=716584&photoAlbumld=102985. Accessed 20 February 2009). NON-DUALITY IN KEN WILBER’S INTEGRAL PHILOSOPHY: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL AND ALTERNATIVE PHYSICALIST PERSPECTIVE OF MYSTICAL CONSCIOUSNESS by JEREMY JOHN JACOBS Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Promoter PROFESSOR C E T KOURIE February 2009 Kenneth Earl Wilber (1949 - ) (theosophist.wordpress.com) Student Number: 3279-583-1 I declare that NON-DUALITY IN KEN WILBER’S INTEGRAL PHILOSOPHY: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL AND ALTERNATIVE PHYSICALIST PERSPECTIVE OF MYSTICAL CONSCIOUSNESS is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. _________________________ ______________ Signature Date Jeremy John Jacobs i DEDICATION To Kim and St John ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes to my wife Kim for her endless patience, encouragement, and support. I gratefully acknowledge Professor Celia Kourie’s professionalism. Her courteous manner of guidance and correction, and also the hospitality she extended to my alternative perspectives are an indication of her academic integrity. Special thanks to my sister Tania Jacobs who typed up reams of notes that I had gathered over the years, and finally my friend Andre Croucamp whose brilliant mind inspired me to think beyond the strictures of my creeds. -
At Least in Biophysical Novelties Amihud Gilead
The Twilight of Determinism: At Least in Biophysical Novelties Amihud Gilead Department of Philosophy, Eshkol Tower, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838 Email: [email protected] Abstract. In the 1990s, Richard Lewontin referred to what appeared to be the twilight of determinism in biology. He pointed out that DNA determines only a little part of life phenomena, which are very complex. In fact, organisms determine the environment and vice versa in a nonlinear way. Very recently, biophysicists, Shimon Marom and Erez Braun, have demonstrated that controlled biophysical systems have shown a relative autonomy and flexibility in response which could not be predicted. Within the boundaries of some restraints, most of them genetic, this freedom from determinism is well maintained. Marom and Braun have challenged not only biophysical determinism but also reverse-engineering, naive reductionism, mechanism, and systems biology. Metaphysically possibly, anything actual is contingent.1 Of course, such a possibility is entirely excluded in Spinoza’s philosophy as well as in many philosophical views at present. Kant believed that anything phenomenal, namely, anything that is experimental or empirical, is inescapably subject to space, time, and categories (such as causality) which entail the undeniable validity of determinism. Both Kant and Laplace assumed that modern science, such as Newton’s physics, must rely upon such a deterministic view. According to Kant, free will is possible not in the phenomenal world, the empirical world in which we 1 This is an assumption of a full-blown metaphysics—panenmentalism—whose author is Amihud Gilead. See Gilead 1999, 2003, 2009 and 2011, including literary, psychological, and natural applications and examples —especially in chemistry —in Gilead 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014a–c, and 2015a–d. -
Artificial General Intelligence and Classical Neural Network
Artificial General Intelligence and Classical Neural Network Pei Wang Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University Room 1000X, Wachman Hall, 1805 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122 Web: http://www.cis.temple.edu/∼pwang/ Email: [email protected] Abstract— The research goal of Artificial General Intelligence • Capability. Since we often judge the level of intelligence (AGI) and the notion of Classical Neural Network (CNN) are of other people by evaluating their problem-solving capa- specified. With respect to the requirements of AGI, the strength bility, some people believe that the best way to achieve AI and weakness of CNN are discussed, in the aspects of knowledge representation, learning process, and overall objective of the is to build systems that can solve hard practical problems. system. To resolve the issues in CNN in a general and efficient Examples: various expert systems. way remains a challenge to future neural network research. • Function. Since the human mind has various cognitive functions, such as perceiving, learning, reasoning, acting, I. ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE and so on, some people believe that the best way to It is widely recognized that the general research goal of achieve AI is to study each of these functions one by Artificial Intelligence (AI) is twofold: one, as certain input-output mapping. Example: various intelligent tools. • As a science, it attempts to provide an explanation of • Principle. Since the human mind seems to follow certain the mechanism in the human mind-brain complex that is principles of information processing, some people believe usually called “intelligence” (or “cognition”, “thinking”, that the best way to achieve AI is to let computer systems etc.). -
Artificial Intelligence: Distinguishing Between Types & Definitions
19 NEV. L.J. 1015, MARTINEZ 5/28/2019 10:48 AM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN TYPES & DEFINITIONS Rex Martinez* “We should make every effort to understand the new technology. We should take into account the possibility that developing technology may have im- portant societal implications that will become apparent only with time. We should not jump to the conclusion that new technology is fundamentally the same as some older thing with which we are familiar. And we should not hasti- ly dismiss the judgment of legislators, who may be in a better position than we are to assess the implications of new technology.”–Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1016 I. WHY THIS MATTERS ......................................................................... 1018 II. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? ............................................... 1023 A. The Development of Artificial Intelligence ............................... 1023 B. Computer Science Approaches to Artificial Intelligence .......... 1025 C. Autonomy .................................................................................. 1026 D. Strong AI & Weak AI ................................................................ 1027 III. CURRENT STATE OF AI DEFINITIONS ................................................ 1029 A. Black’s Law Dictionary ............................................................ 1029 B. Nevada ..................................................................................... -
KNOWLEDGE ACCORDING to IDEALISM Idealism As a Philosophy
KNOWLEDGE ACCORDING TO IDEALISM Idealism as a philosophy had its greatest impact during the nineteenth century. It is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty, and justice that is enduring and everlasting; the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind. The main tenant of idealism is that ideas and knowledge are the truest reality. Many things in the world change, but ideas and knowledge are enduring. Idealism was often referred to as “idea-ism”. Idealists believe that ideas can change lives. The most important part of a person is the mind. It is to be nourished and developed. Etymologically Its origin is: from Greek idea “form, shape” from weid- also the origin of the “his” in his-tor “wise, learned” underlying English “history.” In Latin this root became videre “to see” and related words. It is the same root in Sanskrit veda “knowledge as in the Rig-Veda. The stem entered Germanic as witan “know,” seen in Modern German wissen “to know” and in English “wisdom” and “twit,” a shortened form of Middle English atwite derived from æt “at” +witen “reproach.” In short Idealism is a philosophical position which adheres to the view that nothing exists except as it is an idea in the mind of man or the mind of God. The idealist believes that the universe has intelligence and a will; that all material things are explainable in terms of a mind standing behind them. PHILOSOPHICAL RATIONALE OF IDEALISM a) The Universe (Ontology or Metaphysics) To the idealist, the nature of the universe is mind; it is an idea. -
Ingenuity in Mathematics Ross Honsberger 10.1090/Nml/023
AMS / MAA ANNELI LAX NEW MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY VOL 23 Ingenuity in Mathematics Ross Honsberger 10.1090/nml/023 INGENUITY IN MATHEMAmCS NEW MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY PUBLISHED BY THEMATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Editorial Committee Basil Gordon, Chairman (1975-76) Anneli Lax, Editor University of California, L.A. New York University Ivan Niven (1 975-77) University of Oregon M. M. Schiffer (1975-77) Stanford University The New Mathematical Library (NML) was begun in 1961 by the School Mathematics Study Group to make available to high school students short expository books on various topics not usually covered in the high school syllabus. In a decade the NML matured into a steadily growing series of some twenty titles of interest not only to the originally intended audience, but to college students and teachers at all levels. Previously published by Random House and L. W. Singer, the NML became a publication series of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) in 1975. Under the auspices of the MAA the NML will continue to grow and will remain dedicated to its original and expanded purposes. INGENUITY IN MATHEMATICS by Ross Honsberger University of Waterloo, Canada 23 MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Illustrated by George H. Buehler Sixth Printing © Copyright 1970, by the Mathematical Association of America A11 rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in Washington by The Mathematical Association of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-134351 Print ISBN 978-0-88385-623-9 Electronic ISBN 978-0-88385-938-4 Manufactured in the United States of America Note to the Reader his book is one of a series written by professional mathematicians Tin order to make some important mathematical ideas interesting and understandable to a large audience of high school students and laymen. -
Spimes Not Things: Creating a Design Manifesto for a Sustainable Internet of Things
Running with Scissors, 13th EAD Conference University of Dundee, 10-12 April 2019 Spimes Not Things: Creating A Design Manifesto for A SustainaBle Internet of Things Michael Steada*, Paul CoultonB, Joseph Lindleyc aHighWire CDT, Lancaster University BImaginationLancaster, Lancaster University cImaginationLancaster, Lancaster University *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The rhetoric that surrounds the Internet of Things (IoT) contends it will bring about utopian transformative change throughout society, particularly in regards to sustainaBility. Little discourse however, recognises the intrinsically unsustainable nature of IoT devices themselves. Under a façade of innovation, the IoT is a Breeding ground for superfluous, novelty ‘gizmo’ products whose design incorporates environmentally damaging modes of manufacture, consumption and disposal. To Bring attention to this growing unsustainaBle design culture, we have produced a manifesto entitled Spimes Not Things: A Design Manifesto for A Sustainable Internet of Things. It is the synthesis of a practice-led research project which explores Sterling’s spimes concept using Design Fiction methods, as part of a Research through Design approach. This paper outlines the manifesto’s creation, its theoretical foundations and its intentions. The manifesto is the first step towards the reframing of design practices that will contriBute to a more sustainaBle IoT product paradigm. Keywords: Spimes, SustainaBility, Internet of Things, Manifesto, Design Fiction 1. Introduction The rhetoric that surrounds the Internet of Things (IoT) across academia and industry is both persuasive and turgid. Many commentators posit that through its eXpanding array of networked artefacts, sensors and AI capaBilities, the IoT will Bring aBout utopian transformative change to all sectors of society, from healthcare and energy, to transport and finance (Government Office for Science, 2014; Fritsch, Shklovski, & Douglas-Jones, 2018). -
The Extended Mind Thesis and Mechanistic Explanations
The Extended Mind Thesis and Mechanistic Explanations Peter Fazekas Institute of Philosophy, Research Centre for the Humanities Hungarian Academy of Sciences email: [email protected] Abstract The Extended Mind Thesis (EMT) is traditionally formulated against the bedrock of functionalism, and ongoing debates are typically bogged down with questions concerning the exact relationship between EMT and different versions of functionalism. In this paper, I offer a novel ally for EMT: the new mechanistic approach to explanation. I argue that the mechanistic framework provides useful resources not just to disambiguate EMT, and to show which objections fail to pose a serious challenge, but also to answer some of the deeper problems that stem from the functionalist roots of EMT. ! 1. Introduction The Extended Mind Thesis (EMT), first proposed by Clark and Chalmers (1998), claims that the vehicles of our cognitive processes and mental states can and sometimes do extend beyond the boundaries of our brain and even body (cf. Clark, 2008, p. 76). If a physical object plays a part in the machinery realising a cognitive process, then that physical object is part of the cognitive process, no matter whether it is inside or outside the head. This is the so-called parity principle (Clark & Chalmers, 1998, p. 8), the heart and soul of EMT. The most well-known illustration is the case of Otto and Inga. When Inga hears about a new exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) she retrieves from her biological memory that it is on 53rd Street and goes to the museum. Her counterpart, Otto, who suffers from a mild form of Alzheimer’s disease, uses a notebook to jot down and retrieve information. -
Is AI Intelligent, Really? Bruce D
Seattle aP cific nivU ersity Digital Commons @ SPU SPU Works Summer August 23rd, 2019 Is AI intelligent, really? Bruce D. Baker Seattle Pacific nU iversity Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/works Part of the Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Epistemology Commons, Philosophy of Science Commons, and the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Baker, Bruce D., "Is AI intelligent, really?" (2019). SPU Works. 140. https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/works/140 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ SPU. It has been accepted for inclusion in SPU Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ SPU. Bruce Baker August 23, 2019 Is AI intelligent, really? Good question. On the surface, it seems simple enough. Assign any standard you like as a demonstration of intelligence, and then ask whether you could (theoretically) set up an AI to perform it. Sure, it seems common sense that given sufficiently advanced technology you could set up a computer or a robot to do just about anything that you could define as being doable. But what does this prove? Have you proven the AI is really intelligent? Or have you merely shown that there exists a solution to your pre- determined puzzle? Hmmm. This is why AI futurist Max Tegmark emphasizes the difference between narrow (machine-like) and broad (human-like) intelligence.1 And so the question remains: Can the AI be intelligent, really, in the same broad way its creator is? Why is this question so intractable? Because intelligence is not a monolithic property. -
Artificial Intelligence/Artificial Wisdom
Artificial Intelligence/Artificial Wisdom - A Drive for Improving Behavioral and Mental Health Care (06 September to 10 September 2021) Department of Computer Science & Information Technology Central University of Jammu, J&K-181143 Preamble An Artificial Intelligence is the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behaviour. Machine learning is based on the idea that machines should be able to learn and adapt through experience. Machine learning is a subset of AI. That is, all machine learning counts as AI, but not all AI counts as machine learning. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology holds both great promises to transform mental healthcare and potential pitfalls. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly employed in healthcare fields such as oncology, radiology, and dermatology. However, the use of AI in mental healthcare and neurobiological research has been modest. Given the high morbidity and mortality in people with psychiatric disorders, coupled with a worsening shortage of mental healthcare providers, there is an urgent need for AI to help identify high-risk individuals and provide interventions to prevent and treat mental illnesses. According to the publication Spectrum News, a form of AI called "deep learning" is sometimes better able than human beings to spot relevant patterns. This five days course provides an overview of AI approaches and current applications in mental healthcare, a review of recent original research on AI specific to mental health, and a discussion of how AI can supplement clinical practice while considering its current limitations, areas needing additional research, and ethical implications regarding AI technology. The proposed workshop is envisaged to provide opportunity to our learners to seek and share knowledge and teaching skills in cutting edge areas from the experienced and reputed faculty. -
Machine Guessing – I
Machine Guessing { I David Miller Department of Philosophy University of Warwick COVENTRY CV4 7AL UK e-mail: [email protected] ⃝c copyright D. W. Miller 2011{2018 Abstract According to Karl Popper, the evolution of science, logically, methodologically, and even psy- chologically, is an involved interplay of acute conjectures and blunt refutations. Like biological evolution, it is an endless round of blind variation and selective retention. But unlike biological evolution, it incorporates, at the stage of selection, the use of reason. Part I of this two-part paper begins by repudiating the common beliefs that Hume's problem of induction, which com- pellingly confutes the thesis that science is rational in the way that most people think that it is rational, can be solved by assuming that science is rational, or by assuming that Hume was irrational (that is, by ignoring his argument). The problem of induction can be solved only by a non-authoritarian theory of rationality. It is shown also that because hypotheses cannot be distilled directly from experience, all knowledge is eventually dependent on blind conjecture, and therefore itself conjectural. In particular, the use of rules of inference, or of good or bad rules for generating conjectures, is conjectural. Part II of the paper expounds a form of Popper's critical rationalism that locates the rationality of science entirely in the deductive processes by which conjectures are criticized and improved. But extreme forms of deductivism are rejected. The paper concludes with a sharp dismissal of the view that work in artificial intelligence, including the JSM method cultivated extensively by Victor Finn, does anything to upset critical rationalism. -
Body, Mind and Spirit—Philosophical Reflections for Researching
education sciences Article Body, Mind and Spirit—Philosophical Reflections for Researching Education about the Holocaust Katalin Eszter Morgan Historisches Institut, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Campus Essen, Universitätsstr, 12 45117 Essen, Germany; [email protected], Tel.: +49-201-183-7395 Received: 14 August 2017; Accepted: 14 September 2017; Published: 20 September 2017 Abstract: This reflective essay draws a sketch of the theoretical and philosophical foundations in preparation for conducting a research project that investigates how German school learners deal with the memories of Shoah survivors. The essay explores some communication challenges and opportunities presented by the use of the double linguistic medium—German and English. The central philosophical argument is that there is a conceptual conflation of and confusion around the word Geist (spirit/mind), and that the difference between the spirit and the mind needs to be explored and clarified. For this purpose Hegel’s thoughts on the spirit are considered and related to theories of memory. Also, Theodor Lessing’s reflections on the origins of hatred are touched upon, which he traces back to the splitting of the spirit from the mind. How the body, mind and spirit work together is highlighted with a biographical example of a descendant of a Nazi perpetrator. By way of conclusion, the philosophical and methodological implications for researching education about the Shoah are briefly discussed. Keywords: education about the holocaust; Hegel; spirit; mind; Geist; memory; language 1. Introduction This essay sketches out some theoretical and philosophical ideas in preparation for conducting a research project that investigates how learners deal with the memories of Holocaust survivors in German schools.