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A Listing of Virus Families and Genera with Some Discriminatory Features

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A Listing of Virus Families and Genera with Some Discriminatory Features Virology Division News 1337 A listing of virus families and genera with some discriminatory features M. A. Mayo Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, U.K. For viruses, as for other biological entities, classification and nomenclature are necessary prerequisites for meaningful comparative study and discussion. The way viruses are classified and their taxa are named (i.e. taxonomy) is regulated by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) which publishes up-dates on previous taxonomies at intervals. The latest taxonomy is the 6th Report of ICTV [3] which describes 165 genera, of which 139 are classified among 50 families. The differences between this and the previous taxonomy [1] were agreed at the plenary meeting of ICTV in 1993 and have been described briefly by Pringle [4] and Mayo and Martelli [2]. The classification scheme is necessarily complex as it deals with viruses which range between the large, complicated poxviruses with virions c. 250 nm x 350 nm which contain up to 400 kbp of ds DNA and simple viruses such as leviviruses and tombusviruses with 25 to 30 nm diameter virions which contain c. 4 kb of ssRNA. However, a Key to the Placement of Viruses in Taxa is given in Murphy et al. [3] which, by using relatively few criteria, distinguishes every genus from every other genus. A further simplification, based on the Key and designed to illustrate virus diversity in as succinct a manner as possible, is shown in Table 1 (see pp. 1338-1340). Viruses have been divided into 6 categories depending on the nature of their genomes (dsDNA, ssDNA etc.). Below this level a few criteria distinguish genera either grouped into families or individually when no family exists. The criteria are nested from the top left of each genome category. A version of this Table will be placed on the Internet when ICTV have organized a home page. In the interim, copies can be obtained from the author. Table 1 The da DNA Viruses Host a prokaryote Host a bacterium; virion with a contractile tall Myoviridae : "T4-1ike phages', Host a bacterium; virion with a > 60 nm long non-contractile tail Siphoviridae : "L-like phages" Host a bacterium; virlon with a < 30 nm long non-contractile tail Podoviridae : "T7-1ike phages" Host a bacterium; virion without tails or envelopes DNA linear > 10 kbp Tectiviridae : Tectivirus DNA circular < 10 kbp Corticoviridae : Cotticovirus Host a mycoplasma; virion enveloped Piasmaviridae : Plasmavirus Host an archaebacterium; virion rod-shaped Lipothrixviridae : Lipothrixvirus Host an archaebactedum; virion lemon-shaped Fuselloviridae : Fusellovirus Host a eukaryote Virion contains multiple DNA molecules Polydnat4ridae : Ichnovirus Bracovirus Virion contains a single large (> 9Okbp) DNA molecule DNA > 300 kbp; virion not enveloped; host an alga Phycodnaviridae : Phycodnavirus DNA usually < 300 kbp; virion enveloped; host an animal Genome covalently closed circular DNA Baculoviridae : Nucteopolyhedrovirus Granutovirus Genome linear DNA; nucleocapsid not rod-shaped; Virlen ovoid or brick-shaped Poxviridae : Chordopoxvirinae : Parapoxvirus A vfpoxvirus Orthopoxvirus poxvfrus Iluscipo xvirus Capripoxvirus L eporipoxvirus Yatapoxvirus Entomopoxwrinae: Entomopoxvirus A Entomopoxvfrus B Entomopoxvirus C Genome linear DNA; virion not ovoid or brick-shaped Virion ~cosahedral with 70 - 100 nm diameter cores; virus multiplies in ticks and swine "African swine fever-like viruses" Virion icosahedral; genome circularly permutated and terminally redundant; host a pctkitothermic animal tridoviridae : lridovirus Chloriridovirus Ranavirus Lymphocystivirus "Goldfish virus 1-like viruses" Virion quasi-spherical with 100 - 110 nm diameter cores; genome not circularly permutated; host a vertebrate Herpesviridae : A/phaherpesvirinae: Simplexvirus Varicellovirus Betaherpesvirinae: Cytomegalowus Muromegalovirus Roseolovirus Gammaherpesvirfnae : Lyrnphocryptov~rus Rhadinotdrus Viruses with a single molecule of small (<90kbp) DNA DNA < 30 kbp Papovaviridae : Polyomavirus PapillomavJrus DNA > 30 kbp Host a fungus Rhi~virus Host a vertebrate Adenoviridae : Mastadenovirus A viadenov~rus The =mONA Viruses Host a prokaryote Virion has helical symmetry fnoviridae : ~nov#us Plectrovfrus Virion icosahedral Microviridae : f~crovims Spiromicrovirus Bdeflomicrot4rus Chlamydiamicrovirus Host a plant Geminiviridae : "subgroup I Geminivirus" "subgroup 11Geminivirus" "subgroup III Geminivirus" Host an animal DNA circular Circoviridae : Circovirus DNA linear P arvo viridae : Parvowrinae : Dependovirus Parvovirus Erythrovirus Densovirinae: Denso virus tteravirus Table 1 (continued) Contravirus Virology Division News 1339 The DNA and RNA reverse Transcribing Viruses Virions contain DNA; host a vertebrate Hepadnaviridae: OrthohepadnavJrus A Vihepadnavirus Virions contain DNA; host a plant Virion bacilliform Badnawrus Yirion icosahedral Caulimovirus Virions contain RNA Retroviridae: LentMres "mammalian type B retroviruses" Spumavirus "avian type C retroviruses" "mammalian type D retroviruses" "mammalian type C retroviruses" "MHTLV-ELV retroviruses" The dsRNA Viruses Host a prokaryote CystovJridae : Cystovirus Host a eukaryote Genome in > 9 segments Beoviridae : Cypovirus OrthoreovJrus OrbMrus Coltivirus Botav#us Aquareovirus Phytoreovirus FijMrus Oryzavirus Genome in < 9 segment Host an animal BtrnavMdae : Entomobirnavtrus Aquabimavirus A vibimavirus Host not an animal No virions are formed in diseased tissue Hypowridae : HypovJrus RNA is encapsidated Genome monopartite Totiviridae : Totivirus Giardiavirus L eish mania virus Genome multipartite -- PartitMridae : Parlitivirus Chrysovirus Alphacryptot,#us Befacryptovirus The Negative Sense ssRNA Viruses RNA circular; productive multiplication is helper Virus-dependent Deltavirus RNA linear Genome monopartite (order Mononegavirales) Virion filamentous and/or pleomorphic; RNA t 8-19 kb -- Filovfridae : Filovirus Virion pleomorphic, usually spherical; RNA 15-t 6kb Paramyxoviridae : Pneumovirinae: Pneumovirus Paramyxovirinae: Morbillivirus Paramyxovirus RubulavJrus Virion bullet-shaped or bacilliform; RNA 11 to 15 kb Rhabdoviridae : L yssawrus Vesiculovirus Ephemerov~res Cytorhabdovirus NucleorhabdovJrus Genome multipartife Genome in > 5 segments Orthomyxoviridae : Influenza virus A, B Influenza virus C =Thogoto-like viruses" Genome bipartite; Virion contains host ribosomes Arenaviridae : Arenavirus Genome tripartite; virion does not contain host ribosomes -- BunyavMdae : Bunyav#us NairovJrus Hantavfrus Phlebovirus Tospovirus Genome in < 5 segments TenuMrus Table 1 (continued) 1340 Virology Division News The Positive Sense ssRNA viruses Host a prokaryote Levividdae : Levivirus AIIolevivirus Host a eukaryote No virlons formed except in the coat protein of a heterologeus virus Umbravirus Vidons enveloped Genome expressed as a polyprotein, no sub-genomic RNAs formed -- Flavividdae : Fla viviru s Pestivirus "Hepatitis C-like viruses" Sub-genomic RNA are formed in infected cells Infected cells contain 1 species of sub-genomic RNA Togaviridae : Alphavirus Rubivirus Infected cells contain >1 species of subgenomic RNA; genome > 20 kb Coronaviridae : Ooronavirus Torovirus Infected cells contain >1 species of subgenomic RNA; genome < 20 kb Artedvirus Virlon not enveloped Coat protein(s) are expressed by proteotysis of a large (Mr > 100 x 103 ) polyprotein Host an animal; N-terminus of structural proteins at or within c.300 residues of the N-terminus of the polyprotein ---- Picomaviridae : Cardlovfrus Aphthovirus Rhinovirus Hepatovirus Enterovirus Host a plant; structural proteins preceded upstream in the polyprotele by >400 residues of non-structural protein Virion filamentous Potyviridae : Potyvirus Rymovirus ymovirus Virlon isometric; genome monopartife Sequiviridae : equivirus Waikavirus Virion isometric; genome bipartite Comoviddae : Nepovirus Comovirus Fabav~rus Coat protein{s) expressed by translation of a small genome segment or a subgenomic RNA Host a vertebrate; vidon has cup-shaped depressions and contains one structural protein Caliciviridae : C alicivirus Host a vertebrate; virion often star-shaped and contains 2 or 3 structural proteins Astroviridae : Astrovirus Host an invertebrate; structural protein Mr < 40 x 103 Nodat4ridae : Nodavirus Host an invertebrate; structural protein Mr > 60 x t03 Tetraviridae : "Nudaurelia capensis 8 -like viruses" "Nudaurelia capensis ~o -like viruses= Host a plant or a fungus Virus circulates in the bodies of the vectors Vector a leafhopper Marafivirus Vector an aphid; virus not transmissible mechanically Luteovirus Vector an aphid; virus readily transmissible mechanically Enamovirus No vector known or transmission non-circulative Virion isometric or bacilliform Host a fungus; virlon bacilliform Bamaviridae : Barnavirus Host not a fungus Genome monopartite; RNA about 6 kb TymovJrus Genome monopartite; RNA < 4 kb; vector a fungus Necrovirus Genome monopartite; RNA > 4 kb; vector an insect Coat protein Mr > 35 x 103 Tombusviridae : Tombusvirus Carmovims Coat protein Mr c. 30 x 103 ; RNA has VPg Sobemovirus Coat protein c. 25 x 10s; RNA has cap Machlomovirus Genome bipartite; larger genome RNA < 4 kb Dianthovirus Genome bipartite; larger genome RNA > 5 kb Maeot4rus Genome tdparlite Bromoviridae : Bromot#rus Affamovirus Cucumovirus tlarvirus Virion rod-shaped; genome monopartite Tobamovirus Genome multipartite; virion > 20 nm in diameter; vector a nematode ...... Tobravirus Virlon < 20 nm in diameter; largest RNA > 5 kb; vector a fungus ........ Furovirus Virion
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