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By Kateryna Levchuk Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies in Parti

By Kateryna Levchuk Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies in Parti

CEU eTD Collection

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Space? Chapter 3.CanEurasianismPost Become MonroeDoctrine aNew the for Answer asan Chapter 2.Eurasianism afterAmbition the Break Chapter “Great of Character 1.The Manifestations the Russian and Power” Introduction T able ofContents Two IdeologiesTwo 3.5. “What’s It In Us?”For Methodological Comparison of Empiricalthe Potential of 3.4. Eurasianism and Monroe Doctrine: Mirror Reflection 3.3. SoWhat is It, Monroe Doctrine? 3.2. Eurasianism 3.1. The Need Greatfor Power Status 2.6. Inte Eurasian Integration 2.5. Russian Public’s Opinion on Restorationthe of Great the Power Status and the 2.4. Eurasianism theFrom Other Side 2.3. Development Eurasianismof 2 2.1. WhyEurasianism is becoming so prominent today 1.5. policy Foreign the in CIS 1.4. Eurasianism Takes Hold pragmatism 1.3. A towaShift 1.2.2. Disillusionment with the West 1.2.1. Russian foreign policy after 1991; “liberal” the period 1.1.1. Need for a New Idea 1.1. Situation after 1991 .2. Elaborations on theRussian Idea 3.5.6. Public Opinion 3.5.6. Economic Underpinnings of the IdeologiesTwo 3.5.5. Integrating Potential theof US 1889 and Eurasianism 3.5.4. Are We The One? Assessing the level of terri 3.5.3. Social Darwinism 3.5.2. Messianism 3.5.1. Against the Status Quo 2.4.3. Foreign Scholars on Eurasianism 2.4.2. Domestic Liberals 2.4.1. Domestic Nationalists 2.3.3. Neo 2.3.2. Modern view onEurasianism 2.3.1. Classic Eurasianists

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CEU eTD Collection Eurasianism.”Eurasianism: In Hist V.F.Petrenko. andthe “Eurasianism National In Identity.” Viewpoint.”Eur In Greatnessof Empire,104 MarleneLaruelle, “Eurasianism Limited,2009; A.A.Sviridenko.F.S.Funzullini, and Temptation: Eurasian InsightinUfa, theModern Problem. 200 1 post break ambition power great Russian the of development the of character and reasons answer to order in Doctrine of concept framed similarly theoretically a with outlook policy space. Eurasian of economy and mentality, Eurasian the on works of number great Eurasianism of indication important an An formations. political Eurasian polic foreign Russian in Eurasianism with dealing literature of abundance and astonishing rhetoric Eurasist the of intensity increased t the in observed period The thought. political nation’s every in concepts and ideas key significantgeneral. worldIt processesin influence on the todistinguish possible certain is states surrounding has Russia the all on influence and relevance high country’s the of because research for field fertile a and exciting an only not is development policy foreign Russian Introduction

hesis, starting with the creation of the Russian Federation, can be characterized by an an by characterized be can Federation, Russian the of creation the with starting hesis, Didier Chaudet,Didier When Empire Meetsthe andRussia.:US Power Politics in Cornwall: Publishing Ashgate - Soviet “bigSoviet space”? - up of the USSR and how is Eurasianism helpful for the creation of a Russia a of creation the for helpful Eurasianism is how and USSR the of up The novelty of novelty The las en aaon o h eeomn o uai,a wl s ha as well as , of development the to paramount been always asiansim:key political ideas, values, 6 priorities,

– 190. Moscow: Natalis,190. U.V.2004; A.V.Moscow: Ivanov, Popkov andE.A. “EurasianismTyugashev. as a

this work this -

a GeographicaThe Ideology.” In ThoughtsIdeologyof RussianorThe Eurasianismon the

oryandModernity, 22 the

lies in an attempt to compare to attempt an in lies

following research question research following s rmnne in prominence ’s – 44.2009. RAN, Eurasian Mentality 1

– 85. Barnaul: Barnaul,85. AGAU 2007;

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45.Moscow,2012; I.I.Orlik, “Neo cdmc circles. academic s the :

What are the underlying the are What

current Russian current the mrcn Monroe American I.N. Karickiy, and I.N. 1

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a , CEU eTD Collection 5 4 3 Press,2008. 2 to able was I Eurasists. Russian modern especially Eurasianism, on authors various of perspectives the for instrumental was Library Public Moscow Library. European Central on sources of number considerable A space”, available oftool a establishment toRussian Russia for therealization power status. great for bid its legitimizing and civilization original distinct a it making thus components Asian and European of mix p unique a as essence, civilization culture, the government, explain to striving are that concepts, Eurasianism foreignmore assertiveand expansionist policy. p ambition power great Russian the point starting a as hand, other the On affairs. American Latin in interference and propagated actively were Hemisphere Western pe time a such of point starting The comparison. methodological performed the of sake the for taken was which frame, Policy). Neighbor Good the of advent Americas” in hegemony facto “de realizing towards steps taken had States United the scholars, American to According

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S I triangulated triving for a balanced and unbiased evaluation unbiased and balanced a for triving

in this thesis is understood as understood is thesisthis in http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~queir20r/classweb/pages/thebeslantragedy.html

a wide range of domestic and foreign sources using qualitative data. data. qualitative foreignusing domestic rangeand a of sources wide

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of Eurasianism as a foreign policyforeign a as Eurasianism of ae n rl o Rsi, its Russia, of role and lace

Colombia University Press,ColombiaUniversity 1977. xrie f tegh and strength of exercise 4

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CEU eTD Collection Center,2002. 16 15 14 Eurasianism Center,2002; on Russian “TheTrubeckoy, View West, notHistory fromthe from the but In East.” 13 Countries, CIS 218 12 Rowman&Littlefield2011.Publishers. Inc, Former SovietRussianForeign Union.”In Policy: Return ofGreat PowerThe Trenin,Dmitrii 407 11 Russian,Post Soviet and 10 9 West 8 2010. Policy:Foreign Change in Nationaland Identity Continuity no.2 (April2008):38 7 6 Eurasianism of coherence economi ideology, Eurasian the of messages main and premises the understand to order in analyzed been have sources Eurasian Classic of number A employs Russia understanding ofthe toadvance “great tools its power” ambition. politico of usage Russian on Eurasianism of emergence current t and position, assertive more a to liberal used I Conservative Studies. Eurasianis on sources many obtain Trenin, Tsygankov,Andrei “Russia’sIt Mean Assertiveness:International What for the West?”Does http://konservatizm.org/ beonly The In an Empire.” Foundationsas Eurasian of Eurasianism AlexandrosPeterson P.N.Savickiy, Savickiy,“The Continent Trubeckoy,“The EurasianCommon Nationalism.” N.S.Trubeckoy, In “The EurasianCommon Nationalism.” Trenin,Dmitrii Power andIn Greatness.”“Of Bertil Nygren,“Russia The aIn as RegionalRebuilding Power.” of Greater Russia:Putin’sTowardsForeign Policy the Ily ,81 aPrizel, ForeignPolicy: in NationalandPoland, and Leadership Russiaand Identity NationalismUkraine. Cambridge

e rsrain f h Rsin post Russian the of preservation he – Post 112.SecurityBarbara: Santa International, 2011. Praeger the the ,208 c - Imperium:EurasianA Story

15 literature discussing a shift in the Russian foreign policy outlook from a more more a from outlook policy foreign Russian the in shift a discussing literature –

“The Eurasianism as a“The as EurasianismHistorical In Fate.”

266.2002. Center, Moscow:Arctogaia ainl fr uain integration. Eurasian for rationale – – 249.Routledge Contemporary Eastern Russiaand 433.New York New York: University 2011;Jeffrey Press, “Back Offensive?Mankoff, onthe The – , “The World Island in, the “The World 55;Tsygankov - Soviet Studies 103.Studies Soviet Cambridge:University Cambridge Press, 1998. - Ocean.” In In Ocean.” 6

,“The Post a .Washington CarnegieforDC: International Endowment Press,2011; nd the possible ideological rivals of the concept (pan concept the of rivals ideological possible the nd The FoundationsThe Eurasianismof - military and politico and military

10 - Russ XXICentury.” In Western World andRussia’s Western In World Search for a New Direction.”

7 and the possible existing alternatives. existing possible the and

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– 221. Second. Plymouth: 221.Rowman&LittlefieldSecond. Publishers. Inc, The Foundationsof The Eurasianism - 3 meil status imperial The FoundationsThe Eurasianismof

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EuropeSeries. Routledge,2008.London:

h dsusos n h ideological the on discussions The – 324.Moscow: 2002. Center, Arctogaia – 485.2002. Moscow Center Arctogaia

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Igor Chubais, Igor The Russian Idea. Russia Term,Discovered. 2012.Moscow:Akva Karicki McDaniel,Tim AlexandrDugin,“Eurasia All: Above Manifestof the EurasianJanuary Movement,” 2001. Trilupaityt JeffreyMankoff

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- 155

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157 156 ssian History…” ssian il o “rhdx Bolsheviks” “Orthodox” of title

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The coefficient of viability in Russia is 1.4 out of 5, of out 1.4 is Russia in viability of coefficient The

90,6.no. Essays2011),(December 210 - 58 reinforced Russian state. Trenin claims that it claims Treninstate. Russian reinforced

19 th century. The economic design of of design economic The century. th

ametrically opposite. Monroe Monroe opposite. ametrically adopt some ideas from such such from ideas some adopt th an economic imperative economic an th 285 - Soviet space. Soviet

ady n attractive an hardly

288

Such and

CEU eTD Collection 296 295 DemocraticSocieties.Papers. Foreign Policy Budapest:ManfredFoundation,Worner January 2012 294 293 292 423 291 practical the 290 to obstacles more exist there similarity, of degree high a despite conc can we ideologies, two the of frameworks theoretical the analyzed Having are touse. eager states CIS the for opportunities and alternatives more creates economy modern of as rath acabbala seeing from them preclude not do economy Soviet integrated an of dissolution the of consequences devastating times often an Thus, st CIS many Moreover, the EU West the with relations good maintain to elite Russian a up give should Russia and expensive too were states CIS the reintegrate to attempts previous “all stated, GDP. world the of % 2 only comprises Russia, overburden financially will scholars, economic and political numerous to according which, costs, leadership regional one’s declaring Clearly, integration. e command and Collectivist a advocating were Eurasists Hoperskaya,160 Tsygankov,

Orlik,36; Moshes, 106 Trenin, Nygren,241; Maksimov, 34; Accordingto A.Areshev usas an rdn prnr n ivso; oe, io Rfetos n EU on Reflections Vito. Bobek, investor; and partner trading main Russia’s

294 Post

do notsupport the ideaautarkiceconomic organization either. of Russian Foreign Policy: From Gorbachev Putin, Policy:to Russian Foreign From - Imperium

er than a viable economicalternative.a thaner ,37 y id f nertoit projects. integrationist of kind ny

291 it willhaveGermanyto be even in thethan more importantEU; 24 Areshev,

According to Trenin According

hc, ept is at ertre ad ih aua resources, natural rich and territories vast its despite which, ts r crety rig o ul a ibe om f capitalism. of form viable a build to trying currently are ates

,isolation; Russia afford cannot Trenin, 292

In February 2001 then Security Council Ivanov Council Security then 2001 FebruaryIn 231 59 Russia

- created economic integration projects integration economic created 293 295

vse itrs o te newborn the of interest vested A and an unrivalled trade level with with level trade unrivalled an and

An increased interconnectedness 290 - usa Trade Russia conomy style of an aspired aspired an of style conomy

er sgiiat economic significant bears “Of Power and Greatness.” Powerand “Of Relations. For Security in in Security For Relations.

lude that that lude , 296

they CEU eTD Collection p answer. negative a to suggest polls potent aforementioned is The patriotism. it Russian the whether of and resuscitation people Russian the by desirable post the actually with reunification a whether arises question the However, effect. unifying flag the around rally of cause a as served and nation American ambitious Itlargelywas enforcement. sup doctrine Monroe the timeof at US the strongin very was element nationalist The body. imperial any of success eventual the for support population of importance the shows empires world the of creation the of experience The 3.5.6. Public Opinion a and location time, historical geopolitical ofa neighboring configuration region. different a to due Eurasianism of implementation

60

- oit tts is states Soviet ported by by ported rom a erform CEU eTD Collection experience. So the of short fell would which union, a such of nature authoritarian and ideology binding necessary a as well as presuppose would union such frameworks trade created tren post the among than EU with trade more much is there that show indications Economic others. than equal more pos of level EU equal modeled stated times often an Moreover, questionable. and problematic very integration often of as interests well as itself concept the of perceptions Different elites. political fl in nature compensatory w that showed thesis This successfully Monroe implemented doctrine. a to concept the of comparison a with coupled integrate, to willingness leaders’ regional public concept, the of evaluations critics’ Eurasianism scholars, Eurasianist purpose. this for Eurasianism is helpful how was answer to strived I question The integration. abovementioned the for ideology an as employed currently influence the has Russia Conclusion a s n icmaiiiis ih h aprtos f epe n abtos f regional of ambitions and people of aspirations the with incompatibilities and ws d the attractiveness of such an alternative is very questionable due to the artificially artificially the to due questionable very is alternative an such of attractiveness the d

t the - Soviet states is observed. Clearly, while declaring equality Russia will be will Russia equality declaring while Clearly, observed. is states Soviet - based nature of a future alliance comes into doubt when a vastly different different vastly a when doubt into comes alliance future a of nature based

oiia representatives political

relation to the West, Eurasianism is full of numerous ideological ideological numerous of full is Eurasianism West, the to relation - and resources and Soviet states and even if Eurasian integration could reverse the the reverse could integration Eurasian if even and states Soviet hile having a wide appeal due to its inclusive character and and character inclusive its to due appeal wide a having hile needed for being a regional leader. Eurasianism leader. regional a being for needed of the prospective participants make Eurasian Eurasian make participants prospective the of 61

I used the writings of of writings the used I

support and and support - divergent viet

is - CEU eTD Collection rejectthe “Eurasianist project”;Dugin, 297 Idea Russian the of employment Eurasists’ dictate. ideological c “political so a Eurasianism, by propagated design, political the about Talking overlooked. alarmin is superiority and expansionism their of legitimation the for philosophers German classic the of utilization Nazis’ the of reminiscent is dominance regional Russian the of legitimation the and aims nationalist narrowly of pursuance the Gumilev’s as such postulates Eurasist Classic of adoption interstate An relations. and Ukraine on opinion official overarching the of representative is which state”, a even not is “Ukraine once remarked have to known is Putin Russia”. “Greater long ambitious that contend d Indeed, to “nearabroad” thana nationalism. Russian pure acceptable more much not is Eurasianism underpinning theoretical its to Due integration. for desire participants’ in role considerable a play integration of nature economic an with inter existing already an ideologies, the of character inclusive appealing similarly nor a despite feasible Thus, participants. possible economically the for neither acceptable politically is which project, Eurasian a of implementation p probably, most will, obstacles empirical of number a objectives, and framing ideological convergence aof inthe degree high Doctrine thatdespite showed Monroe American the of project imperial successful a with comparison conducted The

This,to Dugin,accordingshould automatically fromthe exclude public, andpoliti social espite Putin’s assertions that Russia has no territorial ambitions, many scholars scholars many ambitions, territorial no has Russia that assertions Putin’s espite orrectness” of a Eurasian type Eurasian a of orrectness”

“in the worst of scenarios for the future, Russia may indeed have more more have indeed may Russia future, the for scenarios of worst the “in - em betvs n tahn prin o nihoig territorie neighboring of portions attaching in objectives term

“RussiaCan Either orBe Not.” Be Great

297 62

is nothing more than an outright call for an for call outright an than more nothing is

578

state experience coupled coupled experience state wih mhszd the emphasized which , calthe life elements, which eld a successful a reclude g and must not be be not must and g pass ionarity t a to s - called

for CEU eTD Collection support, public low a to Due foreignpolicy. integrationist an pursue and regions CIS the in positions prominent maintain to continue will Russia the post of interest cultural political geostrategic and political actual narrow the to relevance their low its and interests of fulfillment the for elites current the of instrumentalization integration the of These elites political countries. the advocating of shifting the after form stable a be not will socio and economic strong of lack the elites’ to due that the for idea civilization a expansio territorial and of advancement monopolization the be would opposite The principles. and values democratic to adhere to has it identity,civilizational viable a create scientific citizens, its of level welfare achievements rights andhuman as well situation the by image its creates country a Usually Russian the among population. priority a not is power political show polls The people. Russian challenge to is seem acceptable how not is does question The autarky assumption. Tsygankov’s for urges the with coupled past Soviet the of reevaluation A only. power political Russian of restoration the with but standards living people. been actually Russian never have Eurasists of Tsygankov, to According prosperity economic the of collapse the and exploitation elites’ of situation a to led and backfired times multiple has enthusiasm, and belief on reliance - Soviet s Soviet

tates.

prhnin ae go ilsrto o te Eurasianism the of illustration good a are apprehensions . ay f h pro the of Many n. 63

as its capacity to innovate. If capacity its as Russia isto toinnovate. - political interest, the Eurasian Union Eurasian the interest, political - the nerto atos understand authors integration

apprehensive attitude of the of attitude apprehensive

concerned with concerned uh n miin o the for ambition an such s ustaining - CEU eTD Collection forthe observed a successfulof future region. acreation Russian of territori or political without cooperation humanitarian the on impact economic and influence cultural valuable and considerable a spread to continue which France, or level imperial the on stay to states neighbor reintegrate to need Russia does Neither standards. living and economy Russian the to boost necessary with integration territorial and further economic closer a to lead will resources stagnation consequential and economics regional the natural of degradation Asian Central and Russian of depletion the from Apart growth. price oil and economies Western the of a such of success The Union. Eurasian a of creation the of chance low a is there integration su a conduct to inability objective Russia’s and regions, neighboring Eurasian project will be conditional upon the continuation of the economic stagnation economic the of continuation the upon conditional be will project Eurasian

non - nesv caatr f popcie uain cnm ad n unavoidable an and economy Eurasian prospective a of character intensive - led “big space” is not only a preferable a only “bigisnot space” led ir

ex - oois A utdmninl cnmc sinii and scientific economic, multidimensional A colonies. 64

the post al integration of CIS states and the the and states CIS of integration al -

Soviet region will not bring a a bring not will region Soviet taking the examples of Britain Britain of examples the taking ,

but the only possible option possible only but the the aforementioned factors, aforementioned the and social unrest. A A unrest. social and ccessful regional regional ccessful

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