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The Bells of Memory

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The Bells of Memory THE BELLS OF MEMORY Memories kept for future generations Memoirs of former ghetto and concentration camp prisoners, currently living in Ashdod, Israel Amutat "Zikaron" 2016 THETHE BELLS BELLS OF MEMORYOF MEMORY MemoriesMemories kept kept for futurefor future generations generations MemoirsMemoirs of former of former ghetto ghetto and andconcentration concentration camp camp prisoners, prisoners, currentlycurrently living living in Ashdod, in Ashdod, Israel Israel TheThe memories memories of former of former prisoners prisoners of Ghettos of Ghettos andand Extermination Extermination camps, camps, who who live livethose those days days in Ashdod, in Ashdod, Israel. Israel. ThisThis book book was was translated translated from from Hebrew Hebrew and and published published withwith a great a great help help of kind of kind people. people. OUROUR GREAT GREAT GRATITITE GRATITITE TO: TO: BeitBeit Hallel Hallel Congregation Congregation, Israel KarenKaren Bruton Bruton DanDan Merrel Merrel KalevKalev Company Company DonDon Finto Finto TodTod McDowell McDowell ProjectProject Manager Manager – Leonid – Leonid Grips Grips EditorEditor and compilerand compiler – Yakov – Yakov Helmer Helmer EditorEditor – Asya – Asya Teplovodskaya Teplovodskaya LayoutLayout and designand design – Nelya – Nelya Vasilnitsky Vasilnitsky © Prepared© Prepared for publication for publication by Amutat by Amutat "Zikaron" "Zikaron" Amuta "Zikaron" ("Memory" non-profit organization) consists of former prisoners of ghettos and concentration camps, living in the city of Ashdod. It was established in 1991 and officially registered with the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Israel in 2001. Registered in the Amuta are 438 people, former prisoners of ghettos and concentration camps. The main objective of the Amuta is to provide moral and material support to members of the organization. Amuta "Zikaron" is a part of the Israeli Association Amuta "Zikaron" ("Memory" non-profit organization) "Survivors of ghettos and concentration camps". consists of former prisoners of ghettos and concentration camps, living in the city of Ashdod. ItAmuta was established "Zikaron" ("Memory"in 1991 and non-profit officially registered organization) with theconsists Ministry of of former Internal prisoners Affairs ofof Israelghettos in and2001. concentrationRegistered in thecamps, Amuta living are in 438 the people,city of Ashdod. former It wasprisoners established of ghettos in 1991 and and concentration officially registered camps. with The mainthe Ministry objective of Internalof the Amuta Affairs is ofto Israelprovide in moral2001. and materialRegistered support in the to Amuta members are 438 of the people, organization. former Amutaprisoners "Zikaron" of ghettos is a part and ofconcentration the Israeli Association camps. The"Survivors main objective of ghettos of the and Amuta concentration is to provide camps". moral and material support to members of the organization. Amuta "Zikaron" is a part of the Israeli Association "Survivors of ghettos and concentration camps". This book is dedicated to: ǵ5IFVOEFSBHFTVSWJWPSTPGHIFUUPT BOEDPODFOUSBUJPODBNQT ǵ5IPTFXIPQFSJTIFEJOUIFɵBNFTPGUIF)PMPDBVTU ǵ5IF3JHIUFPVTBNPOHUIF/BUJPOT BOEFWFSZPOFXIPUPPLQBSUJOTBWJOH+FXT ǵ5IFQBSUJTBOTBOEɴHIUFST PGUIF3FE"SNZ THE BELLS OF MEMORY The “Final Solution” of the Jewish problem was one of Hitler’s primary goals. The fate of all conquered European nations was frightening, yet it cannot be com- pared to the atrocities of the Jewish Holocaust: Jews were destined for total exter- mination. Artifacts were already gathered in Prague for a future museum of the extinct race. The Fascist killing mechanism operated efficiently and systematically. Many people have lost their lives, and among those victims were 6 million of our mothers and fathers, sisters and brothers, sons and daughters. They are gone… but us – the ones, who managed to leave the ghettos, find a helping hand, those who escaped the camps, those who fought and survived with the partisans – we are so few. But we are still here! We have been silent for many years and for various reasons. Yet our silence was a crime of its own – it was the murder of memory. We are the living memory of the Holocaust. This is why it is our duty to tell the young generation all we remember of the horror our people lived through. Right now there is a dire need to speak out. Many young people in the world today have no knowledge about the Holocaust, some know very little. In many countries the Neo-Nazi movements are on the rise. Anti-Semitic rallies are being held, graveyards and memorials vandalized, synagogues and Jewish cultural cent- ers attacked by terrorists. Even more – there are some pseudo-historians who dare to deny the Holocaust. The ashes of our dead will not let us rest; they demand that we speak up. We want the younger generation to know, to remember, and to join us in saying “No!” to Fascism and Anti-Semitism. In the past 60 years many memorials for those who were killed were created. Today we need a different kind of memorials, the memorials of good deeds. One of those deeds is the gathering of witness statements from living survivors. This is the goal of “Zikaron” – a non-profit organization from Ashdod, which con- sists of over 400 survivors. The times described in this book are long gone, but the people who survived the atrocities and conquered death will remember what they went through as long as their hearts are beating. Time passes – and so do we, but 6 the future that follows must keep the memory of the Jewish Holocaust. The council of the Ashdod-based organization took upon itself the noble mission – to gather all the memories of the local survivors. We had but one goal: to do everything possible to keep the memory of those who did and did not survive the nightmare. This is the story of the greatest tragedy of our people. It must never be forgotten! Let this be our small donation to Holocaust remembrance. We, the living witnesses of the Holocaust, of mass murder of the innocents, we appeal to you, dear reader – please do all that within your power so that this will never repeat! The council extends heartfelt thanks to all who took part in this project. A special thanks to Mr. Grigory Lerner who sponsored this book, not only for his financial help, but for his respect and attention. We thank you from the bottom of our hearts! President of council of survivors’ organization in Ashdod "BSPO.PMPULPWTLZ VPs 1IJMMJQ#BMBOPWTLZ .JDIBJM1FUFSCVSHTLZ Members of council #PSJT#FOFDIJT 4FNJPO#SPETLZ %BOOJ(VSɴOLFM "SLBEJ.PTLBMOJL 4FNJPO1BMFT "OOB4VDIFS :BLPW$IFMNFS 7 Numbers of Jews killed in European countries Country Jewish Murdered by the population Nazis Poland 3.300.000 2.800.000 USSR (occupied territory) 2.100.000 1.500.000 Romania 850.000 425.000 Hungary 404.000 200.000 Czechoslovakia 315.000 260.000 France 300.000 90.000 Germany 210.000 170.000 Lithuania 150.000 135.000 Holland 150.000 90.000 Latvia 95.000 85.000 Belgium 90.000 40.000 Greece 75.000 60.000 Yugoslavia 75.000 55.000 Austria 60.000 40.000 Italy 57.000 15.000 Bulgaria 50.000 7.000 Other countries: Denmark, Estonia, Luxemburg, Norway, 20.000 6.000 Danzig IN TOTAL: 8.301.000 5.978.000 8 Number of Jewish victims in the Ukraine in 1941-1944 (in thousands) Total (in thousands) 1944 1943 1942 1941 Region Lvov 18,7 164 80,5 3,5 266,5 Ternopol 12,5 66,7 46,6 0,5 126 Ivano-Frankovsk 27,3 73,5 8,6 0,2 109,5 Volynsk 6 95 1,5 — 102,5 Rovno 22 76 — — 98 Vinnitsa 49,3 76 4,4 0,4 130 Khmelnitski 35,2 70,8 0,5 — 106,5 Odessa 54,7 32,2 0,2 0,4 87,5 Chernovtsy 10,5 — — — 10,5 Zhitomir 45 4,2 0,6 — 49,8 Kiev 49 0,8 — — 49,8 Nikolayev 14 5,6 — — 19,6 Kherson 16 0,8 — — 16,8 Cherkassy 10,5 6 0,5 — 17 Kirovofradsk 5,9 3,8 — — 9,7 Dniepropetrovsk 21,3 7 — — 28,3 Poltava 10 2,4 — — 12,4 Donezk 10,8 6 — — 16,8 Zaporozhye 3,5 5,3 — — 8,8 Chernigov 1,3 1,4 — — 2,7 Kharkov 1,4 9,6 — — 11 Sumy 2 0,5 0,5 — 3 Crimea 23,3 6,5 — — 29,8 Lugansk — 2,5 — — 2,5 Zakarpatye — — — 95 95 25 regions 450 716,5 143 100 1400000 Thus, at least 1.4 million Jews were murdered in the Ukraine, and with the addition of unreported victims - about 1.5 million Jews. To this should be added the number of victims of the Jews who died at the frontline and in captivity, as well as Jews who were killed in Russia (mainly in the North Caucasus), where they were evacuated in 1941, and where they were caught up with by the Germans in 1942. This results in the total estimated number of 1.6 million Jews. * Reference: A. Kruglov The destruction of the Jewish population of Ukraine in 1941-1944. Chronicle of events. Mogi- lev-Podolsky; 1997, p. 96. 9 Death camps and ghettos in the occupied zone of "Transnistria" (Left bank of the Dniester River, Odessa and part of Vinnitsa region of the Ukraine) 1941—1944 Stanislavchik Zhmerynka Zatishye Tyvrov Krasnoye Kopaygorod Pechora Sharhorod Murafa Shpikov Bratslav Dzhurin Tomashpol Tulchin Borovka Ladijin Trostyanetz Mogilov Podolsky Kopaygorod Yaruga Zhabokrich Myasovka Obodovka Bershad Dzygovka Kryzhopol Yampol Peschanka Chechelnik Olgopol Kodyma Peschana Kamenka Savran Rashkov Balta Karlivka Rybnitsa Ahmichetka Lyubashevka Kotovsk Bogdanovka Ananiev Domanevka Krasnye Okny Ostovoye Dubossary Berezovka Shiryaevo Vinogradnoye Grigoriopol Balaychuk Ghetto Death Camp Tiraspol Cities and towns where the Jewish population was completely eliminated Paths of deportation of Jews to places of elimination - "The Road Vygoda of Death" Gordanitsy Odessa Places of concentration and mass Dalnik murder of Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina * Reference: Sushona L. "Transnistria - Jews in hell". THE NECESSITY OF REMEMBRANCE The ancient Greek historian, the "father of history" Herodotus has given us a detailed description of the battle that no one could confirm.
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