Nroff/Troff User's Manual
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Using NROFF and TROFF
Using NROFF and TROFF Part Number: 800-1755-10 Revision A, of 9 May 1988 UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. SunOS is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sun Workstation is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Material in this manual comes from a number of sources: NrofflTroff User's Manual, Joseph F. Ossanna, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; A Troff Tutorial, Brian W. Kernighan, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; Typ ing Documents on the UNIXSystem: Using the -ms Macros with Troff and Nroff, M. E. Lesk, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; A Guide to Preparing Documents with -ms, M. E. Lesk, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; Document Formatting on UNIXUsing the -ms Macros, Joel Kies, University of California, Berkeley, California; Writing Papers with Nroff Using -me, Eric P. Allman, University of California, Berkeley; and Introducing the UNIXSystem, Henry McGilton, Rachel Morgan, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983. These materials are gratefully acknowledged. Copyright © 1987, 1988 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. This publication is protected by Federal Copyright Law, with all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, translated, transcribed, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means manual, electric, electronic, electro-magnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, or other wise, without prior explicit written permission from Sun Microsystems. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction . 1.1. nrof f andtrof f . Text Formatting Versus Word Processing TheEvolutionof nr of f andt ro f f Preprocessors and Postprocessors 1.2. tr of f, Typesetters, and Special-Purpose Formatters ............ 1.3. -
Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning
Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning UML Tutorial Tutorialspoint.com UNIX is a computer Operating System which is capable of handling activities from multiple users at the same time. Unix was originated around in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. This tutorial gives an initial push to start you with UNIX. For more detail kindly check tutorialspoint.com/unix What is Unix ? The UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between the computer and the user. The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the details of the computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel. Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates commands entered by the user and converts them into a language that is understood by the kernel. Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, UP Unix and BSD are few examples. Linux is also a flavour of Unix which is freely available. Several people can use a UNIX computer at the same time; hence UNIX is called a multiuser system. A user can also run multiple programs at the same time; hence UNIX is called multitasking. Unix Architecture: Here is a basic block diagram of a UNIX system: 1 | P a g e Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning The main concept that unites all versions of UNIX is the following four basics: Kernel: The kernel is the heart of the operating system. -
Linux from Scratch Linux from Scratch
Linux From Scratch Linux From Scratch Table of Contents Linux From Scratch............................................................................................................................................1 Gerard Beekmans.....................................................................................................................................1 Dedication............................................................................................................................................................2 Preface................................................................................................................................................................10 Who would want to read this book..................................................................................................................11 Who would not want to read this book...........................................................................................................12 Organization......................................................................................................................................................13 Part I − Introduction...............................................................................................................................13 Part II − Installation of the LFS system.................................................................................................13 Part III − Appendixes.............................................................................................................................13 -
307-151 Issue 1 N N~Nnwtsystem V ~ U~ U~ Release 2.0 DOCUMENTER's WORKBENCH™ Software 'Text Formatters Reference
December 1983 307-151 Issue 1 n n~nnWTsystem V ~ U~ U~ Release 2.0 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH™ Software 'Text Formatters Reference © 1983 Western Electric All Rights Reserved Printed in USA Western Electric ..... UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH is a trademark of Western Electric CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 NROFF/TROFF TUTORIAL Chapter 3 NROFF AND TROFF USER MANUAL Chapter 4 DEVICE-INDEPENDENT TROFF Chapter 5 SROFF TUTORIAL GUIDE Chapter 6 SROFF REFERENCE MANUAL - I - Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION PAGE TEXT FORMATTERS ........................................... 1-1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This book is a guide and reference manual for the text formatters that are provided with the UNIX* system DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCHt software. This software provides an integrated set of text processing tools for easy, flexible, and professional documentation production. Books that describe other aspects of the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software are: • Introduction and Reference Manual-Select Code 307-150 • Macro Packages Reference-Select Code 307-152 • Preprocessors Reference-Select Code 307-153. The beginning user should refer to the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software Introduction and Reference Manual for a better overall description of the text processing tools available on the UNIX system. TEXT FORMATTERS On the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software, the text formatting programs provide control of text format by the use of requests (sometimes called formatter primitives) that are mixed in with the text to be formatted. These requests normally consist of two lowercase letters preceded by a period, on a line by themselves in the text file. The request may be followed on the same line by numbers or letters that provide the formatter with more information about the function of the request. -
Unix Programmer's Manual
There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of fitness for a particu!ar purpose nor any other warranty, either expressed or imp!ied, a’s to the accuracy of the enclosed m~=:crials or a~ Io ~helr ,~.ui~::~::.j!it’/ for ~ny p~rficu~ar pur~.~o~e. ~".-~--, ....-.re: " n~ I T~ ~hone Laaorator es 8ssumg$ no rO, p::::nS,-,,.:~:y ~or their use by the recipient. Furln=,, [: ’ La:::.c:,:e?o:,os ~:’urnes no ob~ja~tjon ~o furnish 6ny a~o,~,,..n~e at ~ny k:nd v,,hetsoever, or to furnish any additional jnformstjcn or documenta’tjon. UNIX PROGRAMMER’S MANUAL F~ifth ~ K. Thompson D. M. Ritchie June, 1974 Copyright:.©d972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone:Laboratories, Incorporated Copyright © 1972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated This manual was set by a Graphic Systems photo- typesetter driven by the troff formatting program operating under the UNIX system. The text of the manual was prepared using the ed text editor. PREFACE to the Fifth Edition . The number of UNIX installations is now above 50, and many more are expected. None of these has exactly the same complement of hardware or software. Therefore, at any particular installa- tion, it is quite possible that this manual will give inappropriate information. The authors are grateful to L. L. Cherry, L. A. Dimino, R. C. Haight, S. C. Johnson, B. W. Ker- nighan, M. E. Lesk, and E. N. Pinson for their contributions to the system software, and to L. E. McMahon for software and for his contributions to this manual. -
UNIX™ System V DOCUMENTER's WORKBENCH™ Volume ONE
___ALTOS _ UNIX™ SySTEM V DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH™ VOlUME ONE INTROduCTioN ANd TEXT FORMATTERS REfERENCE UNIX™ System V DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH™ Volume One ACKNOW'LBDGBMEN'rS The Altos logo, as it appears in this manual, is a registered trademark of Altos Computer Systems. DOCUMENTER IS WORKBENCH™ is a trademark of AT&T Technologies. IMPRINT@ and IMAGEN® are registered trademarks of the IMAGEN Corporation. TEKTRONIX® is a registered trademark of Tektronics, Inc. TELETYPE™ is a trademark of AT&T Teletype Corporation. TRENDATA® is a registered trademark of Trendata Corporation. UNIX™ is a tr ademark of AT &'1' Bell Labor at or ies. CONTENTS Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE Chapter 2 DOCUMENT PREPARATION APPENDIX USER REFERENCE MANUAL - i - Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE PAGE INTRODUCTION............................................... 1-1 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK. • . • . .. 1-2 I!.. 1 ,J Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION This book is the introductory volume of a set of documents that provide information about the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software on the UNIX* system. Other books in this series are: 307-151 Text Formatters Reference-provides a reference covering the text formatters nroff, troff (device independent), otroff (old troff), and sroff. 307 -152 Macro Packages Reference-provides a reference for the macro packages mm (memorandum macros), sroff/mm (mm macros for the sroff formatter), and mv (view graph macros). 307-153 Preprocessors Reference-provides a reference for the preprocessors tbl, pic, and eqn/neqn. This book is both an introduction to the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software and a DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software command reference manual. Chapter 2 contains introductory material on some of the software, and the appendix provides pages describing the various commands that are part of the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software. -
LFS-BOOK.Pdf
Linux From Scratch Версия 7.3 Автор Gerard Beekmans Редакторы Matthew Burgess и Bruce Dubbs Перевод Иван Лабутин Linux From Scratch: Версия 7.3 by Автор Gerard Beekmans, Редакторы Matthew Burgess и Bruce Dubbs, Перевод Иван Лабутин Copyright © 1999-2013 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2013, Gerard Beekmans Все права защищены. Эта книга выпущена под лицензией Creative Commons License. Команды для компьютера могут быть извлечены из книги под лицензией MIT License. Linux® зарегистрированная торговая марка Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Версия 7.3 Содержание Пролог ......................................................................................................................... viii i. Предисловие ........................................................................................................ viii ii. Кому адресована эта книга? ............................................................................... ix iii. Целевые архитектуры LFS .................................................................................. x iv. LFS и стандарты .................................................................................................. x v. Пояснения к выбранным пакетам ..................................................................... xii vi. Необходимые знания ....................................................................................... xvii vii. Требования к хост-системе ........................................................................... xviii viii. Соглашения, используемые в книге ............................................................. -
Separate Instruction and Data Space) Is Needed for Some Utilities
Aimed at larger systems. Devices are addressable to 231 bytes, files to 230 bytes. 128K memory (separate instruction and data space) is needed for some utilities. Portability. Code of the operating system and most utilities has been extensively revised to minimize its dependence on particular hardware. Fortran 77. F77 compiler for the new standard language is compatible with C at the object level. A For- tran structurer, STRUCT, converts old, ugly Fortran into RATFOR, a structured dialect usable with F77. Shell. Completely new SH program supports string variables, trap handling, structured programming, user profiles, settable search path, multilevel file name generation, etc. Document preparation. TROFF phototypesetter utility is standard. NROFF (for terminals) is now highly compatible with TROFF. MS macro package provides canned commands for many common formatting and layout situations. TBL provides an easy to learn language for preparing complicated tabular material. REFER fills in bibliographic citations from a data base. UNIX-to-UNIX file copy. UUCP performs spooled file transfers between any two machines. Data processing. SED stream editor does multiple editing functions in parallel on a data stream of indefi- nite length. AWK report generator does free-field pattern selection and arithmetic operations. Program development. MAKE controls re-creation of complicated software, arranging for minimal re- compilation. Debugging. ADB does postmortem and breakpoint debugging, handles separate instruction and data spaces, floating point, etc. C language. The language now supports definable data types, generalized initialization, block structure, long integers, unions, explicit type conversions. The LINT verifier does strong type checking and detection of probable errors and portability problems even across separately compiled functions. -
307-150 Introduction and Reference Manual
December 1983 307 -1 50 Issue 1 n n~nnWT~ystem V ~ U~ UfA\. Release 2.0 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH™ Software Introduction and Reference Manual ©1983 Western Electric All Rights Reserved Printed in USA Western Electric UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH is a trademark of West em Electric CONTENTS Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE Chapter 2 DOCUMENT PREPARATION APPENDIX USER REFERENCE MANUAL - i - Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE PAGE INTRODUCTION. • . .. 1-1 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK. • . 1-2 Chapter 1 DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION This book is the introductory volume of a set of documents that provide information about the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software on the UNIX* system. Other books in this series are: 307-151 Text Formatters Reference-provides a reference covering the text formatters nroff, troff (device independent), otroff (old troff), and sroff. 307-152 Macro Packages Reference-provides a reference for the macro packages mm (memorandum macros), sroff/mm (mm macros for the sroff formatter), and mv (viewgraph macros). 307 -153 Preprocessors Reference-provides a reference for the preprocessors tbl, pic, and eqn!neqn. This book is both an introduction to the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software and a DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software command reference manual. Chapter 2 contains introductory material on some of the software, and the appendix provides pages describing the various commands that are part of the DOCUMENTER'S WORKBENCH software. * UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. 1-1 DWB SOFTWARE HOW TO USE THIS BOOK If you are a beginning user, read Chapter 2, Document Preparation, first. -
Nroff/Troff User's Manual
AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Computing Science Technical Report No. 54 Troff User's Manual² Joseph F. Ossanna Brian W. Kernighan Revised November, 1992 Troff User's Manual² Joseph F. Ossanna Brian W. Kernighan AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Revised November, 1992 Troff User's Manual² Joseph F. Ossanna Brian W. Kernighan AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Introduction Troff and nroff are text processors that format text for typesetter- and typewriter-like terminals, respectively. They accept lines of text interspersed with lines of format control information and format the text into a printable, paginated document having a user-designed style. Troff and nroff offer unusual free- dom in document styling: arbitrary style headers and footers; arbitrary style footnotes; multiple automatic sequence numbering for paragraphs, sections, etc; multiple column output; dynamic font and point-size control; arbitrary horizontal and vertical local motions at any point; and a family of automatic overstriking, bracket construction, and line-drawing functions. Troff produces its output in a device-independent form, although parameterized for a specific device; troff output must be processed by a driver for that device to produce printed output. Troff and nroff are highly compatible with each other and it is almost always possible to prepare input acceptable to both. Conditional input is provided that enables the user to embed input expressly des- tined for either program. Nroff can prepare output directly for a variety of terminal types and is capable of utilizing the full resolution of each terminal. A warning, however: nroff necessarily cannot support all fea- tures of troff. -
Troff and Friends
this talk • history and background • theory • practical usage ... of nroff, troff, and friends (tbl, eqn, refer, pic) troff and friends please interrupt me at any time in case of questions markus schnalke <[email protected]> please tell me what I should demonstrate goal: motivate to learn and use these programs my troff history historical background ______________________________________________________ years ago __________________________________first contact through man pages see my talk on ‘‘old software treasuries’’ ___________________________________________________ a simple document, just to try it___ quick summary: ___________________________________________________a year ago used pic for my diploma thesis___ • terminal = keyboard + line printer ___________________________________________________two months ago started to learn troff better ___ • no screen orientation thus: It’s all pretty new to me too :-) • size limits on software history of typesetting history of troff • completely by hand early 60s at MIT: •‘‘hot metal’’ typesetting (Linotype) • RUNOFF for CTSS • completely by computers (line printers and photo- • ‘‘right-justifying type-out program’’ typesetters) • ported to many systems (also MULTICS) goal: text automatically right-adjusted and hyphenated around 1970 at Bell Labs: • roff by McIlroy (Unix version of RUNOFF) • used daily history of troff (2) glossary nroff (‘‘new roff’’) • word processing • by Joe Ossanna • text formating • strength: macro programmable • document preparation • still only for daisy wheel/golf -
Tbl — a Program to Format Tables M. E. Lesk Bell Laboratories Murray
Tbl — A Program to Format Tables M. E. Lesk Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 ABSTRACT Tbl is a document formatting preprocessor for troff or nroff which makes even fairly complex tables easy to specify and enter. It is available on the PDP-11 UNIX* system and on Honeywell 6000 GCOS. Tables are made up of columns which may be independently centered, right-adjusted, left-adjusted, or aligned by decimal points. Headings may be placed over single columns or groups of columns. A table entry may contain equations, or may consist of several rows of text. Horizontal or vertical lines may be drawn as desired in the table, and any table or element may be enclosed in a box. For example: 1970 Federal Budget Transfers (in billions of dollars) Taxes Money State Net collected spent New York 22.91 21.35 −1.56 New Jersey 8.33 6.96 −1.37 Connecticut 4.12 3.10 −1.02 Maine 0.74 0.67 −0.07 California 22.29 22.42 +0.13 New Mexico 0.70 1.49 +0.79 Georgia 3.30 4.28 +0.98 Mississippi 1.15 2.32 +1.17 Te xas 9.33 11.13 +1.80 November 2, 1997 * UNIX is a Trademark/Service Mark of the Bell System -- -- Tbl — A Program to Format Tables M. E. Lesk Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Introduction. Tbl turns a simple description of a table into a troff or nroff [1] program (list of commands) that prints the table. Tbl may be used on the PDP-11 UNIX [2] system and on the Honeywell 6000 GCOS system.