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Nomination of Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay/Mukkawar Island Marine National Park (Sudan – Red Sea)

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Nomination of Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay/Mukkawar Island Marine National Park (Sudan – Red Sea) Nomination of Sanganeb Marine National Park And Dungonab Bay/Mukkawar Island Marine National Park (Sudan – Red Sea) For Inscription On the World Heritage List List of contents List of Contents …………………………………………………………… I List of Figures …………………………………………………………….. IV List of Tables ……………………………………………………………… V List of Plates ………………………………………………………………. VI List of Appendices ………………………………………………………... VII Acronyms and Abbreviations ……………………………………………... VIII Executive Summary Geographical coordinates to the nearest second ………………………….. X Textual description of the boundaries of the nominated property ……… XI Map of the nominated property …………………………………………… XII Criteria under which property is nominated ……………………………… XV Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value ………………………… XV Name and contact information …………………………………………… XIX Introduction………………………………………………………. 1 1) Identification of the Property ……………………………………………... 4 1. a Country …………………………………………………………………… 4 1. b State, Province or Region …………………………………………………. 4 1. c Name of Property ………………………………………………………… 4 1. d Geographical coordinates to the nearest second …………………………. 4 1. e Maps and plans …………………………………………………………... 5 1. f Area of nominated property ……………………………………………… 14 2) Description ………………………………………………………………. 17 2. a Description of property ………………………………………………….. 17 2. a. 1 SMNP ……………………………………………………………………. 17 2. a. 2 DMNP ……………………………………………………………………. 32 2. a. 3 The buffer zone 45 2. b History and Development ………………………………………………… 45 2. b. 1 SMNP ….………………………………………………………………….. 45 2. b. 2 DMNP ….…………………………………………………………………. 16 2. b. 3 The buffer zone…………………………………......... 16 I 3) Justification for Inscription ………………………………………………. 15 3. 1.a Brief synthesis …………………………………………………………….. 15 3. 1.b Criteria under which inscription is proposed ……………………………... 14 3. 1.c Statement of Integrity ……………………………………………………... 15 3. 1.e Protection and management ………………………………………………. 18 3.2 Comparative Analysis …………………………………………………….. 50 3.3 Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value …………………….. 80 4) State of Conservation and Factors affecting the property …………………. 86 4.a Present state of conservation …………………………………………… 86 4.b Factors affecting the property …………………………………………...... 94 5) Protection and Management ………………………………………………. 95 5.a Ownership ………………………………………………………………… 95 5.b Protective designations …………………………………………………... 95 5.c Means of implementing protective measures …………………………….. 98 5.d Existing plans …………………………………………………………….. 100 5.e Property management plan or other management system ………………... 606 5.f Sources and levels of finance …………………………………………… 102 5.g Sources of expertise and training ………………………………………... 102 5.h Visitor facilities and infrastructure ……………………………………… 102 5.i Policies and programmes ………………………………………………… 106 5.j Staffing levels and expertise ……………………………………………... 106 6) Monitoring ……………………………………………………………….. 105 6.a Key indicators for measuring state of conservation ……………………. 105 6.b Administrative arrangements for monitoring property …………………. 101 6.c Results of previous reporting exercises ………………………………… 101 7) Documentation …………………………………………………………… 105 7.a Photographs and audiovisual image inventory and authorization ……….. 105 7.b Texts relating to protective designation ………………………………….. 108 7.c Form and date of most recent records ……………………………………. 108 7.d Address where inventory, records and archives are held ………………… 108 7.e Bibliography ……………………………………………………………… 109 II 8) Contact Information of responsible authority …………………………... 116 8.a Preparers ………………………………………………………………….. 116 8.b Official Local Institution / Agency ………………………………………. 116 8.c Other Local Institutions …………………………………………………... 116 8.d Official Web address ……………………………………………………... 116 9) Signature on behalf of the State Party ……………………………………. 115 Appendices ………………………………………………………………... 168 III List of Figures Figure 1: Key areas selected to create a regional network of marine 3 protected areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden including SMNP and DMNP Figure 2: Habitat map of Sanganeb Marine National Park (SMNP) 21 Figure 3: Coastal habitats map of DMNP 35 Figure 4: Distribution of coral habitat within Dungonab Bay 38 Figure 5: Coral health indices (cover of live coral/total cover of live and 39 dead coral) in the Dungonab Bay–Mukkawar Island Figure 6: The distribution and relative abundance of seagrass around 40 Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island Figure7: The distribution and relative abundance of mangroves around 41 Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island Figure 8a: Relative fish abundance at Rapid Survey Sites 51 Figure 8b: The relative abundance and distribution of fish from transects, 55 as surveyed by the Reef Check Belt Transect Method Figure 9: Distribution and abundance of turtle nesting pits in 2002 in the 40 Mukkawar Island and Dungonab Bay Figure 10: The distribution of nesting birds at Rapid Site survey. 46 Figure 11: The outer and the inner shell of Pinctada margaritifera 16 Figure 12: The spat collector 12 IV List of tables Table 1: The geographical coordinates to the nearest second 4 T Table 2: Area mapped for Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island (from 15 the landsat 7ETM satellite data) Table 3: The total area of each marine biotope mapped by landsat 36 7ETM+ Table 4: Partially complete species list of fin fisheries of Dungonab Bay 43 Table 5: Some features of 14 global and regional sites compared to those 52 of the nominated property Table 6: Occurrence of habitats in 6 World Heritage Properties and in 56 Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay-Mukkawar Island Marine National Park Table7: Comparison of some features between Papahanaumokuakea 51 Marine National Monument (PAPMNM) and Sanganeb Marine National Park-Dungonab Bay-Mukkawar Island Marine National park. (SMNP) (DMNP) Table 8: The most abundant species of polychaetes at Sanganeb Atoll 9 4 Table 9: Key indicators for measuring sate of conservation 10 4 V List of Plates Plate 1: Overview of Sanganeb Lagoon 1X Plate 2: A pair of blue-cheeked butterfly fish (chaetadon semilarvatus) XX Plate 3: Well developed coral reef, thrive on the edge of steep drop-off deep water in SMNP. 13 Plate 4: Soft coral (Alconarian) 16 Plate 5: Sanganeb reef 20 Plate 6: Some of the Red Sea endemic corals 23 Plate 7: Some sea cucumbers on the reefs 25 Plate 8: Groupers 29 Plate 9: Raised fossil reef at DMNP 32 Plate 10: Well developed, extensive and healthy mangrove in DMNP. 42 Plate 11: View of one of the main turtle nesting beaches on Mukkawar Island 59 Plate 12: Hawksbill marine turtle in DMNP 40 Plate 13: Rich bird life in DMNP 42 Plate 14: View of Sanganeb lighthouse from the northern jetty 48 Plate 15: View of the lighthouse complex 48 Plate 16: The existing small, reclaimed area along the northern jetty a good opportunity to 49 increase the beach area available for day-trippers Plate 17: Cousteau’s Underwater Garage 16 Plate 18: Vertical growth of Acropora 16 Plate 19: The visit of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh to SMNP in 1982 85 Plate20: An aerial photo of the lighthouse in Sanganeb atoll 81 Plate 21: The southern jetty in Sanganeb atoll 81 Plate 22: Sanganeb atoll showing the northern jetty leading to the lagoon 81 Plate23: Scorpion fish common on the reef flat at the southern jetty 81 Plate24: corals and coral fishes 92 Plate25: Dugong dugong feeding on seagrass 96 Plate 26: Dolphins swimming in front of the tug boat at Sanganeb 96 Plate 27: Fishers community at DMNP 99 Plate 28: WCGA Wardens: On-the-job training workshop 165 VI List of Appendices App. 1 Red Sea endemic coral species found on Sudanese reefs and species with a Limited range- extension beyond the Red Sea 181 App. 2 List of plants and animals species in SMNP 810 App. 3 Compiled literature on Sanganeb atoll and Dungonab Bay 830 App.4 Ramsar Site, Red Sea Coast 816 App.5 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) 817 App.6 Sanganeb Marine National Park Site-Specific Master Plan, with management guidelines. 811 App.7 Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island National Park Site-Specific Master Plan, with management guidelines. 171 App.8 The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Network of Marine Protected Areas: Regional Master Plan – 2002. 224 App.9 Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Coral Reefs in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden– 2003. 278 App.10 Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Breeding Seabird and their habitats in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden – 2004. 318 App.11 Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Mangroves in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden – 2004. 365 App.12 Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Marine Turtles in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden– 2004. 394 App. 13 Efficient management of Sanganeb and Dungonab Bay – National parks 430 VII Acronyms and abbreviations APF: African Parks Foundation Cots: Crown - of - Thorns Starfish. DMNP: Dungonab Bay-Mukkawar Island Marine National Park. GoS: Government of Sudan. HCENR: Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources. IBA: Important Bird Area. IUCN: World Conservation Union (Formerly: The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.) Khor(e): Small freshwater river. Kokian: Trochus dentatus (Mollusc). Mersa: A small bay or inlet where boats anchor and shelter. MPA: Marine Protected Area. Najil: (Spotted coral grouper) fish. NGO: None - Governmental Organization. PERSGA: Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Sabkha: Coastal flats subject to periodic flooding and evaporation. SCUBA: Self -Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. Shuab: Scattered reef complex SMNP:
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