EJT (2010) 19:1, 33–44 0960–2720 EJT (2010) 19:1, 33–44 0960–2720

Recovering Evangelical Spirituality Recovering Evangelical Spirituality Ian Randall Ian Randall

RÉSUMÉ rencontrer Christ lors de la participation à la cène. Les RÉSUMÉ rencontrer Christ lors de la participation à la cène. Les frères Wesley ont publié des Hymnes pour le repas du frères Wesley ont publié des Hymnes pour le repas du L’auteur offre ici quelques perspectives historiques sur la Seigneur, comprenant des cantiques mettant en valeur L’auteur offre ici quelques perspectives historiques sur la Seigneur, comprenant des cantiques mettant en valeur spiritualité évangélique et des réflexions sur ce que cela la signification profonde de la cène et destinés à nour- spiritualité évangélique et des réflexions sur ce que cela la signification profonde de la cène et destinés à nour- peut apporter à l’Église d’aujourd’hui. Lorsqu’on parle rir l’expérience spirituelle. Enfin, l’engagement mission- peut apporter à l’Église d’aujourd’hui. Lorsqu’on parle rir l’expérience spirituelle. Enfin, l’engagement mission- de retrouver une spiritualité évangélique, on présuppose naire a aussi été un point crucial pour les évangéliques. de retrouver une spiritualité évangélique, on présuppose naire a aussi été un point crucial pour les évangéliques. qu’une perte est intervenue. Les études sur la spiritua- Les Frères moraves ont exercé une grande influence sur qu’une perte est intervenue. Les études sur la spiritua- Les Frères moraves ont exercé une grande influence sur lité évangélique abondent ces dernières années. L’auteur William Carey et sur bien des chrétiens, avec pour résultat lité évangélique abondent ces dernières années. L’auteur William Carey et sur bien des chrétiens, avec pour résultat soutient que, pour retrouver la spiritualité évangélique, il la création de la Société Missionnaire Baptiste en 1792. soutient que, pour retrouver la spiritualité évangélique, il la création de la Société Missionnaire Baptiste en 1792. faut réaffirmer et se réapproprier les quatre caractéristi- Par la suite, un responsable baptiste, John Rippon, par- faut réaffirmer et se réapproprier les quatre caractéristi- Par la suite, un responsable baptiste, John Rippon, par- ques mises en avant par David Bebbington. Il pense que lait de la mission en termes « œcuméniques » réservant ques mises en avant par David Bebbington. Il pense que lait de la mission en termes « œcuméniques » réservant le mouvement évangélique est un courant spécifique de ses mots les plus enthousiastes pour son appréciation des le mouvement évangélique est un courant spécifique de ses mots les plus enthousiastes pour son appréciation des la spiritualité chrétienne et que « l’expérience vécue » Frères moraves, dont le ministère visait à « humaniser et la spiritualité chrétienne et que « l’expérience vécue » Frères moraves, dont le ministère visait à « humaniser et lui est essentielle. Le premier aspect est la conversion christianiser le monde ». L’œuvre missionnaire demeure lui est essentielle. Le premier aspect est la conversion christianiser le monde ». L’œuvre missionnaire demeure par laquelle, pour reprendre une expression des Frères aujourd’hui indissociable du message de la croix et par laquelle, pour reprendre une expression des Frères aujourd’hui indissociable du message de la croix et moraves, Christ « touche le cœur avec puissance » : il d’une vie, à la fois individuelle et communautaire, qui moraves, Christ « touche le cœur avec puissance » : il d’une vie, à la fois individuelle et communautaire, qui s’agit de redécouvrir ce qu’est une vie affectée en pro- découle de la communion avec le Seigneur crucifié et s’agit de redécouvrir ce qu’est une vie affectée en pro- découle de la communion avec le Seigneur crucifié et fondeur par une rencontre avec Christ puis une relation ressuscité. En dernier lieu, l’auteur aborde la question du fondeur par une rencontre avec Christ puis une relation ressuscité. En dernier lieu, l’auteur aborde la question du continuelle avec lui. Vient ensuite le rapport à la Bible culte. Derek Tidball a montré que les chants des années continuelle avec lui. Vient ensuite le rapport à la Bible culte. Derek Tidball a montré que les chants des années : « connaître Sa Parole » comme on disait dans l’Unité 70 véhiculaient de manière excessive une théologie : « connaître Sa Parole » comme on disait dans l’Unité 70 véhiculaient de manière excessive une théologie des Frères. La foi évangélique insiste sur la mise en pra- triomphaliste de la gloire et de la victoire, mais qu’on est des Frères. La foi évangélique insiste sur la mise en pra- triomphaliste de la gloire et de la victoire, mais qu’on est tique de l’enseignement biblique et sur l’obéissance. Il ensuite revenu à « un meilleur équilibre tenant compte tique de l’enseignement biblique et sur l’obéissance. Il ensuite revenu à « un meilleur équilibre tenant compte est besoin ici aussi d’y revenir. Troisièmement, la croix du thème néotestamentaire de la mort et de la résurrec- est besoin ici aussi d’y revenir. Troisièmement, la croix du thème néotestamentaire de la mort et de la résurrec- : « unis au Sauveur » comme disait Spurgeon. Pour bon tion avec Christ ». L’auteur plaide ici pour un retour à un : « unis au Sauveur » comme disait Spurgeon. Pour bon tion avec Christ ». L’auteur plaide ici pour un retour à un nombre d’évangéliques, cela impliquait de s’attendre à culte bien plus riche. nombre d’évangéliques, cela impliquait de s’attendre à culte bien plus riche. ******** ********

SUMMARY – and ongoing encounters – with Christ. The next section SUMMARY – and ongoing encounters – with Christ. The next section looks at the Bible – ‘to know His word’, as the Unity of looks at the Bible – ‘to know His word’, as the Unity of This study offers some historical reflections on evangeli- the Brethren said. The evangelical faith has been marked This study offers some historical reflections on evangeli- the Brethren said. The evangelical faith has been marked cal spirituality and how this relates to the situation of the by a stress on practical application of Bible teaching cal spirituality and how this relates to the situation of the by a stress on practical application of Bible teaching contemporary Church. In speaking about a ‘recovery’ of and on obedience. Here again, recovery is needed. The contemporary Church. In speaking about a ‘recovery’ of and on obedience. Here again, recovery is needed. The evangelical spirituality, the implication is that something third aspect is the cross, ‘united to the Saviour’, as C.H. evangelical spirituality, the implication is that something third aspect is the cross, ‘united to the Saviour’, as C.H. has been lost. Significant work on evangelical spirituality Spurgeon put it. This emphasis has meant that a number has been lost. Significant work on evangelical spirituality Spurgeon put it. This emphasis has meant that a number has been done in recent years. This study argues that of evangelicals have had an expectation of encounter- has been done in recent years. This study argues that of evangelicals have had an expectation of encounter- the recovery of evangelical spirituality requires re-assess- ing Christ in the Lord’s Supper. The Wesleys published the recovery of evangelical spirituality requires re-assess- ing Christ in the Lord’s Supper. The Wesleys published ment and re-appropriation of the four distinctive set out Hymns on the Lord’s Supper which includes hymns that ment and re-appropriation of the four distinctive set out Hymns on the Lord’s Supper which includes hymns that by David Bebbington. The view taken here is that evan- convey the depths of the eucharist and are intended to by David Bebbington. The view taken here is that evan- convey the depths of the eucharist and are intended to gelicalism is a specific stream of Christian spirituality, to nourish spiritual experience. Active involvement in mis- gelicalism is a specific stream of Christian spirituality, to nourish spiritual experience. Active involvement in mis- do with ‘lived experience’. The first aspect examined sion has also been crucial for evangelicals. The Moravi- do with ‘lived experience’. The first aspect examined sion has also been crucial for evangelicals. The Moravi- is conversion, in which – to quote from the Moravians ans had a powerful influence on William Carey and on is conversion, in which – to quote from the Moravians ans had a powerful influence on William Carey and on – Christ ‘approaches the heart with his power’. The study thinking that led to the formation in 1792 of the Baptist – Christ ‘approaches the heart with his power’. The study thinking that led to the formation in 1792 of the Baptist suggests that there is a need in much of the Church for Missionary Society. Mission today cannot be separated suggests that there is a need in much of the Church for Missionary Society. Mission today cannot be separated recovery of a deeper experience of Christ: the recovery from the message of the cross and a life – both individual recovery of a deeper experience of Christ: the recovery from the message of the cross and a life – both individual of the concept of a life deeply impacted by the encounter and communal – marked by fellowship with the crucified of the concept of a life deeply impacted by the encounter and communal – marked by fellowship with the crucified

EJT 19:1 • 33 EJT 19:1 • 33 • Ian Randall • • Ian Randall • and risen Lord. Finally this study looks at the recovery of way to ‘a better balance that mirrors the dying-and-rising and risen Lord. Finally this study looks at the recovery of way to ‘a better balance that mirrors the dying-and-rising worship. Derek Tidball argues that the new hymnody of motifs of New Testament Christianity’. This study calls for worship. Derek Tidball argues that the new hymnody of motifs of New Testament Christianity’. This study calls for the 1970s saw an ‘excessive preoccupation with a theol- the recovery of full-orbed worship. the 1970s saw an ‘excessive preoccupation with a theol- the recovery of full-orbed worship. ogy of glory, victory and triumphalism’ but that this gave ogy of glory, victory and triumphalism’ but that this gave

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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG „vereint mit dem Retter”, wie es C. H. Spurgeon aus- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG „vereint mit dem Retter”, wie es C. H. Spurgeon aus- drückte. Diese Betonung hat bedeutet, dass ein Teil der drückte. Diese Betonung hat bedeutet, dass ein Teil der Diese Untersuchung bietet einige historische Überle- Evangelikalen die Erwartung hatte, Christus im Abend- Diese Untersuchung bietet einige historische Überle- Evangelikalen die Erwartung hatte, Christus im Abend- gungen zur evangelikalen Spiritualität und in welcher mahl zu begegnen. Die Wesley-Brüder veröffentlichten gungen zur evangelikalen Spiritualität und in welcher mahl zu begegnen. Die Wesley-Brüder veröffentlichten Beziehung diese zur Situation der zeitgenössischen Hymns on the Lord’s Supper (Choräle zum Abendmahl), Beziehung diese zur Situation der zeitgenössischen Hymns on the Lord’s Supper (Choräle zum Abendmahl), Kirche steht. Mit der Rede von der „Wiedergewinnung” mit Chorälen, die die Tiefen der Eucharistie ausdrücken Kirche steht. Mit der Rede von der „Wiedergewinnung” mit Chorälen, die die Tiefen der Eucharistie ausdrücken der evangelikalen Spiritualität wird impliziert, dass etwas und dazu gedacht sind, spiritueller Erfahrung Nahrung der evangelikalen Spiritualität wird impliziert, dass etwas und dazu gedacht sind, spiritueller Erfahrung Nahrung verloren gegangen ist. Die letzten Jahre haben zuneh- zu geben. Aktive Teilnahme an der Mission war ebenfalls verloren gegangen ist. Die letzten Jahre haben zuneh- zu geben. Aktive Teilnahme an der Mission war ebenfalls mend bedeutende Arbeiten zur evangelikalen Spiritu- entscheidend wichtig für Evangelikale. Die Herrnhuter mend bedeutende Arbeiten zur evangelikalen Spiritu- entscheidend wichtig für Evangelikale. Die Herrnhuter alität gesehen. Die Untersuchung argumentiert, dass die hatten großen Einfluss auf William Carey und auf das alität gesehen. Die Untersuchung argumentiert, dass die hatten großen Einfluss auf William Carey und auf das Wiedergewinnung der evangelikalen Spiritualität eine Denken, das zur Gründung der Baptist Missionary Soci- Wiedergewinnung der evangelikalen Spiritualität eine Denken, das zur Gründung der Baptist Missionary Soci- Neubewertung und Neuaneignung der vier Charakteris- ety im Jahre 1792 führte. Später reservierte John Rippon, Neubewertung und Neuaneignung der vier Charakteris- ety im Jahre 1792 führte. Später reservierte John Rippon, tika erfordert, die David Bebbington dargelegt hat. Die ein führender Baptist, der im „ökumenischen” Sinne tika erfordert, die David Bebbington dargelegt hat. Die ein führender Baptist, der im „ökumenischen” Sinne hier vertretene Sicht lautet, dass der Evangelikalismus ein von Mission sprach, seine überschwänglichsten Worte hier vertretene Sicht lautet, dass der Evangelikalismus ein von Mission sprach, seine überschwänglichsten Worte spezifischer Strang christlicher Spiritualität ist, der mit für die Herrnhuter, deren Dienst konzipiert war, „die spezifischer Strang christlicher Spiritualität ist, der mit für die Herrnhuter, deren Dienst konzipiert war, „die „gelebter Erfahrung” zu tun hat. Der erste untersuchte Welt zu humanisieren und zu christianisieren”. Mission „gelebter Erfahrung” zu tun hat. Der erste untersuchte Welt zu humanisieren und zu christianisieren”. Mission Aspekt ist die Bekehrung, in der – um die Herrnhuter zu kann heute nicht von der Botschaft vom Kreuz und von Aspekt ist die Bekehrung, in der – um die Herrnhuter zu kann heute nicht von der Botschaft vom Kreuz und von zitieren – Christus „mit seiner Macht das Herz erreicht”. einem individuellen und gemeinschaftlichen Leben der zitieren – Christus „mit seiner Macht das Herz erreicht”. einem individuellen und gemeinschaftlichen Leben der Die Untersuchung zeigt an, dass in einem Großteil der Gemeinschaft mit dem gekreuzigten und auferstandenen Die Untersuchung zeigt an, dass in einem Großteil der Gemeinschaft mit dem gekreuzigten und auferstandenen Kirche Bedarf für die Wiedergewinnung einer tieferen Herrn getrennt werden. Abschließend widmet sich diese Kirche Bedarf für die Wiedergewinnung einer tieferen Herrn getrennt werden. Abschließend widmet sich diese Erfahrung Christi besteht: die Wiedergewinnung des Untersuchung der Wiedergewinnung der Anbetung. Erfahrung Christi besteht: die Wiedergewinnung des Untersuchung der Wiedergewinnung der Anbetung. Konzeptes eines Lebens, das zutiefst von der Begeg- Derek Tidball argumentiert, dass sich die neuen Lieder Konzeptes eines Lebens, das zutiefst von der Begeg- Derek Tidball argumentiert, dass sich die neuen Lieder nung – und wiederholten Begegnungen – mit Christus der 1970er Jahre „übermäßig mit einer Theologie der nung – und wiederholten Begegnungen – mit Christus der 1970er Jahre „übermäßig mit einer Theologie der beeinflusst ist. Der nächste Abschnitt widmet sich der Herrlichkeit, des Sieges und des Triumphalismus befass- beeinflusst ist. Der nächste Abschnitt widmet sich der Herrlichkeit, des Sieges und des Triumphalismus befass- Bibel – „um sein Wort zu kennen”, wie die Böhmischen ten”, doch dass dies „einer größeren Ausgeglichenheit” Bibel – „um sein Wort zu kennen”, wie die Böhmischen ten”, doch dass dies „einer größeren Ausgeglichenheit” Brüder sagten. Der evangelikale Glaube ist von einer die Vorfahrt gewährte, „die die Motive des Sterbens Brüder sagten. Der evangelikale Glaube ist von einer die Vorfahrt gewährte, „die die Motive des Sterbens Betonung auf die praktische Anwendung der biblischen und Auferstehens der neutestamentlichen Christenheit Betonung auf die praktische Anwendung der biblischen und Auferstehens der neutestamentlichen Christenheit Lehre und auf Gehorsam geprägt. Auch hier ist eine Wie- widerspiegeln”. Die Untersuchung fordert die Wiederge- Lehre und auf Gehorsam geprägt. Auch hier ist eine Wie- widerspiegeln”. Die Untersuchung fordert die Wiederge- dergewinnung vonnöten. Der dritte Aspekt ist das Kreuz, winnung einer umfassenden Anbetung. dergewinnung vonnöten. Der dritte Aspekt ist das Kreuz, winnung einer umfassenden Anbetung.

******** ******** In this study I want to offer some historical reflec- fruit of spiritual struggle, whereas the evangelicals, In this study I want to offer some historical reflec- fruit of spiritual struggle, whereas the evangelicals, tions on evangelical spirituality which I hope relate by contrast, ‘believed it to be general, normally tions on evangelical spirituality which I hope relate by contrast, ‘believed it to be general, normally to the contemporary Church. The world-wide given at conversion and the result of simple accept- to the contemporary Church. The world-wide given at conversion and the result of simple accept- evangelical movement was shaped in the eigh- ance of the gift of God’.2 evangelical movement was shaped in the eigh- ance of the gift of God’.2 teenth century by European Continental Pietism, The transnational nature of the evangelical teenth century by European Continental Pietism, The transnational nature of the evangelical by the Evangelical Revival in Britain and by the movement from the eighteenth century onwards by the Evangelical Revival in Britain and by the movement from the eighteenth century onwards Great Awakening in America. David Bebbing- has been increasingly recognised. ‘I look upon all Great Awakening in America. David Bebbing- has been increasingly recognised. ‘I look upon all ton describes how the decade beginning in 1734 the world’, John Wesley famously stated, ‘as my ton describes how the decade beginning in 1734 the world’, John Wesley famously stated, ‘as my ‘witnessed in the English-speaking world a more parish.’3 In this Wesley drew from the thinking of ‘witnessed in the English-speaking world a more parish.’3 In this Wesley drew from the thinking of important development than any other, before or a gifted German nobleman, Nicholas Ludwig von important development than any other, before or a gifted German nobleman, Nicholas Ludwig von after, in the history of Protestant Christianity: the Zinzendorf, who became the creative leader of the after, in the history of Protestant Christianity: the Zinzendorf, who became the creative leader of the emergence of the movement that became Evan- Renewed Unity of the Brethren (more commonly emergence of the movement that became Evan- Renewed Unity of the Brethren (more commonly gelicalism’.1 This movement had strong links with known later as the Moravians or the Moravian gelicalism’.1 This movement had strong links with known later as the Moravians or the Moravian earlier English Puritanism. Bebbington argues, Church) and who wrote in 1738 about the task of earlier English Puritanism. Bebbington argues, Church) and who wrote in 1738 about the task of however, that the most Puritans tended to take the going out ‘to all the peoples of the world’.4 The writ- however, that the most Puritans tended to take the going out ‘to all the peoples of the world’.4 The writ- view that assurance of personal salvation was the ings of Jonathan Edwards, America’s most notable view that assurance of personal salvation was the ings of Jonathan Edwards, America’s most notable

34 • EJT 19:1 34 • EJT 19:1 • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • theologian,5 helped to spread carefully enunciated alone and union with Christ, have not been seen theologian,5 helped to spread carefully enunciated alone and union with Christ, have not been seen evangelical views in the eighteenth century and as indissolubly bound together. They are bound evangelical views in the eighteenth century and as indissolubly bound together. They are bound beyond.6 In the twentieth century the interna- together, he insists, in the cross.14 beyond.6 In the twentieth century the interna- together, he insists, in the cross.14 tional growth of evangelicalism continued. There I want to argue that the recovery of evangelical tional growth of evangelicalism continued. There I want to argue that the recovery of evangelical has also been a significant re-shaping of aspects of spirituality requires a re-assessment and re-appro- has also been a significant re-shaping of aspects of spirituality requires a re-assessment and re-appro- evangelical experience in the period since the early priation of the four distinctives. My position is evangelical experience in the period since the early priation of the four distinctives. My position is twentieth century, due to the massive influence of that evangelicalism is a specific stream of Christian twentieth century, due to the massive influence of that evangelicalism is a specific stream of Christian the Pentecostal and charismatic movements, with spirituality, since Bebbington’s four aspects are not the Pentecostal and charismatic movements, with spirituality, since Bebbington’s four aspects are not their emphasis on the power and gifts of the Holy doctrinal formulations but have to do with ‘lived their emphasis on the power and gifts of the Holy doctrinal formulations but have to do with ‘lived Spirit. The international Pentecostal community, to experience’, and I consider that ‘recovery’ is not, Spirit. The international Pentecostal community, to experience’, and I consider that ‘recovery’ is not, a large extent a sub-set of evangelicalism, has seen therefore, primarily about achieving more ortho- a large extent a sub-set of evangelicalism, has seen therefore, primarily about achieving more ortho- phenomenal numerical growth since its beginnings dox expressions of theology within the life of the phenomenal numerical growth since its beginnings dox expressions of theology within the life of the about a century ago.7 Church – although such convictions are crucially about a century ago.7 Church – although such convictions are crucially Studies of evangelicalism over the past few years important. Bebbington emphasises the signifi- Studies of evangelicalism over the past few years important. Bebbington emphasises the signifi- have generally aligned themselves with the argu- cance for evangelical spiritual identity of ‘assur- have generally aligned themselves with the argu- cance for evangelical spiritual identity of ‘assur- ment advanced by Bebbington that evangelicalism ance’ – which is clearly experiential.15 The heart of ment advanced by Bebbington that evangelicalism ance’ – which is clearly experiential.15 The heart of can be seen as a movement comprising all those evangelical spirituality, I have argued, is a personal can be seen as a movement comprising all those evangelical spirituality, I have argued, is a personal who stress conversion, the Bible, the cross, and relationship with Christ.16 However, this is worked who stress conversion, the Bible, the cross, and relationship with Christ.16 However, this is worked activism.8 I will follow this approach, although I out within a theological framework and in concrete activism.8 I will follow this approach, although I out within a theological framework and in concrete will also add an examination of worship. In my ways. Eugene Peterson suggests that the spiritual- will also add an examination of worship. In my ways. Eugene Peterson suggests that the spiritual- exploration of the recovery of this strand of spir- ity that Jesus offers is ‘difficult, obedient and self- exploration of the recovery of this strand of spir- ity that Jesus offers is ‘difficult, obedient and self- ituality I am also using an analytical framework sacrificing’.17 If so, attempts at serious engagement ituality I am also using an analytical framework sacrificing’.17 If so, attempts at serious engagement in which spirituality is seen as concerned with the are not going to be easy. in which spirituality is seen as concerned with the are not going to be easy. conjunction of theology, communion with God conjunction of theology, communion with God and practical Christianity.9 Another way of think- and practical Christianity.9 Another way of think- ing about this is to speak of a holistic spirituality Conversion: Christ ‘approaches the heart ing about this is to speak of a holistic spirituality Conversion: Christ ‘approaches the heart involving head, heart and hands.10 In speaking with his power’ involving head, heart and hands.10 In speaking with his power’ about ‘recovery’, the implication is that something The outworking of this kind of evangelical spiritu- about ‘recovery’, the implication is that something The outworking of this kind of evangelical spiritu- has been lost. I am not going to analyse in detail ality means, firstly, the experience of conversion to has been lost. I am not going to analyse in detail ality means, firstly, the experience of conversion to what might have been lost but I will rather explore Christ. John Wesley, who shaped much early evan- what might have been lost but I will rather explore Christ. John Wesley, who shaped much early evan- the evangelical tradition in a way that could indi- gelical thinking in the English-speaking world, the evangelical tradition in a way that could indi- gelical thinking in the English-speaking world, cate ways in which the contemporary Church can recorded in his diary for 24 May 1738 the follow- cate ways in which the contemporary Church can recorded in his diary for 24 May 1738 the follow- draw more fully from the best of the tradition. ing words, which were to become among the most draw more fully from the best of the tradition. ing words, which were to become among the most Significant work on evangelical spirituality has famous in the story of Christian experience: Significant work on evangelical spirituality has famous in the story of Christian experience: been increasing in recent years. From North Amer- been increasing in recent years. From North Amer- ica the writings of Richard Foster, Dallas Willard In the evening I went very unwillingly to a soci- ica the writings of Richard Foster, Dallas Willard In the evening I went very unwillingly to a soci- and Eugene Peterson have been widely read, and ety in Aldersgate Street [in the city of London], and Eugene Peterson have been widely read, and ety in Aldersgate Street [in the city of London], Alister McGrath’s contribution to this area, as a where one was reading Luther’s Preface to the Alister McGrath’s contribution to this area, as a where one was reading Luther’s Preface to the British evangelical, has been important.11 By 2000, Epistle to the Romans. About a quarter before British evangelical, has been important.11 By 2000, Epistle to the Romans. About a quarter before McGrath could write that although resistance still nine, while he was describing the change which McGrath could write that although resistance still nine, while he was describing the change which remained within sections of evangelicalism to the God works in the heart through faith in Christ, remained within sections of evangelicalism to the God works in the heart through faith in Christ, word ‘spirituality’, it had ‘gained virtually univer- I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did word ‘spirituality’, it had ‘gained virtually univer- I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did sal acceptance as the best means of designating the trust in Christ, Christ alone, for salvation; and sal acceptance as the best means of designating the trust in Christ, Christ alone, for salvation; and group of spiritual disciplines that focus on deep- an assurance was given me that He had taken group of spiritual disciplines that focus on deep- an assurance was given me that He had taken ening the believer’s relationship with God and away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the ening the believer’s relationship with God and away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the enhancing the life of the Spirit’.12 McGrath has law of sin and death…I then testified openly to enhancing the life of the Spirit’.12 McGrath has law of sin and death…I then testified openly to 18 18 spoken in a very personal way of how his own all there what I now first felt in my heart. spoken in a very personal way of how his own all there what I now first felt in my heart. faith became ‘far too academic’. He has described This account, describing as it does how John Wesley faith became ‘far too academic’. He has described This account, describing as it does how John Wesley painful lessons he learned.13 Timothy George, in came to a point of personal reliance on God’s grace painful lessons he learned.13 Timothy George, in came to a point of personal reliance on God’s grace For all the Saints: Evangelical Theology and Christian and Christ’s work on the cross for salvation, later For all the Saints: Evangelical Theology and Christian and Christ’s work on the cross for salvation, later Spirituality (2003), talks about a ‘deadly divorce’ came to be seen as a description of a typical expe- Spirituality (2003), talks about a ‘deadly divorce’ came to be seen as a description of a typical expe- between theology and spirituality that has arisen rience of evangelical conversion, although I see it between theology and spirituality that has arisen rience of evangelical conversion, although I see it in part because two realities, justification by faith rather as an expression of assurance of salvation.19 in part because two realities, justification by faith rather as an expression of assurance of salvation.19

EJT 19:1 • 35 EJT 19:1 • 35 • Ian Randall • • Ian Randall •

Wesley had previously, when challenged by a ques- renewal. Four girls came to a powerful spiritual Wesley had previously, when challenged by a ques- renewal. Four girls came to a powerful spiritual tion from the Moravian Bishop, August Spangen- assurance. The intensity of these experiences spread tion from the Moravian Bishop, August Spangen- assurance. The intensity of these experiences spread berg (Professor at Jena University in Germany), to the whole community. Zinzendorf taught a con- berg (Professor at Jena University in Germany), to the whole community. Zinzendorf taught a con- ‘Does the Spirit of God bear witness with your scious conversion, suggesting that ‘Our Saviour… ‘Does the Spirit of God bear witness with your scious conversion, suggesting that ‘Our Saviour… spirit that you are a child of God?’, found himself will do all by His Spirit…when He comes and spirit that you are a child of God?’, found himself will do all by His Spirit…when He comes and unprepared to give a definite answer.20 It is signifi- approaches the Heart with His Power’.25 Christ unprepared to give a definite answer.20 It is signifi- approaches the Heart with His Power’.25 Christ cant that following his experience Wesley ‘testified’ ‘coming to the heart’ expressed the essence of the cant that following his experience Wesley ‘testified’ ‘coming to the heart’ expressed the essence of the – and in evangelical spirituality the element of shar- spiritual experience of this community, both theo- – and in evangelical spirituality the element of shar- spiritual experience of this community, both theo- ing experience has been an important practice. logically and practically.26 ing experience has been an important practice. logically and practically.26 There were a number of prior spiritual influ- In thinking about the recovery of evangelical There were a number of prior spiritual influ- In thinking about the recovery of evangelical ences on John Wesley and on his brother Charles, spirituality, I want to suggest that there is a need ences on John Wesley and on his brother Charles, spirituality, I want to suggest that there is a need both Anglican clergymen. The seventeenth-century in much of the Church for a recovery of a deeper both Anglican clergymen. The seventeenth-century in much of the Church for a recovery of a deeper English Puritan movement, mediated through the experience of Christ. In a great deal of evangeli- English Puritan movement, mediated through the experience of Christ. In a great deal of evangeli- Wesley family, was one. Catholic devotion, which calism from the nineteenth century onwards Wesley family, was one. Catholic devotion, which calism from the nineteenth century onwards set out rigorous demands to be met by those taking the moment of conversion became a moment of set out rigorous demands to be met by those taking the moment of conversion became a moment of up the spiritual life, was another. In 1726 John decision – of signing a card or praying the ‘sin- up the spiritual life, was another. In 1726 John decision – of signing a card or praying the ‘sin- Wesley read the Imitation of Christ by Thomas à ner’s prayer’. Instead I want to argue for a more Wesley read the Imitation of Christ by Thomas à ner’s prayer’. Instead I want to argue for a more Kempis, which directed him to ‘the religion of the profound concept of conversion. The early evan- Kempis, which directed him to ‘the religion of the profound concept of conversion. The early evan- heart’. He was also affected by the Anglican high gelicals also saw the whole of life as a process of heart’. He was also affected by the Anglican high gelicals also saw the whole of life as a process of churchman, William Law, On Christian Perfection change. John Wesley, although well known for his churchman, William Law, On Christian Perfection change. John Wesley, although well known for his (1726) and A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life belief in ‘instantaneous’ experience, also believed (1726) and A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life belief in ‘instantaneous’ experience, also believed (1728), which helped to create within him deeper in a ‘gradual’ work of God in the believer.27 He (1728), which helped to create within him deeper in a ‘gradual’ work of God in the believer.27 He spiritual longings. Wesley corresponded with Law. spoke of what Christ did on the cross ‘for us’ and spiritual longings. Wesley corresponded with Law. spoke of what Christ did on the cross ‘for us’ and The Wesleys and Whitefield were part of the ‘Holy what God does ‘in us’.28 The recovery of conver- The Wesleys and Whitefield were part of the ‘Holy what God does ‘in us’.28 The recovery of conver- Club’ of serious Christians in Oxford before they sion means the recovery of the concept of a life Club’ of serious Christians in Oxford before they sion means the recovery of the concept of a life had any contact with the Moravians. There was, deeply impacted by the encounter – and the ongo- had any contact with the Moravians. There was, deeply impacted by the encounter – and the ongo- too, the (somewhat ambiguous) influence on John ing encounters – with Christ. It is not enough to too, the (somewhat ambiguous) influence on John ing encounters – with Christ. It is not enough to Wesley of the more mystical streams of spiritual- know the facts of the gospel. These realities have Wesley of the more mystical streams of spiritual- know the facts of the gospel. These realities have ity, notably that expressed by German mystics or to be expressed in a life both committed to and ity, notably that expressed by German mystics or to be expressed in a life both committed to and in books like The Life of God in the Soul of Man, conformed to Jesus Christ. in books like The Life of God in the Soul of Man, conformed to Jesus Christ. by Henry Scougal of Aberdeen, a Scottish Episco- by Henry Scougal of Aberdeen, a Scottish Episco- palian.21 All these different influences contributed palian.21 All these different influences contributed in some way to the Aldersgate Street experience. The Bible: ‘to know His word’ in some way to the Aldersgate Street experience. The Bible: ‘to know His word’ Evangelical spirituality has drawn from a variety A second evangelical commitment is to Bible read- Evangelical spirituality has drawn from a variety A second evangelical commitment is to Bible read- of traditions. ing. For the early eighteenth-century evangelicals, of traditions. ing. For the early eighteenth-century evangelicals, The story of the English Evangelical Revival has personal experience of Christ was nourished by The story of the English Evangelical Revival has personal experience of Christ was nourished by strong links to Central Europe.22 The Moravians disciplined Bible reading, and so evangelical lead- strong links to Central Europe.22 The Moravians disciplined Bible reading, and so evangelical lead- were highly influential in forging the evangeli- ers constantly encouraged people to read the Scrip- were highly influential in forging the evangeli- ers constantly encouraged people to read the Scrip- cal concept of conversion. In 1722 Zinzendorf, a tures.29 John Wesley often referred to himself as a cal concept of conversion. In 1722 Zinzendorf, a tures.29 John Wesley often referred to himself as a twenty-two year old Count who had been edu- ‘homo unius libri’, a man of one book. In the preface twenty-two year old Count who had been edu- ‘homo unius libri’, a man of one book. In the preface cated in a German Pietist environment at Halle, to his sermons, where he used this phrase, he spoke cated in a German Pietist environment at Halle, to his sermons, where he used this phrase, he spoke opened his estate in south-east Saxony to a group of the way of salvation as being ‘written down in a opened his estate in south-east Saxony to a group of the way of salvation as being ‘written down in a of Protestant refugees from Bohemia and Mora- book’, and he continued: ‘O give me that book! At of Protestant refugees from Bohemia and Mora- book’, and he continued: ‘O give me that book! At via.23 Members of this group, who were escap- any price give me the Book of God! I have it. Here via.23 Members of this group, who were escap- any price give me the Book of God! I have it. Here ing from persecution by the Roman Catholic is knowledge enough for me.’30 This high view of ing from persecution by the Roman Catholic is knowledge enough for me.’30 This high view of Habsburgs, were part of the Unity of the Brethren biblical inspiration was not an unusual perspective Habsburgs, were part of the Unity of the Brethren biblical inspiration was not an unusual perspective (Unitas Fratrum), a movement that had its origins among Protestants in that period, but Wesley and (Unitas Fratrum), a movement that had its origins among Protestants in that period, but Wesley and in the reformation in Bohemia under the remark- other evangelicals also believed in the power of in the reformation in Bohemia under the remark- other evangelicals also believed in the power of able leadership of Jan Hus.24 The community that the Bible’s message to change lives. The Bible has able leadership of Jan Hus.24 The community that the Bible’s message to change lives. The Bible has was established with Zinzendorf ’s help was called been prominent in evangelicalism as the authority was established with Zinzendorf ’s help was called been prominent in evangelicalism as the authority Herrnhut (‘under the Lord’s Protection’). In 1727, to which all other authorities must submit.31 The Herrnhut (‘under the Lord’s Protection’). In 1727, to which all other authorities must submit.31 The when it numbered at least 220 people, the com- evangelical faith has been marked by a stress on the when it numbered at least 220 people, the com- evangelical faith has been marked by a stress on the munity became the scene of a profound spiritual practical application of Bible teaching and on obe- munity became the scene of a profound spiritual practical application of Bible teaching and on obe-

36 • EJT 19:1 36 • EJT 19:1 • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • dience. The Unity of the Brethren, representing a ‘Helpers’ – a term which for the Moravians was dience. The Unity of the Brethren, representing a ‘Helpers’ – a term which for the Moravians was radical tradition that fed into Pietism, had a cat- equivalent to Pastor.41 There is a need, I suggest, radical tradition that fed into Pietism, had a cat- equivalent to Pastor.41 There is a need, I suggest, echism. ‘What is faith in the Lord God?’ was one for a recovery of preaching, but not in a way which echism. ‘What is faith in the Lord God?’ was one for a recovery of preaching, but not in a way which question. The answer was: ‘It is to know God, to restricts this only to the ordained clergy: there are question. The answer was: ‘It is to know God, to restricts this only to the ordained clergy: there are know His word; above all to love Him, to do His ways in which more people in congregations can know His word; above all to love Him, to do His ways in which more people in congregations can commandments, and to submit to His will.’ Partic- be involved. This reading and hearing of the Bible commandments, and to submit to His will.’ Partic- be involved. This reading and hearing of the Bible ular emphasis was placed on the teaching of Christ always has an orientation towards practice. ular emphasis was placed on the teaching of Christ always has an orientation towards practice. in the Sermon on the Mount.32 Richard Lovelace in the Sermon on the Mount.32 Richard Lovelace has argued for a renewed emphasis among evan- has argued for a renewed emphasis among evan- gelicals on obedience, on faith worked out – on The cross – ‘united to the Saviour’ gelicals on obedience, on faith worked out – on The cross – ‘united to the Saviour’ what he calls the ascetic model of spirituality.33 Although the whole Bible has been important to what he calls the ascetic model of spirituality.33 Although the whole Bible has been important to As well as getting to know the Bible personally, evangelicals, there has been a particular focus on As well as getting to know the Bible personally, evangelicals, there has been a particular focus on the Moravians from the 1720s encouraged people the person of Jesus Christ and on his sacrifice on the Moravians from the 1720s encouraged people the person of Jesus Christ and on his sacrifice on to come together in small groups to study and apply the cross.42 Charles Wesley set this out in his clas- to come together in small groups to study and apply the cross.42 Charles Wesley set this out in his clas- the Bible. Lutheran Pietism, too, which shaped sic hymn, ‘O for a thousand tongues to sing’ – the the Bible. Lutheran Pietism, too, which shaped sic hymn, ‘O for a thousand tongues to sing’ – the eighteenth-century Moravian life, saw ‘earnest and first hymn in the later Wesley hymnbooks and one eighteenth-century Moravian life, saw ‘earnest and first hymn in the later Wesley hymnbooks and one thorough study of the Bible in private meetings’ intended ‘for the anniversary day of one’s conver- thorough study of the Bible in private meetings’ intended ‘for the anniversary day of one’s conver- as crucial to the renewal of the church.34 Although sion’. After the initial verses expressing general as crucial to the renewal of the church.34 Although sion’. After the initial verses expressing general the slogan sola scriptura was widely used during the praise and prayer, there is a focus on Christ and his the slogan sola scriptura was widely used during the praise and prayer, there is a focus on Christ and his Reformation period, it was the radicals (largely the redemption:43 Reformation period, it was the radicals (largely the redemption:43 Anabaptists) who gave most attention to studying Anabaptists) who gave most attention to studying O for a thousand tongues to sing O for a thousand tongues to sing the Bible together. Balthasar Hubmaier, the leading the Bible together. Balthasar Hubmaier, the leading My great Redeemer’s praise, My great Redeemer’s praise, Anabaptist theologian, asked people to ‘Christianly Anabaptist theologian, asked people to ‘Christianly The glories of my God and King, The glories of my God and King, instruct one another on the grounds of the writ- instruct one another on the grounds of the writ- The triumphs of his grace! The triumphs of his grace! ten divine Word’.35 Pietism developed Bible study ten divine Word’.35 Pietism developed Bible study groups which emphasised the right of the people He breaks the power of cancelled sin, groups which emphasised the right of the people He breaks the power of cancelled sin, to interpret Scripture.36 Spirituality that took the He sets the prisoner free; to interpret Scripture.36 Spirituality that took the He sets the prisoner free; Bible seriously was nurtured communally as well His blood can make the foulest clean; Bible seriously was nurtured communally as well His blood can make the foulest clean; as individually. There has been a tendency to be His blood availed for me. as individually. There has been a tendency to be His blood availed for me. too individualistic in some sections of evangelical- A focus on Christ and his ‘wounded heart’ produced too individualistic in some sections of evangelical- A focus on Christ and his ‘wounded heart’ produced ism. Part of the recovery of evangelical spirituality intense devotion among Moravian believers.44 ism. Part of the recovery of evangelical spirituality intense devotion among Moravian believers.44 may involve a greater stress on reading the Bible Bruce Hindmarsh shows how many testimonies may involve a greater stress on reading the Bible Bruce Hindmarsh shows how many testimonies together. Zinzendorf organized his small groups by members of the Moravian movement contained together. Zinzendorf organized his small groups by members of the Moravian movement contained according to needs and circumstances.37 Christian vivid descriptions of an apprehension of the atone- according to needs and circumstances.37 Christian vivid descriptions of an apprehension of the atone- David, a carpenter who was one of the refugees ment.45 There is a continuing challenge to find David, a carpenter who was one of the refugees ment.45 There is a continuing challenge to find from Moravia who became a leader in the Herrn- ways to engage with this kind of experience more from Moravia who became a leader in the Herrn- ways to engage with this kind of experience more hut community, spoke of the small ‘bands’ as con- fully today. hut community, spoke of the small ‘bands’ as con- fully today. tributing to making a community that was proper The emphasis on authentic experience is also tributing to making a community that was proper The emphasis on authentic experience is also 38 38 Evangelio, ‘appropriate to the gospel’. found in Jonathan Edwards. He wrote that ‘holy Evangelio, ‘appropriate to the gospel’. found in Jonathan Edwards. He wrote that ‘holy A third aspect of the use of the Bible which has affections’ constituted a great part of true religion. A third aspect of the use of the Bible which has affections’ constituted a great part of true religion. been distinctive within evangelicalism has been the ‘The Holy Scriptures’, he asserted, ‘do everywhere been distinctive within evangelicalism has been the ‘The Holy Scriptures’, he asserted, ‘do everywhere role of preaching. In the Bible hours at Herrnhut place religion very much in the affections; such as role of preaching. In the Bible hours at Herrnhut place religion very much in the affections; such as and elsewhere the Bible was read, and the official fear, hope, love, hatred, desire, joy, sorrow, grati- and elsewhere the Bible was read, and the official fear, hope, love, hatred, desire, joy, sorrow, grati- ‘Preaching’ part of the liturgy involved a sermon, tude, compassion, zeal.’46 He also insisted that ‘Preaching’ part of the liturgy involved a sermon, tude, compassion, zeal.’46 He also insisted that to which can be added the ‘quarter-hours’ when to which can be added the ‘quarter-hours’ when brief, heart-felt homilies were given.39 Manuscript there must be light in the understanding, as well brief, heart-felt homilies were given.39 Manuscript there must be light in the understanding, as well copies of large numbers of sermons were circulated as an affected fervent heart… on the other hand, copies of large numbers of sermons were circulated as an affected fervent heart… on the other hand, from Herrnhut to the widely-scattered Moravian where there is a kind of light without heat, a from Herrnhut to the widely-scattered Moravian where there is a kind of light without heat, a groups.40 What the Moravian community man- head stored with notions and speculations, with groups.40 What the Moravian community man- head stored with notions and speculations, with aged to avoid, at least in the early period, was the a cold and unaffected heart, there can be nothing aged to avoid, at least in the early period, was the a cold and unaffected heart, there can be nothing biblical teaching being restricted to one minister. divine in that light, that knowledge is no true biblical teaching being restricted to one minister. divine in that light, that knowledge is no true 47 47 In 1725 seven men and seven women who were spiritual knowledge of divine things. In 1725 seven men and seven women who were spiritual knowledge of divine things. seen to be appropriately gifted were appointed as It becomes clear what is central to ‘spiritual knowl- seen to be appropriately gifted were appointed as It becomes clear what is central to ‘spiritual knowl-

EJT 19:1 • 37 EJT 19:1 • 37 • Ian Randall • • Ian Randall • edge’ – the cross. Edwards asked how anyone munion wore a white alb tied with a red girdle, edge’ – the cross. Edwards asked how anyone munion wore a white alb tied with a red girdle, could intended as a reminder that, like those ‘robed in could intended as a reminder that, like those ‘robed in hear of the infinite height, and depth, and white’ in the Book of Revelation, at Communion hear of the infinite height, and depth, and white’ in the Book of Revelation, at Communion 55 55 length, and breadth of the love of God in Christ Moravians were in touch with heavenly reality. length, and breadth of the love of God in Christ Moravians were in touch with heavenly reality. Jesus, of His giving His infinitely dear Son, to There was a powerful solemnity in these celebra- Jesus, of His giving His infinitely dear Son, to There was a powerful solemnity in these celebra- be offered up a sacrifice for the sins of men, and tions. Several Roman Catholics, who watched the be offered up a sacrifice for the sins of men, and tions. Several Roman Catholics, who watched the of the unparalleled love of the innocent, and celebration of a Moravian Communion at Fetter of the unparalleled love of the innocent, and celebration of a Moravian Communion at Fetter holy, and tender Lamb of God, manifested in Lane, London (a Moravian meeting), it seems, holy, and tender Lamb of God, manifested in Lane, London (a Moravian meeting), it seems, 56 56 His dying agonies, His bloody sweat, His loud ‘liked it very well’. His dying agonies, His bloody sweat, His loud ‘liked it very well’. and bitter cries, and bleeding heart, and all this In the nineteenth century C.H. Spurgeon, the and bitter cries, and bleeding heart, and all this In the nineteenth century C.H. Spurgeon, the for enemies, to redeem them from deserved, Victorian ‘Prince of Preachers’, spoke highly of for enemies, to redeem them from deserved, Victorian ‘Prince of Preachers’, spoke highly of eternal burnings, and to bring to unspeakable Eucharistic celebration and advocated and prac- eternal burnings, and to bring to unspeakable Eucharistic celebration and advocated and prac- and everlasting joy and glory – and yet be cold tised weekly Communion. ‘We believe’, he said, in and everlasting joy and glory – and yet be cold tised weekly Communion. ‘We believe’, he said, in and heavy, insensible and regardless! a sermon on the theology of Communion, ‘that and heavy, insensible and regardless! a sermon on the theology of Communion, ‘that Jesus Christ spiritually comes to us and refreshes Jesus Christ spiritually comes to us and refreshes The cross is the focus. ‘Where’, enquired Edwards, us, and in that sense we eat his flesh and drink The cross is the focus. ‘Where’, enquired Edwards, us, and in that sense we eat his flesh and drink ‘are the exercises of our affections proper, if not 57 ‘are the exercises of our affections proper, if not 57 48 his blood.’ In 1877, in one of his many Com- 48 his blood.’ In 1877, in one of his many Com- here? munion addresses, Spurgeon referred back to the here? munion addresses, Spurgeon referred back to the Connection with the cross has been made movement in Bohemia that produced the Unity Connection with the cross has been made movement in Bohemia that produced the Unity through the concrete practice of celebrating Holy of the Brethren. He spoke in romantic vein of the through the concrete practice of celebrating Holy of the Brethren. He spoke in romantic vein of the Communion. It is a common misconception that ‘breaking of bread and the pouring out of wine’ Communion. It is a common misconception that ‘breaking of bread and the pouring out of wine’ evangelicals took a low view of the eucharist. In being observed by persecuted believers, for exam- evangelicals took a low view of the eucharist. In being observed by persecuted believers, for exam- 1745 the Wesleys published Hymns on the Lord’s ple ‘in the mountains of Bohemia’. His point was 1745 the Wesleys published Hymns on the Lord’s ple ‘in the mountains of Bohemia’. His point was Supper, which contained 166 items. These are that Communion, pointing as it did to the cross, Supper, which contained 166 items. These are that Communion, pointing as it did to the cross, Communion hymns which convey the depths and was a mark that there had always been (and would Communion hymns which convey the depths and was a mark that there had always been (and would mystery of the eucharist and which are intended to always be) a Church of Christ, united to the Sav- mystery of the eucharist and which are intended to always be) a Church of Christ, united to the Sav- 49 49 nourish spiritual experience. This collection has iour.58 ‘The Lord’s Supper’, he pronounced, ‘is no nourish spiritual experience. This collection has iour.58 ‘The Lord’s Supper’, he pronounced, ‘is no a complete section entitled ‘The Holy Eucharist funeral meal, but a festival…the ‘Eucharist’, or the a complete section entitled ‘The Holy Eucharist funeral meal, but a festival…the ‘Eucharist’, or the as it implies a Sacrifice’. The theological signifi- giving of thanks: it is not a fast, but a feast. My as it implies a Sacrifice’. The theological signifi- giving of thanks: it is not a fast, but a feast. My cance is clear.50 There are several major emphases: happiest moments are spent with the King at his cance is clear.50 There are several major emphases: happiest moments are spent with the King at his Christ in his passion standing with and for believ- table, when his banner over me is love.’59 He was Christ in his passion standing with and for believ- table, when his banner over me is love.’59 He was ers; Christ as source of forgiveness and freedom; willing to speak of the ‘real presence’ of Christ at ers; Christ as source of forgiveness and freedom; willing to speak of the ‘real presence’ of Christ at the atonement for all; Christ and his cross exhib- the Table.60 The experience is of both the crucified the atonement for all; Christ and his cross exhib- the Table.60 The experience is of both the crucified iting divine love; the atoning work continued in and risen Lord.61 I suggest that a greater empha- iting divine love; the atoning work continued in and risen Lord.61 I suggest that a greater empha- Christ’s present intercession; the atonement com- sis on the Eucharist will help in recovering a more Christ’s present intercession; the atonement com- sis on the Eucharist will help in recovering a more pleted as Christ’s people live and die in him; the profound evangelical spirituality. pleted as Christ’s people live and die in him; the profound evangelical spirituality. work of redemption culminating in a believer’s life In The Message of the Cross (2001) the British work of redemption culminating in a believer’s life In The Message of the Cross (2001) the British of purity; and Christ dying as the object of divine evangelical Derek Tidball comments: ‘At the heart of purity; and Christ dying as the object of divine evangelical Derek Tidball comments: ‘At the heart wrath and judgment.51 John Wesley advocated fre- of evangelical spirituality lies the atoning work of wrath and judgment.51 John Wesley advocated fre- of evangelical spirituality lies the atoning work of quent (‘constant’) communion.52 Christ. The Christian life is viewed primarily as a quent (‘constant’) communion.52 Christ. The Christian life is viewed primarily as a The Moravians of the eighteenth century felt life that finds its origin in the cross and is lived The Moravians of the eighteenth century felt life that finds its origin in the cross and is lived that at Communion services they were – as they in grateful response to it and humble imitation of that at Communion services they were – as they in grateful response to it and humble imitation of expressed it – gathered into the Passion of Christ, it.’62 Tidball’s major study of the cross is unique expressed it – gathered into the Passion of Christ, it.’62 Tidball’s major study of the cross is unique into the whole community of the faithful and into in that it begins with spirituality, rather than with into the whole community of the faithful and into in that it begins with spirituality, rather than with heavenly reality.53 At the conclusion of a service the the doctrine of the atonement. Yet this is true to heavenly reality.53 At the conclusion of a service the the doctrine of the atonement. Yet this is true to whole congregation might prostrate themselves in the way in which evangelicals have understood the whole congregation might prostrate themselves in the way in which evangelicals have understood the worship.54 In much Moravian worship the most gospel. To embrace the saving gospel has not been worship.54 In much Moravian worship the most gospel. To embrace the saving gospel has not been important service was the Lord’s Supper. Zinzen- seen primarily as an exercise in intellectual compre- important service was the Lord’s Supper. Zinzen- seen primarily as an exercise in intellectual compre- dorf ’s conviction was that there was ‘no congrega- hension. At the same time, explanation is crucial. dorf ’s conviction was that there was ‘no congrega- hension. At the same time, explanation is crucial. tion without communion’. This no doubt reflected David Gillett places evangelical devotion to Jesus tion without communion’. This no doubt reflected David Gillett places evangelical devotion to Jesus his Lutheran background. The services of Holy as the Lamb of God, coupled with the daily aware- his Lutheran background. The services of Holy as the Lamb of God, coupled with the daily aware- Communion might also include the laying on of ness of forgiveness, alongside Roman Catholic Communion might also include the laying on of ness of forgiveness, alongside Roman Catholic hands and foot-washing. Those assisting at com- devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.63 Here we hands and foot-washing. Those assisting at com- devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.63 Here we

38 • EJT 19:1 38 • EJT 19:1 • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • can see similar channels of renewal in other strands the Moravian Brethren in this good work.’70 Here can see similar channels of renewal in other strands the Moravian Brethren in this good work.’70 Here of Christian spirituality. we have a clear instance of the impact of example of Christian spirituality. we have a clear instance of the impact of example on evangelical practice. on evangelical practice. William Carey’s interest in the Moravians con- William Carey’s interest in the Moravians con- Activism: ‘to humanise and christianise tinued. A crucial step in mission for the Moravi- Activism: ‘to humanise and christianise tinued. A crucial step in mission for the Moravi- the world’ ans was planting a Gemeinde (Zinzendorf ’s usual the world’ ans was planting a Gemeinde (Zinzendorf ’s usual Active involvement in mission has also been crucial word for a church community) where the life of Active involvement in mission has also been crucial word for a church community) where the life of for evangelicals. There had been some wider mis- Christ was expressed, and sometimes this meant for evangelicals. There had been some wider mis- Christ was expressed, and sometimes this meant sion by Protestants before the Moravians became people living together in communities that resem- sion by Protestants before the Moravians became people living together in communities that resem- active. But it was the remarkable movement of bled the arrangements at Herrnhut. In 1796, writ- active. But it was the remarkable movement of bled the arrangements at Herrnhut. In 1796, writ- intrepid Moravian missionaries out from Herrn- ing from Mudnabati, India, to Andrew Fuller, the intrepid Moravian missionaries out from Herrn- ing from Mudnabati, India, to Andrew Fuller, the hut from 1732 onwards that caught the Protestant Secretary of the BMS, William Carey proposed hut from 1732 onwards that caught the Protestant Secretary of the BMS, William Carey proposed imagination. Here a missional evangelical spiritu- just such an arrangement. He suggested seven or imagination. Here a missional evangelical spiritu- just such an arrangement. He suggested seven or ality took shape.64 In 1732 Moravians were sent eight Christian families living together, ‘similar to ality took shape.64 In 1732 Moravians were sent eight Christian families living together, ‘similar to out to work with slaves in the West Indies, and what the Moravians do’.71 Although it is some- out to work with slaves in the West Indies, and what the Moravians do’.71 Although it is some- within ten years Moravian missionaries had gone times thought that evangelical spirituality is fun- within ten years Moravian missionaries had gone times thought that evangelical spirituality is fun- to North America, Greenland, Surinam, South damentally individualistic, the Moravian vision, to North America, Greenland, Surinam, South damentally individualistic, the Moravian vision, Africa, the Gold Coast, Algeria, Arctic Russia and which resonated with Baptist ecclesiology, was for Africa, the Gold Coast, Algeria, Arctic Russia and which resonated with Baptist ecclesiology, was for 65 65 Ceylon. The mission was backed by constant a corporate expression of Christian living. In an Ceylon. The mission was backed by constant a corporate expression of Christian living. In an prayer at Herrnhut. More than 200 Moravians had address delivered in 1803, a leading Baptist min- prayer at Herrnhut. More than 200 Moravians had address delivered in 1803, a leading Baptist min- entered mission service by the end of 1760 and ister, John Rippon spoke in ‘ecumenical’ terms of entered mission service by the end of 1760 and ister, John Rippon spoke in ‘ecumenical’ terms of there were about 4000 converts, many of them the progress of evangelical faith, noting advance in there were about 4000 converts, many of them the progress of evangelical faith, noting advance in being drawn together in Moravian congregations the Church of England and among the Dissent- being drawn together in Moravian congregations the Church of England and among the Dissent- that used Herrnhut as an example of how to create ers and the Methodists, but he reserved his most that used Herrnhut as an example of how to create ers and the Methodists, but he reserved his most transformational communities. Philip Doddridge, effusive words for ‘these eminent Missionaries, the transformational communities. Philip Doddridge, effusive words for ‘these eminent Missionaries, the one of the leading English Congregational figures MORAVIANS’, whose ministry was designed ‘to one of the leading English Congregational figures MORAVIANS’, whose ministry was designed ‘to of the eighteenth century, had contact with the humanise and christianise the world’.72 This was of the eighteenth century, had contact with the humanise and christianise the world’.72 This was Moravians and in 1742 called for overseas mission Moravians and in 1742 called for overseas mission 66 truly transformational mission and among evan- 66 truly transformational mission and among evan- to take place. gelicals this has been expressed as social action as to take place. gelicals this has been expressed as social action as Although Anglican figures took an interest in Although Anglican figures took an interest in 67 well as verbal witness. 67 well as verbal witness. Moravian initiatives, in the later eighteenth cen- The way of transformation was promoted by Moravian initiatives, in the later eighteenth cen- The way of transformation was promoted by tury it was among some Methodists and Baptists tury it was among some Methodists and Baptists Christian lives that were themselves transformed. Christian lives that were themselves transformed. that the greatest impact was felt. Thomas Coke, a that the greatest impact was felt. Thomas Coke, a This has been the theme of much evangelical writ- This has been the theme of much evangelical writ- Methodist who helped to place missionaries in the Methodist who helped to place missionaries in the ing. In his great study, The Work of Christ, produced ing. In his great study, The Work of Christ, produced West Indies in 1786, had contact with the Moravi- West Indies in 1786, had contact with the Moravi- in the early twentieth century, P.T. Forsyth, the in the early twentieth century, P.T. Forsyth, the ans.68 The Moravians also had a crucial influence on ans.68 The Moravians also had a crucial influence on outstanding Congregational theologian, deals with outstanding Congregational theologian, deals with the young Baptist minister, William Carey, and on the young Baptist minister, William Carey, and on spiritual experience lived in the light of the cross. spiritual experience lived in the light of the cross. the thinking that led to the formation in October the thinking that led to the formation in October Having argued that ‘Christ entered voluntarily into Having argued that ‘Christ entered voluntarily into 1792 of the Baptist Missionary Society (BMS).69 1792 of the Baptist Missionary Society (BMS).69 William Carey’s spiritual vision was set out in a the pain and horror which is sin’s penalty from William Carey’s spiritual vision was set out in a the pain and horror which is sin’s penalty from book published in 1792, An Enquiry into the Obli- God’ he explored the realm of experience. Christ, book published in 1792, An Enquiry into the Obli- God’ he explored the realm of experience. Christ, gation of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion he suggested, as he took the curse and judgment, gation of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion he suggested, as he took the curse and judgment, of the Heathens. Carey argued that Roman Catho- ‘felt sin and its horror as only the holy could, as of the Heathens. Carey argued that Roman Catho- ‘felt sin and its horror as only the holy could, as lic missionaries had surmounted great obstacles in God did’ and believers, as they ‘come under His lic missionaries had surmounted great obstacles in God did’ and believers, as they ‘come under His Cross and near His heart’ find that they are able to Cross and near His heart’ find that they are able to their missionary endeavours, and he then moved 73 their missionary endeavours, and he then moved 73 on to talk about the example of the Moravians. ‘rise to holiness’. This led Forsyth to a considera- on to talk about the example of the Moravians. ‘rise to holiness’. This led Forsyth to a considera- ‘Have not the missionaries of the Unitas Fratrum, tion of the on-going effect of the finished work of ‘Have not the missionaries of the Unitas Fratrum, tion of the on-going effect of the finished work of or Moravian Brethren’, he asked, ‘encountered the the cross. He writes: or Moravian Brethren’, he asked, ‘encountered the the cross. He writes: scorching heat of Abyssinia, and the frozen climes It is not enough to have in the Cross a great scorching heat of Abyssinia, and the frozen climes It is not enough to have in the Cross a great of Greenland and Labrador…?’ He then spent demonstration of God’s love, a forgiveness of of Greenland and Labrador…?’ He then spent demonstration of God’s love, a forgiveness of some time looking at efforts in world mission over the past which leaves us to fend for ourselves some time looking at efforts in world mission over the past which leaves us to fend for ourselves the centuries up to the time he was writing, and in the future. Is my moral power so great after the centuries up to the time he was writing, and in the future. Is my moral power so great after concluded: ‘But none of the moderns have equalled all, then, that, supposing I believe past things concluded: ‘But none of the moderns have equalled all, then, that, supposing I believe past things

EJT 19:1 • 39 EJT 19:1 • 39 • Ian Randall • • Ian Randall •

were settled in Christ’s Cross, I may now feel nearly thirty years (when Moravianism was at its were settled in Christ’s Cross, I may now feel nearly thirty years (when Moravianism was at its I can run in my own strength?…Nay, we must most creative) a regular part of Moravian worship, I can run in my own strength?…Nay, we must most creative) a regular part of Moravian worship, depend daily upon the continued energy of the says: ‘O Mother! Whoever knows you and the Sav- depend daily upon the continued energy of the says: ‘O Mother! Whoever knows you and the Sav- crucified and risen One.74 iour glorifies you because you bring the gospel to crucified and risen One.74 iour glorifies you because you bring the gospel to The holy love of God in Christ is seen by Forsyth all the world’. This aspect of Moravian theology The holy love of God in Christ is seen by Forsyth all the world’. This aspect of Moravian theology has been played down by historians over the past has been played down by historians over the past as transformative. This is true for the individual 83 as transformative. This is true for the individual 83 and the community. Surely Forsyth is right that if two hundred years. Having come to a convinced and the community. Surely Forsyth is right that if two hundred years. Having come to a convinced there is no cross there is no Christ.75 Thus mission position, Zinzendorf developed his arguments, sug- there is no cross there is no Christ.75 Thus mission position, Zinzendorf developed his arguments, sug- today cannot be separated from the message of the gesting in 1746-7 that the Spirit was the Mother of today cannot be separated from the message of the gesting in 1746-7 that the Spirit was the Mother of cross and a life – both individual and communal all believers in that she brought them to new birth. cross and a life – both individual and communal all believers in that she brought them to new birth. – marked by fellowship with the crucified and risen He saw his teaching as grounded in Scripture, and – marked by fellowship with the crucified and risen He saw his teaching as grounded in Scripture, and Lord. drew together the idea of God the comforting Lord. drew together the idea of God the comforting Mother (Isaiah 66:14) and the Spirit as Comforter Mother (Isaiah 66:14) and the Spirit as Comforter in the teaching of Jesus (John 14:26).84 This was in the teaching of Jesus (John 14:26).84 This was Worship: ‘come up to his gates with linked with the Cross, since the Spirit, according to Worship: ‘come up to his gates with linked with the Cross, since the Spirit, according to praise’ Zinzendorf, came out of the ‘side-wound’ of Christ praise’ Zinzendorf, came out of the ‘side-wound’ of Christ (the water and the blood), and in turn that was (the water and the blood), and in turn that was The recovery of worship is the final topic that I The recovery of worship is the final topic that I related to the energising of the community for mis- related to the energising of the community for mis- want to explore. Clearly the Bible and the message want to explore. Clearly the Bible and the message sion, a mission that was fully trinitarian – shaped sion, a mission that was fully trinitarian – shaped of Christ crucified and risen have shaped evangelical of Christ crucified and risen have shaped evangelical by God the Father, the Spirit as Mother, and Jesus by God the Father, the Spirit as Mother, and Jesus worship. I have already noted the place of preach- worship. I have already noted the place of preach- as Son/Brother/Husband.85 as Son/Brother/Husband.85 ing and of the Eucharist. However, there are other ing and of the Eucharist. However, there are other It is in the area of worship that the role of the It is in the area of worship that the role of the distinctive aspects of evangelical worship. Derek distinctive aspects of evangelical worship. Derek Holy Spirit in evangelical worship is clearly seen. Holy Spirit in evangelical worship is clearly seen. Tidball has been one of those drawing attention This is not a new discovery that has come with the Tidball has been one of those drawing attention This is not a new discovery that has come with the to the place of hymns in evangelical worship, and to the place of hymns in evangelical worship, and 76 charismatic movement, although that movement 76 charismatic movement, although that movement the relationship to spirituality. In the eighteenth has made an important contribution.86 Jonathan the relationship to spirituality. In the eighteenth has made an important contribution.86 Jonathan century there were debates, sometimes bitter Edwards, in his work, opened up reflection on century there were debates, sometimes bitter Edwards, in his work, opened up reflection on debates, between Calvinist and Arminian evangeli- the gift of the Holy Spirit flowing from the atone- debates, between Calvinist and Arminian evangeli- the gift of the Holy Spirit flowing from the atone- cals. But Calvinists nonetheless used Charles Wes- ment. Stephen Holmes suggests in God of Grace cals. But Calvinists nonetheless used Charles Wes- ment. Stephen Holmes suggests in God of Grace ley’s hymns, ‘O for a thousand tongues to sing’ and God of Glory that Edwards’ earlier discussions ley’s hymns, ‘O for a thousand tongues to sing’ and God of Glory that Edwards’ earlier discussions with its focus on Christ’s redemption as that which (as seen in his Miscellanies) of the benefits coming with its focus on Christ’s redemption as that which (as seen in his Miscellanies) of the benefits coming can break the power of cancelled sin, set the pris- to believers focussed on the giving of the Spirit, can break the power of cancelled sin, set the pris- to believers focussed on the giving of the Spirit, 77 77 oner free, and make the foulest clean. Augustus whereas his later focus was on incorporation into oner free, and make the foulest clean. Augustus whereas his later focus was on incorporation into Toplady’s ‘Rock of Ages’ became one of the most Christ. In Edwards’ vision, Holmes argues, both Toplady’s ‘Rock of Ages’ became one of the most Christ. In Edwards’ vision, Holmes argues, both popular hymns among evangelicals on both sides this gift and this incorporation are possible only popular hymns among evangelicals on both sides this gift and this incorporation are possible only of the Atlantic. Toplady was virulently anti-Armin- because of ‘the dynamism of God’s life’ – which is of the Atlantic. Toplady was virulently anti-Armin- because of ‘the dynamism of God’s life’ – which is ian, but Methodists soon incorporated his hymn a ‘Trinitarian overflow’.87 It is this overflow which ian, but Methodists soon incorporated his hymn a ‘Trinitarian overflow’.87 It is this overflow which in their hymnbook, happy to sing of Christ’s sac- is known in worship. For Edwards, believers were in their hymnbook, happy to sing of Christ’s sac- is known in worship. For Edwards, believers were rifice as that which was ‘of Sin the double Cure’, being drawn into the life of the Triune God. Pneu- rifice as that which was ‘of Sin the double Cure’, being drawn into the life of the Triune God. Pneu- with cleansing from ‘guilt and power’.78 The death matologically speaking, the Christian community with cleansing from ‘guilt and power’.78 The death matologically speaking, the Christian community of Christ, Spurgeon said, ‘ought to inspire you till was a community of the Spirit, but at its heart was of Christ, Spurgeon said, ‘ought to inspire you till was a community of the Spirit, but at its heart was you sing’.79 Mark Noll summarizes the message of the atonement. Robert Jenson makes Edwards’ you sing’.79 Mark Noll summarizes the message of the atonement. Robert Jenson makes Edwards’ evangelical hymns as ‘Jesus Christ Saves Sinners’.80 point in this way: ‘the atonement worked by Jesus’ evangelical hymns as ‘Jesus Christ Saves Sinners’.80 point in this way: ‘the atonement worked by Jesus’ Noll states: ‘For the early generations [of evan- life and death is achieved by such a community of Noll states: ‘For the early generations [of evan- life and death is achieved by such a community of gelicals], hymn-singing was almost sacramental’.81 him and us that if the Father loves the Son he must gelicals], hymn-singing was almost sacramental’.81 him and us that if the Father loves the Son he must Here again the Moravian influence was crucial. A love us also’.88 These are important conjunctions, Here again the Moravian influence was crucial. A love us also’.88 These are important conjunctions, visitor to a Moravian service in Fulneck, Yorkshire, I consider, for recovering evangelical spirituality visitor to a Moravian service in Fulneck, Yorkshire, I consider, for recovering evangelical spirituality confessed that the singing ‘made a deeper impres- – the cross and the Spirit in a worshipping com- confessed that the singing ‘made a deeper impres- – the cross and the Spirit in a worshipping com- sion upon his Heart than the Preaching’.82 munity. Without this, active mission does not have sion upon his Heart than the Preaching’.82 munity. Without this, active mission does not have Moravian worship included a strong stress on a substantial centre. Moravian worship included a strong stress on a substantial centre. the Holy Spirit, and – controversially – the Spirit The same note is found in C.H. Spurgeon. One the Holy Spirit, and – controversially – the Spirit The same note is found in C.H. Spurgeon. One in early Moravian liturgy was ‘Mother’. The Te of his early London sermons, preached in 1856 in early Moravian liturgy was ‘Mother’. The Te of his early London sermons, preached in 1856 Matrem, a prayer to the Holy Spirit, which was for (when he was twenty-two years old and when he Matrem, a prayer to the Holy Spirit, which was for (when he was twenty-two years old and when he

40 • EJT 19:1 40 • EJT 19:1 • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • was pioneering new ways of operating in church spirituality.93 Derek Tidball has highlighted some was pioneering new ways of operating in church spirituality.93 Derek Tidball has highlighted some life), concludes in this way, as he appeals to Chris- of the dangers that we face at this point and also life), concludes in this way, as he appeals to Chris- of the dangers that we face at this point and also tians: ‘And even you, Christians, when you think the new opportunities for evangelical spirituality: tians: ‘And even you, Christians, when you think the new opportunities for evangelical spirituality: that your Saviour died, should afflict your souls: It is easy in today’s world to come up with a that your Saviour died, should afflict your souls: It is easy in today’s world to come up with a you should say, hybrid spirituality which is no longer evangeli- you should say, hybrid spirituality which is no longer evangeli- Alas! and did my Saviour bleed? cal or to transform the evangelical tradition so Alas! and did my Saviour bleed? cal or to transform the evangelical tradition so And did my Sov’reign die? much that it ceases to be evangelical. And did my Sov’reign die? much that it ceases to be evangelical. Would he devote that sacred head He calls for breathing life into the tradition so that Would he devote that sacred head He calls for breathing life into the tradition so that 89 89 For such a worm as I? it does, as it can, answer the deepest inner searches For such a worm as I? it does, as it can, answer the deepest inner searches Much of the sermon had an evangelistic note, as of the contemporary seeker.94 The tradition is one Much of the sermon had an evangelistic note, as of the contemporary seeker.94 The tradition is one was common with Spurgeon, but at the end he is that stresses conversion, the Bible, the cross, active was common with Spurgeon, but at the end he is that stresses conversion, the Bible, the cross, active concerned – and this was typical of Spurgeon – to service and also, I have suggested, focussed wor- concerned – and this was typical of Spurgeon – to service and also, I have suggested, focussed wor- stimulate believers to enter with exuberance into ship. For evangelicals, as J.I. Packer put it, theology stimulate believers to enter with exuberance into ship. For evangelicals, as J.I. Packer put it, theology the blessings of the atonement: must always be related to the activity of ‘trusting, the blessings of the atonement: must always be related to the activity of ‘trusting, Beloved, let us go to our houses with joy; let us loving, worshipping, obeying, serving and glorify- Beloved, let us go to our houses with joy; let us loving, worshipping, obeying, serving and glorify- 95 95 go into our gates with praise… let us clap our ing God’. go into our gates with praise… let us clap our ing God’. hands with joy, for he lives, he lives; the atone- C.H. Spurgeon focused on life transformed by hands with joy, for he lives, he lives; the atone- C.H. Spurgeon focused on life transformed by ment is accepted, and we are accepted too; the conversion, by the Bible and the cross. The passage ment is accepted, and we are accepted too; the conversion, by the Bible and the cross. The passage scapegoat is gone, our sins are gone with it. Let below highlights what can be said to be at the heart scapegoat is gone, our sins are gone with it. Let below highlights what can be said to be at the heart us… come up to his gates with praise, for he of evangelical spirituality: what God has done in us… come up to his gates with praise, for he of evangelical spirituality: what God has done in has loved his people, he has blessed his children, Christ and how that becomes transformational: has loved his people, he has blessed his children, Christ and how that becomes transformational: and given us a day of atonement, and a day of Live much under the shadow of the cross… Feel and given us a day of atonement, and a day of Live much under the shadow of the cross… Feel acceptance… Praise the Lord!90 that Christ’s blood was shed for you, even for acceptance… Praise the Lord!90 that Christ’s blood was shed for you, even for The emphasis on spiritual joy in worship is securely you. Never be satisfied till you have learned the The emphasis on spiritual joy in worship is securely you. Never be satisfied till you have learned the based, for Spurgeon, because it is an authentic mystery of the five wounds; never be content based, for Spurgeon, because it is an authentic mystery of the five wounds; never be content response to believers being accepted in Christ. till you are ‘able to comprehend with all saints response to believers being accepted in Christ. till you are ‘able to comprehend with all saints Derek Tidball argues that the burgeoning new what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and Derek Tidball argues that the burgeoning new what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and hymnody of the 1970s within the charismatic height; and to know the love of Christ, which hymnody of the 1970s within the charismatic height; and to know the love of Christ, which 96 96 movement, which affected many evangelical passes knowledge’. movement, which affected many evangelical passes knowledge’. churches, saw an ‘excessive preoccupation with a The challenge for the Church today, evangelicals churches, saw an ‘excessive preoccupation with a The challenge for the Church today, evangelicals theology of glory, victory and triumphalism’ but and the wider Church, is to recover the sense of theology of glory, victory and triumphalism’ but and the wider Church, is to recover the sense of that by the end of the twentieth century this had the radical transformation that is captured in these that by the end of the twentieth century this had the radical transformation that is captured in these given way to ‘a better balance that mirrors the words and also the sense of awe and praise that is given way to ‘a better balance that mirrors the words and also the sense of awe and praise that is dying-and-rising motifs of New Testament Christi- part of the response to God’s love in Christ. dying-and-rising motifs of New Testament Christi- part of the response to God’s love in Christ. anity’ and he cites songs by Graham Kendrick and anity’ and he cites songs by Graham Kendrick and Matt Redman which stand in the classic evangeli- Rev. Dr Ian M. Randall taught Church History at Matt Redman which stand in the classic evangeli- Rev. Dr Ian M. Randall taught Church History at cal tradition.91 Along with his call for the cultiva- Spurgeon’s College, London, and the International cal tradition.91 Along with his call for the cultiva- Spurgeon’s College, London, and the International tion and outworking of a crucicentric evangelical Baptist Theological Seminary in Prague. He is cur- tion and outworking of a crucicentric evangelical Baptist Theological Seminary in Prague. He is cur- spirituality, Tidball recognises the danger of ‘leav- rently Director of Research at Spurgeon’s. spirituality, Tidball recognises the danger of ‘leav- rently Director of Research at Spurgeon’s. ing Christ on the cross’, thus failing to appreciate ing Christ on the cross’, thus failing to appreciate the significance of the incarnation, the resurrection the significance of the incarnation, the resurrection and the day of Pentecost.92 I want to argue for the Notes and the day of Pentecost.92 I want to argue for the Notes recovery of full-orbed worship which engages with 1 D.W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Brit- recovery of full-orbed worship which engages with 1 D.W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Brit- this drama. ain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London: this drama. ain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London: Routledge, 1995) 20. Routledge, 1995) 20. 2 Bebbington, Evangelicalism, 43. 2 Bebbington, Evangelicalism, 43. Conclusion 3 J. Telford (ed.), The Letters of the Rev. John Wesley, Conclusion 3 J. Telford (ed.), The Letters of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M. Vol. I (London: Epworth Press, 1931, A.M. Vol. I (London: Epworth Press, 1931, Today there is much more willingness than in the reprinted 1960) 286. Today there is much more willingness than in the reprinted 1960) 286. past among evangelicals to explore other Christian 4 J.C.S. Mason, The Moravian Church and the Mis- past among evangelicals to explore other Christian 4 J.C.S. Mason, The Moravian Church and the Mis- spiritual traditions. David Gillett has spoken of ‘a sionary Awakening in England, 1760-1800 (Wood- spiritual traditions. David Gillett has spoken of ‘a sionary Awakening in England, 1760-1800 (Wood- sea change’ within evangelicalism, with evangelicals bridge: The Boydell Press, 2001) 6. sea change’ within evangelicalism, with evangelicals bridge: The Boydell Press, 2001) 6. exhibiting a new openness to varieties of Christian 5 R.W. Jenson, America’s Theologian: A recommenda- exhibiting a new openness to varieties of Christian 5 R.W. Jenson, America’s Theologian: A recommenda-

EJT 19:1 • 41 EJT 19:1 • 41 • Ian Randall • • Ian Randall •

tion of Jonathan Edwards (Oxford: OUP, 1992). 22 C. Podmore, The Moravian Church in England, tion of Jonathan Edwards (Oxford: OUP, 1992). 22 C. Podmore, The Moravian Church in England, 6 See M. Noll, The Rise of Evangelicalism (Leices- 1728-1760 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) 5; cf. 6 See M. Noll, The Rise of Evangelicalism (Leices- 1728-1760 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) 5; cf. ter: Apollos, 2003); John Wolffe, The Expansion of W.R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening ter: Apollos, 2003); John Wolffe, The Expansion of W.R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening Evangelicalism: The Age of Wilberforce, More, Chalm- (Cambridge: CUP, 1992) chapters 2 and 4. Evangelicalism: The Age of Wilberforce, More, Chalm- (Cambridge: CUP, 1992) chapters 2 and 4. ers and Finney (Leicester: IVP, 2006); D.W. Beb- 23 For Zinzendorf see A. J. Lewis, Zinzendorf: The ers and Finney (Leicester: IVP, 2006); D.W. Beb- 23 For Zinzendorf see A. J. Lewis, Zinzendorf: The bington, The Dominance of Evangelicalism: The age of Ecumenical Pioneer (London: SCM, 1962). bington, The Dominance of Evangelicalism: The age of Ecumenical Pioneer (London: SCM, 1962). Spurgeon and Moody (Leicester: IVP, 2005). 24 See I. Noble, ‘Jan Hus in Ecumenical Discussion’, Spurgeon and Moody (Leicester: IVP, 2005). 24 See I. Noble, ‘Jan Hus in Ecumenical Discussion’, 7 See, for example, H. Cox, Fire from Heaven (London: Journal of European Baptist Studies 6.2 (2006) 5-19. 7 See, for example, H. Cox, Fire from Heaven (London: Journal of European Baptist Studies 6.2 (2006) 5-19. Cassell, 1996); W.J. Hollenweger, Pentecostalism: 25 Zinzendorf, Sixteen Discourses on Jesus Christ our Cassell, 1996); W.J. Hollenweger, Pentecostalism: 25 Zinzendorf, Sixteen Discourses on Jesus Christ our Origins and Development Worldwide (Peabody: Hen- Lord (1750), cited in G. Stead, ‘Moravian Spiritu- Origins and Development Worldwide (Peabody: Hen- Lord (1750), cited in G. Stead, ‘Moravian Spiritu- drickson, 1997); and A. Anderson, An Introduction ality and its Propagation in West Yorkshire during drickson, 1997); and A. Anderson, An Introduction ality and its Propagation in West Yorkshire during to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity the Eighteenth-Century Evangelical Revival’, Evan- to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity the Eighteenth-Century Evangelical Revival’, Evan- (Cambridge: CUP, 2004). gelical Quarterly 71.3 (1999) 235; cf. P. Toon, Born (Cambridge: CUP, 2004). gelical Quarterly 71.3 (1999) 235; cf. P. Toon, Born 8 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 2- Again: A Biblical and Theological Study of Regenera- 8 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 2- Again: A Biblical and Theological Study of Regenera- 17. See further discussion in M.A.G. Haykin and tion (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987) 154-155. 17. See further discussion in M.A.G. Haykin and tion (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987) 154-155. K.J. Stewart, eds., The Emergence of Evangelical- 26 I have said more about this in ‘Christ comes to the K.J. Stewart, eds., The Emergence of Evangelical- 26 I have said more about this in ‘Christ comes to the ism: Exploring Historical Continuities (Nottingham: heart: Moravian influence on the shaping of evan- ism: Exploring Historical Continuities (Nottingham: heart: Moravian influence on the shaping of evan- Apollos, 2008). gelical spirituality’, Journal of European Baptist Stud- Apollos, 2008). gelical spirituality’, Journal of European Baptist Stud- 9 P. Sheldrake, Spirituality and History (London: ies 6.3 (2006) 5-23. 9 P. Sheldrake, Spirituality and History (London: ies 6.3 (2006) 5-23. SPCK, 1991) 52. 27 J. Wesley, ‘Brief Thoughts on Christian Perfection’, SPCK, 1991) 52. 27 J. Wesley, ‘Brief Thoughts on Christian Perfection’, 10 See D.P. Hollinger, Head, Heart and Hands (Down- in T. Jackson (ed.), The Works of the Rev John Wesley 10 See D.P. Hollinger, Head, Heart and Hands (Down- in T. Jackson (ed.), The Works of the Rev John Wesley ers Grove: IVP, 2005). Vol. 11 (Kansas: Beacon Hill Press, 3rd ed., 1978) ers Grove: IVP, 2005). Vol. 11 (Kansas: Beacon Hill Press, 3rd ed., 1978) 11 A.E. McGrath, Roots that Refresh: A Celebration 443. 11 A.E. McGrath, Roots that Refresh: A Celebration 443. of Reformation Spirituality (London, 1991); A.E. 28 A.C. Outler (ed.), Works of John Wesley Vol. 1, Sermon of Reformation Spirituality (London, 1991); A.E. 28 A.C. Outler (ed.), Works of John Wesley Vol. 1, Sermon McGrath, Evangelicalism and the Future of Christian- on ‘Justification by Faith’, Sermons, I (Nashville: McGrath, Evangelicalism and the Future of Christian- on ‘Justification by Faith’, Sermons, I (Nashville: ity (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1988) chapter Abingdon Press, 1984) 187; cf. M.E. Dieter et al., ity (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1988) chapter Abingdon Press, 1984) 187; cf. M.E. Dieter et al., 5. Five Views of Sanctification (Grand Rapids: Zonder- 5. Five Views of Sanctification (Grand Rapids: Zonder- 12 A.E. McGrath, ‘Evangelical Theological Method’, van, 1987) 25. 12 A.E. McGrath, ‘Evangelical Theological Method’, van, 1987) 25. in J.G. Stackhouse, Jr. (ed.), Evangelical Futures 29 Noll, The Rise of Evangelicalism, 141. in J.G. Stackhouse, Jr. (ed.), Evangelical Futures 29 Noll, The Rise of Evangelicalism, 141. (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000) 21. 30 Outler (ed.), Works of Wesley Vol. 1, 105; cf. Wood, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000) 21. 30 Outler (ed.), Works of Wesley Vol. 1, 105; cf. Wood, 13 See L.S. McDonald, The Merging of Theology and The Burning Heart, 211. 13 See L.S. McDonald, The Merging of Theology and The Burning Heart, 211. Spirituality: An Examination of the Life and Work 31 D.K. Gillett, Trust and Obey: Explorations in Evan- Spirituality: An Examination of the Life and Work 31 D.K. Gillett, Trust and Obey: Explorations in Evan- of Alister E. McGrath (Oxford: University Press of gelical Spirituality (London: DLT, 1993) 131, 133. of Alister E. McGrath (Oxford: University Press of gelical Spirituality (London: DLT, 1993) 131, 133. America, 2006) 37-38. 32 J.E. Hutton, A History of the Moravian Church America, 2006) 37-38. 32 J.E. Hutton, A History of the Moravian Church 14 T. George, ‘Introduction’, in T. George and A. (London: Moravian Publication Office, 1909) 81- 14 T. George, ‘Introduction’, in T. George and A. (London: Moravian Publication Office, 1909) 81- McGrath, For all the Saints: Evangelical Theology and 82. McGrath, For all the Saints: Evangelical Theology and 82. Christian Spirituality (Louisville: Westminster John 33 R.F. Lovelace, ‘Evangelical Spirituality: A Church Christian Spirituality (Louisville: Westminster John 33 R.F. Lovelace, ‘Evangelical Spirituality: A Church Knox, 2003) 4. Historian’s Perspective’, in K.J. Collins (ed.), Knox, 2003) 4. Historian’s Perspective’, in K.J. Collins (ed.), 15 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 74. Exploring Christian Spirituality (Grand Rapids: 15 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 74. Exploring Christian Spirituality (Grand Rapids: 16 I have developed this in my book What a Friend we Baker, 2000) 223-224. 16 I have developed this in my book What a Friend we Baker, 2000) 223-224. have in Jesus (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 34 Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening, 57. have in Jesus (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 34 Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening, 57. 2005). 35 B. Hubmaier, ‘Eighteen Theses Concerning the 2005). 35 B. Hubmaier, ‘Eighteen Theses Concerning the 17 E.H. Peterson, ‘Evangelical Spirituality’, in C. Bar- Christian Life’, in H.W. Pipkin and J.H. Yoder 17 E.H. Peterson, ‘Evangelical Spirituality’, in C. Bar- Christian Life’, in H.W. Pipkin and J.H. Yoder tholomew, R. Parry and A. West (eds.), The Futures (eds.), Balthasar Hubmaier: Theologian of Anabap- tholomew, R. Parry and A. West (eds.), The Futures (eds.), Balthasar Hubmaier: Theologian of Anabap- of Evangelicalism (Leicester: IVP, 2003) 238. tism (Scottdale: Herald Press, 1989) 32. of Evangelicalism (Leicester: IVP, 2003) 238. tism (Scottdale: Herald Press, 1989) 32. 18 W.R. Ward and R.P. Heitzenrater (eds.), The Works 36 See J.N. Strom, ‘Problems and Promises of Pietism 18 W.R. Ward and R.P. Heitzenrater (eds.), The Works 36 See J.N. Strom, ‘Problems and Promises of Pietism of John Wesley Vol. 18 (Nashville: Abingdon Press, Research’, Church History 71.3 (2002) 536-554. of John Wesley Vol. 18 (Nashville: Abingdon Press, Research’, Church History 71.3 (2002) 536-554. 1988) 249-250. 37 A. Freeman, ‘Gemeine: Count Nicholas von 1988) 249-250. 37 A. Freeman, ‘Gemeine: Count Nicholas von 19 For a full discussion of the meaning of John Wes- Zinzendorf ’s Understanding of the Church’, Breth- 19 For a full discussion of the meaning of John Wes- Zinzendorf ’s Understanding of the Church’, Breth- ley’s experience see H.D. Rack, Reasonable Enthusi- ren Life and Thought 47.1 and 2 (2002) 15. (On ley’s experience see H.D. Rack, Reasonable Enthusi- ren Life and Thought 47.1 and 2 (2002) 15. (On ast: John Wesley and the Rise of Methodism (London: page 7 Freeman explains: “While in the nineteenth ast: John Wesley and the Rise of Methodism (London: page 7 Freeman explains: “While in the nineteenth Epworth Press, 1989) 144-157. century Gemeinde had taken the place of Gemeine Epworth Press, 1989) 144-157. century Gemeinde had taken the place of Gemeine 20 H. McGonigle, John Wesley and the Moravians (Ilke- for congregation and Gemeinde would be correct 20 H. McGonigle, John Wesley and the Moravians (Ilke- for congregation and Gemeinde would be correct ston: Moorleys / Wesley Fellowship, 1993) 6-7. in modern German, in the eighteenth century both ston: Moorleys / Wesley Fellowship, 1993) 6-7. in modern German, in the eighteenth century both 21 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 37- were used.”) 21 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 37- were used.”) 38. See also A. S. Wood, The Burning Heart: John 38 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 16. 38. See also A. S. Wood, The Burning Heart: John 38 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 16. Wesley: Evangelist (Exeter: Paternoster, 1978) chap- 39 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 147-148. Wesley: Evangelist (Exeter: Paternoster, 1978) chap- 39 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 147-148. ter 3. 40 Stead, ‘Moravian Spirituality and its Propagation’, ter 3. 40 Stead, ‘Moravian Spirituality and its Propagation’,

42 • EJT 19:1 42 • EJT 19:1 • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality • • Recovering Evangelical Spirituality •

243. 63 Gillett, Trust and Obey, 79. 243. 63 Gillett, Trust and Obey, 79. 41 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 13-14. 64 I have expanded on this in ‘A Missional Spirituality: 41 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 13-14. 64 I have expanded on this in ‘A Missional Spirituality: 42 For an exploration of this in relation to evangelical Moravian Brethren and eighteenth-century English 42 For an exploration of this in relation to evangelical Moravian Brethren and eighteenth-century English spirituality see my ‘“Live much under the Shadow evangelicalism’, Transformation 23.2 (2006) 204- spirituality see my ‘“Live much under the Shadow evangelicalism’, Transformation 23.2 (2006) 204- of the Cross”: Atonement and evangelical spiritual- 214. of the Cross”: Atonement and evangelical spiritual- 214. ity’, in D. Tidball, D. Hilborn and J. Thacker (eds.), 65 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 11. ity’, in D. Tidball, D. Hilborn and J. Thacker (eds.), 65 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 11. The Atonement Debate (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 66 E.A. Payne, ‘Doddridge and the missionary enter- The Atonement Debate (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 66 E.A. Payne, ‘Doddridge and the missionary enter- 2008) 293-310. prise’, in G.F. Nuttall (ed.), Philip Doddridge 2008) 293-310. prise’, in G.F. Nuttall (ed.), Philip Doddridge 43 F.C. Gill, Charles Wesley: The First Methodist (London: Independent Press, 1951) 87-93. 43 F.C. Gill, Charles Wesley: The First Methodist (London: Independent Press, 1951) 87-93. (London: Lutterworth, 1964) 72. 67 C.J. Podmore, ‘The Anglicans and the Brethren: (London: Lutterworth, 1964) 72. 67 C.J. Podmore, ‘The Anglicans and the Brethren: 44 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 39. Anglican Attitudes to the Moravians in the Mid- 44 Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain, 39. Anglican Attitudes to the Moravians in the Mid- 45 D.B. Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narra- Eighteenth Century’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45 D.B. Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narra- Eighteenth Century’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History tive (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) 177- 41.4 (1990) 628-629. tive (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) 177- 41.4 (1990) 628-629. 180. 68 Mason, Moravian Church and Missionary Awaken- 180. 68 Mason, Moravian Church and Missionary Awaken- 46 Jonathan Edwards, ‘A Treatise Concerning Reli- ing, 57. 46 Jonathan Edwards, ‘A Treatise Concerning Reli- ing, 57. gious Affections’, in J.E. Smith (ed.), The Works of 69 For the Baptist Missionary Society, see B. Stanley, gious Affections’, in J.E. Smith (ed.), The Works of 69 For the Baptist Missionary Society, see B. Stanley, Jonathan Edwards Vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale Univer- The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792- Jonathan Edwards Vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale Univer- The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792- sity Press, 1959) 102. For more on this theme see B. 1992 (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1992). sity Press, 1959) 102. For more on this theme see B. 1992 (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1992). Walton, Jonathan Edwards, Religious Affections and 70 The full text of Carey’s Enquiry is in T. George, Walton, Jonathan Edwards, Religious Affections and 70 The full text of Carey’s Enquiry is in T. George, the Puritan Analysis of True Piety, Spiritual Sensation Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William the Puritan Analysis of True Piety, Spiritual Sensation Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William and Heart Religion (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Carey (Leicester: IVP, 1991). and Heart Religion (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Carey (Leicester: IVP, 1991). Press, 2002). 71 T.G. Carter, The Journal and Selected Letters of Wil- Press, 2002). 71 T.G. Carter, The Journal and Selected Letters of Wil- 47 Edwards, ‘Religious Affections’, 120. liam Carey (Macon: Smyth and Helwys, 2000) 47 Edwards, ‘Religious Affections’, 120. liam Carey (Macon: Smyth and Helwys, 2000) 48 Edwards, ‘Religious Affections’, 123. 136. 48 Edwards, ‘Religious Affections’, 123. 136. 49 Gill, Charles Wesley, 123. 72 J. Rippon, A Discourse delivered at the Drum Head, 49 Gill, Charles Wesley, 123. 72 J. Rippon, A Discourse delivered at the Drum Head, 50 J.C. Bowmer, The Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper in 37-38, cited by K.R. Manley, ‘Redeeming Love Pro- 50 J.C. Bowmer, The Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper in 37-38, cited by K.R. Manley, ‘Redeeming Love Pro- Early Methodism (London: Black, 1951) 181. claim’: John Rippon and the Baptists (Carlisle: Pater- Early Methodism (London: Black, 1951) 181. claim’: John Rippon and the Baptists (Carlisle: Pater- 51 D.B. Stevick, The Altar’s Fire: Charles Wesley’s Hymns noster, 2004) 252-253. 51 D.B. Stevick, The Altar’s Fire: Charles Wesley’s Hymns noster, 2004) 252-253. on the Lord’s Supper, 1745: Introduction and Comment 73 P.T. Forsyth, The Work of Christ (London: Hodder on the Lord’s Supper, 1745: Introduction and Comment 73 P.T. Forsyth, The Work of Christ (London: Hodder (Peterborough: Epworth Press, 2004) 84-87. & Stoughton, 1910) 159. (Peterborough: Epworth Press, 2004) 84-87. & Stoughton, 1910) 159. 52 A.C. Outler (ed.), The Works of John Wesley Vol. 3, 74 Forsyth, Work of Christ, 170. 52 A.C. Outler (ed.), The Works of John Wesley Vol. 3, 74 Forsyth, Work of Christ, 170. Sermon on ‘The Duty of Constant Communion’, 75 P.T. Forsyth, The Soul of Prayer (London: C.H. Kelly, Sermon on ‘The Duty of Constant Communion’, 75 P.T. Forsyth, The Soul of Prayer (London: C.H. Kelly, Sermons, III (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1986) 1916) 12. Sermons, III (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1986) 1916) 12. 430. 76 Tidball, Message of the Cross, 21-22. 430. 76 Tidball, Message of the Cross, 21-22. 53 Stead, ‘Moravian Spirituality and its Propagation’, 77 F.C. Gill, Charles Wesley: The First Methodist 53 Stead, ‘Moravian Spirituality and its Propagation’, 77 F.C. Gill, Charles Wesley: The First Methodist 237; Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 9. (London: Lutterworth, 1964) 72. 237; Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 9. (London: Lutterworth, 1964) 72. 54 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 147. 78 Noll, Rise of Evangelicalism, 268-269. 54 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 147. 78 Noll, Rise of Evangelicalism, 268-269. 55 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 9. 79 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘Slaying the Sacrifice’, a Sermon 55 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 9. 79 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘Slaying the Sacrifice’, a Sermon 56 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 147. on Lev. 1:5, Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Vol. 30, 56 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 147. on Lev. 1:5, Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Vol. 30, 57 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘The Witness of the Lord’s Supper’, 178-179. 57 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘The Witness of the Lord’s Supper’, 178-179. a Sermon on 1 Cor 11.26, Metropolitan Tabernacle 80 M.A. Noll, ‘Evangelicalism at its best’, in M.A. a Sermon on 1 Cor 11.26, Metropolitan Tabernacle 80 M.A. Noll, ‘Evangelicalism at its best’, in M.A. Pulpit Vol. 59, 38. Noll and R.F. Thiemann (eds.), Where Shall My Pulpit Vol. 59, 38. Noll and R.F. Thiemann (eds.), Where Shall My 58 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘The Object of the Lord’s Supper’, Wond’ring Soul Begin? (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 58 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘The Object of the Lord’s Supper’, Wond’ring Soul Begin? (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, a Sermon on 1 Cor. 11.26, Metropolitan Tabernacle 2000) 15. a Sermon on 1 Cor. 11.26, Metropolitan Tabernacle 2000) 15. Pulpit Vol. 51, 320. 81 Noll, Rise of Evangelicalism, 260. Pulpit Vol. 51, 320. 81 Noll, Rise of Evangelicalism, 260. 59 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘The Blood Shed for Many’, a 82 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 149. 59 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘The Blood Shed for Many’, a 82 Podmore, Moravian Church in England, 149. Sermon on Matt. 26:28, Metropolitan Tabernacle 83 C. Atwood, ‘The Mother of God’s People: The Sermon on Matt. 26:28, Metropolitan Tabernacle 83 C. Atwood, ‘The Mother of God’s People: The Pulpit Vol. 33, 377. Adoration of the Holy Spirit in the Eighteenth-cen- Pulpit Vol. 33, 377. Adoration of the Holy Spirit in the Eighteenth-cen- 60 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘Mysterious Visits’, in ‘Till He tury Brüdergemeine’, Church History 68.4 (1999) 60 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘Mysterious Visits’, in ‘Till He tury Brüdergemeine’, Church History 68.4 (1999) Come’: Communion Meditations and Addresses by 886-889. Come’: Communion Meditations and Addresses by 886-889. C.H. Spurgeon (London: Passmore & Alabaster, 84 Atwood, ‘Mother of God’s People’, 891-895. C.H. Spurgeon (London: Passmore & Alabaster, 84 Atwood, ‘Mother of God’s People’, 891-895. 1894) 17. 85 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 8-10. 1894) 17. 85 Freeman, ‘Gemeine’, 8-10. 61 I am grateful to Philip Lutterodt from Ghana for 86 See, for example, James H.S. Steven, Worship in the 61 I am grateful to Philip Lutterodt from Ghana for 86 See, for example, James H.S. Steven, Worship in the showing me how important the risen, victorious Spirit: Charismatic Worship in the Church of England showing me how important the risen, victorious Spirit: Charismatic Worship in the Church of England Lord is for evangelicals in the Global South, who (Carlisle: Paternoster, 2002). Lord is for evangelicals in the Global South, who (Carlisle: Paternoster, 2002). have experienced great suffering. 87 S.R. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory (Edin- have experienced great suffering. 87 S.R. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory (Edin- 62 D. Tidball, The Message of the Cross (Leicester: IVP, burgh: T & T Clark, 2000), 149. 62 D. Tidball, The Message of the Cross (Leicester: IVP, burgh: T & T Clark, 2000), 149. 2001) 21-22. 88 Jenson, America’s Theologian, 126. 2001) 21-22. 88 Jenson, America’s Theologian, 126.

EJT 19:1 • 43 EJT 19:1 • 43 • Ian Randall • • Ian Randall •

89 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘This shall be an everlasting statute 93 Gillett, Trust and Obey, 1-3. 89 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘This shall be an everlasting statute 93 Gillett, Trust and Obey, 1-3. unto you, to make an atonement for the children of 94 D.J. Tidball, Who are the Evangelicals? (London: unto you, to make an atonement for the children of 94 D.J. Tidball, Who are the Evangelicals? (London: Israel for all their sins once a year’, sermon delivered Marshall Pickering, 1994), 224-228. Israel for all their sins once a year’, sermon delivered Marshall Pickering, 1994), 224-228. on 10 August 1856, at New Park Street Chapel, 95 J.I. Packer, ‘An Introduction to Systematic Spiritual- on 10 August 1856, at New Park Street Chapel, 95 J.I. Packer, ‘An Introduction to Systematic Spiritual- Southwark, on Lev. 16:34, New Park Street Pulpit ity’, Crux 26.1 (1990), 6. Southwark, on Lev. 16:34, New Park Street Pulpit ity’, Crux 26.1 (1990), 6. Vol. 2, 336. [Spelling modernised, editor] 96 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘Wash me, and I shall be whiter Vol. 2, 336. [Spelling modernised, editor] 96 C.H. Spurgeon, ‘Wash me, and I shall be whiter 90 Spurgeon, ‘Sermon on Lev. 16:34’, 336. than snow’, a Sermon on Psalm 51:7, Metropolitan 90 Spurgeon, ‘Sermon on Lev. 16:34’, 336. than snow’, a Sermon on Psalm 51:7, Metropolitan 91 Tidball, Message of the Cross, 24. Tabernacle Pulpit Vol. 57, 568. 91 Tidball, Message of the Cross, 24. Tabernacle Pulpit Vol. 57, 568. 92 Tidball, Message of the Cross, 27. 92 Tidball, Message of the Cross, 27.

Word Biblical Commentary Word Biblical Commentary New Titles: New Titles: 1, 2, 3 John 1, 2, 3 John (Revised Edition) (WBC) (Revised Edition) (WBC) Stephen S. Smalley Stephen S. Smalley The letters of John, although simple in style, affirm such profound truths that interpreters throughout history have The letters of John, although simple in style, affirm such profound truths that interpreters throughout history have laboured to explain them. In this extensively revised edition of his commentary on the Johannine epistles Smalley laboured to explain them. In this extensively revised edition of his commentary on the Johannine epistles Smalley updates his work by interacting with recent scholarship on the letters over the last twenty years. This revision is updates his work by interacting with recent scholarship on the letters over the last twenty years. This revision is seamlessly woven into the commentary. seamlessly woven into the commentary. Stephen S. Smalley has retired from his position as Dean of Chester Cathedral. He is author of John: Evangelist and Stephen S. Smalley has retired from his position as Dean of Chester Cathedral. He is author of John: Evangelist and Interpreter and Hope For Ever. Interpreter and Hope For Ever.

978-1-41851-424-2 / 216 x 140mm / £29.99 978-1-41851-424-2 / 216 x 140mm / £29.99 Judges Word Biblical Commentary Judges Word Biblical Commentary Trent C. Butler Trent C. Butler This commentary will feature the most extensive text critical notes available in any modern commentary on This commentary will feature the most extensive text critical notes available in any modern commentary on Judges. It will present a theological reading of the present text of the book and seek to show that current literary Judges. It will present a theological reading of the present text of the book and seek to show that current literary and source theories attributing various parts and even minute pieces of the book to a long series of editors over and source theories attributing various parts and even minute pieces of the book to a long series of editors over almost a millennium of time are not needed to explain the origin and purposes of the book. This volume of the almost a millennium of time are not needed to explain the origin and purposes of the book. This volume of the WBC will argue for a much earlier date of the book in the reigns of Rehoboam and Jeroboam and will show how WBC will argue for a much earlier date of the book in the reigns of Rehoboam and Jeroboam and will show how Judges is designed as a reversal of the structure and achievements of the Book of Joshua, preparing the way for the Judges is designed as a reversal of the structure and achievements of the Book of Joshua, preparing the way for the Davidic line of kings. The commentary will underline Judges’ ironic presentation of its major characters as heroes Davidic line of kings. The commentary will underline Judges’ ironic presentation of its major characters as heroes and failures. The commentary will wrestle with the nature and expectations of leadership in Judges. and failures. The commentary will wrestle with the nature and expectations of leadership in Judges. Trent C. Butler is Vice President of Editorial Services, Christian Board of Publication. He is a former Associate Trent C. Butler is Vice President of Editorial Services, Christian Board of Publication. He is a former Associate Professor of Old Testament and Hebrew at the Baptist Theological Seminary, Rüschlikon, Switzerland. Professor of Old Testament and Hebrew at the Baptist Theological Seminary, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.

978-0-8499-0207-9 / 229 x 152mm / £24.99 978-0-8499-0207-9 / 229 x 152mm / £24.99 1 Samuel Word Biblical Commentary 1 Samuel Word Biblical Commentary Ralph Klein Ralph Klein

978-0-7180-2531-1 / 229 x 152mm / 350pp / £29.99 978-0-7180-2531-1 / 229 x 152mm / 350pp / £29.99 Also in the series: Also in the series: Job 21-37 Word Biblical Commentary Job 21-37 Word Biblical Commentary David J. A. Clines David J. A. Clines

978-0-8499-0217-8 / 229 x 152mm / £24.99 978-0-8499-0217-8 / 229 x 152mm / £24.99

Paternoster, 9 Holdom Avenue, Bletchley, Milton Keynes MK1 1QR, UK Paternoster, 9 Holdom Avenue, Bletchley, Milton Keynes MK1 1QR, UK

44 • EJT 19:1 44 • EJT 19:1