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Artaxerxes Iii Ochus and His Reign

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Artaxerxes Iii Ochus and His Reign ARTAXERXES III OCHUS AND HIS REIGN W ITH SPE CIA L C O N S IDE RAT IO N O F T H E O LD T E STA MENT S O U RC E S B EA RING U PO N T H E PE RIO D AN INAUG URA L DISS E RT AT ION T H E P H I LOS OP H IC A L FA C ULTY O F T H E UNI V E RS IT Y O F IN C ANDI DA C Y FO R T H E DOCT OR’S D E G R E E BY NOAH CALVIN HIRSCHY BE R E I IA N A OF N , ND A CC E PT E D BY T H E P H ILOS OP H IC A L FA C ULTY UP ON T H E K. MA TI P ROP OS A L OF PROFES S OR DR. R E G . T PROFES S OR DR. OBL R E AN BE RN D J Y 16 1907 UL . C H IC AGO T H E U N IVERS ITY O F C H ICAGO PRE SS 1 909 C O PYR IG HT 1 90 9 BY P ubli sh ed May 1 90 9 C omposed and Printed By T h e Unive rs i ty of C h icag o Pre ss C h c a o I llino is . S . A . i g , , U PREFACE In this attempt to gather all the historic data of a dark and weary ’ peri od of the world s history on which the sources of information are n fin and n s c r fir m rather i de ite u sati fa to y, it may at st appear that too uch en i e er l ri c n B u t en remem e att t on is paid to the g n a histo situatio . wh we b r that some of the biblical sources c laimed for the reign of O chu s are placed l i ff r n r r m fi e ur e by scho ars at d e e t pe iods f o the eighth to the rst c nt y , th n l e e T h e fin l l n the cce n or this objection os s its forc . a so utio of a pta ce rejection of the O ld Testament sources for this period seems to the wri ter to depend very largely on the clearness of our conception of the history n he n ra T h e re n O c hu s of the last seven ce turi es before t Christia e . ig of form s only a fragment of the two and a fourth centuries of Persian suprem ll u r m be v e e in nn n acy . But to be fu y nde stood it ust i w d its co ectio with l n the h s r Pe and r th e W ho e . It is for this reaso that i to y of rsia the mo e imm ediate contemporary history are treated more fully than would oth er wise be consisten t with the subject . m l e r e um m the e I n chap . i the aim is si p y to giv a b i f s ary of acc pted he urce and l and in . t r the r . histo y of pe iod , whi e in chap ii chap iii both so s n the li terature have been co sulted . C . H . TABLE OF C ONTENTS HI T RIC A R E Y I . A S O L SU V terature A. Li rom aemene B . F Ach s to C yrus P n n C . ers ia a d C ontemporary History T H E I T O F O H II . H S ORY C US AND Hrs REI GN T h e H s r r e A . i to ical Sou c s L tera ure B . i t T h e Em re f h s C . pi o O c u T h e E vents o f the e n f h us D . R ig o O c E T h e ork and ara ter of O ch us . W C h c XAMI ATI O F THE O LD TAM T S C E Pos III . AN E N ON TES EN OUR S S IB LY D ATIN G FROM TH E REI GN O F O crm s O R REFLECTING LI GH T THEREON T he Sour es A . c T he terature B . Li E xam nation o f the Sour es C . i c D Summar Result . y APPENDI X : CH RONOLOGI C AL TABLES CHAPTER I A H I ST I A O R C L SURVEY . C HAEMEN ES T R R A O C Y US . PE SIAN AND C O NT E M PO RARY HI T R 0 — S O Y . 55 33 1 B . c A LI T AT R . ER U E 4 G eo . G H i stor o e G r ece 1 8 . G eo . i t rote y f , 54 Rawlinson H s ory — o H erodotus I I V 1 8 . G eschi chte des alten P ersi ens 1 8 . f , 75 F Justi , 79 - . S D i e alt ersi sch en Keili nsch riften F piegel p , A . Wiedemann ’ A e ti he h sc G esc i chte . 1 88 . N Oldeke Au s otze zur e gyp II , 4 Th f p r si sch en G escki ckte 1 88 , 7, the best treatment of the subject ; the same “ ” E ri e. rit B . P appeared in a less complete form in Article ersia , 1 8 . D i e E ntsteh urt des udent . m 6 u s 1 8 . 75 E Meyer g J , 9 E . Meyer G eschi chte des Altertu ms I — 1 88 1 1 0 1 1 0 V 8 1 1 0 2 . P , 4, 93 , 9 , 9 , 9 C . “ ” P E . 1 0 2 . S D i e K i n . B . e li Tiele , Article ersia in III , 9 E chrader schr ten n o te t m nt Au fl u d d s Al T es a e . a e if , 3 g neubearbeitet 1 0 . von H . Zimmern und H . Winckler , 9 3 Of the G reek and Latin Sources the following contai n valuable — : ca . 60 . 2 . ca . 0 information Herodotus , 555 4 4 Xenophon , 43 a 0 0 — E h Kt i 0 0 . 6 8 . r c . es as o os 354 , between 5 and 4 Isocrates , 43 33 p — 8 2 2 . S ca . 0 8 . Cumae, born 4 Demosthenes , 3 5 3 trabo , born D i d ru iculu B . C . 1 A . D . ca . 6 . o o s S s 3 , between 49 and 4 Josephus , - — P ca . 6 ca . 1 2 0 . m ca . 1 0 0 ca . A . D . ca . 1 0 0 . 37 lutarch , 4 Arria , born — 6 0 . P Solinu s ca . 2 0 . ca . 2 C . Julius , 3 Eusebius , 5 34 aulus Orosius , toward the close Of the fourth century . Cf . the sources under chap . ii . R M A C A ME T O C R U B . F O H E NES Y S The Achaemenides were a royal family whose ancient home was f An San i Pas in the city o , probably near the later fam ly seat r dae P or a ga in ersis , identical with it The ancestor Of the entire fami ly was Achaemenes (H akh am am s) who was perhaps not a h eros e on mu s . hi storical personage, but a p y Unlike the early oriental nations the Persians were not Semites but Aryans who belonged to - a i . r the Indo European races , as did all the Ir n ans To the A yan ART AXERXES I I'I O CH US AN D H IS REI G N A h m id x c ae en es . 0 B . c . T eis is race belonged also the As early as 73 , p , fi An San . hi m the rst leader, flourished in Following in direct lineage T eis is were Cambyses , Cyrus , p II , Cyrus II , and Cambyses II, of P before the beginning the ersian empire . The hi story of Persia begins with the downfall of the Medi an i empire . Th s empire began to rise when the shadows began to fall ni upon Assyria . About the time when As surba pal of Assyria sub B i jugated abylonia , the Median tribes , wish ng to cease their quarrels m D eioces fi and to unite against a co mon foe , chose as their rst f hi i . B ut o s Ph r o s k ng the real founder the empire was successor, a rte , — h hi m P 647 6 2 5 . T rough the empire was enlarged . ersia was his brought under power, and afterward , little by little , large portions h r ortes h l o . P a f Asia imse f fell in a campaign against Assyria . C axares 6 2 — 8 Under his son and successor , y , 4 5 5 , the empire reached .
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