Resource Management in a Multicore Operating System
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Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) On the construction of operating systems for the Microgrid many-core architecture van Tol, M.W. Publication date 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Tol, M. W. (2013). On the construction of operating systems for the Microgrid many-core architecture. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 General Bibliography [1] J. Aas. Understanding the linux 2.6.8.1 cpu scheduler. Technical report, Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI), Eagan, MN, USA, February 2005. [2] D. Abts, S. Scott, and D. J. Lilja. So many states, so little time: Verifying memory coherence in the Cray X1. In Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing, IPDPS '03, page 10 pp., Washington, DC, USA, April 2003. -
High Performance Computing Systems
High Performance Computing Systems Multikernels Doug Shook Multikernels Two predominant approaches to OS: – Full weight kernel – Lightweight kernel Why not both? – How does implementation affect usage and performance? Gerolfi, et. al. “A Multi-Kernel Survey for High- Performance Computing,” 2016 2 FusedOS Assumes heterogeneous architecture – Linux on full cores – LWK requests resources from linux to run programs Uses CNK as its LWK 3 IHK/McKernel Uses an Interface for Heterogeneous Kernels – Resource allocation – Communication McKernel is the LWK – Only operable with IHK Uses proxy processes 4 mOS Embeds LWK into the Linux kernel – LWK is visible to Linux just like any other process Resource allocation is performed by sysadmin/user 5 FFMK Uses the L4 microkernel – What is a microkernel? Also uses a para-virtualized Linux instance – What is paravirtualization? 6 Hobbes Pisces Node Manager Kitten LWK Palacios Virtual Machine Monitor 7 Sysadmin Criteria Is the LWK standalone? Which kernel is booted by the BIOS? How and when are nodes partitioned? 8 Application Criteria What is the level of POSIX support in the LWK? What is the pseudo file system support? How does an application access Linux functionality? What is the system call overhead? Can LWK and Linux share memory? Can a single process span Linux and the LWK? Does the LWK support NUMA? 9 Linux Criteria Are LWK processes visible to standard tools like ps and top? Are modifications to the Linux kernel necessary? Do Linux kernel changes propagate to the LWK? -
W4118: Multikernel
W4118: multikernel Instructor: Junfeng Yang References: Modern Operating Systems (3rd edition), Operating Systems Concepts (8th edition), previous W4118, and OS at MIT, Stanford, and UWisc Motivation: sharing is expensive Difficult to parallelize single-address space kernels with shared data structures . Locks/atomic instructions: limit scalability . Must make every shared data structure scalable • Partition data • Lock-free data structures • … . Tremendous amount of engineering Root cause . Expensive to move cache lines . Congestion of interconnect 1 Multikernel: explicit sharing via messages Multicore chip == distributed system! . No shared data structures! . Send messages to core to access its data Advantages . Scalable . Good match for heterogeneous cores . Good match if future chips don’t provide cache- coherent shared memory 2 Challenge: global state OS must manage global state . E.g., page table of a process Solution . Replicate global state . Read: read local copy low latency . Update: update local copy + distributed protocol to update remote copies • Do so asynchronously (“split phase”) 3 Barrelfish overview Figure 5 in paper CPU driver . kernel-mode part per core . Inter-Processor interrupt (IPI) Monitors . OS abstractions . User-level RPC (URPC) 4 IPC through shared memory #define CACHELINE (64) struct box{ char buf[CACHELINE-1]; // message contents char flag; // high bit == 0 means sender owns it }; __attribute__ ((aligned (CACHELINE))) struct box m __attribute__ ((aligned (CACHELINE))); send() recv() { { // set up message while(!(m.flag & 0x80)) memcpy(m.buf, …); ; m.flag |= 0x80; m.buf … //process message } } 5 Case study: TLB shootdown When is it necessary? Windows & Linux: send IPIs Barrelfish: sends messages to involved monitors . 1 broadcast message N-1 invalidates, N-1 fetches . -
ANSA: an Engineer’S Introduction
An Engineer’s Introduction to the Architecture ANSA: An Engineer’s Introduction to the Architecture Release TR.03.02 November 1989 This document provides an introduction to ANSA. It is specifically oriented towards those with a software and systems background. It describes what is available and how it is used; it does not describe how the architecture is applied to specific application domains. Architecture Projects Management Limited Architecture Projects Management Limited and their sponsors take no responsibility for the consequences of errors or omissions in this manual, nor for any damages resultmg from the applicatron of the ideas expressed herein. Architecture Projects Management Limited Poseidon House Castle Park CAMBRIDGE CB3 ORD United Kingdom TELEPHONE UK Cambridge (0223) 323010 INTERNATIONAL +44 223 323010 FAX + 44 223 359779 UUCP . ..ukc!acorn!ansa!apm ARPA Internet [email protected] 8 1989 Architecture Projects Management Limited Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that notice IS given that copying is by permission of Architecture Projects Management Limited. To copy otherwise or to republish requiresspecific permlssion. Advanced Networked Systems Architecture CONTENTS Page 1 Background ........................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ......................................... 1 1.2 Activities ............................................ 1 1.3 Standardization ...................................... 2 2 Executive summary ................................... 3 2.1 The problem -
Multiprocessor Operating Systems CS 6410: Advanced Systems
Introduction Multikernel Tornado Conclusion Discussion Outlook References Multiprocessor Operating Systems CS 6410: Advanced Systems Kai Mast Department of Computer Science Cornell University September 4, 2014 Kai Mast — Multiprocessor Operating Systems 1/47 Introduction Multikernel Tornado Conclusion Discussion Outlook References Let us recall Multiprocessor vs. Multicore Figure: Multiprocessor [10] Figure: Multicore [10] Kai Mast — Multiprocessor Operating Systems 2/47 Introduction Multikernel Tornado Conclusion Discussion Outlook References Let us recall Message Passing vs. Shared Memory Shared Memory Threads/Processes access the same memory region Communication via changes in variables Often easier to implement Message Passing Threads/Processes don’t have shared memory Communication via messages/events Easier to distribute between different processors More robust than shared memory Kai Mast — Multiprocessor Operating Systems 3/47 Introduction Multikernel Tornado Conclusion Discussion Outlook References Let us recall Miscellaneous Cache Coherence Inter-Process Communication Remote-Procedure Call Preemptive vs. cooperative Multitasking Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) Kai Mast — Multiprocessor Operating Systems 4/47 Introduction Multikernel Tornado Conclusion Discussion Outlook References Current Systems are Diverse Different Architectures (x86, ARM, ...) Different Scales (Desktop, Server, Embedded, Mobile ...) Different Processors (GPU, CPU, ASIC ...) Multiple Cores and/or Multiple Processors Multiple Operating Systems on a System (Firmware, -
Design and Implementation of the Heterogeneous Multikernel Operating System
223 Design and Implementation of the Heterogeneous Multikernel Operating System Yauhen KLIMIANKOU Department of Computer Systems and Networks, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Belarus Abstract. The design of the computer system was significantly changed due to the emergence and popularization of the multicore processors. Moving to the advanced multicore processors, moving to the heterogeneous computer systems and increasing of the integrity level between computer system components are the main trends of the computer systems development. Significant changes in the computer systems design make reasonable the attempt of reviewing the operating system design to make it optimal for the new hardware platform. The proposed operation system design assume moving from monolithic centralized operating system to the decentralized network of the distributed independent nodes, each of which will play the role of the processor driver and threads container. The proposed design provide the numbers of the benefits against ordinal operating systems: dynamics in space and time, improved level of reliability and flexibility, support of the heterogeneous computer systems. Keywords. Multiprocessor computer system, heterogeneous computer system, real-time system Introduction Computer systems design is changing much faster than the operating systems design. The internal architecture of the modern computer resembles a distributed network system consisting from the mix of processor cores, caches, internal communications, I/O devices and expansion cards. The modern computer is similar to the early parallel computer systems or multiprocessor systems of the last century. Multi-core computer systems, which are essentially the same multi-processor systems localized on the processor die, occupy an increasingly strong position in most segments of the computer market. -
On the Performance and Isolation of Asymmetric Microkernel Design For
On the Performance and Isolation of Asymmetric Microkernel Design for Lightweight Manycores Pedro Henrique Penna, João Souto, Davidson Lima, Márcio Castro, François Broquedis, Henrique Freitas, Jean-François Mehaut To cite this version: Pedro Henrique Penna, João Souto, Davidson Lima, Márcio Castro, François Broquedis, et al.. On the Performance and Isolation of Asymmetric Microkernel Design for Lightweight Manycores. SBESC 2019 - IX Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering, Nov 2019, Natal, Brazil. pp.1-31. hal-02297637v3 HAL Id: hal-02297637 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02297637v3 Submitted on 30 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. On the Performance and Isolation of Asymmetric Microkernel Design for Lightweight Manycores Pedro Henrique Penna, João Souto, Davidson Lima, Márcio Castro, François Broquedis, Henrique Freitas, Jean-Francois Mehaut To cite this version: Pedro Henrique Penna, João Souto, Davidson Lima, Márcio Castro, François Broquedis, et al.. On the Performance and Isolation of Asymmetric Microkernel -
The Barrelfish Multi- Kernel: an Interview with Timothy Roscoe
INCREASING CPU PERFORMANCE WITH faster clock speeds and ever more complex RIK FARROW hardware for pipelining and memory ac- cess has hit the brick walls of power and the Barrelfish multi- bandwidth. Multicore CPUs provide the way forward but also present obstacles to using kernel: an interview existing operating systems design as they with Timothy Roscoe scale upwards. Barrelfish represents an ex- perimental operating system design where Timothy Roscoe is part of the ETH Zürich Computer early versions run faster than Linux on the Science Department’s Systems Group. His main research areas are operating systems, distributed same hardware, with a design that should systems, and networking, with some critical theory on the side. scale well to systems with many cores and [email protected] even different CPU architectures. Barrelfish explores the design of a multikernel Rik Farrow is the Editor of ;login:. operating system, one designed to run non-shared [email protected] copies of key kernel data structures. Popular cur- rent operating systems, such as Windows and Linux, use a single, shared operating system image even when running on multiple-core CPUs as well as on motherboard designs with multiple CPUs. These monolithic kernels rely on cache coherency to protect shared data. Multikernels each have their own copy of key data structures and use message passing to maintain the correctness of each copy. In their SOSP 2009 paper [1], Baumann et al. describe their experiences in building and bench- marking Barrelfish on a variety of Intel and AMD systems ranging from four to 32 cores. When these systems run Linux or Windows, they rely on cache coherency mechanisms to maintain a single image of the operating system. -
XOS: an Application-Defined Operating System for Datacenter Computing
XOS: An Application-Defined Operating System for Datacenter Computing Chen Zheng∗y, Lei Wang∗, Sally A. McKeez, Lixin Zhang∗, Hainan Yex and Jianfeng Zhan∗y ∗State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences yUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China zChalmers University of Technology xBeijing Academy of Frontier Sciences and Technology Abstract—Rapid growth of datacenter (DC) scale, urgency of ability, and isolation. Such general-purpose, one-size-fits-all cost control, increasing workload diversity, and huge software designs simply cannot meet the needs of all applications. The investment protection place unprecedented demands on the op- kernel traditionally controls resource abstraction and alloca- erating system (OS) efficiency, scalability, performance isolation, and backward-compatibility. The traditional OSes are not built tion, which hides resource-management details but lengthens to work with deep-hierarchy software stacks, large numbers of application execution paths. Giving applications control over cores, tail latency guarantee, and increasingly rich variety of functionalities usually reserved for the kernel can streamline applications seen in modern DCs, and thus they struggle to meet systems, improving both individual performances and system the demands of such workloads. throughput [5]. This paper presents XOS, an application-defined OS for modern DC servers. Our design moves resource management There is a large and growing gap between what DC ap- out of the -
Providing a Shared File System in the Hare POSIX Multikernel Charles
Providing a Shared File System in the Hare POSIX Multikernel by Charles Gruenwald III Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2014 c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2014. All rights reserved. Author.............................................................. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science May 21, 2014 Certified by. Frans Kaashoek Professor Thesis Supervisor Certified by. Nickolai Zeldovich Associate Professor Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . Leslie Kolodziejski Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Theses 2 Providing a Shared File System in the Hare POSIX Multikernel by Charles Gruenwald III Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on May 21, 2014, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science Abstract Hare is a new multikernel operating system that provides a single system image for multicore processors without cache coherence. Hare allows applications on different cores to share files, directories, file descriptors, sockets, and processes. The main challenge in designing Hare is to support shared abstractions faithfully enough to run applications that run on traditional shared-memory operating systems with few modifications, and to do so while scaling with an increasing number of cores. To achieve this goal, Hare must support shared abstractions (e.g., file descriptors shared between processes) that appear consistent to processes running on any core, but without relying on hardware cache coherence between cores. Moreover, Hare must implement these abstractions in a way that scales (e.g., sharded directories across servers to allow concurrent operations in that directory). -
Popcorn Linux: Enabling Efficient Inter-Core Communication in a Linux-Based Multikernel Operating System
Popcorn Linux: enabling efficient inter-core communication in a Linux-based multikernel operating system Benjamin H. Shelton Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Engineering Binoy Ravindran Christopher Jules White Paul E. Plassman May 2, 2013 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Operating systems, multikernel, high-performance computing, heterogeneous computing, multicore, scalability, message passing Copyright 2013, Benjamin H. Shelton Popcorn Linux: enabling efficient inter-core communication in a Linux-based multikernel operating system Benjamin H. Shelton (ABSTRACT) As manufacturers introduce new machines with more cores, more NUMA-like architectures, and more tightly integrated heterogeneous processors, the traditional abstraction of a mono- lithic OS running on a SMP system is encountering new challenges. One proposed path forward is the multikernel operating system. Previous efforts have shown promising results both in scalability and in support for heterogeneity. However, one effort’s source code is not freely available (FOS), and the other effort is not self-hosting and does not support a majority of existing applications (Barrelfish). In this thesis, we present Popcorn, a Linux-based multikernel operating system. While Popcorn was a group effort, the boot layer code and the memory partitioning code are the authors work, and we present them in detail here. To our knowledge, we are the first to support multiple instances of the Linux kernel on a 64-bit x86 machine and to support more than 4 kernels running simultaneously. We demonstrate that existing subsystems within Linux can be leveraged to meet the design goals of a multikernel OS. -
Exception Handling with Fail-Safe Semantics Phd Thesis
Exception Handling With Fail-Safe Semantics PhD Thesis Steven J. Drew B.App.Sci. (Computing) Hons. Date: 29th. November, 1996. Principal Supervisor: Prof.K.J.Gough School Of Computing Science Faculty Of Information Technology Queensland University Of Technology DEDICATION To my father for all his love and support, To my mother, I'm glad you saw the start of this, I'll tell you how it ended one day. QUT QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THESIS EXAMINATION CANDIDATE NAME Steven John Drew CENTRE/RESEARCH CONCENTRATION Programming Languages and Systems PRINCIPAL SUPERVISOR Professor John Gough ASSOCIATE SUPERVISOR(S) Dr John Hynd THESIS TITLE Exception Handling with Fail-Safe Semantics Under the requirements of PhD regulation 9.2, the above candidate was examined orally by the Faculty. The members of the panel set up for this examination recommend that the thesis be accepted by the University and forwarded to the appointed Committee for examination. Prof K J Gough Name ....................................................................... Panel Chairperson (Principal Supervisor) Name ...... ~?.';'.<?~.-:~.:.<?.~ .. ~.. -~-~XP.~:.E?~~ ......................... Panel Member Assoc Prof G Mohay Name ....................................................................... Panel Member Under the requirements of PhD regulation 9.15, it is hereby certified that the thesis of the above-named candidate has been examined. I recommend on behalf of the Thesis Examination Committee that the thesis be accepted in fulfilment of the conditions for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Name .. :'9r.... Y~~~.. .zy~ • Date .. .<f. ..P~:'?.~ .. Chair of Examiners (Thesis Examination Comrilittee) Keywords Exception handling, programming languages, fail-safety, fail-safe semantics, software fault tolerance, program complexity, program comprehensibility, Modula-2. Abstract Computer architectures are becoming increasingly complex and are being used to solve problems of similarly increasing complexity.