Aristotle, Rhetoric Iii
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Understanding Gilgamesh: His World and His Story Aims Toward This Process of Communication
University of Pretoria etd – De Villiers, G (2005) UNDERSTANDING GILGAMESH: HIS WORLD AND HIS STORY by GEZINA GERTRUIDA DE VILLIERS submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR LITTERARUM (SEMITIC LANGUAGES) in the FACULTY OF HUMANITIES at the University of Pretoria SUPERVISOR : PROF GTM PRINSLOO Pretoria October 2004 University of Pretoria etd – De Villiers, G (2005) CONTENTS Pag CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1-1 1. Motivation for research 1-2 2. Research problem 1-4 3. Hypothesis 1-5 4. Purpose for research 1-5 5. Methodology 1-6 5.1. Source-orientated inquiry 1-6 5.2. Discourse-orientated analysis 1-7 5.2.1. Epic: poetry or prose? 1-7 6. Premises 1-9 7. Contents 1-12 CHAPTER 2 : THE STANDARD BABYLONIAN GILGAMESH EPIC 2-14 1. The narrative 2-15 CHAPTER 3 : THE SOURCE HISTORY OF THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH 3-38 1. The Sumerian past 3-38 1.1. General background 3-38 1.2. Cities 3-40 1.3. Animals 3-45 1.4. Kings 3-46 1.5. Theology 3-49 2. Sumerian literature: the five poems on Bilgames 3-56 2.1. Obscure origins: did the king really exist? 3-56 2.2. The poems 3-58 2.3. The function of the Sumerian poems 3-71 3. From frivolous frolic to academic achievement: entertainment to literature 3-72 University of Pretoria etd – De Villiers, G (2005) 3.1. Writing 3-72 3.2. From Sumerian to Akkadian 3-74 3.3. The Sumerian Renaissance 3-76 3.4. The end of Ur III and the Isin-Larsa period 3-79 3.5 Babylon 3-81 3.5.1. -
Aristotle on Love and Friendship
ARISTOTLE ON LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP DAVID KONSTAN Philia is exceptional among ancient Greek value terms for the number of still unre- solved, or at least intensely debated, questions that go to the heart of its very nature.1 Does it mean “friendship”, as it is most commonly rendered in discussions of Aris- totle, or rather “love”, as seems more appropriate in some contexts? Whether it is love, friendship, or something else, is it an emotion, a virtue, or a disposition? The same penumbra of ambiguity surrounds the related term philos, often rendered as “friend” but held by some to include kin and other relations, and even to refer chiefly to them. Thus, Elizabeth Belfiore affirms that “the noun philos surely has the same range as philia, and both refer primarily, if not exclusively, to relationships among close blood kin” (2000: 20). In respect to the affective character of philia, Michael Peachin (2001: 135 n. 2) describes “the standard modern view of Roman friendship” as one “that tends to reduce significantly the emotional aspect of the relationship among the Ro- mans, and to make of it a rather pragmatic business”, and he holds the same to be true of Greek friendship or philia. Scholars at the other extreme maintain that ancient friendship was based essentially on affection. As Peachin remarks (ibid., p. 7), “D. Konstan [1997] has recently argued against the majority opinion and has tried to inject more (modern-style?) emotion into ancient amicitia”. Some critics, in turn, have sought a compromise between the two positions, according to which ancient friend- ship involved both an affective component and the expectation of practical services. -
7 Aristotle on Greatness of Soul
7 Aristotle on Greatness of Soul Roger Crisp n the recent revival of interest in Aristotelian ethics, relatively little attention has been paid to the virtue of greatness of soul (megalopsuchia). This is partly Ibecause of the focus on the more structurally central concepts of Aristotle’s theory, in particular happiness (eudaimonia) and virtue (aret¯e). But in fact a study of greatness of soul can reveal important insights into the overall shape of Aristotelian ethics, including the place of external goods and luck in the virtuous life, and the significance of “the noble” (to kalon). Further, Aristotle describes the great-souled person in more detail than any other, and calls greatness of soul a “sort of crown of the virtues” (NE IV.3.1124a1–2). Many have found aspects of the portrait of the great-souled person in the Nicomachean Ethics repellent or absurd, but that is no good reason for the student of Aristotle to shy away from it. In this chapter, I shall elucidate Aristotle’s account of greatness of soul, addressing some puzzles internal to that account and bringing out its place in, and implications for, the ethics of Aristotle and of those modern writers influenced by him. Greatness of Soul as a Virtue To understand greatness of soul as an Aristotelian virtue requires first understand- ing Aristotle’s conception of virtue itself. Aristotle distinguishes virtues into two classes – intellectual virtues and virtues of character – corresponding to distinct aspects of the human soul (NE I.13). Greatness of soul is a virtue of character, though, like all such virtues, it requires its possessor to have the intellectual virtue of practical wisdom (phron¯esis; NE VI.13). -
Playing with Oppositions. Verbal and Visual Antithesis in the Media. Hilde Van Belle [email protected]
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scholarship at UWindsor University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor OSSA Conference Archive OSSA 8 Jun 3rd, 9:00 AM - Jun 6th, 5:00 PM Playing with Oppositions. Verbal and visual antithesis in the media. Hilde Van Belle [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive Part of the Philosophy Commons Hilde Van Belle, "Playing with Oppositions. Verbal and visual antithesis in the media." (June 3, 2009). OSSA Conference Archive. Paper 15. http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive/OSSA8/papersandcommentaries/15 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences at Scholarship at UWindsor. It has been accepted for inclusion in OSSA Conference Archive by an authorized administrator of Scholarship at UWindsor. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Playing with Oppositions. Verbal and visual antithesis in the media. HILDE VAN BELLE Department of Applied Language Studies Lessius University College / Catholic University Leuven St.-Andriesstraat 2 Antwerpen België [email protected] ABSTRACT: The inventive, argumentative and stylistic possibilities generated by the figures in general and the figure antithesis in particular are explored by Jeanne Fahnestock in the field of science. These ideas on the possibilities of antithesis I will develop in the analysis of some cases of this figure in the media. I will try to describe, analyse and evaluate how textual and/or visual pairs that form an antithesis are pushed into more, less, or a different opposition. -
Plato's Euthydemus
PLATO’S EUTHYDEMUS: A STUDY ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN LOGIC AND EDUCATION Plato’s Euthydemus is an unlucky dialogue. Few dealt with it in its own right, not just as part of a wider discussion of Plato, and fewer still saw in it more than a topic of sophistic fallacies. Some, of course, paid attention to the constructive sections of the dialogue, but only rarely do we come across a real attempt to unify its different aspects.1 In this paper I propose to show how, in the Euthydemus, Plato tries to distinguish between the Socratic and the Sophistic conceptions of education, by tracing them to their roots in the opposing views of the Sophists — and especially those of the second generation — and of Socrates about truth and about the role of logic. And although the eristic techniques of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus are obviously fallacious, they turn out to be developments of Protagoras’ views and follow from philosophical positions worthy of serious examination. The Euthydemus is a caricature, to be sure. But, as all good caricature, it has a serious intent. It sketches the degeneration of the Sophistic approach to education, in some of its aspects. More important ly, it distinguishes Socratic education from the methods and effects of its Sophistic counterpart. Euthydemus and Dionysodorus, the two sophist brothers, are reminis cent of the great Sophists of the Protagoras in more than one way. They are polymaths like Hippias, and at one time or another have taught a variety of arts, from forensic rhetoric to armed combat. Also, they have Prodicus’ penchant for linguistic analysis. -
Index Locorum
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85937-0 - The Virtuous Life in Greek Ethics Edited by Burkhard Reis Index More information Index locorum Aeschylus 2.3, 1220b21–3: 104 Agamemnon 2.3, 1221a15–17: 123 218: 239 2.5, 1222a22–b4: 110 Aetius¨ 2.10, 1126b29–30: 176 De placitis reliquiae 2.11, 1228a5–7: 160 4.4.6: 199 3.1, 1230a26–33: 168 Anaximenes 3.1, 1230a31–2: 169 Rhetorica ad Alexandrum 7.2, 1236b39–1237a2: 181 7.5: 194 7.12, 1245a29–30: 186 7.14: 194 Ethica Nicomachea Antiphon Orat. 1: 102, 104, 175 2.213: 155 1.2, 1094a22–6: 149 Antiphon Soph. 1.2, 1094a23–5: 176 DK 87 B 44: 135 1.2, 1094b7–11: 182 Apollodorus 1.2, 1094b10–11: 127 Bibliotheca 1.3, 1094b11–27: 128 3.70–2: 234 1.3, 1094b13–27: 149 Aristotle 1.3, 1094b21: 111 Analytica posteriora 1.3, 1095a5–6: 129 1.4: 159 1.4, 1095a17–20: 181 De anima 1.4, 1095a31–b8: 129 1.1, 403a23–4: 204 1.4, 1095b4–7: 130 2.2, 413b10–13: 131 1.5: 132, 178 2.3, 414b19–415a13: 131 1.5, 1095b26–1096a2: 184 3.3: 195 1.6: 176 3.7, 430a26–431a8: 195 1.6, 1096b8–19: 175 3.9–10: 103 1.7: 176, 190 Categoriae 1.7, 1097a25–b6: 175 10, 11b38–12a9: 10 1.7, 1097a33–b6: 181 Ethica Eudemia 1.7, 1097b1–6: 181 1.2, 1214b6–11: 176 1.7, 1097b4–6: 176 1.2, 1214b10–11: 140 1.7, 1097b8–11: 131 1.2, 1214b11–27: 181 1.7, 1097b20–1: 181 1.4, 1215b3–4: 184 1.7, 1098a10–15: 101 1.5, 1216a24–6: 184 1.7, 1098a16–18: 101, 131 1.7, 1217a20–2: 181 1.7, 1098a17: 102 2: 126 1.7, 1098a26–32: 149 2.1, 1219a38–9: 101, 126 1.8–10: 181 2.1, 1219b32–6: 103 1.9, 1099a11–21: 181 2.2, 1220b12–13: 194 1.13, 1102a5–15: 182 2.3: 106 1.13, 1102a5–6: -
1 the Rhetorical Use of Torture in Attic Forensic Oratory VASILEIOS
The Rhetorical Use of Torture in Attic Forensic Oratory VASILEIOS ADAMIDIS Mailing Address: Flat 2, 43 Burns street, NG7 4DS Nottingham United Kingdom Email address: [email protected] Tel: +44(0)7930520275 1 The Rhetorical Use of Torture in Attic Forensic Oratory ABSTRACT: Come 'regola', la tortura di schiavi innocenti che è stata concordata dai querelantia fini probatori (βάσανος probatori) fu ritenuto dagli oratori lo strumento più efficace per giungere alla verità. Questo paper, con riferimento alla psicologia dell'antica Grecia, spiega perché la menzionata regola fu di cruciale importanza per la retorica. Gli oratori, sulla base della presunta attendibilità dell'istituzione dei βάσανος, furono in grado di sviluppare argomenti basati sulle sfide (πρόκλησις), che possono essere comprese al meglio alla luce della concezione greca, piuttosto che moderna, di razionalità ed azione umana. Di conseguenza, a dispetto dell'incertezza che circonda l'attualità della tortura a fini probatori nell'età degli oratori, l'importanza retorica dei πρόκλησις εἰς βάσανον è innegabile e va esaminata attentamente. KEYWORDS: Basanos (βάσανος), Greek psychology, human motivation, practical reasoning. *** The institution of torture is highly controversial; its morality is extremely dubious and its expediency is, at minimum, questionable. A particular form of torture that seems completely indefensible from a modern perspective is the torture (βάσανος) of innocent slaves for evidentiary purposes in Athenian law. This has been characterised as ‘wanton and purposeless barbarity’1, yet has been explained as a way classical Athenian citizens reinforced their dominant political status and ‘confirm[ed] their own social hierarchy and cohesion’2. The barbarity and putative irrationality of evidentiary βάσανος3, in addition to the lack of evidence proving the actuality of this practice, make its existence, at least in the period of the Attic orators, doubtful4. -
1 Argumentation in the Framework of Deliberation
1 ARGUMENTATION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF DELIBERATION DIALOGUE Douglas Walton, Katie Atkinson, Trevor Bench-Capon, Adam Wyner and Dan Cartwright According to argumentation theory, reasoning takes place in different types of dialogue: persuasion dialogue, negotiation, deliberation, information-seeking dialogue, inquiry, and eristic dialogue. These different dialogue types may be nested within one another. Current research in artificial intelligence is building formal models corresponding to each of these types of dialogue and showing how they can be implemented in, for example, multi-agent communications systems. In this paper, we (1) clarify the distinction between deliberation dialogue and persuasion dialogue, (2) survey some recent research in artificial intelligence studying formal properties of deliberation dialogue, (3) present a model of argumentation in deliberation dialogue that has proved to be useful in electronic democracy, and (4) argue that this model provides an attractive alternative to the dominant cost-benefit model of rational argumentation traditionally accepted in economics and other fields as the basis for evaluating argumentation of the kind used in policy decision making. One of the most important lessons of argumentation theory has been that arguments need to be analyzed and evaluated not only by identifying the logical form of an argument in abstraction from its context of use, but also by paying attention to the purpose for which an argument was supposedly used in a conversational setting. In particular, as we will show in this paper, it is vitally important to distinguish between two different types of conversational frameworks called persuasion dialogue and deliberation dialogue. As we will show, logical fallacies can easily be committed in the most common kinds of everyday reasoning by failing to take this distinction into account. -
The Appeal to Easiness in Aristotle's Protrepticus
THE APPEAL TO EASINESS IN ARISTOTLE’S PROTREPTICUS Matthew D. Walker [Uncorrected draft. To be published in Ancient Philosophy 39 (2019). Please cite only the final published version.] Aristotle’s Protrepticus sought to exhort its audience to engage in philosophy (filosofi&a), i.e., the “acquisition and use of wisdom” (kth~si&v te kai_ xrh~siv sofi&av: 6, 40.2-3/B53; cf. 6, 37.7-9/B8).1 The Protrepticus is now lost. But work by D.S. Hutchinson and Monte Ransome Johnson (2005) has confirmed earlier speculation – initiated by Ingram Bywater (1869) – that Iamblichus preserves large passages of the work in his own Protrepticus. Hutchinson and Johnson 2018 argue that significant portions of the Protrepticus also appear in Iamblichus’ De Communi Mathematica Scientia (DCMS), and that the Protrepticus was originally a dialogue. In passages preserved in Chapter 6 of Iamblichus’ Protrepticus (at 40.15-41.2/B55- 56), Aristotle offers three linked arguments for the claim that philosophy is easy. (I number the arguments in the translation that follows.) [1] For, with no pay coming from people to those who philosophize, on account of which [the latter] would have labored strenuously in this way, and with a great lead extended to the other arts, nevertheless their passing [the other arts] in exactness despite running a short time seems to me to be a sign of the easiness about philosophy. [2] And further, everybody’s feeling at home in it and wishing to occupy leisure with it, leaving aside all else, is no small sign that the close attention comes with pleasure; for no one is willing to labor for a long time. -
A Study of Alterity and Influence in the Literary and Philosophical Neighbourhood of Jean Genet and Emmanuel Levinas
A study of alterity and influence in the literary and philosophical neighbourhood of Jean Genet and Emmanuel Levinas Thomas F. Newman University College London A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2008 UMI Number: U593B63 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U593363 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Declaration I declare that the work presented in this PhD is my own. This thesis is the one on which I wish to be examined. Thomas F. Newman 29 January 2008 2 Thesis Abstract The dissertation is a chiasmic reading of the works of Jean Genet and Emmanuel Levinas, examining the way they each address the relation to the Other in terms of ethics and subjectivity. Whereas a straightforward association between the two writers might seem paradoxical because of the differences in their approaches and rhetoric, a chiasmic reading allows intricate approaches, moments of proximity and departures to be read both conceptually and aesthetically. We show that these two writers share a tightly-woven discursive neighbourhood, and examine that neighbourhood through detailed analysis of various textual encounters. -
Aristotelian Phronãªsis, the Discourse of Human Rights, And
Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College Political Science Faculty Research and Scholarship Political Science 2013 Aristotelian Phronêsis, the Discourse of Human Rights, and Contemporary Global Practice Stephen Salkever Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/polisci_pubs Part of the Political Science Commons Citation Salkever, Stephen, "Aristotelian Phronêsis, the Discourse of Human Rights, and Contemporary Global Practice" (2013). Political Science Faculty Research and Scholarship. Paper 25. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/polisci_pubs/25 This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/polisci_pubs/25 For more information, please contact [email protected]. DRAFT—NOT FOR QUOTATION OR CITATION. Aristotelian Phronêsis , the Discourse of Human Rights, and Contemporary Global Practice Stephen Salkever Bryn Mawr College August, 2013 (A version of this paper was presented at a conference on Practical Wisdom and Globalizing Practice held in November 2012 at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. For questions and comments I thank my fellow conferees and especially the conference organizer, Prof. Xu Changfu of the SYSU Philosophy Department.) In this paper, I will outline some fundamental differences between the evaluative and explanatory language of Aristotelian practical reason based on his empirical psychological -
Kronos 1-2018 Angielski 40 Do Internetu.Indd
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Mortality of the Soul and Immortality of the Active Mind (ΝΟΥΣ ΠΟΊΗΤΊΚÓΣ) in Aristotle. Some hints Ferber, Rafael Abstract: The paper gives (I) a short introduction to Aristotle’s theory of the soul in distinction to Plato’s and tries again (II) to answer the question of whether the individual or the general active mind of human beings is immortal by interpreting “When separated (ì)” (de An. III, 5, 430a22) as the decisive argument for the latter view. This strategy of limiting the question has the advantage of avoiding the probably undecidable question of whether this active is human or divine. The paper closes with an outlook (III) on the Christian belief in the resurrection of body and soul in a spiritual body ( ó) (1 Corinthians: 15, 44) by accentuating the ethical aspect of the belief in individual immortality as a “need of reason” (Vernunftbedürfnis) (Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, A 256–258). Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-169760 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Ferber, Rafael (2018). Mortality of the Soul and Immortality of the Active Mind (ΝΟΥΣ ΠΟΊΗΤΊΚÓΣ) in Aristotle. Some hints. Kronos : philosophical journal, 7:132-140. VOLUME VII / 2018 / ISSN 2392-0963 Wawrzyniec Rymkiewicz, Szukalski – A Transgression in Search of Identity Stanisław Szukalski, Drawings André Laks, Articulating the De Motu Animalium. The Place of the Treatise within the Corpus Aristotelicum Claudia Baracchi, Unheard-of Friendship.