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OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version OpenBSD文档与常见问题 1 - OpenBSD介绍 ● 1.1 - 什么是OpenBSD? ● 1.2 - OpenBSD支持哪些平台? ● 1.3 - OpenBSD真的免费吗? ● 1.4 - 为什么我要使用OpenBSD? ● 1.5 - 我如何支持OpenBSD? ● 1.6 - 谁维护OpenBSD? ● 1.7 - 什么时候发布OpenBSD的新版本? ● 1.8 - OpenBSD都包含什么? ● 1.9 - OpenBSD4.5有什么新特征? ● 1.10 - 我能将OpenBSD用做桌面系统吗? ● 1.11 - 为什么(或不)包含作品X? 2 - OpenBSD其它信息 ● 2.1 - 网页 ● 2.2 - 邮件列表 ● 2.3 - 用户手册 ● 2.4 - 报告问题 3 - 开始OpenBSD之旅 ● 3.1 - 购买OpenBSD CD ● 3.2 - 购买OpenBSD T恤 ● 3.3 - OpenBSD有ISO文件下载吗? ● 3.4 - 通过FTP,HTTP或AFS下载 ● 3.5 - 选择硬件 ● 3.6 - OpenBSD第一次安装在什么"系统"上合适? 4 - OpenBSD 4.5 安装指南 http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 1／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version ● 4.1 - OpenBSD安装过程概要 ● 4.2 - 安装前的检查清单 ● 4.3 - 制作OpenBSD安装介质 ● 4.4 - 启动OpenBSD安装介质 ● 4.5 - 进行安装 ● 4.6 - 需要安装哪些文件? ● 4.7 - 安装OpenBSD需要多大空间? ● 4.8 - OpenBSD多启动 ● 4.9 - 完成安装后发送dmesg ● 4.10 - 安装后增加系统组件 ● 4.11 - "bsd.rd"是什么? ● 4.12 - 常见安装问题 ● 4.13 - 定制安装过程 ● 4.14 - 怎样安装多个相似系统的工作? ● 4.15 - 如何获得dmesg(8)来报告安装问题? 5 - 从源代码构建系统 ● 5.1 - OpenBSD的版本类型 ● 5.2 - 为什么我需要从源代码构建系统? ● 5.3 - 从源代码构建OpenBSD ● 5.4 - 构建一个发行版 ● 5.5 - 构建X ● 5.6 - 为什么需要定制内核? ● 5.7 - 构建一个定制内核 ● 5.8 - 启动配置 ● 5.9 - 使用config(8)修改您的内核 ● 5.10 - 在启动期间获得更详细的输出 ● 5.11 - 编译和构建的常见问题 6 - 网络 ● 6.1 - 继续之前 ● 6.2 - 初始化网络 ● 6.3 - 如何使用OpenBSD的包过滤和防火墙? ● 6.4 - 动态主机配置协议(DHCP) ● 6.5 - 点对点协议(PPP) ● 6.6 - 调整网络参数 http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 2／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version ● 6.7 - 使用NFS ● 6.9 - 用OpenBSD建立网桥 ● 6.10 - 我如何使用PXE启动? ● 6.11 - 通用地址冗余协议(CARP) ● 6.12 - 使用OpenNTPD ● 6.13 - 我可以选择哪些无线设备? ● 6.14 - 如何配置等价多路径路由? 7 - 键盘与显示控制 ● 7.1 - 如何重新映射键盘(wscons) ● 7.2 - 在 OpenBSD 的控制台中支持鼠标吗? ● 7.3 - 如何在用户退出后清空控制台? ● 7.4 - 访问控制台屏幕缓存(amd64,i386,某些Alpha) ● 7.5 - 如何切换控制台(amd64,i386,Zaurus,某些Alpha)? ● 7.6 - 如何使用80x50的控制台(amd64,i386,某些Alpha)? ● 7.7 - 如何使用串行控制台? ● 7.8 - 如何让控制台黑屏(wscons)? ● 7.9 - 我在登录时输入的全部字符都是大写! 8 - 常见问题 ● 8.1 - 我忘记了root密码.....怎么办?! ● 8.2 - 不能启动X,出现了许多错误信息 ● 8.3 - 我能在OpenBSD中使用语言"L"吗? ● 8.8 - 如果在启动的时候没有接上软驱,我能使用软盘吗? ● 8.9 - OpenBSD的启动引导器(仅i386和amd64) ● 8.10 - 在OpenBSD中使用S/Key ● 8.12 - OpenBSD支持SMP吗? ● 8.13 - 当我使用tty设备时出现了I/O错误 ● 8.14 - 在OpenBSD中可以使用哪些浏览器? ● 8.15 - 如何使用mg编辑器? ● 8.16 - Ksh不使用我的.profile! ● 8.17 - 为什么我修改后的文件/etc/motd被重写了? ● 8.20 - X中的抗锯齿技术与TrueType字体 ● 8.21 - OpenBSD 支持日志文件系统吗? ● 8.22 - 反向DNS查询,或者为什么我登录需要如此长的时间? ● 8.23 - 为什么OpenBSD的网页不遵守HTML4/XHTML标准? http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 3／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version ● 8.24 - 为什么我的时钟偏离了二十几秒? ● 8.25 - 为什么我的时钟偏离了几个小时? 9 - 转到 OpenBSD ● 9.1 - 对其它类Unix操作系统用户的提示 ● 9.2 - 双启动Linux和OpenBSD ● 9.3 - 将您的Linux(或者其它第六版样式)密码文件转换成BSD格式 ● 9.4 - 在OpenBSD中运行Linux程序包 ● 9.5 - 在OpenBSD中访问Linux文件 10 - 系统管理 ● 10.1 - 为什么我想su到root时说我在错误的组中 ● 10.2 - 如何复制文件系统? ● 10.3 - 我怎样让程序随系统启动?(概述rc(8)) ● 10.4 - 为什么OpenBSD拒绝远程用户的转发请求? ● 10.5 - 我已经设置了POP服务器,但我访问POP时怎么会有错误信息? ● 10.6 - 为什么Sendmail忽略/etc/hosts? ● 10.7 - 使用SSL(8)配置安全的HTTP服务器 ● 10.8 - 我使用vi(1)修改了/etc/passwd,为什么不起作用? ● 10.9 - 如何增加或者删除用户? ● 10.10 - 如何创建只能访问ftp的账号? ● 10.11 - 配置用户的磁盘限额 ● 10.12 - 配置 KerberosV 客户端和服务器 ● 10.13 - 配置匿名FTP服务器 ● 10.14 - 在ftpd(8)中限制用户只能访问自己的文件。 ● 10.15 - 在OpenBSD中安装补丁。 ● 10.16 - 告诉我chroot(2)的Apachee? ● 10.17 - 我可以更改root的shell吗? ● 10.18 - 我用 ksh还能做什么? ● 10.19 - 目录服务,YP 11 - X Window 系统 ● 11.1 - 介绍X ● 11.2 - 配置X ● 11.3 - 在amd64和i386上配置X http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 4／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version ● 11.4 - 启动X ● 11.5 - 定制 X 12 - 硬件和特定平台问题 ● 12.1 - 常规硬件说明 ● 12.2 - DEC Alpha ● 12.3 - AMD 64 ● 12.4 - ARM-based appliances ● 12.5 - HP 9000 series 300,400 ● 12.6 - HP Precision Architecture (PA-RISC) ● 12.7 - i386 ● 12.8 - Landisk ● 12.9 - Luna88k ● 12.10 - Mac68k ● 12.11 - MacPPC ● 12.12 - MVME68k ● 12.13 - MVME88k ● 12.14 - SGI ● 12.15 - SPARC ● 12.16 - UltraSPARC ● 12.17 - DEC VAX ● 12.18 - Sharp Zaurus 13 - 多媒体 ● 13.1 - 我怎样配置音频设备? ● 13.2 - 播放不同格式的音频文件 ● 13.3 - 我在OpenBSD上怎样播放CD? ● 13.4 - 我能用OpenBSD录音吗? ● 13.5 - 音频设备有问题,我该怎么办? ● 13.6 - 我如何使用MIDI工具? ● 13.7 - 请告诉我什么是Ogg Vorbis和MP3编码? ● 13.8 - 如何在OpenBSD中播放DVD视频? ● 13.9 - 如何刻录CD和DVD? ● 13.10 - 但我想使用格式FOO的媒体文件 ● 13.11 - 我能在OpenBSD中播放播放流媒体吗? ● 13.12 - 我的浏览器可以使用Java插件吗?(仅i386/amd64) http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 5／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version ● 13.13 - 我的浏览器可以使用Flash插件吗?(仅i386) 14 - 配置磁盘 ● 14.1 - 使用OpenBSD的disklabel(8) ● 14.2 - 使用OpenBSD的fdisk(8) ● 14.3 - 在OpenBSD中增加磁盘 ● 14.4 - 如何使用交换文件 ● 14.5 - Soft Updates ● 14.6 - OpenBSD/i386如何启动? ● 14.7 - 在OpenBSD中使用大磁盘有哪些问题? ● 14.8 - 安装引导块-i386/amd64特定 ● 14.9 - 准备应对灾难:用磁带备份和恢复 ● 14.10 - 在OpenBSD中挂接磁盘镜像文件 ● 14.11 - 帮帮忙! 我遇到了IDE DMA错误! ● 14.13 - OpenBSD的RAID ● 14.14 - 为什么df(1)告诉我磁盘使用率超过100%? ● 14.15 - 在删除disklabel之后恢复分区 ● 14.16 - 我能访问非FFS文件系统中的数据吗? ● 14.17 - 我能在OpenBSD中使用闪存吗? ● 14.18 - 优化磁盘性能 ● 14.19 - 为什么不用异步挂载? 15 - OpenBSD的packages和ports系统 ● 15.1 - 介绍 ● 15.2 - 管理Package ● 15.3 - 设置ports ● 15.4 - FAQ ● 15.5 - 报告问题 ● 15.6 - 帮助我们 PF 用户指南 ● 基本配置 ❍ 开始 ❍ 列表和宏 ❍ 表 http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 6／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version ❍ 包过滤 ❍ 网络地址转换 ❍ 端口重定向(Port Forwarding) ❍ 创建规则的捷径 ● 高级配置 ❍ 运行时选项 ❍ 净化(包的标准化) ❍ 锚 ❍ 数据包的列队与优先 ❍ 地址池与负载均衡 ❍ 包标记(过滤策略) ● 附属议题 ❍ 记录日志 ❍ 性能 ❍ FTP问题 ❍ Authpf:认证网关的User Shell ❍ 使用CARP和pfsync构建冗余防火墙 ● 规则实例 ❍ 为家庭或小型办公环境搭建防火墙 常见问题 ● 常见安装问题 ● 我怎样升级系统? ● 包过滤 ● 我应该使用Port还是Package? ● 如何配置多启动系统? ● 无线网络 最新更新 ● 安装时没有软驱和光驱 -- 新 ● 怎样处理交换? -- 修订 ● 选择硬件 -- 修订 ● OpenBSD第一次安装在什么"系统"上合适? -- 新 http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 7／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ非官方中文版 OpenBSD FAQ Chinese Version ● 定制 X - 新 ● 使用闪存作为引导设备 - 新 ● 升级指南 - 新 4.5 The FAQ maintainers are Nick Holland and Steven Mestdagh. Additional contributors to the FAQ include Joel Knight, Eric Jackson, Wim Vandeputte and Chris Cappuccio. For information about and assisting in the translation of this FAQ and the rest of the OpenBSD website, see the translation page. Questions and comments regarding the FAQ may be directed to [email protected]. General questions about OpenBSD should be directed to the appropriate mail list. OpenBSD FAQ Copyright © 1998-2009 OpenBSD $OpenBSD:index.html,v 1.301 2009/02/05 21:20:55 sthen Exp $ "If you don't find it in the index, look very carefully through the entire catalogue." Sears, Roebuck, and Co., Consumer's Guide, 1897 http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/index.html（第 8／8 页）2009-5-3 23:00:44 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ中文版 第一章 - OpenBSD介绍 [索引] [第二章 - 其它 OpenBSD信息] 1 - OpenBSD介绍 目录 ● 1.1 - 什么是OpenBSD? ● 1.2 - OpenBSD支持哪些平台? ● 1.3 - OpenBSD真的免费吗? ● 1.4 - 为什么我要使用OpenBSD? ● 1.5 - 我如何支持OpenBSD? ● 1.6 - 谁维护OpenBSD? ● 1.7 - 什么时候发布OpenBSD的新版本? ● 1.8 - OpenBSD都包含什么? ● 1.9 - OpenBSD4.5有什么新特征? ● 1.10 - 我能用OpenBSD做桌面系统吗? ● 1.11 - 为什么(或不)包含作品X? 1.1 - 什么是 OpenBSD? OpenBSD项目提供了一个免费, 多平台, 基于4.4BSD的类Unix操作系统。我们的目标注重于正确, 安 全, 标准和可移植。OpenBSD支持包括SVR4(Solaris), FreeBSD, Linux, BSDI, SunOS和HPUX等大部分 二进制的模拟。 本FAQ只针对OpenBSD的最新版本4.5进行讨论。 1.2 - OpenBSD支持哪些平台? OpenBSD 4.5 可以运行在这些平台上: http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/faq1.html（第 1／7 页）2009-5-3 23:00:52 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ中文版 第一章 - OpenBSD介绍 ● alpha - 仅FTP ● amd64 - 提供CD ● armish - 仅FTP ● hp300 - 仅FTP ● hppa - 仅FTP ● i386 - 提供CD ● landisk - 仅FTP ● mac68k - 仅FTP ● macppc - 提供CD ● mvme68k - 仅FTP ● mvme88k - 仅FTP ● sgi - 仅FTP ● socppc - 仅FTP ● sparc - 仅FTP ● sparc64 - 提供CD ● vax - 仅FTP ● zaurus - 仅FTP 这里提供CD是指该平台提供了官方的CD套件包含一系列软件包。包含基本系统的其它平台CD 镜像文件也可以下载到。 更多可运行OpenBSD的平台信息在这里可以查询到。 人们经常问道为什么我们支持如此众多的"古怪"平台, 简短的回答是:"因为我们想"。如果那些充分 掌握电脑技术的人(某种程度上讲这里的"充分"是指真正"充分"掌握电脑技术的人!)希望在某种平 台上运行和维护OpenBSD, 那么我们会支持这种做法, 因为保持OpenBSD可以在多平台上运行实际 上是很有好处的:当OpenBSD在一个新的平台运行时可以帮助我们检验程序的代码缺陷和可移植性 是否可靠, OpenBSD可以在32位或64位处理器及大型机或微型机上运行, 这些平台囊括了很多不同 的设计体系, 所以OpenBSD支持这些"古怪"平台对我们提高代码质量以便更好的支持"大众"平台是 很有帮助的。 1.3 - OpenBSD真的免费吗? OpenBSD是完全意义上的免费, 二进制代码是免费的, 原代码是免费的, 所有的OpenBSD的相关项 目是完全免费的, 您可以完全免费得在OpenBSD上开发您自己的有偿产品, 包括免费使用OpenBSD 的源程序, 无论您是商业目的或者是个人的用途。OpenBSD的软件使用许可不像老的BSD版本包含 任何隐含的许可限制, 它是完全意义上的免费, OpenBSD的正式发行版里不包含有任何使用限制的 软件, 您是OpenBSD的最终用户, 您可以任意使用, 改编, 二次开发, 并可免费地将开发应用于您的商 业产品。 http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/faq1.html（第 2／7 页）2009-5-3 23:00:52 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ中文版 第一章 - OpenBSD介绍 人们有时候会问:我们会不会对将我们的免费的程序代码放进商业产品中感觉很烦恼, 答案是, 我们 更愿意我们的高质量代码被广泛采用, 而不是让用户采用糟糕代码的商业软件来解决那些已经被 解决的问题。例如, 就像SSH协议, 如果OpenSSH代码附加了某些限制, SSH协议就不会被人们如此 广泛地采用。 当然这并不意味着我们反对大家提供的经济或硬件方面的援助, 事实上, 那些在自己的产品上采用 OpenBSD代码的商业公司即使提供任何形式的一点点援助也会令我们不胜感激。 更多公共许可方面的信息, 请参阅:OpenBSD Copyright Policy. OpenBSD项目耗费了维护人员自己大量的资金才得以维持。这里面包括编写程序花费的时间, 方 方面面所需的设备, 用户下载OpenBSD所需的网络资源, 以及回答用户问题及处理错误报告所需的 时间等。OpenBSD的开发者并非无忧无虑的有钱人, 如果您能贡献一点点时间, 设备, 资金, 就可能 给OpenBSD带来极大的改观。 1.4 - 为什么我要使用OpenBSD? 通常新用户想知道OpenBSD是否会优于其它的类Unix操作系统, 这个问题在很大程度上是无法回 答的, 并且是一个永无休止的辩论话题。不要, 在任何情况下, 在邮件列表中问这个问题。 下面是为什么我们认为OpenBSD是一个有用的操作系统的一些理由。OpenBSD是否适合您, 只有 您自己能回答自己! ● OpenBSD能运行在许多不同的硬件平台上。 ● 通过从未间断地、广泛地对OpenBSD全部源代码的安全审查, 很多安全专家认为OpenBSD 是最安全的类UNIX操作系统。 ● OpenBSD是免费提供源代码的全功能的类Unix操作系统。 ● OpenBSD整合了最尖端的安全技术, 适用于防火墙和分布式环境下的私有网络服务。 ● 来自不同领域的新技术推动OpenBSD持续发展, 为全球社区上的程序员和最终用户提供了 采用最新的技术进行开发的机会。 ● OpenBSD力求最小化系统定制和调整的工作量, 对绝大多数用户来说OpenBSD可以直接运 行在他们的计算机上提供服务。用户极少真正需要调整和定制, 我们尽力劝阻用户自行优 化和调整系统。 1.5 - 我如何支持OpenBSD? 我们非常感谢那些对OpenBSD项目赞助的个人或组织。他们的公示名单在捐赠页面。 OpenBSD需要来自用户社区的长期的不同类型的支持。如果您认为OpenBSD很好, 我们强烈鼓励 您通过某种方式为OpenBSD做贡献。假如下列建议没有适合您的, 您可以发送邮件到 http://www.9971.us/OpenBSD4.5/c/faq1.html（第 3／7 页）2009-5-3 23:00:52 OpenBSD 4.5 FAQ中文版 第一章 - OpenBSD介绍 [email protected] 。 ● 购买OpenBSD CD。 CD包含了当前发行版的所有内容, 而且可以在许多平台上启动。CD可 以为OpenBSD项目创收, 并且通过邮寄方式可以缓解网络下载方式给OpenBSD服务器带来 的带宽占用, 这个并不昂贵的3-CD套装包含了所有的OpenBSD源码, 提醒一下, 也许您的朋 友们会到您这里来拷贝一份的! ● 捐款。 OpenBSD项目需要长期的捐款以维持设备, 网络带宽和CD出版发行的大量费用, 出 版CD是需要OpenBSD开发者团队前期投入并且现款一次性支付的, 这些前期费用并不能担 保一定可以盈利甚至回本。请给[email protected]发邮件商量怎样捐款,
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    ∗BSD { Alternativen zu Linux Karl Lockhoff March 19, 2015 Inhaltsverzeichnis I Woher kommt BSD? I Was ist BSD? I Was ist sind die Unterschiede zwischen FreeBSD, NetBSD und OpenBSD? I Warum soll ich *BSD statt Linux einsetzen? I Chuck Haley und Bill Joy entwickeln den vi in Berkeley I Bill Joy erstellt eine Sammlung von Tools, 1BSD I Unix Version 7 erscheint I 2BSD erscheint (Basis f¨urdie Weiterentwicklung PDP-11) I 3BSD erscheint (erstmalig mit einen eigenen Kernel) I 4BSD erscheint (enth¨altdas fast file system (ffs)) I Bill Joy wechselt zu Sun Microsystems I Kirk McKusick ¨ubernimmt die Entwicklung von BSD I 1978 I 1979 I 1980 I 1981 Woher kommt BSD? I 1976 I Unix Version 6 erscheint I 2BSD erscheint (Basis f¨urdie Weiterentwicklung PDP-11) I 3BSD erscheint (erstmalig mit einen eigenen Kernel) I 4BSD erscheint (enth¨altdas fast file system (ffs)) I Bill Joy wechselt zu Sun Microsystems I Kirk McKusick ¨ubernimmt die Entwicklung von BSD I Bill Joy erstellt eine Sammlung von Tools, 1BSD I Unix Version 7 erscheint I 1979 I 1980 I 1981 Woher kommt BSD? I 1976 I Unix Version 6 erscheint I 1978 I Chuck Haley und Bill Joy entwickeln den vi in Berkeley I 2BSD erscheint (Basis f¨urdie Weiterentwicklung PDP-11) I 3BSD erscheint (erstmalig mit einen eigenen Kernel) I 4BSD erscheint (enth¨altdas fast file system (ffs)) I Bill Joy wechselt zu Sun Microsystems I Kirk McKusick ¨ubernimmt die Entwicklung von BSD I Unix Version 7 erscheint I 1979 I 1980 I 1981 Woher kommt BSD? I 1976 I Unix Version 6 erscheint I 1978 I Chuck Haley und Bill Joy entwickeln den
  • Hitchhiker's Guide to Openbsd

    Hitchhiker's Guide to Openbsd

    Hitchhiker's Guide to OpenBSD Language: en [teams] cs fr nl Hitchhiker's Guide to OpenBSD Other Documents Commonly Encountered Issues Recent updates Upgrade Guide Following -current Following -stable This wholly remarkable guide is supplemental documentation to the even Porter's Handbook more froopy man pages, available both in the installed system and online. Port Testing Guide The Guide covers the active release of OpenBSD, currently v4.9. There are Using AnonCVS likely features and changes to features in the development version (- Using CVSup current) of OpenBSD that are not covered in the Guide. Manual pages Bug Reporting The Guide (cleverly disguised as a FAQ) in PDF and plain text form is Mailing lists available in the pub/OpenBSD/doc directory from many FTP mirrors, PF User's Guide along with archival versions. OpenSSH FAQ So, grab your towel and remember: PDF files OpenBSD FAQ Don't panic! PF User's Guide (We've done our part to keep OpenBSD from doing so!) Text files OpenBSD FAQ PF User's Guide Back to OpenBSD 1 - Introduction to OpenBSD ● 1.1 - What is OpenBSD? ● 1.2 - On what systems does OpenBSD run? ● 1.3 - Why might I want to use OpenBSD? ● 1.4 - Is OpenBSD really free? ● 1.5 - How can I help support OpenBSD? ● 1.6 - Who maintains OpenBSD? ● 1.7 - When is the next release of OpenBSD? ● 1.8 - What is included with OpenBSD? http://www.openbsd.org/faq/index.html (1 of 9)9/4/2011 10:01:39 AM Hitchhiker's Guide to OpenBSD ● 1.9 - What is new in OpenBSD 4.9? ● 1.10 - Can I use OpenBSD as a desktop system? ● 1.11 - Why is/isn't
  • An Introduction to the X Window System Introduction to X's Anatomy

    An Introduction to the X Window System Introduction to X's Anatomy

    An Introduction to the X Window System Robert Lupton This is a limited and partisan introduction to ‘The X Window System’, which is widely but improperly known as X-windows, specifically to version 11 (‘X11’). The intention of the X-project has been to provide ‘tools not rules’, which allows their basic system to appear in a very large number of confusing guises. This document assumes that you are using the configuration that I set up at Peyton Hall † There are helpful manual entries under X and Xserver, as well as for individual utilities such as xterm. You may need to add /usr/princeton/X11/man to your MANPATH to read the X manpages. This is the first draft of this document, so I’d be very grateful for any comments or criticisms. Introduction to X’s Anatomy X consists of three parts: The server The part that knows about the hardware and how to draw lines and write characters. The Clients Such things as terminal emulators, dvi previewers, and clocks and The Window Manager A programme which handles negotiations between the different clients as they fight for screen space, colours, and sunlight. Another fundamental X-concept is that of resources, which is how X describes any- thing that a client might want to specify; common examples would be fonts, colours (both foreground and background), and position on the screen. Keys X can, and usually does, use a number of special keys. You are familiar with the way that <shift>a and <ctrl>a are different from a; in X this sensitivity extends to things like mouse buttons that you might not normally think of as case-sensitive.
  • BSD UNIX Toolbox 1000+ Commands for Freebsd, Openbsd

    BSD UNIX Toolbox 1000+ Commands for Freebsd, Openbsd

    76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page i BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iv BSD UNIX® Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD® Power Users Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-37603-4 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permis- sion should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
  • Mandoc: Becoming the Main BSD Manual Toolbox

    Mandoc: Becoming the Main BSD Manual Toolbox

    mandoc: becoming the main BSD manual toolbox BSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa Ingo Schwarze <[email protected]> Cynthia Livingston’sOTTB “Bedifferent” (c) 2013 C. Livingston (with permission) > Ingo Schwarze: mandoc page 2: INTROI BSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa Brief history of UNIX documentation • The key point: All documentation in one place and one format. Easy to find, uniform and easy to read and write. Be correct, complete, concise. • 1964: RUNOFF/roffmarkup syntax by Jerome H. Saltzer,MIT. Unobtrusive,diff(1)-friendly,easy to hand-edit, simple tools, high quality output. • 1971: Basic manual structure by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for the AT&T Version 1 UNIX manuals, Bell Labs. • 1979: man(7) physical markup language for AT&T Version 7 UNIX. • 1989: mdoc(7) semantic markup by Cynthia Livingston for 4.3BSD-Reno. Powerful, self-contained, portable. • 1989: GNU troffbyJames Clarke. • 2001: mdoc(7) rewrite by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilovfor groff-1.17. • 2008: mandoc(1) started by Kristaps Dzonsons. • 2010: mandoc(1) is the only documentation formatter in the OpenBSD base system. • 2014: mandoc(1) used by default in OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, illumos. 16:19:30 What is the mandoc toolbox? → < > Ingo Schwarze: mandoc page 3: INTROIIBSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa What is the mandoc toolbox? User perspective:man(1), the manual viewer One comprehensive tool! Normal operation always proceeds in three steps: 1. Find one or more manuals in the file system or using a database by manual name — man(1) — or by search query — apropos(1) =man -k The result of this step can be printed out with man -w.
  • OPENBSD HARDWARE SENSORS FRAMEWORK a Unified and Ready-To-Use System for Hassle-�Ee Hardware Monitoring

    OPENBSD HARDWARE SENSORS FRAMEWORK a Unified and Ready-To-Use System for Hassle-Ee Hardware Monitoring

    OPENBSD HARDWARE SENSORS FRAMEWORK A unified and ready-to-use system for hassle-ee hardware monitoring. Constantine A. Murenin and Raouf Boutaba University of Waterloo AsiaBSDCon 2009 — 12–15 March 2009 — Tokyo, Japan Abstract In this paper, we will discuss the origin, history, design guidelines, API and the device drivers of the hardware sensors framework available in OpenBSD. The framework spans multiple utilities in the base system and the ports tree, is utilised by over 70 drivers, and is considered to be a distinctive and ready-to-use feature that sets OpenBSD apart from many other operating systems, and in its root is inseparable from the OpenBSD experience. 1. Introduction Another trend that has been particularly common in the recent years is the availability of defined inter- We will start by investigating into the matter of what faces for software-based temperature readout from hardware monitoring sensors represent, how common individual components of personal computers, such as is it for them to appear in the general-purpose com- the CPU, or the add-on cards, such as those imple- puter hardware that has been available on the market menting the 802.11 wireless functionality or 10 Giga- in the last decade or so, and what benefits can we gain bit Ethernet. Popular examples include recent Intel by having a unified, simple and straightforward inter- Xeon and Core series of processors (as well as budget face for getting the data out of these sensors. models that are marketed under different brands) Although it may come as a surprise to some users, the [admtemp.4] [cpu.4]; all AMD64 processors from majority of personal computers that have been avail- AMD (Families 0Fh, 10h, 11h) [kate.4] [km.4]; Intel able on the market in the last decade have an inte- WiFi Link 4965/5100/5300 wireless network devices grated hardware monitoring circuitry whose main [iwn.4].
  • Development Version from Github

    Development Version from Github

    Qtile Documentation Release 0.13.0 Aldo Cortesi Dec 24, 2018 Contents 1 Getting started 1 1.1 Installing Qtile..............................................1 1.2 Configuration...............................................4 2 Commands and scripting 21 2.1 Commands API............................................. 21 2.2 Scripting................................................. 24 2.3 qshell................................................... 24 2.4 iqshell.................................................. 26 2.5 qtile-top.................................................. 27 2.6 qtile-run................................................. 27 2.7 qtile-cmd................................................. 27 2.8 dqtile-cmd................................................ 30 3 Getting involved 33 3.1 Contributing............................................... 33 3.2 Hacking on Qtile............................................. 35 4 Miscellaneous 39 4.1 Reference................................................. 39 4.2 Frequently Asked Questions....................................... 98 4.3 License.................................................. 99 i ii CHAPTER 1 Getting started 1.1 Installing Qtile 1.1.1 Distro Guides Below are the preferred installation methods for specific distros. If you are running something else, please see In- stalling From Source. Installing on Arch Linux Stable versions of Qtile are currently packaged for Arch Linux. To install this package, run: pacman -S qtile Please see the ArchWiki for more information on Qtile. Installing
  • Openbsd 6.4 / Openbgpd 6.4

    Openbsd 6.4 / Openbgpd 6.4

    OpenBSD 6.4 / OpenBGPD 6.4 Peter Hessler [email protected] OpenBSD 18 October, 2018 openbsd 23 year anniversary on October 18th 6.4 released today 6.4 major improvements to our arm64 and armv7 platforms many improvements and drivers for modern amd64 based laptops many improvements for guest OSes in our virtualization hypervisor defenses against ROP attacks and misbehaving applications we are upstream for openssh tmux libressl mandoc opensmtpd network wifi join lacp administrative knobs microtik EoIP further work in an SMP-safe network stack more unlocked syscalls (sendmsg, sendto, recvfrom, and recvmsg) networks(5) support has been removed network daemons ospf6d routing domains (VRFs) slaacd fully pledged slaacd better behaved on networks (DAD, network roaming, etc) rad replaces rtadvd OpenBGPD and the RIPE Community Projects Fund money was raised Thank you to RIPE Community Projects Fund DE-CIX, Netnod, AMS-IX, BCIX, LONAP, Asteroid, Namex, University of Oslo apologies if I missed anyone OpenBGPD and the RIPE Community Projects Fund money was spent Claudio Jeker is now working full time on OpenBGPD 1 year of funding is secured 5 months of effort so far OpenBGPD 6.4 RFC8212 compliance (default deny policy) remove announce self, move to filter rules instead RPKI ROA support (static table, no RTR support) sets for prefixes, ASNum, and origins (prefix + source-as) ... replaces many filter rules with a single fast lookup background soft-reconfig on config reload ... on reload, withdraws and updates are still processed 154 commits since 6.3 OpenBGPD 6.4 YYCIX is using this in production already 46 members 6.3 370,000 filter rules 6.4 less than 6,000 filter rules OpenBGPD 6.5 - the future better community filtering ..
  • Openbsd: Firewall Ridondanti Con CARP E Pfsync Chris Gamboni CISSP Hb9fbl@Gmail.Com Tilug.Ch, Bellinzona, 9 Aprile 2005 Cos'è Openbsd ?

    Openbsd: Firewall Ridondanti Con CARP E Pfsync Chris Gamboni CISSP [email protected] Tilug.Ch, Bellinzona, 9 Aprile 2005 Cos'è Openbsd ?

    OpenBSD: Firewall ridondanti con CARP e pfsync Chris Gamboni CISSP [email protected] TiLug.ch, Bellinzona, 9 aprile 2005 Cos'è OpenBSD ? ● OpenBSD: – Nasce da un fork di netbsd nel 1995 – Secure by default (1 remote exploit in 8 anni) – Progetto basato in Canada, nessuna restrizione sull’esportazione di crittografia – Una release ogni 6 mesi (3.7 al 1.6.2005) – Si finanzia con la vendita di CD e di gadgets – Progetti collegati: OpenSSH, OpenNTPd, OpenBGPd, OpenOSPFd, etc… Alta disponibilità: CARP e pfsync ● Il firewall è un single point of failure – Quando il firewall è fermo nessuno accede ad internet, gli e-mail sono bloccati, ecc… – Non si può fermare il firewall per aggiornarlo ● OpenBSD, dalla versione 3.5, offre CARP e pfsync che permettono di avere firewalls in parallelo. Quando un firewall si ferma, il firewall di backup ne assume l’identità in modo trasparente. CARP (1) ● Common Address Redundancy Protocol: è il protocollo che si occupa di gestire il failover a livello 2 ed a livello 3. ● Ogni gruppo CARP possiede: – Un indirizzo MAC virtuale – Un indirizzo IP virtuale – Una password CARP (2) ● Ogni interfaccia CARP può avere 3 stati: MASTER, BACKUP e INIT (ifconfig) ● Il master manda messaggi Multicast (224.0.0.18) usando il protocollo IP 112 ● La frequenza di invio dei messaggi è configurabile (default = 1 sec) ● Chi invia messaggi più frequentemente diventa master CARP (3) ● CARP funziona sia con IPv4 sia con IPv6 ● CARP ha anche una funzione arp-balance che può servire per load-balancing, ma solo nella rete locale. ● CARP spedisce messaggi cifrati con SHA-1 HMAC ● CARP, a differenza di HSRP e VRRP, è esente da licenze e brevetti.
  • Mandoc

    Mandoc

    mandoc from scratch to the standard BSD documentation toolkit in 6 years EuroBSDCon, Stockholm, October 4, 2015 Ingo Schwarze <[email protected]> using some material from: Training a foal to replace Enhancing the modern Let’smake mandoc: becoming avenerable workhorse: toolbox for the classic manuals the main BSD mandoc in OpenBSD documentation formats: more useful! manual toolbox BSDCan 2011 newtrends in mandoc EuroBSD- BSDCan 2015 BSDCan 2014 Con 2014 Csikó — Foal © 2010 Keajuvenile © 2007 Sofi ©2014 “Bedifferent” © 2013 Adam Tomkó @flickr (CC) Brent Barrett @flickr (CC) Alica Dimitrova Cynthia Livingston > Ingo Schwarze: 6 years of mandoc page 2: INTROI Stockholm, October 4, 2015 Contents 1. Intro: Documentation — whyand how(EuroBSDCon/BSDCan 2014) 2. Using mandoc: Searching — unified interface — web display (BSDCan 2014/15) News: equations — unicode (BSDCan 2015) Maintaining documentation: warnings — help — portable software (all) 3. The groff → mandoc replacement project (BSDCan 2011) 4. Software isn’tperfect. Bugs, security issues, performance (BSDCan 2015/14) 5. Conclusion —status — future — thanks (BSDCan 2015) http://mdocml.bsd.lv/press.html has all the slides of these talks Black Lakenear King Mountain, Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada © 2012 Lezumbalaberenjena@flickr (CC) 14:04:30 NYC*BUG 2015 Whydocument software? → < > Ingo Schwarze: 6 years of mandoc page 3: INTROIIStockholm, October 4, 2015 Let’smakemanuals more useful! Requirements for good documentation • correct • complete • concise • easy to find and access, all in one local place • not just plain text: function of words must be marked up for display and search Rotonda Sveti Georgi, Sofi ©2006 Preslav @wikimedia (PD) • easy to read: in particular,uniform display markup and style • easy to write: in particular,one simple, standard input language The formatted documentation must seem simple to end users.
  • Free, Functional, and Secure

    Free, Functional, and Secure

    Free, Functional, and Secure Dante Catalfamo What is OpenBSD? Not Linux? ● Unix-like ● Similar layout ● Similar tools ● POSIX ● NOT the same History ● Originated at AT&T, who were unable to compete in the industry (1970s) ● Given to Universities for educational purposes ● Universities improved the code under the BSD license The License The license: ● Retain the copyright notice ● No warranty ● Don’t use the author's name to promote the product History Cont’d ● After 15 years, the partnership ended ● Almost the entire OS had been rewritten ● The university released the (now mostly BSD licensed) code for free History Cont’d ● AT&T launching Unix System Labories (USL) ● Sued UC Berkeley ● Berkeley fought back, claiming the code didn’t belong to AT&T ● 2 year lawsuit ● AT&T lost, and was found guilty of violating the BSD license History Cont’d ● BSD4.4-Lite released ● The only operating system ever released incomplete ● This became the base of FreeBSD and NetBSD, and eventually OpenBSD and MacOS History Cont’d ● Theo DeRaadt ○ Originally a NetBSD developer ○ Forked NetBSD into OpenBSD after disagreement the direction of the project *fork* Innovations W^X ● Pioneered by the OpenBSD project in 3.3 in 2002, strictly enforced in 6.0 ● Memory can either be write or execute, but but both (XOR) ● Similar to PaX Linux kernel extension (developed later) AnonCVS ● First project with a public source tree featuring version control (1995) ● Now an extremely popular model of software development anonymous anonymous anonymous anonymous anonymous IPSec ● First free operating system to implement an IPSec VPN stack Privilege Separation ● First implemented in 3.2 ● Split a program into processes performing different sub-functions ● Now used in almost all privileged programs in OpenBSD like httpd, bgpd, dhcpd, syslog, sndio, etc.
  • Current Status of Openbsd / Openbgpd

    Current Status of Openbsd / Openbgpd

    Current Status of OpenBSD / OpenBGPd Peter Hessler [email protected] OpenBSD 27 October, 2015 openbsd 20 year anniversary on October 18th 5.8 released on that date, last week the berlin u2k15 hackathon is happening right now everything mentioned is committed in either in 5.8 or in -current openbsd projects openssh pf opensmtpd mandoc libressl ... and many others openbsd outside of openbsd pretty much everyone uses openssh pf is in all apple devices, the *bsds, a windows port, and even solaris! a rather large part of the android libc is from openbsd and a huge amount of people are switching to libressl software defined operations devops ... it’s a unix system, i know this ... atomic config reloads ... automated deployments (ansible, salt, chef, puppet, etc) sdn compatible ... networking on a full unix-like environment ... triggers on network states ... carp / ifstated / relayd router / perl openntpd ntp time keeping ... simple and (reasonably) accurate ... network and/or timedelta sensors driven ... a portable version also exists mostly cve free routing daemons bgp ldp ospf (v2 and v3) eigrp rip, routed openbgpd been around a long time (2004-present) massive improvements have been made in the last years openbgpd all the features you need ... edge router ... ibgp ... route reflector ... route server and many features you want ... multi-RIB ... mrt dumps ... mpls (vrf) ... mpls vpn (vpls / pseudo-wire) ... looking glass openbgpd scaling hundreds of peers many full-feeds more than 8 million prefixes 1500+ nexthops openbgpd config configuration language ... templates ... groups ... macros openbgpd config group "IXP-Peers" { transparent-as yes enforce neighbor-as no passive max-prefix 1000 neighbor 2001:db8:42::/48 neighbor 2001.db8:42::6939 { max-prefix 120000 } } deny from any allow from group "IXP-Peers" match from any community 1234:666 \ prefix ::/0 prefixlen = 128 set nexthop 2001:db8:42::666 openbgpd as an edge router works great as a client router at my day job, we use it in production ..