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1*1 of Canada Du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions Et Bibliographie Services Semces Bibliographiques 395 Weilingtm Sireet 395 National Library Bibliothaue nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques 395 Weilingtm Sireet 395. rue Wellington OttawaON KiAON4 OItawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Biôliotheque nationale du Cmaâa de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/iih, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thése ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT This study examines sediments and landforms in the east- central Taseko Lakes area, southern British.Columbia, and presents a mode1 of landscape evolution during the Late Wisconsinan Fraser Glaciation. Three phases of glaciation are distinguished: i) advance-phase; ii) glacial maximum-phase, and iii) retreat-phase . i) During the advance-phase, topography was a maj or control on local ice-flow, proglacial lake formation and sedimentation. Stratigraphie and geomorphic evidence suggests that southerly drainage was blocked by glaciofluvial outwash and ice in the Big Bar Creek area, where Fraser River is coniined to a canyon in the Camelsfoot Range. A proglacic?l lake system, infomally named glacial lake Camelsfoot, inundated the Fraser Valley to the north, reachi~ga minimum elevation of about 710 m prior to being overridden by ice. Over the Fraser Plateau, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet locally deformed advance- phase glaciofluvial sediments. Deformation is attributed to ductile, then brittle failure, resulting from transpression and loading, as a thin, grounded ice rnargin advanced over saturated sediments, followed by transtension, then transpression, under frozen conditions during early glacier overriding. ii) During the glacial maximum-phase, advance-phase and older deposits were eroded by thicker, wet-based ice, then overlain by Fraser Glaciation till. Two moraine provenances are identified in the area, indicating that glaciers from accumulation areas in the Chilcotin and Camelsfoot ranges were confluent with ice from eastern sources along the Fraser Valley between 5I015'N and 51045'N. By the end of this phase, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet ranged in thickness from approximately 600 m over the plateau to 1000 m in the Fraser Valley. iii) At the onset of retreat-phase, glacier ice blocked southward drainage of Fraser River, damrning a large proglacial lake system north of the area. Southerly drainage of this deglacial lake was established once remnant ice in the Fraser Valley downwasted to between 850 and 760 m elevation. Final drainage was accompanied by disintegration of remnant ice and mass movement of retreat-phase, and older deposits into valleys. These events were followed by decreased sedimentation rates, reflecting lower meltwater volumes and exhaustion of unstable debris. Post-glaciation, valley fil1 was subject to fluvial degradation and terracing. iii Completion of the thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and financial support of my supervisor, B.E. Broster. I also thank C.J. Hickson of the Geological Survey of Canada for her encouragement and logistical support. Additional financial assistance was received from Supply and Services Canada contract 23254-1-0145/01-XSB and an NSERC operating grant to B.E. Broster. 1 am grateful to R.J. Fulton and S.R. Hicock for their reviews of Huntley and Broster (1994); S.R. Hicock. Géographie physique et Quaternaire associate editors and an anonymous reviewer for comments on Huntley and Broster (1993~);and R.J. Fulton and J.J. Clague for reviewing early versions of the surficial geology maps. 1 also appreciate various discussions with P.T. Bobrows~,V.M. Levson and W.H. Mathews. Occasional draughting and photographic services of Ange1 G6mez and Bob McCulloch were also appreciated. Fieldwork was most ably assisted by Irene Wiggins (nee Alarie). She liked the area so much, she moved there. Many an evening of high-level research was joined by Peter van der Heyden. Steve Metcalfe. Brian Mahoney and Darcy McDonald. Thanks are extended to Larry and Bev Ramstead and the staff of Gang Ranch. In Fredericton, Victoria and London, liquid sustenance, magical potions and moral support came by way of many a fine individual (again). You al1 know who you are, or you wouldn't be reading this. Distant support was provided by my family. The thesis is dedicated to my Father. Page TITLE PAGE .............................................. i ABSTRXT ................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ......................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................... xiv LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................... xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 1.1 PREVIOUS WORK ............................ 1 SCOPE OF STUDY ........................... 7 CHAPTER 2 QUATERNARY LANDSCAPES OF SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA ................................. 9 PRE-LATE WISCONSINAN LANDSCAPZS .......... 9 LATE WISCONSINAN LANDSCAPES .............. 13 POST-LATE WISCONSINAN LANDSCAPE .......... 19 CHAPTER 3 LATE WISCONSINAN GLACIER ADVANCE IN THE FRASER VALLEY AND FORMATION OF A PROGLACIAL LAKE SYSTEM ................... 23 INTRODUCTION ............................. 20 Physical setting ......................... 22 L:~thodsof investigation ................. 22 GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY .................... 26 Page LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS .......... 29 Unit 3a (coarse-gxained member) .......... 33 Unit 3b (fine-grained rnember) ............ 39 unit 4 ................................... 41 INTERPRETATION OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS .................................... 43 Unit 3a (coarse-grained member) .......... 43 unit 3b (fine-grained member) ............ 43 Unit 4 ................................... 45 DISCUSSION ............................... 45 Depositional mode1 ....................... 47 CONCLUSIONS .............................. 49 CHAPTER 4 LATE WISCONSINAN GLACIER ADVANCE OVER THE FRASER PLATEAU. AND LOCAL DEFORMATION OF ADVANCE-PHASE PROGLACIAL OUTWASH ....... 52 INTRODUCTION ............................. 52 THE STUDY ARE24 ........................... 54 Stratigraphy and origin of sediments ..... 54 Deformation structures ................... 60 DISCUSSION ............................... 63 Deformation mode1 ........................ 65 CONCLUSIONS .............................. 70 CHAPTER 5 LATE WISCONSINAN GLACIER RETREAT IN MONTANE. PLATEAU AND VALLEY SETTINGS ..... 71 Page INTRODUCTION .............................. 71 THE STüDY ARE24 ........................... 73 Physiography ............................. 73 Late Wisconsinan glacial geology ......... 75 APPROACH TO STUDY ........................ 77 DESCRIPTION OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY ............................ 87 Unit 4a .................................. 87 Unit 4b .................................. 89 Unit 5a (coarse-grained member) .......... 93 Unit Sb (fine-grained member) ............ 98 Unit 6 ................................... 104 INTERPRETATION OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY ............................ 105 Unit 4a .................................. 105 Unit 4b .................................. 106 Unit Sa (coarse-grained member) .......... 107 Unit 5b (fine-grained rnember) ............ 108 Unit 6 ................................... 110 DISCUSSION ............................... 111 Deglacial landscape mode1 ................ 111 CONCLUSIONS .............................. 119 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS .............................. 123 FRASER GLACIATION ADVANCE-PHASE .......... 123 FRASER GLACIATION MAXIMUM-PHASE .......... 126 vii Page FRASER GLACIATION RETREAT-PHASE .......... 128 REFERENCES APPENDICES VITA viii LIST OP FIGURBS Figure Description Page 1.1 Location of Taseko Lakes map area (92-0) and area of investigation ...................... 2 1.2 Montane terrain in the Camelsfoot Range ......... 3 1.3 Fraser Plateau looking north frorn Dog Creek Dome ........................................... 5 1.4 Fraser River at Big Bar Creek .................. 6 2.1 Southern British Columbia ...................... 10 2.2 Subdivisions of Quaternary events and deposits in southern British Columbia ................... 11 2.3 Extent of the Late Wisconsinan Cordilleran Ice Sheet ...................................... 16 3.1 Location of the area of investigation ........... 21 3.2 Physiographic regions in the Gang Ranch area ... 23 3.3 Glacial geomorphology of study area ............ 24 3.4 Till fabric data ............................... 25 3.5 Simplified vertical profile logs of reference sections ....................................... 27 3.6 Fraser Valley in the vicinity of Big Bar Creek . 28 Figure Description Page Relict periglacial terrain in the eastern Chilcotin Range ................................ 30 Pre-Late Wisconsinan multistory gravels and sands (unit 1) ............................
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