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The Pen Park Cemetery Survey

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The Pen Park Cemetery Survey The Pen Park Cemetery Survey (VDHR 002-0190) City of Charlottesville The Pen Park Cemetery Survey (VDHR 002-0190) City of Charlottesville Produced for the City of Charlottesville, Virginia Produced by Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC Charlottesville, Virginia Report Author: Benjamin P. Ford, Ph.D. Principal, Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC December 4, 2020 Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville M ANAGEMENT S UMMARY Since 2000, several depressions have been noted in the ground surface adjacent to and east of the Pen Park cemetery. At the request of the City of Charlottesville, in September of 2019 Rivanna Archaeological Services staff visited Pen Park Cemetery and confirmed the presence of the unusual depressions. Based on their size, orientation and clustering, it was believed that they could be unmarked burials. In order to determine more conclusively the nature of the surface depressions, Rivanna Archaeological Services proposed a two-tiered research design composed of a Ground Penetrating Radar survey surrounding the entire Pen Park cemetery, as well as ground-truthing of a limited number of surface features and radar anomalies designed to verify the identity of the potential burials. On July 15, 2020, NAEVA Geophysical Inc. conducted a Ground Penetrating Radar survey on a ca. 0.28-acre project area surrounding the Pen Park cemetery enclosure. Based on profile and plan view visualizations, NAEVA identified a total of 43 potential grave shafts located predominantly east of the Pen Park cemetery. An analysis of the Ground Penetrating Radar findings documented that the 43 newly identified grave shafts were located to the rear and behind the Pen Park cemetery, were arranged in at least three rows, and that the grave shafts extended the whole length of the Gilmer, Craven and Hotopp family sections. It is believed that this population of individuals likely represents enslaved African Americans owned by the Gilmer, Craven and other families, as well as possibly African Americans employees and their families associated with the 1866 – 1904 Hotopp farm and vineyard operation at Pen Park. Because of the certainty that the surface depressions and Ground Penetrating Radar anomalies represented a significant sized burial ground, the limited excavation and ground-truthing originally proposed as part of the research design was abandoned. It was recommended that the City of Charlottesville acknowledge and memorialize the additional 43 burials in some way, and that plans be developed to guide the future use of the cemetery by the public and the continued use of the adjacent Meadowcreek Golf facility. i Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville ii Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville T ABLE O F C ONTENTS Management Summary i Table of Contents iii List of Figures and Tables v Project Area Description 1 Project Background and Objectives 2 Previous Research 3 Historical Research 3 Archaeological Research 4 Historical Context 5 Gilmer Family (1777- 1812) 5 Craven Family (1819- 1845) 9 Pollard, Schafer and Early Families (1845 – 1866) 10 Hotopp Family (1866 – 1905) 11 Pen Park in the Twentieth Century (1905 – 1966) 15 A Park for the City of Charlottesville (1966 – Present) 16 The Pen Park Cemetery 17 Research Design 19 Preliminary Reconnaissance Level Ground Surface Examination 20 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey 21 Methods 21 Findings 23 Discussion and Analysis 25 Size and Shape of the Pen Park Cemetery 25 Number of Human Interments 26 Identification of the Population 28 Black and White Cemeteries in Pre-Emancipation Virginia 28 Pen Park Cemetery Burial Patterns 28 iii Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville Recommendations 30 Memorialization 30 Guidelines for the Future Use and Treatment of the Pen Park Cemetery 30 Additional Archaeological Research 31 References Cited 33 Appendix One 36 Geophysical Investigation Report: External Area Around Pen Park Cemetery, 36 Charlottesville, Virginia. iv Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville L IST O F F IGURES A ND T ABLES Figure #1: Pen Park showing project area surrounding cemetery (red outline) at 1 lower right. Figure #2: Map showing vicinity of Pen Park and its architectural and archaeological 4 resources. Figure #3: Pen Park residence, taken in the late nineteenth century. Note the 6 ‘H-shape’ to the residence with the smaller older structure (at left) located behind the newer younger structure (at right) and hyphen connecting them. Figure #4: Detail, Map of Albemarle County from Surveys and Reconnaissances made under 11 the Direction of Albert H. Campbell, Capt. P. Eng. & Chief, showing the Pen Park residence of William T. Early. Lt. C. S. Dwight, 1864. Figure #5: Detail, A Map of Albemarle County, Virginia, From Original Surveys, showing 12 the William Hotop [Hotopp] Pen Park residence overlooking the Rivanna River. Green Peyton, 1875. Figure #6: Plat of Pen Park estate. J. T. E. Simms, S. A. C., July 1903. 14 Figure #7: Plat showing division of the former Pen Park estate. M. M. Van Doren, 15 October 1, 1913. Figure #8: Plat of the division of the former Pen Park estate. M. M. Van Doren, 16 C. E., September 28, 1920. Figure #9: DAR and Gilmer family members at the Pen Park cemetery for the 17 dedication of a marker to Dr. George Gilmer, 1927. Figure #10: Detail, 1937 aerial photograph, showing the Pen Park domestic complex 18 with the main residence (blue circle), and tree shrouded cemetery (red outline). Figure #11: East side of Pen Park cemetery looking north and showing flagged 20 oblong east-west oriented depressions in the ground surface indicating potential burials. Figure #12: GPR Survey area (blue shading) surrounding the Pen Park cemetery. 21 Figure #13: GPR Survey along the east side of the Pen Park cemetery. 22 Figure #14: GPR Survey north of the Pen Park cemetery. 22 Figure #15: Map showing Pen Park cemetery and GPR identified potential grave 24 shafts. Figure #16: Pen Park cemetery showing the area kept in trees in 1937 (red outline, 25 at left) and the same area in 2018 (red outline, at right). v Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville Figure #17: Pen Park cemetery in 2018 showing long rectangular enclosure and 26 area kept in trees (red outline) in 1937. Note the area east of the enclosure kept in trees in 1937 includes the area where a large number of potential graves were identified. Table #1: Archaeological and Architectural Sites identified within Pen Park 4 Table #2: Enslaved African Americans owned by the Gilmer Family, 1787 – 1812. 7 Table #3: Division of the Enslaved African Americans owned by George Gilmer, 8 1804. vi Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville P ROJECT A REA D ESCRIPTION The Pen Park cemetery project area is located in the City of Charlottesville’s Pen Park, a 280-acre park overlooking the Rivanna River and containing the Meadowcreek Golf Course. The project area is an approximately 12,800 square foot (0.28 acre) area surrounding the Pen Park cemetery, a brick, stone and iron fence enclosure composed of three sections containing members of the Gilmer, Craven and Hotopp families. The area surrounding the Pen Park cemetery is covered in sod with plantings of large deciduous and evergreen shrubs and trees. Elevation of the project area is approximately 400 feet asl, and the ground slopes down slightly to the south and east. The project area is underlain by the Catoctin greenstone formation, a northeast-southwest oriented band of igneous rock.1 Soils in the project area are a Yadkin clay loam with slope between 2 and 7%. The soils are generally located on terraces and are not considered prime farmland.2 Figure #1: Pen Park showing project area surrounding cemetery (red outline) at lower right. 1 Wilbur A. Nelson, Geology and Mineral Resources of Albemarle County, pp: 24-27. Bulletin No. 77, Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. (Charlottesville: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, 1962). 2 U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Services, Web Soil Survey. Electronic resource, Accessed September 21, 2020. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm. 1 Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville P ROJECT B ACKGROUND AND O BJECTIVES Rivanna Archaeological Services, LLC [RAS] was contacted by the City of Charlottesville in late August of 2019 regarding the presence of several potential graves located outside of and adjacent to the east side of the existing Pen Park cemetery enclosure. On September 3, 2019, RAS staff visited the Pen Park cemetery to conduct a preliminary examination of the ground surface surrounding the existing enclosure. RAS staff confirmed the presence of a limited number of east-west oriented oblong depressions along the east side of the Pen Park cemetery, surface indications that suggested the presence of unmarked graves. Based on the strong potential for the presence of unmarked graves outside of the Pen Park cemetery, RAS developed a research design that proposed a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey surrounding the Gilmer-Craven-Hotopp family enclosure, coupled with limited archaeological excavations designed to ground-truth a limited number of surface indications and/or GPR anomalies. The goal of the project was to determine if the several potential graves were in fact human interments and to gain a greater understanding of the quantity and extent of potential graves in this area. 2 Pen Park Cemetery Survey City of Charlottesville P REVIOUS R ESEARCH Historical Research A limited amount of historical research has been conducted on the Pen Park property and its associated Gilmer, Craven and Hotopp cemeteries. This research was largely driven by local events including the purchase of the then 134-acre Pen Park estate by the City of Charlottesville in 1971, student research through the Historic Preservation Program of the University of Virginia School of Architecture in the late 1990s, and a conditions and preservation survey of cemeteries maintained by the City of Charlottesville in 2003.
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