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L'accent De La Province L’Accent de la province Marc Aymes To cite this version: Marc Aymes. L’Accent de la province : Une histoire des réformes ottomanes à Chypre au XIXe siècle. Histoire. Université Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. Français. tel-01345139 HAL Id: tel-01345139 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01345139 Submitted on 13 Jul 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License UNIVERSITÉ AIX-MARSEILLE I (UNIVERSITÉ DE PROVENCE) U.F.R. Civilisations et humanités École doctorale « Espaces, cultures, sociétés » Marc AYMES L’Accent de la province UNE HISTOIRE DES RÉFORMES OTTOMANES À CHYPRE AU XIXe SIÈCLE Volume I Thèse en vue de l’obtention du doctorat d’histoire soutenue le 10 décembre 2005 Jury : M. Michel BALIVET, Université Aix-Marseille 1 Mme Leila FAWAZ, Tufts University M. François GEORGEON, CNRS M. Robert ILBERT, Université Aix-Marseille 1 (directeur) M. Eugene ROGAN, Oxford University Avant-propos C’est un souvenir enfoui. Un legs indû, un don sans lignée ni retour possibles. C’est l’histoire d’un monde révolu dont je ne suis pas, mais dois répondre. Je m’y suis rendu. Je me suis rendu à Chypre, au nord, au sud, sans trop savoir pourquoi, encore aujourd’hui. J’espérais peut-être y retrouver quelque chose de cet empire qu’on dit otto- man. Je m’étais persuadé qu’à l’époque dite des Tanzīmāt (soit les « réformes » décidées e par la Sublime Porte au milieu du XIX siècle), il s’était passé quelque chose à Chypre. Mais c’est un pays dont le passé n’accorde aucun repos. Se vouloir historien, là-bas, c’est faire profession d’effroi. Mieux vaut se taire. Alors on s’ennuie, indéfiniment : il est bien éprouvant de n’avoir rien à raconter. C’est ainsi, dans cet épuisement de l’histoire, que Chypre me sembla provinciale d’abord. Je me suis rendu à Istanbul, l’ancienne capitale des Ottomans. N’était-ce pas là que tout se joua ? Là que, « lorsque vint le temps, Mahmud II fut à même de détruire les Janissaires, et de lancer les Tanzīmāt sans grande opposition1 » ? Je choisis, en somme, de me prévaloir du « détour préconisé par le central (ou par l’histoire), c’est-à-dire par la totalisation2 ». De me laisser porter par l’emphase, sinon l’enflure, de la métropole : when the time came… Non sans m’interroger : nulle histoire n’était-elle possible sans ré- férence à ce « temps »-là3 ? Ne pouvait-on envisager de le trahir4 ? C’est de cette inquié- tude que naquit le projet d’adopter la province chypriote non plus comme terrain d’une étude monographique, mais comme problème d’histoire totale. Je risquais la dispersion, la dissémination ? Ce risque devint outil de travail. Et Chypre le lieu d’où interroger les continuités dont les Tanzīmāt, en tant que « nom de l’histoire5 », tirent leur consistance, leur contenance. Mon ambition, en somme, devint de provincialiser le vaste monde otto- man6. 1 Shaw, « Some Aspects of the aims and achievements » (1968), p. 32 : « when the time came, Mahmud II was able to destroy the Janissaries and begin the Tanzimat with little opposition ». 2 Colonna, Récits de la province égyptienne (2004), p. 457. 3 Plutôt que time, d’autres disent age : voir Makdisi, « Rethinking Ottoman imperialism » (2002), p. 31 : « The age of Ottoman modernity was inaugurated in 1839 » ; ou Brown, The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey (1974), p. 5 : « an age of transition ». 4 En écho de Milo, Trahir le temps (1991). 5 Voir Rancière, Les Noms de l’histoire (1992). 6 Cet emprunt au Provincializing Europe de D. Chakrabarty (2001), par-delà la coïncidence lexicale, n’est pas sans affinités avec son projet : « to explore the capacities and limitations of certain European social and political categories in conceptualizing political modernity in the context of non-European life-worlds » (ibid., p. 20). 4 Trahir le temps des Tanzīmāt : la démarche oblige à un avertissement quant à la chronologie. Pour qui étudie les « réformes » dans les provinces ottomanes, une période- clé semble devoir s’imposer : celle des « années 1864 », qui voient l’application progres- sive dans tout l’Empire d’un nouveau « règlement d’administration provinciale7 ». C’est de ce temps-là, avant tout, que mon étude est restée à distance. Je privilégie les décen- nies antérieures, les Tanzīmāt en clair-obscur des années 1830-50. Ce fut là d’abord le fait du hasard, bientôt aussi le fruit d’un dessein : je tenais à proposer une interprétation des réformes qui ne doive pas tout à une chronologie prédéfinie, à une flèche du temps inéluctablement orientée vers l’aboutissement de 1864. J’ai préféré risquer la confusion, l’incompréhension, plutôt que le schématisme historiciste. « Better to paint the sea like Turner than attempt to make of it a Constable cow 8. » Ce n’est qu’un début. * * * Sans prétendre apurer en une page l’immensité de mes dettes, ni imputer à personne d’autre que moi les lacunes ou erreurs dont cet ouvrage souffre à coup sûr, je tiens à témoigner de ma reconnaissance envers : • l’École normale supérieure (Paris), l’Académie française, l’équipe « Études turques et ottomanes » du CNRS (ESA 8032, Paris), l’Université de Provence et son Département d’histoire, la Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l’homme et son Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabe et musulman (Aix-en-Provence), l’Institut français d’études anatoliennes (Istanbul), la Maison de l’Institut de France à Londres, le Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute (Nicosie), • la Bibliothèque inter-universitaire des langues orientales (Paris), la British Library (Londres), la bibliothèque du Centre de recherches sur l’Islam (İslam Araştırma Merkezi, Istanbul), la Bibliothèque nationale de Turquie (Milli Kütüphane, Ankara), la Bibliothèque de la Fondation d’histoire turque (Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi, Ankara), le Centre de 7 Je propose de désigner par l’expression « années 1864 » l’objet historiographique particulier que sont les ré- formes provinciales des années 1860-70. Si les travaux menés ces dernières décennies (et encore aujourd’hui) sur les Tanžīmāt en province leur accordent une place privilégiée, cela tient sans doute au fait que le système mis en place alors apparaît comme la matrice de l’administration territoriale de la Turquie contemporaine (instaurée en 1913). 8 Geertz, Local knowledge (2000), p. 215. 5 recherches chypriotes (Κέντρο Επιστεμονικών Ερευνών, Nicosie), le Centre d’études du saint monastère de Kykko (Κέντρο Μελετών Ιεράς Μονής Κύκκου, monastère d’Archangelos), la Bibliothèque de la Fondation Makarios (Ιδρυμα Αρχιεπίσκοπου Μακαριου Γ’ Βιβλιοθήκη, Nicosie), • les Archives nationales de la République turque de Chypre nord (Milli Arşiv, Girne), les Archives ottomanes de la Présidence du conseil (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Istanbul), le Public Record Office (Kew) et les Archives du Ministère des affaires étrangères (Paris). Merci surtout à François Georgeon, Robert Ilbert, Gilles Pécout, Nicolas Vatin, Gilles Veinstein, Dilek Desaive, Jak Şalom, Belgin, Canan, Ebru, Ümmiye, Gökhan Sengor, Apo, İhsan, İlker, İsa et les siens, Özlem, Kumiko, İlhami, et tous ceux qui firent des archives d’Istanbul un lieu de vie, Onur et les deux Yücel, Ali Akyıldız, Sia Anagnostopoulou, Gilles Grivaud, Mathias Kappeler, Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf, Sinan Kuneralp, Michalis N. Michail, Anna Pouradier Duteil-Loizidou, Maurus Reinkowski, Charis Stavridis, Martin Strohmeier, Ioannis P. Theocharidis, Benoît Fliche, Isabelle Grangaud, Élise Massicard, Nicolas Michel et Baudouin Millet, tous ceux du Labyrinthe, trouvés, perdus, retrouvés… — À Aline, et Georges. À Aude. Ils vivent ici. Sağ olasınız. Abréviations 1. Sources d’archives Sigles des sites mentionnés ci-après : BOA : Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (Istanbul) MA : Milli Arşiv (Girne/Kyrenia) MAE : Archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères (Paris) PRO : Public Record Office (Kew) Abréviation Fonds d’archives AD Vilâyât Giden BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Evrâk Odası defterleri – Ayniyât defterleri, Vilâyât Giden A.DVN BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Sadâret Dîvân Kalemi belgeleri, Dîvân-ı Hümâyûn Kalemi A.DVN.MHM BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Dîvân-ı Hümâyûn Mühimme Kalemi A.MKT BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi A.MKT.DA BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi – Divân-ı Ahkâm-ı Adliye A.MKT.DV BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi – Deâvî A.MKT.UM BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi – Umûm Vilâyât A.MKT.MHM BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi – Sadâret Mektûbî Mühimme Kalemi A.MKT.MVL BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi – Meclis-i Vâlâ A.MKT.NZD BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi – Nezâret ve Devâir A.MKT.ŞD BOA, Bâb-ı Âlî Sadâret Evrâkı, Mektûbî Kalemi – Şûrâ-yı Devlet CAD BOA, Dîvân-ı Hümâyûn ve Bâb-ı Âsafî defterleri – Cezâ’ir Ahkâm defterleri CCC MAE, Correspondance consulaire et commerciale Cev.-Dah. BOA, Cevdet tasnifi – Dahiliye Cev.-Mâliye BOA, Cevdet tasnifi – Mâliye CPC MAE, Correspondance politique des consuls DVE BOA, Dîvân-ı Hümâyûn ve Bâb-ı Âsafî defterleri – Düvel-i Ecnebî defterleri FO PRO, Foreign Office HAT. BOA, Hatt-ı Hümâyûn 7 Abréviation Fonds d’archives HR.MKT BOA, Hâriciye Nezareti belgeleri – Mektûbî Kalemi İ.Dah. BOA, İrâde – Dâhiliye İ.Har. BOA, İrâde – Hâriciye İ.MSM BOA, İrâde – Mesâil-i Mühimme İ.MVL BOA, İrâde – Meclis-i Vâlâ İ.MMah.
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