Alain Locke Pioneer in & Race Amity Christopher Buck, PhD, JD

National Race Amity Conference 2011 © 2011 by Christopher Buck Friday, June 10, 2011 Source: Photos (1941) by , Wheelock College Yale Collection of American Literature, Boston, MA 02215 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Image ID Numbers 1078431, 1078430, 1078431.

Friday, June 10, 2011 Alain Leroy Locke Legacy & Contemporary Importance

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Friday, June 10, 2011 Locke’s Significance 1885–1954

Race amity and Bahá’í “Race Amity” multiculturalism intersect in participant/organizer. Alain Locke. Philosopher of Democracy. First African American “Redefined” democracy by Rhodes Scholar (1907). widening its scope to nine Associated with the birth of dimensions: “cultural pluralism” which Local, Moral, Political, Locke called “a New Economic, Cultural, Racial, Americanism”) precursor of Social, Spiritual and World multiculturalism (1907). Democracy. “Dean” of the (1925).

Friday, June 10, 2011 A Founder of Cultural Pluralism Race Amity !"#$%&'/#8&'8&$&1-5I' Leader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

Friday, June 10, 2011 Locke Holds Smashing of Humanity's Barriers Civilization's Present Need: Profes... The New York Amsterdam News (1922-1938); Mar 26, 1930; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: New York Amsterdam News (1922-1993) pg. 11

No more progressive step can be made in our present civilization than the breaking down of the barriers which separate races, sexes and nations. — Alain Locke (1930) Source: The New York Amsterdam News (26 March 1930): 11.

Friday, June 10, 2011

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1907 First Black Rhodes Race uplifted Scholar !M1').*-'.&'.*+' *$.0&L&?C'*'8*$&'.*+' !O.&'I#31B'P&B8#' .*+'Q3+-')#1'*' 9&&1'3H50W&?;E' R.#?&+'+$.#5*8+.0H' F `*//*%L(-C(a#/*9%&3(HI/%*$( 7#8'J&11+I5L*10*'S' !"M#:(!#5R"CN(6780$*1' (T&,'0+'-.&'U8+-'P&B8#' @&-.#?0+-'U@7(OPC F P&)'V#8%'>*05I'O80931&3( SE$'%:3(0%&5.(OU3(OP>U3(((JC( ?C

Friday, June 10, 2011 Alain Leroy Locke Oxford Cosmopolitan Club (1907)

Friday, June 10, 2011 Keys to Locke’s Thought Harvard Haifa Harlem

Philosophy Religion Art 1 2 3 Josiah Royce ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Harvard Philosopher Bahá’í Leader Harlem Renaissance Poet

Friday, June 10, 2011 Harlem Art for Race Amity & Democracy

Friday, June 10, 2011 Art for Amity

The Negro question … is just as much, and even more seriously, the question of democracy. I believe there would be a profound change of social attitude toward the Negro if we were more generally aware of the high cost of prejudice. Enlightened self-interest would then operate to forestall the inevitable consequences of social shortsightedness. For successful peoples are rated, and rate themselves, in terms of their best. Racial and national prestige is, after all, the product of the exceptional few. Cultural recognition … means … the conscious scrapping of the mood and creed of “white supremacy.” … For what? For making possible free and unbiased contacts between the races on the selective basis of common interests and mutual consent. — Alain Locke (1927) Source: “The High Cost of Prejudice” in “Should the Negro Be Encouraged to Cultural Equality?” Forum Alain Locke, Passport Photo (1922) 78 (October 1927): 500–510.

Friday, June 10, 2011 1925 “Our First National Launched Book” the Harlem !O.&'P&)'P&B8#'S'0+' H&8.*H+'#38'U8+-' Renaissance 1*4#1*5'9##%C' !O#'*55'#7'-.0+'-.&' #Y&801B'1#-'#15I'*' P&)'P&B8#'0+'%&&15I' ?&+$80H4#1'#7' 8&+H#1+0L&'*+'*1' +-8&*/+'#7'-&1?&1$I' *3B38I'#7'*'1&)' 01'#38'$#55&$4L&'50L&+' ?&/#$8*$I'01' 93-'*5+#'*1'*$-3*5' 6/&80$*1'$35-38&;E $#1+-83$4#1')0-.01' '' 0-+'H*B&+'#7'-.&' F "#$%&'()*+,-'!"#$%#&$ +#31?+C'+#1B+C' %#'()*$+,$-,.#(/(#.01),$ 0/*B&+C'*1?'+0B1+'#7' ./,0'1)2+3'"#4,25'6' *'1*4#1;E'' 78$2#,9':)&%-';<=>?-'! Over 4,300 sold by 1931.

Friday, June 10, 2011 An Interracial Project 1925 Alain Leroy Locke, in The : An Interpretation (1925) Winold Reiss, circa 1920 Page/Plate Number: (1886–1953), a white facing page 6. Bavarian artist. Schomburg Center for Cover, imaginative Research in Black designs, and seventeen Culture / Manuscripts, portraits by Reiss Archives and Rare Books illustrate : Division An Interpretation, edited by Alain Locke.

Friday, June 10, 2011 !=&$*3+&'0-'+.*_&8+' -8*?04#1+'*1?' 1926 +/*+.&+'+-&8&#-IH&+C' !O#'D*/&+':&5?#1' 0-'$#/&+'01'-.&' 1*-38&'#7'*'2*+.01B' D#.1+#1C'01'&+-&&/' 8&L&5*4#1;'S'O.&8&'0+' *1?'$#8?0*5'8&B*8?C' 1#-'*'/#8&'L0-*55I' 65*01'"&8#I'"#$%&C' 0/H#8-*1-'9##%'7#8' D31&'Z[C'\]Z^E'' 6/&80$*1+'1#)' F #Y&8&?'-#'-.&' 1$#,'7)##,*K)&')G' H3950$;E'' "L,2%*$&'(%5,2$5A2,-' ^(G%L"+(`"/'#$(G#.$+#$3( :,%&,*+,'M$2,':))+'$&N' ;#&(%(_.E&"(J&#L#D$6(O.&' O$&A9*2%P5'(%42$2F-'Q)#N,2' P&)'P&B8#C(c2'C(*$()%&&*+(,( ;R=>-'SL$C,'ST'/AL4,2 0#/"+1#&2.3(65*01'";'"#$%&G'6' UVRR;VW! =0#B8*H.I(4=>>?@3(=OOC

Friday, June 10, 2011 Harmon Foundation Art Exhibits

At the 1931 Harmon Foundation Art Exhibit, Locke presented an award to sculptor, Richmond Barthé. The next slide is one of two rare (silent) films of Alain Locke. William E. Harmon 1931

Friday, June 10, 2011 Promoter of African American Arts

1931 Alain Locke & Richmond Barté, Sculptor The Negro and Art (Harmon Foundation, 1933)

Friday, June 10, 2011 Audio of Alain Locke’s Voice “The Negro Spiritual”

1940

Friday, June 10, 2011 Harvard of Multiculturalism

Friday, June 10, 2011 Professor of Philosophy & Writer

1937 “Dr. Alain Locke, at his desk.” Negro Notables: Negro Education and Art in the U.S. (Harmon Foundation in 1937)

Friday, June 10, 2011 1907 in talks with Alain Locke Coins <5+&).&8&C'A*55&1' +*I+G'!M'3+&?'0-'U8+-' “Cultural *8#31?'\][^'#8' Pluralism”… \][d').&1'65*01' 6-'`a7#8?C' "#$%&')*+'01'*' 8&$#//&1$01B' +&$4#1'#7'*'$5*++'*-' -.&08'&*850&8' T*8L*8?').&8&'M' $#1L&8+*4#1'*-' +&8L&?'*+'*++0+-*1-' -#'@8;'eB&' T*8L*8?C'"#$%&' ' *+%&?'A*55&1C'!(:, f*1-*I*1*;E' .*-'?0Y&8&1$&'?#&+' -.&'?0Y&8&1$&'(#7' 8*$&,'/*%&bE'!M1' Horace Kallen 1924 *8B301B'#3-'-.#+&' N3&+4#1+CE'A*55&1' g08+-'3+&?'01'H801-G' 8&$#31-+C'!-.&' T#8*$&'@;'A*55&1C' H.8*+&'c$35-38*5' X35-38&'*1?' H538*50+/K')*+' >&/#$8*$I'01'-.&' 9#81;E h10-&?'f-*-&+'iP&)' V#8%G'=#10'*1?' "0L&80B.-C'\]Zjk;

Locke (Oxford)

Friday, June 10, 2011 ''T&'-.3+'*L#0?&?' 9#-.'*++0/05*4#1' Cosmopolitan *1?'95*$%' Pluralism +&H*8*4+/;' ''"0%&':;'<;'=;'>3'=#0+ 65*01'"#$%&' F93-')0-.'B8&*-&8' *$.0&L&?'*' $#1+0+-&1$I' 980550*1-'+I1-.&+0+' H&8.*H+F"#$%&' 9&-)&&1'-.&' $.*/H0#1&?'*' $5*0/+'#7'-.&' ?&/#$8*4$'$35-38*5' H*84$35*8'*1?'-.&' H538*50+/' 310L&8+*5;' ).05&'+0/35-*1+ 5I'&a&841B'.0+' ''T0+' 01?&7*4B*95&' $#+/#H#50-*10+/' &1&8BI'#1'9&.*57'#7' #Y&8&?'.#H&'7#8'*' &Y#8-+'*0/&?'*-' /&8B&8')0-.#3-' *$.0&L01B'8*$0*5' 73+0#1'#1'-.&' Q3+4$&'7#8' B8#31?'#7' 6780$*1'6/&80$*1+; ?&/#$8*4$' $35-38&;' '!d9"&"e()"/LE2(IR%L3( H0"&6"&(`*2.#E2( ''"#$%&'L0B#8#3+5I' fE+*#$7(I/%*$(!#5R"K+( H38+3&?'95*$%'$0L05' -#+L#J#/*2%$( >=@3(OAPY OQQ(VOAPYOb>WC LIFE (18 Nov. 1946): 112.

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Friday, June 10, 2011 Locke’s Philosophy of Democracy

• Local democracy (“local citizenship”). • Cultural democracy (“mutual respect for our • Moral democracy (“the ideal of the moral various group differences and a working equality of human beings … freedom of reciprocity among our various minorities”). worship and the moral liberty of • Racial democracy (“race equality”). conscience.”). • Social democracy (“social justice”). • Political democracy (“the ideal of political • Spiritual democracy (“basic spiritual equality: (1) equality before the law; (2) reciprocity on the principle of unity in political citizenship … freedom of the diversity.”). individual … fundamental rights of man … • World democracy (“a constructive peace ‘Liberty, equality and fraternity’.”) into an effective world order — one based • Economic democracy (“economic equality of on the essential parity of peoples and a truly opportunity”). democratic reciprocity of cultures … of thoroughgoing internationalism”).

Friday, June 10, 2011 Locke’s Definition of Democracy To make America truly American In a democracy built out of many peoples by this great historical process of immigration, the only safe principle of democracy is that embodied in this conception of democracy:— A democracy is a system of government and corporate living in which there is no distinction between minority and majority rights; and under which life is safe and equally abundant for all minorities. In historical perspective[,] this is really the distinctive foundation [al] principle of American life. Our task today is to make America truly and consistently American. – Alain Locke, MSRC, Box 164-141, Folder 14.

Friday, June 10, 2011 “Cosmopolitan Pluralist”

1937 Alain Locke, Washington, DC Negro Notables: Negro Education and Art in the U.S. (Harmon Foundation in 1937)

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Friday, June 10, 2011 Haifa Religion as the Spirit of Democracy & Multiculturalism

Friday, June 10, 2011 1918 Awarded & joined the Harvard Baha’i Faith

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Friday, June 10, 2011 Bahá’í Historical Record

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Friday, June 10, 2011 Bahá’í Historical Record

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Friday, June 10, 2011 “Salvation of Democracy”

America’s democracy must begin at home with a spiritual fusion of all her constituent peoples in brotherhood, and in an actual mutuality of life. Until democracy … establishes itself in human hearts, it can never institutionally flourish. Moreover, America’s reputation and moral influence in the world depends on the successful achievement of this vital spiritual democracy … Bahá’í Principles and the leavening of our national life with their power, is to be regarded as the salvation of democracy. In this way only can the fine professions of American ideals be realized. — Alain Locke (1925) Source: Qtd. in “The Bahá’í Congress at Green Acre,” Star of the West 16.1 (April 1925): 525.

Friday, June 10, 2011 1933 Locke as Bahá’í: Chicago Defender

Friday, June 10, 2011 “Racial Boundaries Disappear”

Louis Gregory—“Baha’i Movement,” Chicago Defender (June 17, 1933), p. 10. The Baha’i religion … demolishes all superstitions, all prejudices. Here racial boundaries disappear as men gaze upon the souls and characters of their fellows … Here men and women have the same rights and neither tries to enslave the other.

Friday, June 10, 2011 “The Power to Unify Mankind”

Louis Gregory—“Baha’i Movement,” Chicago Defender (June 17, 1933), p. 10. Here each person must investigate and see the truth for himself. Here religion and science in their common origin support each other. Here is encouragement … to speak one language. It has the power to unify mankind.

Friday, June 10, 2011 1933 Locke as Bahá’í: Pittsburgh Courier

Friday, June 10, 2011 Locke as Bahá’í: Pittsburgh Courier

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Friday, June 10, 2011 1943 Locke as Bahá’í: NY Times

Friday, June 10, 2011 1952 Locke as Bahá’í: Ebony

Friday, June 10, 2011 Washington, DC The Birth of Race Amity

Friday, June 10, 2011 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá inaugurates Race Amity Conferences O0)Q)G':;71#<0=>)+?@!A&B! C/$D@!EFEGH!I$/J!K+&! 9/00&-L/M!/N!;07&$K!9H! 1920 O,00,#6H!9/#$K&6'!/N!K+&! "*,$,K#)0!;66&J70'!/N!K+&! >)+?#-D@!4)$)1,6&!)M1! 4)$)1,8JS!O&'!"'J7/06!,M! 4&$6,)M!9+$,6L)M,K'!)M1! K+&!>)+?

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Friday, June 10, 2011 “Breathless silence … prolonged applause.” “On Tuesday, April 23d [sic], Abdue (sic) Baha, the venerable Persian, leader of the Baha (sic) movement, … addressed the student and faculty of Howard University. The occasion was impressive … as in flowing oriental robes this speaker gave his message.” “He was received with such fervor that the breathless silence during his address was followed by prolonged applause, causing him to bow acknowledgments and give a second greeting.” S#E&5"7(O.&':*+.01B-#1'=&&3( n#/C(A=3(\++C(XO(40%:(=X3(OPO=@7(AC

Friday, June 10, 2011 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Howard University, April 23, 1912

“Strive earnestly, and put forth your greatest endeavor toward the accomplishment of this fellowship and the cementing of this bond of brotherhood between you.” “Each one should endeavor to develop and assist the other toward mutual advancement. … Love and unity will be fostered between you, thereby bringing about the oneness of mankind.” “For the accomplishment of unity between the colored and white will be an assurance of the world’s peace.”

Friday, June 10, 2011 Blacks & Whites “Rubies & Pearls” 1912 A meeting such as this seems like a beautiful cluster of precious jewels—pearls, rubies, diamonds, sapphires. It is a source of joy and delight. In the clustered jewels of the races may the blacks be as sapphires and rubies and the whites as diamonds and pearls. How glorious the spectacle of real unity among mankind! This is the sign of the Most Great Peace; this is the star of the oneness of the human world.

— 24 April 1912, Talk at Home of Andrew J. Dyer, 1937 Thirteenth Street, NW, Washington, D.C.

Friday, June 10, 2011 Race Amity Leaders

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Agnes Parsons Louis G. Gregory Dr. Alain Locke Washington, DC Washington, DC Washington, DC

Friday, June 10, 2011 ‘Abdu’l- To Arrange Bahá Asks Convention Agnes 'for Racial Parsons Amity

1920

Friday, June 10, 2011 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s Instructions to Agnes Parsons (1920)

One evening at supper time when there were I then made an appeal. I said: “Mr. and Mrs. about twenty, twenty-two or twenty-four So and So will also help me.” This man was people at the table Abdul Baha suddenly in official life and I thought they could help turned to me, quite out of the blue . . . and me, at that moment. He said: “He is said: “I want you to arrange a convention in interested in his own people, but she might Washington for amity between the colored help you.” and the white.” Well, then a very extraordinary thing I thought I would like to go through the floor, happened. I felt suddenly the power of his because I did not feel I could do it. He said: creative words. . . . I was really getting the “You must have people to help you.” I waited confidence that of course was necessary, for more instructions and he said nothing and Abdul Baha said absolutely nothing more. more to me.

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Friday, June 10, 2011 Senator gives Moses Agnes' Edwin Parsons Clapp advice …

1921

Friday, June 10, 2011 Agnes Parsons asks Sen. Clapp for Advice

On Tuesday last I met at Mrs. Boyle’s by He spoke of the importance of enlisting appointment ex. Senator Clapp, a man of the sympathies of society women who ripened experience & tender heart who stand for betterment & letting the work for years has been a friend of the be under their auspices.” colored. By temperament he is a man of He did not approve of announcing the force & action but life has taught him to Convention under Bahai auspices be cautious.” because we would then antagonize When I asked him: ‘Must we not stand people of other religions.” for the abolition of Jim Crow cars? & c. Source: Notepad copy of letter, dated & c.’ he replied: ‘Carry this work into the Dec. 25, 1920, by Agnes Parsons to spiritual realm & let this be a Convention Jenabe Fazel. Agnes Parsons Papers, to create sentiment’.” Box 20: Notes—Race Amity Convention DC, 1921, National Bahá’í Archives.

Friday, June 10, 2011 Locke Invited to Amity Committee: Contribution to first Convention for Amity not known, yet warranted appointments to amity committees for next decade.

Saturday, 14 May [1921] My dear Friend: We are arranging for a little meeting of consultation on Monday afternoon next at 2:30 o’clock with all those who are in town, or will be at that time, and who are on the program. We are especially desirous of having you with us. If it is not entirely convenient for you to meet with us, please telephone me as soon as you can and we will try and arrange for another hour. The kindest greetings for your lovely mother, and with more than the mere regard of, Mariam Haney Your friend sincerely, Mariam Haney

Friday, June 10, 2011 CONVENTION TO AID RACE FRIENDLINESS: White and Colored People to Mingle This Week at First Congre... The Washington Post (1877-1922); May 15, 1921; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post (1877-1994) pg. 21

The Washington Post

CONVENTION TO AID RACE FRIENDLINESS:“To Aid White Race and Colored Friendliness” People to Mingle This Week at First Congre... The Washington Post (1877-1922); May 15, 1921; MayProQuest 15, Historical 1921, Newspapers: p. 21. The Washington Post (1877-1994) pg. 21

Friday, June 10, 2011

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Old First Congregational Church

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Friday, June 10, 2011 1921 First Race Amity Conference Held in Old First Congregational Church, 10th & G, NW, the first racially integrated church in Washington, DC. Estimated 1500 attended. All session chairs were Bahá’í. Alain Locke served as Session Chair on Friday evening, May 21. The Howard University chorus performed. Solo violinist Joseph Douglass, grandson of abolitionist, Frederick Douglass, performed as well. Old First Congregational Church, 10th & G NW (1930)

Friday, June 10, 2011 Friday, June 10, 2011 Violinist Joseph Douglass

Abolitionist Frederick Douglass

Friday, June 10, 2011 Friday, June 10, 2011 Reflections by M.F. Harris

I attended every session, day and night … Many times throughout the meetings did with much effort restrain my tears. My heart leaped and throbbed and many times almost burst within my breast. I am a colored man … My race as a whole, I believe, is quite ready to welcome the glad day when all will be brothers. … The trouble is nearly unilateral. God give us the day.” Source: M.F. Harris (1525 “10” St. N.W., Washington, DC), Note (May 22, 1921), National Bahá’í Archives.

Friday, June 10, 2011 1921 No photos of first Amity Conference. 2nd Race Amity Conference Dec. 5–6, 1921 Central High School Auditorium, Springfield, MA Estimated attendance: 1200.

Friday, June 10, 2011 ‘Abdu’l-Bahá on “Dr. Locke” & Convention ḥaḍrat-i Daktur Lāk īn shakhṣ-i jalīl fī al-ḥaqīqih sazāvār-i har sitāyish ast. taḍarruʿ bi-malakūt-i ilāhī mīnamāyam kih taʾyīdī makhṣūṣ bi-ū farmāyad.

Tablet of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to Agnes Parsons, July 26, 1921. Facsimile of Persian original from The Original Tablets from ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Collection, National Bahá’í Archives, . Translation from Leone Barnitz Papers, Box 17: Agnes Parsons correspondence/‘Abdu'l-Bahá.

Friday, June 10, 2011 Locke: Bahá’í Race Amity Committees National Amity Convention Committee (1924–1925). Racial Amity Committee (1925–1926). National Bahá’í Committee on Racial Amity (1927). 1924 National Inter-Racial Amity Committee (1927–1928). 1932 National Inter-Racial Amity Committee (1928–1929). National Inter-Racial Amity Committee (1929–1930). National Racial Amity Committee (1931–1932).

Friday, June 10, 2011 Selected Race Amity Events

1924: The third “Convention for Amity Between 1927: “Convention for Amity Between the Colored the White and Colored Races.” New York. March and White Races.” July 1927. Green Acre, Eliot, 28–30, 1924. Bahá’ís invited: NAACP; National Maine. Louis Gregory: “Dr. Alain Locke … spoke.” Urban League; Committee on International Brochure of event lists members of the “National Cooperation of the League of Women Voters. Inter-racial Amity Committee” including “Dr. Alain Speakers included Alain Locke; James Weldon L. Locke.” Johnson (NAACP secretary); Franz Boas (Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University); Lectures: “The New White Man” (Devere Allen); Jane Addams. “Put the New York Bahá’í “The New Negro,” by Prof. Leslie Pinckney Hill. community … into the forefront of Bahá’í racial 1932: New York. February 27, 1932. Bahá’ís hosted amity activities for many years to come.” an interracial banquet in honor of NAACP and 1924: The fourth “Convention for Amity Between National Urban League. W.E.B. Du Bois gave a the White and Colored Races” “under the short speech. According to The Chicago Defender, auspices of the Bahai moment” was reported by Walter F. White, NAACP secretary, hailed “the J.H. Gray, ": News." The Bahá’í movement” as “one of the great forces of Chicago Defender (1 Nov 1924): 6. Alain Leroy human understanding.” [last name missing” spoke on “Negro Art and 1932: Los Angeles. February 27, 1932. At banquet Culture.” dinner, Chief Standing Bear offered a prayer and spoke of peace as a covenant among all races.

Friday, June 10, 2011 Mordecai Johnson, Speaks at First Black '1927 President Washington of Howard Race Amity University Event …

1927

Friday, June 10, 2011 Alain Locke on Race Amity (1928)

Washington, which the penetrating Mt. Pleasant Congregational Church vision of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, in 1912, saw and the auditorium of The as the crux of the race problem, and Playhouse, under the now formally therefore of practical democracy in organized Inter-racial Committee of America, was for that reason the Bahá’ís of Washington. selected as the place for the first Then followed Dr. Mordecai W. convention under Bahá’í auspices for Johnson, president of Howard amity in inter-racial relations University, who spoke on “The (1921). Conquest of Prejudice.” On November 10 and 11 (1927) Source: Alain Locke, “A Bahá’í Inter-Racial another of these conventions was Conference.” The Bahá’í Magazine (Star of held in Washington,this time at the the West) 18.10 (January 1928): 315– 316.

Friday, June 10, 2011 “Whites Entertained by Harlemites” In Harlem White Bahá’ís’ Bahá’ís Homes Guests H`.*2"( Hf"//#1+.*J( L"L_"&+(#;( #;(2."(&%5"+( 2."(L#9"Z 1%+(2."( L"$2(1"&"( R":$#2"(#;(%( 2."(6E"+2+(#;( 21#Z'%:( )%&/"L( *$2"&&%5*%/( L"L_"&+(*$( 5#$;"&"$5"( 2."*&( #;(2."(a%.%*( .#L"+CN HM%5*%/(a%&&*"&+(f%//( 0#9"L"$2( %2(-#$;"&"$5"(o;( %2(2."(["1( a%.%*(]&#EJ+(o9"&( `""RZd$'( p#&R(8&_%$( )"&"CE'O.&'P&)' !"%6E"CN V#8%'6/+-&8?*/' P&)+(4[#9C(O=3( OPA>@7(ObC 1930

Friday, June 10, 2011 1930 Race Amity Event,

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Friday, June 10, 2011 Boston The Future of Race Amity & Multiculturalism

Friday, June 10, 2011 Race Amity & “Unity in Diversity”

In “Unity through Diversity: A Bahá’í at large working for political, economic & Principle” (1933), Locke wrote: cultural democracy.” “What we need to learn most is how to Locke even suggested that the NAACP discover unity and spiritual equivalence “change its name to the “National underneath the differences which at present Association for the Advancement of so disunite and sunder us, and how to American Democracy.” establish some basic spiritual reciprocity on In “Cultural Relativism and Ideological the principle of unity in diversity.” Peace” (1944), Locke envisioned a series of In 1944, at Hampton, Locke said this can be “progressive integrations” that would take done, in part, by “pleading and righting the place “in due course” and “step by step, cause of any and all oppressed minorities”: from an initial stage of cultural tolerance, “Only by broadening our social minds … mutual respect, reciprocal exchange, some can we hope to become an integral part of specific communities of agreement and, the progressive movement of the world finally, commonality of purpose and action.”

Friday, June 10, 2011 Discussion: Promoting Racial Amity

Discussion: Beyond the “initial stage of cultural tolerance” that Locke speaks of, how can we promote “mutual respect, reciprocal exchange, some specific communities of agreement and, finally, commonality of purpose Eleanor Roosevelt and action”? & Alain Locke (1941)

Friday, June 10, 2011 THE END

Thank you for participating in this Amity circle!

Friday, June 10, 2011