Strange Fruit

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Strange Fruit Billie Holiday XXe et XXIe siècle États-Unis 1939 Cycle 1, Cycle 2, Cycle 3 03'00" Genre : Vocal, Jazz, Blues Thème : Le racisme L’œuvre (ou l’extrait) : Un jeune musicien et professeur de lycée, Allan Lewis, propose à Billie Holiday cette chanson qu’il avait écrite après avoir vu les photographies du lynchage de Thomas Shipp et Abram Smith (1930, Marion, Indiana). Ces deux hommes, afro-américains, accusés du vol d’un homme blanc et du viol de sa petite amie, avaient été battus puis lynchés par la foule avec la participation des policiers. Ce texte, « étendard de la négritude » dont la rage crue et sans appel est plus qu’une chanson engagée, est un réquisitoire pour la dignité et la justice. Ayant perçu la nouveauté et la puissance émotionnelle de cette chanson, Billie Holiday crée pour la première fois au Café Society,Strange Fruit. Elle suscite dès la première interprétation une grande émotion chez les spectateurs. La question de l’enregistrement la chanson ne recueille pas l’enthousiasme chez son producteur John Hammond, qui la juge compromettante. Le label Columbia, avec lequel Billie Holiday est sous contrat, tergiverse, craignant les réactions de ses clients sudistes. Ce titre sera enregistré grâce au tout nouveau label Commodore, le 20 avril 1939, avec les musiciens du Café Society. La plupart des radios censurent le disque Strange Fruit, mais les ventes sont excellentes. Cette chanson deviendra la chanson phare du Café Society tout le temps où Billie y chanta. Celle-ci prit par la suite l’habitude d’intégrer ce titre à la fin de son programme, chantant en articulant lentement les paroles, concluant avec un cri et disparaissant de la scène. Strange Fruit a été repris par de nombreux chanteurs dont Ella Fitzgerald, Nina Simone, Diana Ross, Marcus Miller (clarinette), Sting, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Tcheky Karyo, Colette Magny… Auteur / Compositeur / Interprete : Lewis Allan, de son vrai nom Abel Meeropol (1903-1966), enseignait la littérature. Il écrivait pour le théâtre, la radio et la télévision. Il était également compositeur et a composé, outre Strange Fruit, un grand succès pour Frank Sinatra The House I Live In, d’autres chansons dont Apples Peaches and Cherries. Il fut également un compositeur classique et écrivit des opéras et une cantate. Avec sa femme, il adopta les enfants du couple Rosenberg. Auteur de l'oeuvre : Compositeur : Allan Lewis Interprète : Billie Holiday Arrangeur : Formation instrumentale : Octuor Frank Newton (trompette), Tab Smith (saxophone alto), Kenneth Hollon et Stanley Payne (saxophones tenor), Sonny White (piano), Jimmy McLin (guitare), John Williams (contrebasse), Eddie Dougherty (batterie). Les clés de lecture : Strange Fruit, morceau plutôt jazz au niveau des harmonies et des gammes utilisées, peut être considéré comme un blues lent en particulier au niveau de la thématique tragique, de la plainte. Le blues est un style de musique instrumental ou chanté, apparu aux États-Unis dans le courant du xixe siècle, dérivé des chants de travail des Afro-Américains. Le chanteur y exprime sa tristesse et ses déboires (avoir le blues). Le rythme est généralement lent, syncopé (shuffle). La blue note est l’essence même du blues qui a de nombreuses origines (africaine, asiatique, irlandaise…). Le blues est construit sous la forme d’une succession d’accords sur huit, douze ou seize mesures. Strange Fruit est construit sur des parties de huit mesures. L’introduction est très longue, en deux parties : une première partie, sans rythmique, jouée par les cuivres et un thème lead à la trompette ; une seconde partie avec l’arrivée de la section rythmique, contrebasse, piano, guitare et batterie. Le rythme est lent, le piano joue un thème lead, qui sera repris entre les deux couplets. Cette chanson, écrite sous la forme d’un poème, ne possède pas de refrain. Trois couplets, le deuxième et le troisième s’enchaînent. Le chant de Billie Holliday, avec une articulation lente, traînante, très blues, est une plainte évoquant une histoire dramatique propre à la population afro-américaine. Les paroles de cette chanson sont très crues et imagées, il n’est pas recommandé de les traduire précisément pour les élèves, mais d’en révéler uniquement le thème. Une analyse musicale : Introduction de 00 min à 00 min 26 s Huit mesures, Cuivres sous forme de tapis sonore avec la trompette qui joue un thème. Introduction rythmique de 00 min 26 s à 01 min 7 s Huit mesures + deux mesures. Section rythmique : piano, guitare, contrebasse, batterie (très légère, balais + cymbales). 1er couplet de 01 min 08 s à 01 min 44 s Huit mesures chantées + deux mesures instrumentales. Section rythmique + cuivres. Chant 4 vers : Southern trees bear strange fruit Blood on the leaves and blood at the root Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees 2e et 3ecouplet de 01 min 44 à 03 min 04 s Seize mesures, point d’orgue (temps d’arrêt) sur la treisième mesure Section rythmique + cuivres Chant 8 vers : Pastoral scene of the gallant South The building eyes and the twisted mouth Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh And the sudden smell of burning flesh Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck For the rain to gather for the wind to suck For the sun to rot for a tree to drop Hers is a strange and bitter crop Exploitation pédagogique possible : Écoute comparative avec engagement du corps se déplacer en sentant la pulsation, l’ambiance douloureuse. Repérer les différentes parties Mettre d’abord en avant les parties instrumentales et les parties chantées. Mesurer les parties d’introduction par rapport à l’intégralité de l’œuvre. Le chant commence au bout d’une minute. Mettre en évidence, par le biais d’une écoute comparative, cette construction sur trois couplets sans refrain. Repérer les différents instruments On entend plus facilement le piano, la contrebasse et la trompette. Les autres instruments sont très noyés, et au vu de l’enregistrement, assez difficiles à identifier. Histoire des arts Le blues. Découverte du monde Histoire de l’Amérique, l’esclavage, le racisme… Informations complémentaires : Écoute comparative avec la version de Strange Fruit de Sting (structure, accompagnement, voix, tempo…). Écoute d’un autre titre de Billie Holiday My Man reprise de la chanson Mon homme de Mistinguette. Comparer les versions. Le site officiel de Billie Holiday Chronique de Bertrand Dicale : «Ces chansons qui font l’histoire ». Références discographiques : Frank Newton (trompette), Tab Smith (saxophone alto), Kenneth Hollon et Stanley Payne (saxophones tenor), Sonny White (piano), Jimmy McLin (guitare), John Williams (contrebasse), Eddie Dougherty (batterie). In Billie Holiday, la voix de l’émotion. Auteur de la fiche pédagogique : Claire Hassan » Retrouver toutes les offres légales de musique en ligne.
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