Mapping of natural resources sustainable use in the case studies of SECOA project

Item Type Journal Contribution

Authors Tran, Dinh Lan; Do, Thi Thu Huong; Cao, Thi Thu Trang

Download date 25/09/2021 21:23:30

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/9348 Tuy ển T ập Nghiên C ứu Bi ển, 2013, t ập 19: 239-253

MAPPING OF NATURAL RESOURCES SUSTAINABLE USE IN THE CASE STUDIES OF SECOA PROJECT

Tran Dinh Lan, Do Thi Thu Huong, Cao Thi Thu Trang Institute of Marine Environment and Resources

Abstract Series of maps of sustainable use of coastal natural resources focusing on coastal ecosystems and their important components in SECOA project case studies in partner countries of Belgium, India, Israel, , Portugal, Sweden, the UK and Vietnam show clearly the level of sustainable or unsustainable uses spatially and temporally. Although having some limitations in indication of sustainable use of coastal ecosystem due to the lack of data at different time points, the maps of sustainable use of coastal ecosystems in case studies are exercises showing the qualitative approach to assessment of sustainable use of natural resources. Using indicators of ecosystem sustainability for assessment and mapping coastal resources use is a simple method but requires datum sequences at different time points. Making maps of sustainable use of coastal ecosystems also provide the change in area of each level (very sustainable, sustainable, unsustainable and very unsustainable) of the use of coastal ecosystems.

I. INTRODUCTION II. METHODOLOGY Within the frame work of the project Mapping sustainable use of natural ‘Solutions for Environmental Contrasts in resources in coastal area of case studies is Coastal Areas’ – SECOA project, maps of based on DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressure, sustainable resources use in SECOA case State, Impact and Response) frame work studies of partner countries as Belgium, analysis or more quantitatively the India, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, the sustainability indicators and index. UK and Vietnam have been made to The sustainable use of coastal interpret and provide more information on ecosystems in case studies was assessed at assessment of natural resources use. To do 4 levels: assessment of the sustainable use of natural - Very sustainable resources then produce the maps, three - Sustainable approaches were taken into account, - Unsustainable including DPSIR framework analysis, - Very unsustainable sustainable use indicators and sustainability index with increasingly quantitative Base maps and their scales are selected assessment. However, the later approaches by SECOA partners. The map scales are require more systematic data that are not selected mainly dependent on the always collected and become one of the geographical scope of selected case studies critical limitations of these methods. and the available data, indicators and Coastal ecosystems or their components in indices. Geographic information system the case studies were selected and assessed (GIS) technology is employed for mapping. based on the main criteria and indices. There are two exceptional cases of the partners of the UK and Sweden in mapping of sustainable use of coastal natural 239 resources. The UK partner developed two 1. Belgian case studies kinds of indicators, including indicators of SECOA Belgian case studies include the sustainability and relative indicators of ones of Brugge and Oostende. Because sustainability to indicate the areas under these two case studies are close to each higher or lower pressure levels without other and in the same coastal system, the actually quantifying them and use these coastal ecosystems in the two case studies indicators to produce maps. Swedish were assessed and mapped together. partners have taken into account the 2050 Outputs of the analysis and calculation of scenarios of human activity and climate sustainability indicators from the set of change to map the land use change in sustainability of the coastal ecosystem SECOA Swedish case studies. The (Table 1) allow mapping the sustainable use mapping and analysis of Swedish case of the coastal ecosystem in case studies. studies has gone through four steps: 1) Maps of sustainable use of coastal Combination of selected layers indicating ecosystems in Belgian case studies were status, values and threats/pressures (maps made for non-built area (including of status 2010, maps of pressures 2050) agriculture, natural and semi natural using GIS; 2) Assessment of the degree of habitats, and open spaces) in the period of pressure based on qualitative and seven years from 2001 to 2007, showing an quantitative information about specific unstable trend in area of sustainable use. areas; 3) Combination with earlier and The total of non-built area in the case proposed responses, measure areas of studies was decreased over years. The different categories (maps of status 2050, coastal ecosystems were in sustainable use tables on status 2010 and future threats & in 2001, 2003 and 2005 with total area of proposed measures 2050); and 4) 70,096.5 ha, 69,878.7 ha and 69,707.8 ha, Assessment of the threats in relation to the respectively, and in unsustainable use in measures proposed. 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2007 with total area III. MAPS OF SUSTAINABLE USE OF of 69,979.2 ha, 69,788.6 ha, 69,612.5 ha NATURAL RESOURCES IN CASE and 69,438.2 ha, respectively. STUDIES

Map 1. Map of sustainable use of coastal ecosystems in SECOA case studies of Belgium, 2007 240

Table 1. Calculated values of Index of sustainability (Isu) for the coastal ecosystems of Belgian case studies

Year  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

ISU 0.609 0.460 0.717 0.434 0.582 0.491 0.455 Sources: N2.3 and D2.2

2. Indian case studies remarkable increase of unsustainable and Mangrove ecosystem in Mumbai very unsustainable wards, and the Metropolitan Region (MMR) and disappearance of some very sustainable marshland ecosystem in Chennai wards that existed in 1997. Metropolitan Region (CMR) were assessed In MMR, total area of mangrove and mapped for three time points: 1997, ecosystem was decreased from 140.34 2003 and 2008. Calculated values of sq.km in 1997 to 97.39 sq.km in 2003 and sustainability index from the set of then 96.98 sq.km in 2008. In more details, sustainability indicators of selected there were changes in area from very ecosystems in MMR and CNR (Table 2) sustainable use into very unsustainable use were used to map the sustainable use of in the period of 1997-2007. It is remarkable these ecosystems. that in 1997, there existed 36.08 sq.km of Maps of sustainable use of mangrove mangroves in a very sustainable use but in ecosystem in MMR and marshland 2008 there was none of them. The similar ecosystem in CMR show in 2008 a trend was observed in CMR (Table 3.).

Map 2. Map of sustainable use of mangrove ecosystem in Mumbai case study of India

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Table 2. Calculated values of sustainability indices for mangrove ecosystem (MMR) and marshland ecosystem (CNR) in Indian case studies

Year  1997 2003 2008 Mangrove sustainability index - MMR 0.56 0.49 0.41 Marshland sustainability index - CNR 0.67 0.61 0.55 Sources: N2.3 and D2.2

Table 3. Changes of sustainable use levels in area of mangrove ecosystem (MMR) and marshland ecosystem (CMR)

Name Assessed Area of very Area of Area of Area of very Assessed (Case Area (in sustainable sustainable unsustainable unsustainable component study (or sq. km) use (in sq. use (in sq. use (in sq. km) use (in sq. (ecosystem or sub-))/year km) km) km) environmental component) Mumbai Mangrove 1997 140.34 36.08 85.80 18.46 0.00 ecosystem Mangrove 2003 97.39 0.81 51.60 44.98 0.00 ecosystem Mangrove 2008 96.98 0.00 40.60 56.34 0.04 ecosystem Chennai Marshland 1997 11.19 1.76 9.27 0.16 0.00 Ecosystem Marshland 2003 9.18 0.13 3.77 5.28 0.00 Ecosystem Marshland 2008 8.03 0.07 2.77 0.57 4.62 Ecosystem

3. Israeli case studies index (Table 4) to be used to map the Israeli partner assessed and mapped the sustainable use of the coastal ecosystem. same ecosystem of sandy coastal trip, The changes of natural vegetation cover focusing on natural vegetation for the two were mapped at two time points of 1995 case studies of Palmachim –Tel Aviv and and 2009, showing steadily general Carmel Coast-Haifa. Sets of sustainability conversion of coastal area from sustainable indicators of the coastal ecosystems allow use into unsustainable use of the ecosystem, calculating the values of sustainability except for some sub areas in the coastal trip (Table 5).

Table 4. Calculated values of sustainability index for coastal ecosystems in Israeli case studies

(a) Palmachim

Area 1995 2009 Ashdod 0.185 0.162 Bat Yam 0.600 0.105 Gederot 0.600 0.100 Gan Raveh 0.229 0.187

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Yavneh outskirts 0.305 0.144 Yavneh 0.494 0.118 Rishon LeTzion 0.100 0.167 (b) Carmel Coast

Area 1995 2009 Carmel Shore 0.247 0.108 Haifa 0.344 0.110 Tirat Ha'Carmel 0.224 0.118 Furidis 0.489 0.102 No Jurisdiction 0.247 0.100 Sources: N2.3 and D2.2

Table 5. Changes in the area of coastal vegetation in SECOA case studies of Israel

Name (Case Area of Area of Assessed component (ecosystem or study (or sub- sustainable unsustainable use environmental component) ))/year use (ha) (ha) Palmachim Ashdod 1995 1,149,110 514,468 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 829,658 1,034,729 Natural Vegetation Cover Bat Yam 1995 8,983,653 359,405 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 121,895 478,917 Natural Vegetation Cover Gderot 1995 4,882,318 39,080 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 1,797 108,928 Natural Vegetation Cover Gan Raveh 1995 4,755,680 282,640 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 3,322,902 498,265 Natural Vegetation Cover Yavneh

outskirts 1995 6,350,984 22,541 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 1,629,212 260,461 Natural Vegetation Cover Yavneh 1995 8,685,015 1,244,365 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 548,841 3,109,018 Natural Vegetation Cover Rishon

LeTzion 1995 - 1,709,801 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 1,594,681 4,203,883 Natural Vegetation Cover Carmel Carmel Shore

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1995 15,286,204 3,317,127 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 950,184 6,465,662 Natural Vegetation Cover Haifa 1995 3,231,470 2,281,203 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 140,997 4,698,855 Natural Vegetation Cover Tirat Ha'Carmel 1995 638,789 2,496,734 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 92,887 3,018,428 Natural Vegetation Cover Furidis 1995 322,587 191,891 Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 - 538,834 Natural Vegetation Cover No Jurisdiction 1995 2,570,962 - Natural Vegetation Cover 2009 26,279 222 Natural Vegetation Cover

Map 3. Map of sustainable use of coastal vegetation in Palmachim area of Tel-Aviv case study of Israel

4. Italian case studies Corine land cover and analysis of natural Italian partner selected land use changes to areas (Table 6). Moreover, coastal water assess and mapped as an important use in XIII District of was assessed component of the coastal ecosystem for the and mapped. two Italian case studies of Rome The maps of land use variation Metropolitan Area (with 11 coastal developed using land use variation index municipalities between Tarquinia and show the trends in land use changes that ) and Chieti-Pescara Metropolitan express the increase (negative value of the Area (with 5 coastal municipalities between index) or the decrease (positive value of the Citta S.Angelo and Ortona) for two time index). For Rome case studies, variations of points of 2000 and 2006, using data from the land use index average -0,09 for the eleven municipalities, with a maximum of 244243

+0,27 and a minimum of -0,27, and for surface area show in Rome case study, only Pescara one, variations of the land use XIII District had over 25 percent of natural index average -0,26 for the five area and the other areas had 0 percent to 25 municipalities, with values between -0,20 percent; in Pescara, natural areas were only and -0,32. The maps of natural area from 0 to 10 percent. Overall area of percentage developed using the indicators sustainable use and unsustainable use is in of natural area percentage on the total Table 7.

Table 6. Index values of land use in coastal municipalities in Italian case studies

Rome metropolitan area Land use Percentage of natural Municipality variation index areas on total land -0.26 10% Ardea -0.25 0.46% 0.25 23.50% -0.25 15% 0.27 4% 0.00 4% Nettuno -0.27 16% Ostia -0.26 42% -0.26 2% 0.25 20% Tarquinia -0.27 13% Pescara metropolitan area Land use Percentage of natural Municipality variation index areas on total land Città Sant'Angelo -0.26 7.50% Francavilla -0.25 1.00% Montesilvano -0.27 5.50% Ortona -0.20 6.70% Pescara -0.32 2.00%

Table 7. Area of sustainable use and unsustainable use in SECOA case studies of Italy

Name Assessed Area of Area of Assessed component (Casestudy (or Area sustainable unsustainable (ecosystem or environmental sub-))/year (ha) use (ha) use (ha) component) Rome coastal Woods and semi natural areas municipalities (shrubland, dunes, beaches…); 2000 102180 80896 21284 wetlands; agricultural areas Rome coastal Woods and semi natural areas municipalities (shrubland, dunes, beaches…); 2006 101388 63526 37862 wetlands; agricultural areas Pescara coastal 17327 17327 Woods and semi natural areas 245

municipalities (shrubland, dunes, beaches…); 2000 wetlands; agricultural areas Pescara coastal Woods and semi natural areas municipalities (shrubland, dunes, beaches…); 2006 17130 1863 15267 wetlands; agricultural areas

Map 4. Map of land use variation in case study of Rome, Italy (2000-2006)

5. Portuguese case studies applied for calculation of sustainability Three Portuguese case studies of index values (Table 8) to be used for Metropolitan area of Lisbon, Eastern mapping the sustainable use of coastal Algarve and Funchal (site Madeira) with ecosystems in the case studies. their important ecological sites were The maps of sustainable use of natural assessed and mapped for three time points resources in these sites show the changes in of 1990, 2000 and 2006. A set of area of very sustainable use into sustainable sustainability indicators was analyzed for use over time (Table 9). coastal ecosystems in these sites and

Table 8. Calculated values of sustainability index for coastal ecosystems in Portuguese case studies of Metropolitan area of Lisbon, Eastern Algarve

Metropolitan area of Lisbon 1990 2000 2006 Sustainability index 0.79 0.72 0.67 Eastern Algarve Sustainability index 0.88 0.79 0.67 Madeira Sustainability index 0.87 0.71 0.67

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Table 9. Changes in area of ecological important sites in SECOA case studies of Portugal

Name (Case study Assessed Area of very Area of Assessed component (or sub-))/year Area (ha) sustainable sustainable (ecosystem or use (ha) use (ha) environmental component) Metropolitan Area of Lisbon 1990 35511.35 35511.35 Ecological important sites 2000 35511.35 35511.35 Ecological important sites 2006 35511.35 35511.35 Ecological important sites Eastern Algarve 1990 27301.48 27301.48 Ecological important sites 2000 27301.48 27301.48 Ecological important sites 2006 27301.48 27301.48 Ecological important sites Madeira (Funchal) 1990 353.30 353.30 Ecological important sites 2000 353.30 353.30 Ecological important sites 2006 353.30 353.30 Ecological important sites

Map 5. Map of sustainable use in ecological important sites of Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal 247

6. Swedish case study of Vellinge show, the proposed dams will not help municipality protecting coastal wetlands. Thus, it is Swedish partner used GIS-material from the difficult to achieve a long-term municipalities, the county administrative “sustainability” with a perspective of 50 boards of Scania and West Götaland, years in the future for today’s coastal analyses of climate change by authorities on wetland areas. Rather, new wetlands will different level and other experts, and develop – on the coast of dry habitats, open demographic statistical material from landscape, and recreation areas. Erosion Statistics Sweden to map sustainable use of and accretion may change the layout of the coastal land use as a main component of peninsula further. The proposed dams can coastal resources. The maps show key protect settlement and recreation areas and elements of land use status (coastal some dryland habitats. A planned tramline wetlands, open land, forest and settlement), will reduce needs for car transport. But the pressure on land use (social-economic location of the dams is contested by the development and climate change) and conservation section of the regional responses (natural conservation, cultural authorities. The Falsterbo case raises a heritage conservation, dams and tram line). further sustainability problem. The municipality is in a dilemma – defending Presently, coastal wetlands in Vellinge the existing historical and real estate values are used and managed relatively sustainably or moving higher up, where valuable being under some kind of protection regime agricultural land would have to be claimed. (Natura 2000 and other types of protected In the last decades, productive land has areas and measures to keep coastal declined in favour of infrastructure and meadows and heaths open). However, settlement. Nature conservation- and inundations due to climate change and an forested areas have increased or at least expected population growth will change the remained constant. situation (Table 10 and 11). As the maps

Table 10. Climate change and sustainable land use on Falsterbo peninsula in Vellinge municipality: Status, pressures & responses 2050

Indicators Status Pressure 2050 Sea Response: 2010 level rise: lost/gained dams by inundation Area (ha) Types & subtypes MWL MWL HHWL Within Outside +0m +0.5m +2.15m (+2.15m) (+2.15m) Valuable Coastal wetlands: habitats humid slacks, salt 28 -23 -25 3 25 marshes Open land: mudflats, dunes, grasslands, 3427 -103 -1345 120 23 heaths, parks, recreat. Forest 457 0 -234 75 2 Land uses Agriculture 13213 0 -349 398 654 Settlement 1777 0 -267 260 0 Total 18902 -126 -2220 856 704 Nature Land-based: incl. all 4138 conservation coastal wetlands -396 -1519 304 2619 248247

Marine: rocks, sand- banks, coastal lagoons 42164 396 1519 Total 46302 Cultural heri- National interest areas tage conserv 14320 -284 -697 684 157

Table 11. Urbanisation and sustainable land use on Falsterbo peninsula in Vellinge municipality: Status 2010 and extrapolated pressures 2050

Vellinge Indicators Pressure: development & population Present 2010 Settlement area 1450 Ha Population, permanent 20037 inh. Winter density 13.8 inh./ha Summer population 60000 inh. Summer density 41.4 inh./ha Pressures by 2050 1 Planned settlement area 1750 Ha Extrapolated permanent 29832 inh. population Extrapolated density 17.0 inh./ha

Map 6. Climate change and sustainable land use with dams, 2010 - 2050 in Falsterbo Peninsula, Vellinge municipality

7. The case studies of the UK ecosystems of intertidal flats and The two SECOA case studies of Thames saltmarshes in scientific special sites of Gateway and Portsmouth in the UK were interests (SSSI). Sets of sustainability assessed and mapped with the coastal indicators for these ecosystems in SSSI 249 were analyzed and applied to calculate indicators of sustainability of these index of sustainability and then to ecosystems and not conditions at specific formulate the values of mean rank and final points in time. All sub areas of scientific rank to generate maps of sustainable use of special sites of interests in the two case these ecosystems (Table 12) . studies were in very sustainable use until The maps show the trend of selected 2010 (Table 13). indicators of sustainability and relative

Table 12. Mean rank values and final rank based on the Index of Sustainability ( Ist rank ) and the Relative Index of Sustainability ( RIst rank )

Portsmouth Langstone Benfleet Thames Medway Swale harbour harbour estuary Mean rank 3.1 2.0 4.8 4.1 1.5 5.5

Ist Rank 3 2 5 4 1 6 Mean rank 5.7 4.0 3.1 4.6 2.2 1.5 RIst Rank 6 4 3 5 2 1 Sources: D2.2

Table 13. Area of sustainable use in SECOA case studies of the UK (2010)

Name (Case study (or Assessed Area of very Assessed component (ecosystem sub-))/year area (ha) sustainable use or environmental component) (ha) Portsmouth Portsmouth Harbour SSSI 1063.0 1063.0 Intertidal flats and saltmarshes Langstone Harbour SSSI 653.8 653.8 Intertidal flats and saltmarshes Thames Gateway Thames Estuary and Marshes SSSI 5532.5 5532.5 Intertidal flats and saltmarshes Benfleet and Southend Marshes SSSI 2373.7 2373.7 Intertidal flats and saltmarshes Medway Estuary and Marshes SSSI 4748.8 4748.8 Intertidal flats and saltmarshes The Swale SSSI 4709.8 4709.8 Intertidal flats and saltmarshes

Map 7. Map of Indicators of sustainability (IS) of SSSI in SECOA case studies of the UK

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8. Vietnamese case studies ecosystem and coral reef ecosystem were Mangrove ecosystem in Hai Phong case derived from set of sustainability indicators study and coral reef ecosystem in both case analysis and then used for mapping studies of Hai Phong and Nha Trang were sustainable use of these ecosystems (Table assessed and mapped. Calculated values of 14 and 15). sustainability index for mangrove

Table 14. Calculated values of sustainability index for mangrove ecosystem (Imst) by district and the whole area of Hai Phong

Cat Duong Do Kien Thuy Tien Whole Year Hai An Hai Kinh Son Thuy Nguyen Lang area

1989 Imst 0.76 0.42 0.72 0.63 0.34 0.67

1995 Imst 0.70 0.29 0.49 0.35 0.36 0.54

2001 Imst 0.62 0.32 0.44 0.36 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.49

2007 Imst 0.35 0.29 0.63 0.19 0.24 0.45 0.54 0.42 Sources: N2.3

Table 15. Calculated values of Sustainability index for coral reef (Icst) in Vietnamese case studies

Hai Phong, 2003

Cong Ang Ba Trai Hang Cong Tung Coc Whole La Tham Dao Trai Do Ngon Cheo area

Ic1 0.53 0.33 0.49 0.28 0.53 0.39 0.83

Ic2 0.58 0.13 0.52 0.83 0.04 0.74 0.82

Icst 0.56 0.23 0.51 0.56 0.28 0.56 0.82 0.5

Nha Trang Bay, 2010

Bai Bang Hon Tam Hon Mun Hon Mieu Nha I 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.5 Trang c1 Bay Ic2 0.52 0.2 0.6 0.05

Icst 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0,5

Analyzing maps, it is shown that, was in general decreased over time (Table mangrove ecosystem has a spatial 16). distribution in coastal wetlands of Hai Coral reef ecosystem in the two case Phong and a trend of unsustainable use in studies were monitored at some important northeast coastal area of Hai Phong. sites with transect method. Therefore, data Though in some specific districts in the of coral reef area are not available, and then southwestern part of Hai Phong, mangrove polygon mapping is impossible. Then the forest area was increased in the period from maps of sustainable use of coral reef 1989-2007, the area of mangrove ecosystem ecosystem in both two case studies of Hai Phong and Nha Trang are shown in points.

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Table 16. Changes in area of mangrove ecosystem in SECOA case study of Hai Phong, Vietnam

Name (Case Assessed Area of Area of Area of very Assessed study (or Area sustainable unsustainable unsustainable component sub-))/year (ha) use (ha) use (ha) use (ha) (ecosystem or environmental component) Hai Phong 1989 2977.76 Mangrove ecosystem 1995 2088.3 764.35 1323.95 Mangrove ecosystem 2001 2555.15 1052.81 1502.34 Mangrove ecosystem 2007 1943.21 945.63 610.35 387.23 Mangrove ecosystem

Map 8. Map of sustainable use of mangrove forest in Hai Phong, Vietnam, 2007

III. CONCLUSION REMARKS spatially and temporally. Although having Series of maps of sustainable use of coastal some limitations in indication of sustainable natural resources focusing on coastal use of coastal ecosystem due to the lack of ecosystems and their important components data at different time points, the maps of in SECOA case studies show clearly the sustainable use of coastal ecosystems in level of sustainable or unsustainable uses case studies are exercises showing the 252 qualitative approach to assessment of the European Commission, Seventh sustainable use of natural resources. Using Framework Program - Environment indicators of ecosystem sustainability for (including Climate Change) under grant assessment and mapping coastal resources agreement n° 244251. use is a simple method but requires datum sequences at different time points. Making REFERENCES maps of sustainable use of coastal Secoa project, 2011. Assessment of natural ecosystems also provide the change in area resources use for sustainable of each level (very sustainable, sustainable, development (N2.3). unsustainable and very unsustainable) of Secoa project, 2011. National reports of the use of coastal ecosystems. maps of sustainable use of coastal Despite of the above benefits when natural resources of Italy and Sweden producing the maps, the differences in scale Secoa project, 2010. National reports of of selected coastal ecosystems and in DPSIR framework of Belgium, India, assessment periods, and the use of different Italy, Portugal, UK and Vietnam. indicators for mapping are the main Secoa project, 2010. National reports of limitations that make the comparison of the Assessment of Natural Resources Use mapping results among case studies for Sustainable Development of impossible. Belgium, India, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Acknowledgement: The research leading Sweden, UK and Vietnam (D2.2). to these results has received funding from http://www.projectsecoa.eu/

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