This report has been prepared by CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE, on behalf of the INDIAN HOTELS COMPANY LTD, for the ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF . MARCH 2003 TAJ MAHAL

AGRA

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN

This document has been compiled by ANNABEL LOPEZ The Site Management Plan has been prepared by TA] MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE in collaborationwith the ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Our grateful thanks are due to:

NATIONAL CULTURE FUND Secretary Culture Chairman, Project lmplementation Committee Mrs Komal Anand Additional Secretary Culture Mr Navneet Soni Member secretary

OUR ADVISORS Sir Bernard Feilden ProfJames Westcoat Prof. Ebba Koch Dr Milo C. Beach Ms. Marukh Tarapore Prof Senake Bandaranayake Mr Martand Singh Getty Conservation lnstitute World Monuments Fund

INDIAN HOTELS COMPANY LTD Mr. Krishna Kumar Chairman and Managing Director Mr Ravi Dubey Senior Vice President Corporate Communications Mr. Ashish Seth Area Financial Controller

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA We especially acknowledge: MS Kasturi G. Menon Director Generai Dr R. Grover Jt. Director General Dr K. N. Poonacha Director Monuments Dr R.K. Sharma Director Science Mr Shyam Singh Chief Horticulturist Dr K.K. Muhammad Superintending Archaeologist, Circle Mr K. C. Nauriyal Dy. Superintending Archaeologist, Agra Circle Mr Vikrama Bhuvan Assistant Archaeologist, Agra Circle Mr M.C. Sharma Sr. Conservation Assistant, Taj Mahal Mr Tapan Bhattacharya Sr, Conservation Assistant, Agra Circle

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE Ms. Amita Baig Heritage Management consultant Ms. Annabel Lopez Conservation consultant Rahul Mehrotra Associates Conservation consultant Mr. Navin Conservation architect Mr. Arup Sarbhadhikary structurai consukant Ms. Tara Sharma Research consultant Dr. Priyaleen Singh Landscape architect, Conservation architect Page Nos. Introduction ...... I Mission statement ...... 5

Chapter 1: THE SITE Regional Context ...... 7 Site Description...... I I Cultural Significance ...... 15 Evaluation of Key Issues ...... 18

Chapter 2: CONSERVATION Introduction ...... 23 Principles for Conservation ...... 25 Documentation and Research...... 27 Planning and Implementation ...... 34 Maintenance and Management...... 36

Chapter 3: LANDSCAPE Introduction ...... 37 Principles of Historic Garden Conservation ...... 41 Documentation and Research...... 44 Planning and lmplementation ...... 47 Maintenance and Management...... 48 Chapter 4: VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT AND FAClLlTATlON Introduction ...... 49 Principles of Visitor Management and Facilitation...... 51 Documentation and Research ...... 53 Visitor Management and Facilitation Objectives ...... 61 Planning and Implementation ...... 63 Maintenance and Management ...... 68

Chapter 5: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Site Security ...... 69 Risk Preparedness ...... 71

Chapter 6: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Introduction...... 73 Research and Documentation ...... 74 Planning...... 76 Implementation ...... 80

Chapter 7: MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES Introduction...... 81 Existing legal and administrative framework ...... 83 Guiding Principles for a Management Policy ...... 85 Proposed Management Structure ...... 86

Plan of Action ...... 88

Photo Credits ...... 89 Bibliography...... 93 List of Illustrations ...... 95 INTRODUCTION $3

INTRODUCTION

1. The Taj Mahal, wiih the crowded ciiy of Agra as a backdrop.

The Taj Mahal is undoubtedly amongst the most important monumental sites in the world. This, dong with many others, constitutes a common world heritage, to be treasured as unique testimonies to an enduring past. Their disappearance would be an irreparable loss for humanity - the preservation of this common heritage concems us all.

The recognition of the Taj Mahal as a World Heritage Site in It is clear that a 1982 has resulted in increased national and international comprehensive awareness and concern about the monument and its environment. The Taj Mahal particularly has been the focus of understanding of the regional world attention because pollution was seen to be damaging the issues are necessary if a long marble façade and while measures instituted for the term strategy for the amelioration of this condition have already commenced, it is preservation of the Taj Mahal clear that a holistic approach for the restoration of the entire and its environs is to be complex is required to preserve the monument. sustained. The need for a Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal, a World Heritage Site, and indeed all sites, is today a recogmed necessity for effective conservation and protection. The accolade of World Heritage Site status has brought to many of the world's most significant monuments, enormous pressure from visitors who are aware of the value of these sites.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE :$ INTRODUCTION

AREA OF INTERVENTION

LEGEND Core Zone O Buffer iu ,ne

ure 1. Satellite image of Taj Mahal indicating areas of inteivention in the core zone and the bufier zone.

According to the World Tourism Organisation " from a consewationist point of view, m weii as fim the p~bkcsectorperqective, the main value of tourism at hetitage sites eSs in that if serves as an intmd~ctionto the histotical and cultural background ofa countty orphe wbicb peopie may never appmach otbede."

Tourism growth internationally in the last twenty or thirty years has necessitated conservationists to take a far more holistic view of the protection of a site. Where previously adequate and timely conservation measures were deemed sufficient for the protection of a site, today these sites face-overwhelming pressures linked to rapid urbanisation, tourism growth, as well as heightened expectations.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 INTRODUCTION '3

Equally, conservation itself has become highly specialized and it is crucial therefore that a Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its environs, brings the cadre of conservation practitioners in different fields of specialization together under a single umbrella. Such a Site Management Plan will ensure that the manner in which the Taj Mahal site is managed and the different forces influencing the site are integrated so that it ensures the cooperation of a much larger constituency of stakeholders. This is based on not just a World 2. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Heritage mandate, but also an acknowledged need that and His Queen, England, conservation and preservation of historic sites is oniy possible 1824, Charles Ramus Forrest. when it is hmily rooted in processes of consultation and participation at the local level.

While it is recognized that the future of any monument can oniy be secured within the context in which it is situated, and thus linked to development strategies; the Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its environs, seeks to bring together in a single document the institutional and legal frarnework, conservation perspectives and practices, horticultural and water management concerns, and visitor management and facilitation of the Taj Mahal.

The Site Management Plan wdi in due course, address regional The Site Management Plan concerns linking basic city centric i'ssues such as the availabihty will be continuously updated of drinking water or electricity, which directly affect the and its success will be management and maintenance of the Taj Mahal site itself. It will also address the details of buffer zone planning and measured by its capacity to management, taktng into its purview through cooperation with keep abreast of emerging the multiple concerned agencies, other concerns related to the challenges without ever city and its future development. For the sake of clarity and as an compromising on the irnplementation tool, the Taj Mahal Site Management Plan fundamental principles of the wiii in the first phase address the core monumental area authenticity and integrity of and in the second phase the buffer zone. the site. The Taj Mahal is a particularly large site; it is a complex of several buildings and gardens all of whch are an integral part of the whole. The Site Management Plan d bring all these areas together so that composite planning will be possible for the entire site. It is based on an understanding of the systems and procedures currently operational and has made every effort to augment and enhance rather than introduce new procedures, which become cumbersome.

The management challenges of the Taj Mahal as a World Heritage Site today cannot be over-stated. ICOMOS in 1982, while endorsing the nomination recornmended that a Site Management Plan be prepared; this is the fîrst attempt to integrate the planning, conservation and management challenges as an ongoing partnership of the AS1 and the private sector.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVAT~ONCOLLABORATNE This preliminary document has been developed on a relationship of trust and cooperation developed over the last year since the National Culture Fund, the Atchaeological Survey of India, and the Indian Hotels Company Ltd., signed a Memorandurn of Understanding, on the 20' of June, 2001, for the "comemation, restoration and @gradation and beaahzcatwn of The Tq-Mabal and smandng mm': The Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal is intended to be the 3. Mr. Ratan Tata at the signing of the guiding principles and strategies based on a successful public MOU between the National Culture Fund, the Archaeoiogical Survey of private partnership. lndia and lndian Hdels Company Ltd. The Taj Mahal Conservation Coilaborative (TMCC) came into existence in July 2001 as consultants to IHCL to advise on the development of the projects and schemes envisaged as part of this MOU. This last year has been an intensive learning process to understand the range of issues, which impact the site. These will be examined in greater depth in the main report and as the project develops over the next few years. The TMCC has worked in close partnership with the AS1 to develop ths Site Management Plan and it has been drafted foliowing intensive interaction with officiais of the AS1 in Delhi and Agra.

PRINCIPLES OF THE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN

In recognition of the international significance of the Taj Mahal. a holistic approach to the conservation of the Agra Heritage region is imperative. By conceptualising an overall regional vision, appropriate prominence can be given to the Taj Mahal. This is the long-term objective.

Authenticity and integrity of the entire complex, the monument, the gardens and the environs must be restored as far as it is possible. There must be a clearly articulated vision for the whole and a strategic plan to achieve these goals.

There must be a commiunent to include the stakeholders of Agra in the decision-making process especially relating to issues, which direaly impact them. The role of the citizens as stated in the 42nd amendment to the Constitution of lndia " the fundamental dug and responsibilhy of every citizen of lnaïa .. ..to value andpreserve the rich heritage of our composite culture'' could only be reinforced in a spirit of mutual trust

Human Resource Development wiII be a key component in the Site Management Plan enhancing the range of skills both technical and managerial, but most of al1 the development of master craftsmen whose futures can be secure in the preservation opportunities of the Taj Mahal.

Creation of mechanisms to sustain in the long-term CO-operationof the multiple stakeholders as well as professional and technical expertise necessary for different aspects of the site.

There is an imperative need to continuously improve the visitor experience. The facilities must provide maximum information through multiple media while ensuring the spirit of sanaity and serenity, as the guiding principle of iu development.

Enhance the visitor's perception of the monument and its surroundings and weave these presently disparate parts into a seamless fabric of experience.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 MISSION STATEMENT 5

MISSION STATEMENT

At the end ofthejrst Advisors meeting, on the Consemation of the Taj Mahal heldjrom 25fh-28fh September 200 1, we asked Prof: Ebba Koch to wnte about the project, itsprospects andperspectives. She responded substantiveb.

"Dear friends,

1 feel much honored that 1 was asked to make these concluding remarks to Our meeting.

We have been experiencing in the past days somehng which in Mughal terms could be described as a confluence of two oceans, a Majma'-ul- Bahrain, to borrow the title of the famous work on Vedanta and Sufism (1655) of Shah Jahan's son Dara Shkoh. In our meeting, one of the "oceans" was the Indian government, the Archaeologcal Survey of India, represented by its Director General, Kasturi Gupta Menon; the other was the pnvate sector, the Indian Hotels Co. Ltd, represented by its Senior Vice President Ravi Dubey; the National Culture Fund mediating between the two. But it was also a confluence of a group of individuals, the expert advisors and the Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative team, brought together on the basis of their specific expertise by the convenors of this meeting Rahul Mehrotra and Amta Baig.

In ths unique constellation, a group of experts was gven an officia1 platform to exchange information and ideas with the ASI. Tnis interaction, whch took place in a highly positive spirit, has made the visit to the Taj Mahal and the meetings at Agra so spedal and important. On the site and in the meetings we were busy to discuss specific areas and problems; therefore 1 would like to draw your attention again to the whole monument, so that we can see out respective concems in its overall context. My thoughts are based on a long association with the Taj Mahal; 1 have been working on Mughal art and architecture since 1976, and since 1994, specifically on the Taj Mahal and its urban context.

The success of the Taj Mahal, 1 believe, lies not only in its aesthetic, romantic and symbolic appeal but also in the fact that it expresses in a canonical form the architectural principles of the Mughals. The Taj Mahal is the Moghuls' great contribution to world architecture, and, it is important to note, that from the very begnning it was conceived as such. In the words of Shah Tahan's historian it was to be "the masterpiece of the days to come whch adds to the astonishment of humaAty at large." The monument was thus not only planned as a rnagmficent burial place for Mumtaz Mahal but "uniil the Day of Judgement" it was to testify to the power and glory of Shah Jahan and Mughal rule. The Taj Mahal was built for us, the viewer.

The Taj Mahal complex is laid out on strict principles, which can be derived from the architecture itself. They may also guide us in our concems of conservation and represent themselves as follows:

1. Consistent symmetrical planning with emphasis on bilateral symmetry on both sides of a central axis. The emphasis is on the features in the center, the tomb and the gateways, on both sides are arranged structures mirroring each other. Every component is thus indispensable for the whole of the balanced composition. Each and every structure of the Taj complex is of equal importance and deserves the same kLid of attention.

2. Hierarchy, expressed in a carefd grading of material, forms, and color down to the most minute omamental detail. That means, every omament plays its role in the overall concept, down to the smallest dasa mouldmg. The mausoleum itself is clad in white marble and the subsidiary structures are faced with red sandstone, special features such as domes may be clad in whte marble. This hierarchcally graded colour dualism -generally characteristic of irnperial but here explored with unparalleled sophistication -connects the monument to ancient Indian shastric traditions where white-coloured stones are assigned to Brahmuls and red ones to kshatriyas, the wamor caste. In hsway the Mughals related themselves archtecturally to the hghest levels of the Indian caste system. The surface of the Taj Mahal is thus not only of aesthetic relevance but, beyond that, cames hghly significant hstorical and sociological associations. The conservation and treatment of the differentiated surfaces of the Taj is a key agenda and featured large in our

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 6 MISSION STATEMENT

discussions with Dr. R. K Sharma, Director of Science of the Archaeologcal Survey. It is hoped that the expertise of the Getty Conservation Institute represented by François LeBlanc wdl contribute to find the best solutions for ths sensitive issue.

3. A sophtsticated symbolism in the architectural programme. Here the archttecturaiiy plamed garden emerges as a dominant feature. The concept of the garden of the Tai Mahal goes beyond its plantation part, the reconstruction of whtch was, in our discussions, the spedal concem of Shyam Singh Yadav, Chef of Horticulture of the Archaeologcal Survey, and of James Wescoat of the University of Colorado at Boulder. The garden form of the Taj Mahal represents, as 1 believe, the monumental and idealised expression of the nverfront or water front garden, a specific Mughal version of the Persianate chaharbagh. Senake Bandaranayke has shown in hts analysis of the gardens of Sipya at Sn Lanka, whtch date from the fifth century A. D., that the chaharbagh made its appearance in long before the Gst Mughal ernperor Babur claimed to have it brought to Hindustan (1526). It goes, however, to the credit of the Mughals to have developed the spedfic variant of the water front garden, whtch takes advantage of the main water supply of the Indian plains, a large, slow flowing river. In the water front garden, the main bddings are set on a terrace overlooking the nverfront and the four-part chaharbagh element is placed on the land ward side.

In the Taj Mahal, the characteristic configuration of the water front garden was not only used for the funerary garden but also for the arrangement of the subsidiary structures, the forecourt and the bazaar and caravanserai complex. The latter, in its ongmal form, was cross axiaiiy arranged and echoed the layout of the tomb garden; it formed an integral part of the Taj Mahal complex. However, it has been bdt over by the city quarter caiied Taj Ganj and represents an area of concem for possible restoration, at least in form of an architectural model or a computerised reconstruction, a taik that 1 would like to take on. A place to show ths would be the reorganised museum or visitor center, about whch Martand Singh has presented hts ideas.

The garden informs also the symbolism of the Taj, it is a leitmotif of its decoration with flowering plants in stone relief and in the famous pietra dura inlay technique. The flowers on the waiis of the Taj Mahal might not smeU, as the court poet of Shah Jahan tells us, but they do not fade or whtther, and thus express etemal bloom and never endmg spring in the garden palace of Mumtaz, representing a model here on earth of the paradisiacal gardens.

The garden links the Taj Mahal to the city of Agra, to its urban context. In the seventeenth century Mughal Agra was formed by bands of gardens lining the river Yamuna on both sides. Agra was a river front garden city, like Pans or London, described by the poets as "a sweet smehng garden with new blossoms".

Some of this past utopia, at least in the immediate surroundings of the Taj Mahal, can be recreated. The water works of the Taj Mahal, the adjoinkg garden of Khan e Alam and the Mehtab Bagh on the opposite side of the Yamuna could form an ensemble with the Taj Mahal. Our concems go beyond the Taj Mahal to its environment, the dty of Agra and we all work for the reahsation of these ideas. Thank you."

Professor Ebba Koch,

Institute of History of Art, University of Vienna, Austria

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLlABORATlVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

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WGIONAL CONTEXT

Taj Mahal, the pinnacle of Mughal architectural glory remains unsurpassed as a jewel in the World's Heritage. Today however it is a victim of its celebration; overburdened with the influx of I tourists and vulnerable in its environment, presenting challenges and opportunities for its conservation, preservation 1 and its presentation.

Historically at the crossroads of civilkation, the Emperor described Agra, 'Yhe eqûon'pcm of the trajîc of the world': when he established the capital of the Mughal Empire here. His ,- grandson the Emperor Shah Jahan crowned two generations of di- 'a architecturai and certainly- sepulchrai,- grandeur in Aga with this entraordinary monument, in the &si half of the ieventeenth century. L

The city of Agra remains at the heart of India with the country's major arterial highways transiting the city and carrying most of the countrv's oroduction and su~~lies.Traditionai 4. Extreme'ydensecityofAgra , I L L trade in indigo, grain and salt has given way to leather, iron foundries and glassworks. The city of Agra has always had a bustling economy although in recent times with the ad hoc development of small and medium scale industries and with infrastructure unable to keep pace, there is extensive decay evident in the hstoric city fabric.

Even so it is a situation not dissirnilar to the seventeenth century when Emperor Jehangir wrote "In the nmber ofbuildigs (in Agra) it is eqzlal to several dies ofIrq, Kburman and Trans Omana put together. Maypersons have erected buihngs of3 or 4 storeys in it. The man ofpeople is so great that moving about in the lanes and ba7aars are dz@caîIt':

The Taj Mahal is the culmination of extensive architectural ambitions in Agra. The tradition of a grand mausoleurn follows Sikandra, the tomb of the Emperor Akbar and the tomb of Itrnad ud Daulah, uncle of Nur Jahan, Emperor Jehangir's favourite wife. l

The Agra Fort, which towers over the city, its ramparts visible from miles around, was declared a World Heritage Site, as '

-- -- - SlTE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE THE SITE

LOCATION MAP

# -E T

TAJ TRAPEZlLlM ZONE

Fgure 2. Location map and the Taj Trapeziurn Zone.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 THE SlTE @

The city of Agra also witnessed the development of a spate of river front gardens, designed for the pleasures of the great court. Rmn Bagb, Chini ka Rmqa and Mebtab Bagb are still extant, part of what was an extensive garden development that formed a grand fiontage for the Agra Fort and perhaps more relevant when the river flowed dong the Fort walls.

Over the years, with the shifting of the capital to Delhi and The picturesque east bank of city, Nadir Shah's systematic plundering of the Agra's historic the Yamuna is dotted with sites gradually fell into disuse and disrepair. Almost 150 years later, early in the 10thcentury the British established a garrison at historic gardens, palaces, Agra. Initially their presence was discreet but they gradually pavilions including the quiet gained control of the Fort and also established a -'cantonment' tree shaded Ram Bagh, with its own railway station, public buildings, churches, believed to be the earliest cemeteries and bungalows, which provided a buffer for them Mughal garden laid out by fiom the city. Interestingly today it is still this that provides a sanitized zone protecting the monuments from the city's Babur, in 1526. growth.

RIVER FRONT GARDENS

F$ire 3. Kifront gardens.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE THE SlTE

PLAN OF THE TAJ MAHAL COMPLEX WHA

SN-EU Ulm O WmmmwIE [ruw am

flFA- YosaE SmImYIA IIYIiUiWUA UlllllmI#UT lAICUmlRJ IMwR3 UlCUllllLl

Fgure 4: Layout c4 the T J Mahal canplax

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 THE SlTE I I

SITE DESCRIPTION

Built over twenty-two years from 1632, the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is part of an commemorates the love of the Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife eilormous corriplex covering Mumtaz Mahal. Bounded by high wails on three sides and the 16 hectares within its walls River Jumna on the fourth. The grand design of the Taj Mahal also included Mehtab Bagh on the opposite side of the river, and twenty-two hectares, which was believed for many years to be the unfinished black inclusive of TajGanjand Khan Taj Mahal but is now said to have been conceived as a e Alam. In effect, one third of moonlight garden with a central reflecting pool rnirroring the the complex was planned for Taj Mahal. Perhaps it was also a logical continuation of the visitors to the Taj Mahal. water front gardens.

Entry to the Taj Mahal complex is initiaily through gates in the three boundary walls. This gives way to the Jih Khana or the place of congregation for visitors. Senes of colonnades on all sides provided shelter for the large number of visitors Shah Jahan anticipated would visit the mausoleum. The Jih Kbana has four smaller courtyards in its corners; of these, two house the graves of Sirhind Begum and Satiun Nisa. Two courtyards for tomb attendants on the opposite side provided a composite facdity for ail visitors to the site.

At the south side Taj Gay' is a complex of serais created to provide for the needs of visitors to the Taj Mahal as well as other visitors who may not be housed with the main complex. Earlier known as Mumtazabad, it had classic cruciform layout, gates, and four serais, each with a courtyard. It remains a bustling bazaar although there are bare fragments remaining as evidence of the histonc fabric.

The eastern and western gates were for visitors. However the central focus is the main entrance to the Taj Mahal. It is a huge, highly embellished thirty-meter high red sandstone gateway, which towers over the Jih Kbana. With its fine calligraphy and sandstone inlay it presents a perfect foi1 for the white marble monument beyond. It was the point from which the entire area was guarded as it provides a vantage of the whole complex.

This opens into the Taj Mahal char bagh centered here not by the T0 stress the visual impact, building as with most char baghs, but with a water tank and a externa] aild interna]surfaces central platform designed to view the tomb. formed by veneering slabs In addition to a complex network of waterways, is a central and crowning components concourse of fountains, which are stiü intact. Al1 are part of an were ~d~rnedwitll inlaid elaborate water system that lifted water from the nver and patterns of stone strips and brought in by aqua ducts through an intrkate system of water fragments.(M.C.Joshi) channels to the gardens. The irrigation system was designed to serve the gardens, as weil histoncally optirnising water resources.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TM tdN-iAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 'ST THE SlTE

6. Vertical section through the Taj Mahal, India, c. 1820 On either side of the char bagb is what is called the Naabat Kbana. The bddings all stand in perfect and rigorous syrnmetry creating balance and harmony that have remained undisturbed through the centuries.

Although the gardens have Located 275 metres from the main gate beyond the gardens chanqed- s~~ibstantivelvover and the water channels, the mausoleum is the jewel; its perfect the years, the original layout white proportions offset bp four minarets and flankedby the remains undisturbed. red sandstone Mosque and Jawab or Mebman Kbana. The principle materials used in the construction of the Taj Mahal, its minarets and other related buildings, are thin squarish kzkbori bricks and lune mortar. Some quantity of rubble was also used in the foundation. The Mughals used the marble and red stand Stone as a veneer. The crypts are enclosed within eight chambers at two levels totalling sixteen chambers. These outer chambers are unadomed and a simple rendering of lime plaster suffices.

Materials used in .the irilay Extensive use of arches, decorative and functional cbbaz;tris, include . . .varieties of agate cupolas and gaIdastas embellish this structure. Multiple alcoves inside and out have been used for not only for structural and jasper, cornelian, lapis, strength but also to break the monotony of the facades. Raised coral and other serrii on a high platform, of the cenotaphs at two levels, the lower precious stones. (M.C.Joshi) houses the remains of the Emperor and his wife with access lunited to a select few, whde the upper chamber was for visitors and for placing of the chadar, during the m.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 THE SlTE 13

The cenotaphs are also richly engraved with inscriptions from Overawed by the grandeur the Quran and are dated. In consonance with Islamic tradition and scale of the monument the bodies are buried with their faces towards Mecca and their and dismayed by the decay, feet facing south. At the upper level they are enclosed in an intricately carved marblejali (screen) and the 'graves' here are Lord Curzon, afîer his arrival, still attended. Origmally Shah Jahan had installed a gold screen in the early tweritieth century, around the graves, but he hirnself removed this and had the ordered its restoration marble jali installed. The inscriptions here and indeed according to al1 available throughout the site, are earthly descriptions of the Garden of evidence and wi.th original Paradise. material. Even today the Taj Mahal is an extraordinary feat of engineering. The entire foundation rests on a compact bed of masonry. Deep wells made of rubble-in-lime inside and stone masonry outside along the riverfront, keep the plmth absolutely dry. A series of arches above the piers support the superstructure. The mausoleum was raised to its height perhaps to avoid the risk of flooding; although today there is little risk as the river waters have receded considerably.

In its conception, the Taj Mahal had inbdt systems for its continuous life; during Shah Jahan's lifetime there was an annual urs; even after Shah Jahan's death and his interment, there were regular Friday prayers and financial provision for Khddims to maintain the property from thty revenue villages yieldmg money from the lands as well as shops and serais withtn the complex. The Khadims maintained the property for many generations.

After the decline of the Mughals the site was victim to vandals and marauders amongst whom Nadu Shah's arrnies were the most notorious. This led to a huge amount of the jewelled inlay being stolen and considerable damage to the facade. The gardens too began to grow dd.

The hst Taj Comrnittee to oversee repairs and maintenance of The Archaeological Survey of the Taj Mahal was established early in the 19~~century by Lord lndia has maintained the Taj Minto. Funds were scarce, apart from seliing the produce of the garden to maintain it; the British briefly entertained the Mahal as envisaged by Lord possibility of seliing the marble to mobilize resources. Finaily Curzon. It has stabilized the the British appropriated the income of the revenue villages and structures, replaced lost inlay the Taj Mahal survived. and repaired damaged stone.. . an ongoing process The fkst efforts at restoring the Taj Mahal served the building well, a period of transformation began in the gardens. It was of conservation, preservation perceived that the building required better viewing so a large and restoration. The garden nurnber of trees were felled and lawns laid out to replace the however is not reflective of complex and innovative planting patterns of the char bagh. its original concept and Modern water systems overlaid the traditional system and so design. that fell into disrepair as well.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVAT~ONCOLLABORATIVE g]g THE SlTE

THE FLIGHT OF SWANS

Th~ymknm, O EemrSha&ahan, Thatyouth,gloy and riches allpass may in the stream of Time. Mighf the somoffi hart Be made deathIess,fhat wm the &re ofthe Eipmr. Let the po* of tegalpower Vanish üke the htglotv ofthe sunset sky, But may one deep sigh Make tender the heauens, thi~wmyour widsh. The lustre ofalyow aliamonds andpeuris Is like tbe rainbow, Spreading enchanfmnt ouer the distant sky; If that lustre cJims, Let it uanish, But mgthis Tq-Mahalglisten bight Like a tear dqû on the cbeek of Tim

You havepasse4 O En@em~ Yom eqûire hm vanished like a &am Andymr thne lies in the clusf. The memoy ofyour wammors Under whose fr- the earth ona shM4 Is borne on the &-ka& mndr @Delhi.

Your mmiians hgno more, The drkm ofthe nababat mngk no more With the n@hs ofthe Jumna. Thejingling music of the pincesses anGts Wich died abun amidt the fmaken ruins, Ibappean in the cry ofthe ctickets And resoundF in the darkness of the night. StiIIyow message, untired and unfaiüng, Ignhng the rise and fall ofeq&ires, The rbythm $129and death, pmcbms though the ages With the uoice of the etd-befeaued "1 hue not fqotten, I bave notjôf~eotten,O behd"

by Rabinciranath Tagore

7.The Tq Mahd, Agra, from the Garden, Thanas DanieIl&William. l

TAI MAHAL CONSERVAT~ONCOLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 THE SlTE IS

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

Today, the Taj Mahal is the symbol or the cultural icon of India. The spirit of perfection in the It transcends all barriers, cuts across communities and singular r,lahal isvisible only in visions, to represent to the rich cultural diversity and the highly the structural scheme but sophisticated heritage of which India is so proud. Its sipficance is undisputed as it is the most important image of India. It is also in the selec1:ion and certainly the most familiar building in the world perhaps also utiiization of building because of its pervasive exploitation for commercial purposes. materials, the technique of construction, and the The Taj Mahal stands apart; it belongs to the nation as a whole execution of details. and to each Indian individually and is celebrated as the heritage of the world. It is interesting to see that the largest numbers of visitors to the Taj Mahal are pilgrims of many faiths on their way to or from Mathura and the respect they offer at the grave of Shah Tahan or Mumtaz Mahal is akin to that to a saint or seer. The range of visitors that pay homage to the monument is reflective of the aspirations of a secular and evolved nation with a deep respect for its heritage.

Today the Taj Mahal is an oasis in a city overburdened and degraded and the expansion of visitors to the monument offers to the citizens' respite from urban pressures and indeed many of the residents of Agra still seek refuge in its serene environs, cut off from the noise and chaos that pervades. Simultaneously there are many issues concerning the state of contemporary Agra that have alienated the citizens of Agra from their heritage and these must be resolved; nonetheless there is an inherent pride in being host to this extraordinary monument.

The Taj Mahal is no longer just a building to admire, whether for aesthetic reasons or for its romantic appeal, to most people around the world the Taj Mahal is synonymous with excellence. The Taj Mahal symbolizes the technical and aesthetic perfection of the Indo-Islamic art of building.

Often described as a 'vision a dream, a poem, a wonder', what is Travellers have claimed that notable in the design of this sublime garden tomb, despite its organic unity is the hierarchcal treatrnent of the three divisions: the Taj Mahal, was European the most sipficant (Taj Mahal and garden), the less significant in design and influenced by (gate and forecourt), and then Tg. Ganj, Ban iAlam and Mebtab 17th century architecture. Bagb. This disposa1 of structural components appears to reflect Today we acknowledge it as the Mughal imperial organization, with graded units an amalgam of diverse superimposed on a grand sepulchral construction, and cultural influences, but wholly demarcated areas for royalty, guards and attendants, and the cornrnon man all of who used the complex within the said lndian in design, hierarchy. Described as, 'one of the most elegant and implementation, harmonious buildings in the world', the Taj Mahal manifests the craftsinanship and feeling. wealth and luxury of Mughal art.

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The Taj Mahal with its The monument stands as testirnony to the technical skdl and gardens bears testimony to scientific knowledge of its builders. This is evident from the excellent handling of material and the use of constructional a tradition whereby the devices: the arches used in raising the grand dome to distribute integration of the monument weight evenly, the method of lapg the foundation, and the and its gardens is so subtle manipulation of minute detds. complete it is not possible to imagine one without the The entire complex is planned in such a way that the apparent other. The paradise garden organic unity of the whole does not obscure the individuality of any part, nor does it detract from the prominence of the Taj here achieves outstanding Mahal as the centre piece of the ensemble. aesthetic ideals in a tomb garden. The fountains, According to M.C. Joshi: The origin of the design of the Taj rel'lecting pools trees and proper seems to lie in the Sabq Bay' (1530-40), a small, flower gardens together unpretentious tomb near the mausoleum of Humayun in Delhi. From there the structural tradition appears to have evolved symbolized the concept of through the tombs of Humayun (1565-66) and Abdur Rahirn paradise on earth. Khan i-Khanan (1627), both in Delhi. The Sabq BurJ is the earliest example of a double-domed Mughal tomb. The tomb of Humayun, where the irregular octagonal design and the system of double doming were improved, represents the next stage. The Taj Mahal, however, being the most evolved and as it turned out the culmination of Mughal sepulchral art, shows an overall rehnement in building technique.

The Taj marks the Persian and Central Asian structural traditions can be traced in culmination of Mughal the irregular octagonal plan and the lofty domes of the main building as well as other buildings of the complex. The dome's architecture and expresses bulbous form, constructed at the neck with high drums, is a synthesis of various purely a Shah Jahani development. The soaring minarets structural traditions. flankmg the main structure stems from the principal portal of Elements like the cbarbagh, Akbar's tomb, the towers of the mausoleum of I'trnad ud- the irregi-ilar octagonal plan Daulah, and the corner minarets of 's tomb. ( musamman-i-Baghdad), The minarets at the Taj Mahal bring yet another dimension of half domes (nim gumbau), grace and proportion. He felt what is most impressive about the double domes, grand apses, Taj Mahal is, "the s@e@ne treatment and not the volume or scale." E.B. and alcoves predominate in I4avell believed, "it was meant to be ferninine.. .it is Mumtaq herse4 its scheme, but the geiieral radiant in heryouthful beau&" structi-ira1 idiom is essentially Dr Pratapaditya Pal believes, "In the long histo7y of the nation, the Indian, that is to Say Mughal, buildig is of no particular hhistorical sign$cance, it does not commorate for it is a logical a major victoy, nor does it signz& a national cathartic experience. It does development of the Akbari not embod3, ay lofi princple or instituton, as other buildings in other style. count& do. It ynboiïqes the intense&personal traged3, of one man, at the same the eqreshg one of the most poweful i~ulsesoj' the human Jpecies, 'the stmgle to stave of oblivion". ..not only does the Taj Mahal epitomize the Mughals' love of beauty, it remains the clearest expression of a man's perennial quest for irnrnortality as well as his love for a woman.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLMBORATlVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY

Country: lndia State, Province or Regions: Uttar Pradesh, Agra District Name of Property: Taj Mahal Geographical CO-ordinates: Lat 27' 10'-27" 1 I'N; Long, 78" 2' E I" topo-sheet No.54 % (Survey of India) Area of site inscribed: 22.44 hectares Area of Taj Mahal complex: 16.83 heaars From Sidhi Darwaza on the south, to the river side boundary wall on the north and between the eastern boundary wall along the Khan-i-Alam road on the West and eastern boundary wall along the Dashahara road, including Khan-i-Alam Bagh, Saheli Burj Khasra No. 13, Fatepuri Masjid, Kali Masjid etc. and protected limits.

Figure 5: Plan of the Site inscribed and the buffer zone

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EVALUATION OF KEY ISSUES

The Taj Mahal itself is in a good state of preservation. Minor defects such as cracking of Stones due to the corrosion of iron clamps have occurred and are addressed as part of a regular and substantive maintenance program.

The Taj Mahal however, suffers from Wear and tear and some degradation due to the large number of visitors. There is however no evidence of any structural distress nor any foundation failure but it has been advised that a geo- 8. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jehan and his Queen, technical survey be carried out. This would be justified in from 'A Picturesque Tour dong the view of the importance of the monument and its World RNerç Ganges and Jumna'. Heritage status.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), responsible for the repaits, conservation and maintenance of the Taj Mahal, has taken adequate measures to preserve and protect the monument without disturbing its originality.

In 1984, the Government of India constituted a committee of experts to examine various aspects relating to structural stability, aesthetics and tourism impact on the monument Wittiin the irrin~ediateviciriity of and to suggest appropriate measures for preservation and the Taj Mahal several conservation of the monument. The Cornmittee after due deliberations expressed it's satisfaction about the condition measures to mitigate the of the monument, it's maintenance and the conservation impact of tourisrri have already measures being adopted by the ASI. However it was felt been implemented. necessary to have scientific studies conducted with the aitn Tourist transport has of identifymg the causes of deterioration and then prepare been halted more ,than an action plan to rninirnize the loss. a kilometre away and A brief summary of the preluninary reports from various electric buses shuttle institutions available with the AS1 is given in 'Some rxrpects of tourists to the Taj. the Consemation ofthe Tq'Mahal'by P.B.S. Sengar. In 1987, a Shops located within Mission was organized by ICCROM on behalf of UNESCO the outer courtyard to report on the structural and geo-technical aspects of conservation of the Taj Mahal. The objective was to advise have been relocated to the Indian Govemment, through the ASI, on any steps a new building nearby. needed to study the stability of the structure and foundation of the Taj Mahal complex and to advise on preventive maintenance procedure.

In January 1987, a mission by M. Laurenzi Tabasso and M. Marabelli of the Instituto Centrale del Restauro, Roma, enlisted the 'Efeets of Air Polntion on the Tg' Mahal and sugestionsfor its consemation: The aiin was to study the effects of air poilution and to advise on measures to be taken for the conservation of the marble and sandstone.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 THE SITE

ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES

Agra has a population of 1.2 million and is host to more than two million visitors a year. It has grown exponentiaily in the last few decades not as a major industrial town but as a small-scale industrial town. Since it is designated a medium scale town and although planning considerations do apply; much of the concern for the future of Agra was centered around marketing the Taj Mahal at al1 costs.

Infrastructure has failed to keep Pace with development. With the rapid industrialization of Agra, most of the city functions on diesel generators as electricity has a shortfd of more than -, - 60%, meeting neither the requirements of the local industry nor . .- its resident population. Power demandis increasing at the rate WC;. - '4 *C.' of 13% per annurn, with no local generation and outmoded distribution systems further exacerbating the problems. 9. Pollution in the Yanuna River Water supply is at a critical low, providing about 2 litres of water per head per day, with little hope of respite, as the river is Wtually stagnant and contaminated with sewage and industrial waste. The present sewerage system covers only 20% of the population. The pressure of heavy vehicular traffic in the city centre means as many as three lakh vehicles in the city without increase in roads or control on pollution. Solid waste management is about 30% below capacity.

Even before it was nominated as a World Heritage Site on 15& October 1982, national and international concern had brought into sharp focus the complex issues facing the city of Agra and consequently the Taj Mahal.

In 1972, the 7 dontones per annum cmde oil processing 'Pollution' along with 'tourism rehnery was comrnissioned at Mathura, no more than 50 kms pressure' is perhaps the north of Agra, in the teeth of public opposition. This public greatest threat to the awaxeness and concern gave rise to several initiatives that have monument today. The factors sustained over the years. In 1982, in response to public pressure, the Government of India declared the Taj Trapezium, presently contributing to air (refer to figure 4) an area of about 50 krns radius around Agra, pollution have been identified as a controlled development zone thus mandating that no and major steps are being major polluting industry would be permitted in this zone. taken to reduce them as far as possible. A Public Interest Litigation was fled in 1984 against the Govemment as initial measures taken by them proved inadequate. The legal provisions of the Taj Trapezium covered only major indusuies and not the small-scale sector. The petition was of the view that the legal provisions of the Taj Trapezium were not sufficient to ensure that the ambient air quaiity in the region would be achieved within the permissible leveis.

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POLLUTION DATA

199 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 SPM (uglm3)

9 1 9 3 95 97 99

S02 - Ambient Air Monitoring Station at the Taj Mahal, Agra

9 1 93 95 97 99 NOx - Ambient Air Monitoring Station at the Taj Mahal, Agra

Figure 6: Pollution Data

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OPPORTUNITIES AHEAD

The State Government has launched an Agra Heritage Fund The Taj Mahal is highly with a corpus of Rs. 5 crores to address infrastructure problems overburdened with more than and development around the monuments. This is designed to ten thousand visitors a day to uulize funds raised from enhanced gate fee towards development of the area around the site in an effort to try and the monument; every effort acheve the complex goals and targets set by the Supreme Court has been made to attract and monitored by national experts. visitors to Agra without adequate development of city Although today the State has begun to address the vicious cycle infrastructure or tourism of problems of the city's decay, the deche of the economic base, compounded by revenue loss from insecure tourist managenient at the regional revenue, requires to be addressed substantively and wdl require level. enormous political and administrative will to introduce measures to energse the economy.

Equally, philanthropic and aid agencies have contributed towards providmg pollution control, water treatment and solid waste management equipment. However of great concern also are the immeasurable pollutants from the informa1 sector, which requires being included in the development plans.

The proposa1 to declare Agra a World Heritage City requires to be addressed in direct relation to the capacity to improve its infrastructure, quality of life for its citizens and the city's economy. This is an opportunity to hkrevitalization of the city's heritage with employment opportunities, so that residents may directly benefit from the large number of visitors to Agra. In a curious irony of our times efforts to preserve the Taj Mahal will fïnally provide a healthier environment for the citizens of Agra.

The Supreme Court judgment has ensured for the first time in No vision for the future would India the concerns of conservation and development will be be meaningful unless the dovetailed. There is a great opportunity to use this mandate to people of Agra are actively integrate development plans of the city and its monumental involved at al1 stages. While heritage. the Taj Mahal as a monument, As long as the people of Agra do not feel that these issues are is of global signi.ficance, it's being seriously addressed"they are unlikely to be sympathetic to future will only be secure the cause of 'Heritage Conservation'. The judgment has had an within a civic order which impact on the economic base of the city. Although ad hoc provides .first for .the well growth and unplanned industrialization have led to this impasse, being of the people of Agra the confidence of the residents of Agra has been sorely eroded. The State is making an effort but there remains much to be and imbues them with a done and partnership with the community must be the guiding appropriate sense of pride in principle for public-private initiatives. As a strategy, the local the Heritage of the City. (1nd0 community must be included in the protection of the Taj Mahal US Joint Blue Ribbon Panel) and the city of Agra as a whole.

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OTHER TOURIST DESTINATIONS

1&13. The is a need to address more system&iilly, the needs of World Heritage Sies like Fatehpur Sikri and Agra Fort and tentath World Heritage Sies like Itimad-ud-Daulah's Tomb and Sikandara and more than 40 dher nationaliy protected muments that enrich the fabnc of the city.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CHAPTER 2: CONSERVATION

Introduction 23-24 Principles for Conservation 25-26 Documentation and Research 27-33 Planning and Implementation 34-35 Maintenance and Management 36 CONSERVATION 13

INTRODUCTION

The history of repairs, restoration and other conservation actions taken to prevent decay of the Taj Mahal, reflects upon a wide spectrum of approaches, methods and practices engaged over a time span of about 450 years.

The earliest record of its repairs is found in a letter, dated 1652 A.D., where Prince points out defects in the dome and vaults of the mausoleum to his irnperial father, Shah Jahan. Reference has also been made to the submergence of the Mehtab Bagh following the floods, which require cleaning, although the octagonal pond and buildmgs in the vicinity were reported to be in a good condition. Since then, conservation activity at the Taj Mahal, to prolong the life of this monument 14. The dome of the Taj Mahal, (Photo has been carried out fairly regular, though documentation is by Sumnil Janah) available only of those works undertaken during the British rule.

The UNESCO World Hentage Site nomination dossier States that, 'undPr the British, tbe entire outer sufàce cfofthe Tq*wm repai~ed and cleaned, and the missing stones replaced' The historical time line of conservation repairs highhghts that a great deal of restoration has been undertaken to retain the original detds and features of the stmctures: In 1874, the finial smounting the main dome was In Prince Aurangzeb's letter regtlded, and the dome was made watertight by to Shah Jahan, it is stated that pointing with Portland cement. there were leaks in the In 1936, the cracked and fractured marble stones of the main dome were replaced by fresh ones, and open interna1 and external domes joints were f3led with special lime mortar after grouting and cracks in the vaults over the cracks with hydraulic lime mortar. the apartments of the second The inner surface of the dome was plastered with weak floor. cement mortar and left as such for a couple of years to extract salts etc. from the masonry, and this process has been repeated thrice so far The missing precious and serni-precious Stone inlay pieces were replaced with new ones or sometimes even with cement or lune mortar mixed with pigments. New marble and sandstone panels were made to replicate the original carving and surface articulation, and replace the decayed ones. The broken, damaged and decayed building parts like ch.jim, columns, brackets and so forth were replaced with new ones made to original designs and patterns. Sometimes a complete structure like a bt/IJ'or a chami was reconstructed ushg sirnilar building materials and methods.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ fvüüiAL CONSERVATION COLLABORA-1-IVE CONSERVATION

In 1902, John Marshall was appointed the Director General of A.S.I., and thereafter a legal framework to uni@ and control nationwide archaeological and conservation work was provided under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904. Lord Curzon, the then Governor General of India (1899-1905) expressed his passionate involvement in preservation of the cultural heritage. From then onwards, both 'Archaeological Sites and Remains' and 'Ancient Monuments' enjoyed the unbiased protection of the A.S.I.

I The Conservation Manual (1923) prepared by Marshall provided significant guidance to conservation in India, particularly to the works executed by A.S.1 at that tirne. Later the Act of 1904 was updated and revised in order to provide effective and widely applicable legal and administrative measures, and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958) was formulated and adopted. The 15. Missing inlay vmk, Sirhi Datwaza. Taj Mahal and such other monuments of national importance were now protected under this Act, and therefore preserved and maintained by the A.S.1 from their consolidated funds.

Considering this national importance of the Taj Mahal, and recogming probable threats from both natural and man-made factors, thematic scientific studies were taken up to investigate the nature of deterioration, behaviour of materials, and the role of pollution and other factors in the damage caused to the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal and its precinct maintain the historical integrity with respect to the aspects of authenticity as mentioned in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention:

authenticity in design authenticity in materials . authenticity in workmanship, or authenticity in setting.

Conselvationwas perceived as In order to achieve the objective of preserving the historical a specialized practice related integaty, cultural slgruhcance, qdtative unity, inherent spirit and enduiuig value of the place, a comprehensive Conservation exclusively to outstanding Plan is being prepared. This would ensure identification, l?l~n~fTlentstaken tare of by protection, conservation and presentation of the 'values' of the. the ASI. place; consequently handing it dom to the future generations in its entirety and integrity.

The various aspects of this conservation process include planning, programrning, irnplementation; management, monitoring and review are discussed in the following sections of this document.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 CONSERVATION

PRINCIPLES FOR CONSERVATION

'Imbued with a message fiom the past, the historie monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living wimesses of theit age-old traditions' (The Venice Charter, 1964). The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, formulated in 1964 in Venice, States at its onset the significance of the 'content' (or the message) of a historic monument. The built form is an expression of this inherent intangible content of the historic structure. This intangible content or talue' of a historic monument can be interpreted by an informed ~ understanding of this built form, and hence the need for comprehensive research and documentation.

Once the signifiicance of a historic site is understood and established, a sensitive and informed philosophy of conservation may be evolved and developed. An overall planning- for conservation works is included in the Conservation Plan, which in simple and accessible ternis, would 16. Template for the stop the set out the significance of the historic environment of the Taj Mahal and its environs. Consequently, the policies and practices that appropriately enable this significance to be retained, revealed or enhanced would be dehned.

In addition to the World Heritage Convention (1972), there are useful conservation charters, principles and guidelines formulated and adopted by the wider international cornrnunity. These are revised from tirne to time in order to maintain their relevance in the evolving contexts of time and place, and retain their applicability universaiiy.

The multiplicity of issues makes it difficult to adhere to any one It is crucial to identify, particular set of guidelines. Therefore the Conservation Plan understand and assess the for Taj Mahal wouid consider the more relevant of these attributes that make a place documents as benchmarks or reference points whilst evolving Of value to Our and us, and developing the conservation philosophy and principles The recognition and respect appropriate to the speci6city of our own context and conditions. of these 'values' is therefore fundamental to any planning In principle, the conservation approach and methods adopted process, particularly in the for the Taj Mahal complex and its environs would build upon context of conservafion. the experiences of the Venice Charter (1964), and the more recently evolved Burra Charter (revision 1999). The 'monumental' ideology of the Venice Charter and the World Heritage Convention (1974) would be adapted making it relevant to the conservation of the Taj Mahal mausoleum itself, and the suentific aspects of documentation, research and publication.

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17. Schematic plans of the Taj Mahal, Agra, c. 1805. For the anciliary historie structures, the relevance of socio- anthropological approach of the Burra Charter would be explored and developed upon the indigenous building traditions and practices. In addition to the adaptability and appropriateness of these principles endorsed by the wider international conservation community, the overarching philosophy of conservation articulated for Taj Mahal would establish its local distinctiveness, and reinforce the contextual specificity of the methods thus engaged.

The emphasis is on the need The specialized scientific process of restoration is based on to recognize the significance respect for au overlapping layers of history manifested in the of the traditional skills of Our form and content of the historic structure. The methods and techniques of conservation conform to the htghest national and craftsmen who are involved in international standards and engaged in consonance with the the care and maintenance of code of ethics formulated and adopted universally. The need of ,these moriuments. The the day in our own context is to create an awareness that the nurturing of traditional skills traditions and skills of our craftsmen are equally, if not more, would complement the valuable and indispensable as the ancient monuments they created. emphasis on the use of modern technology in Conservation planning can be effective only if it sets out, at its conservation practice. onset, strategies for implementation and mechanisms for management and monitoring. The wide spectrum of problems at the site would ensure diversity of approaches in preparing the conservation plan; consequently making it flexible and adaptable by providing a specific solution to every unique condition.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CONSERVAI-ION 27

DOCUMENTATION AND RESEARCH

Clear and accurate documentation is an essential means of The artistic, aesthetic, understanding, defïning and recogmzing the 'values' of a arct-iitectural and historical cultural resource; consequently exploring and expressing the diversity of the Taj Mahal nature of the historic monument in its own cultural context. complex exists in unique The 1lthICOMOS (The International Council on Monuments harmony and uriity of Mughal and Sites) General Assembly, Bulgana set out the Principles for expression. It is crucial and the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites, indispensable to record and which defines recording as, 'the capture of information which document ,this unity of form describes the physical configuration, condition and use of monuments, groups of buildings and sites at points in time, and and content, in order to it is an essential part of the conservation process'. evolve an informed and holistic conservalion process. The histonc monuments in the Taj Mahal complex, including the 'Taj Mahal itself represent a wide spectrum of architectural expression through their built form, layout of open and built spaces, design, surface articulation, decorative and symbolic features, specific use of materials and so forth.

These records would comprise of tangible and intangible evidence that contribute to complete understanding and informed interpretation of the site - its sigmficance and values. The archiva1 research would highlight histoncal aspects of Taj Mahal and its environs, dlustrating charactenstic expression of the Mughal architecture. The study of Mughal art, craft and architecture would be an intrinsic part of recording, and inform the approach and methods of conservation.

The documentation would include recording of both the This intensive docunientation existing state of historic structures to be conserved, and the would provide an exhaustive conservation process itself. This would highlight aii significant stages, illustrating the physical state of historic structures resource archive for research before, during and after conservation. In addition to this, the scholars and concerned relevant principles and guidelines that have been considered people; consequently while deciding on specific interventions would be included in promoting their interest and the documentation report. involvement in the In consonance with Article 16 of the Venice Charter (1964), the preservation of the ciilt~.iral documentation process adopted for the Conservation of Taj heritage. Mahal stresses upon precise recording of al1 conservation works including preservation, restoration or excavation. To ensure the sunival of the monument future conservators must know what has occurred in the past. This recording would be presented and archived in the form of analytical and cntical reports, illustrated with drawings and photographs. In addition to stiU photography, the entire conservation process would be video documented.

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Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites (ICOMOS 1996) assert that the need for recordmg of the cultural heritage is essential to: a. acquire knowledge in order to advance the understanding of cultural heritage, its values and its evolution. Documentatiori is an intrinsic b. promote the interest and involvement of the people and indispensable ongoing in the preservation of the heritage through the activity throug hout a dissemination of recorded information. c. permit informed management and control of conservation process. construction works and of all change to the cultural heritage. d. ensure that the maintenance and conservation of the heritage is sensitive to its physical form, its materials, construction, and its historical and cultural sigmficance.

SAMPLE OF MEASURE DRAWINGS

FATEHBAD GATE COURMARD - COLONNADE

Colkimn ioptol

Calurnii inoil

C?lumn base

- ELEVATION SECTION AA'

PART SECTION

Figure 7: Sarnple Measure Drawings

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CONSERVATION 2q

HISTORIC BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY The Management Guidelines for World Heritage Sites by The documentation of historic structures in the Taj Mahal Sir Bernard Feilden and complex is carefully tadored to serve the specific needs of each research, conservation and management component, and the Jukka Joltilehto has 4 distinct overall objective. In addtion to on-site recording, the stages: secondary information from relevant documents is collected Survey: methodical and assessed for decisive evidences; the more directly applicable inspection, survey and documents are also appended to the &al report. Sources of documentation of the reference include written accounts, early maps, photographs, artefacts, drawings, prints, published articles, research studies, resource, its historical setting annual work reports of ASI, and such other survey records that and its physical environment; highlight past works of repair. Definition: critical-historical definition and assessment of One of the principal aspects of the survey is to guide all the object and its setting, so conservation and management projects, by developing a framework for assessing the resource values, and establishing giving it its significance; management objectives. Analysis: scientific analysis and diagnosis of tlie In this initial stage of the conservation project for Taj Mahal material substance and and its environs, the historic building fabric survey has been associated structural system undertaken in order to 'read', understand and analyse character and values of the place. The entire survey is planned in three with a view towards its phases: conservation; and Strategy: long-term and Phase 1 Fatehabad gate courtyard, Fatehpuri gate courtyard, short-term programmes for Eastern wali, main Entrance Gateway, and ancillary conservation and structures at the southern gateway to the Taj Mahal; management of change, Phase II Condition assessment of the Taj Mahal mausoleum including regular inspections, itself. Before this is done, a comprehensive recording cyclic maintenance and of the mausoleum would be done by engaging stereo- environmental control. photogrammetry and total station survey techniques;

Phase III Mebman Khana, Mosque, Nabat Khanas, Western wail, SabeLi Bz@, and enclosure wall of the Taj Mahal complex.

Scope of the Survey:

The scope and level of recording is dependent on several factors, including the type and complexity of the structure, site logistics, research agendas, potenaal threats, and nature of proposed works. This survey would determine the type of intervention required as well as the methods for conservation. The assessment of the existing condition of the historic fabric would lead to better understandmg of the structural and material performance of the fabric, thus avoidmg irrevocable damage, and allowing appropriate and sensitive conservation. The scope 18. Roorns and donnade around of the fabric survey is defined to include: Fatehbad courtyard.

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1. Documentation of physical evidence

a. Documenting building elements and recording them accurately on drawings using CAD software. b. recording every Stone for existing dunensions; decayed, damaged or lost parts, cracks; structural deformations; visible layers; tool marks; joints and jointing grooves; metal clamps, dowels and other jointing material; surface alterations, missing parts and so forth; c. locating and markmg clearly distinguishable 'new' or later additions, accretions, repairs or replacements to the historic fabric.

This stage of identification and recording of essential building parts and elements would help:

19. Colonnade around Fatehbad gate courtyard. observe, study, analyse and ascertain their location and condition in the original design conception and traditional construction system; consequently recogming historical integrity and authenticity. establish their mutual relationshp in terms of design requirement, performance abhty, compatibility with other materials, physical response (to environment, user needs etc.), aesthetics, workmanshp and so forth. This would lead to an informed conservation process, by determining the nature and degree of intervention. record the effect of time and nature on various aspects of the historic fabric and assess the present condition. This would enable better analysis and interpretation of the historical and archaeological evidences, and elucidate the process of development and decay.

2. Systematic investigation

In order to detect the symptoms and probable causes of decay, damage and loss of historic fabric, systematic scientific The understanding and investigations are conducted at site. Ths component of the documenta.l:ion of .tradi.l:ional survey involves CO-ordinationand scientific analysis of gathered craftsmanship, skills and evidence to understand the cause and effect of decay, damage, practices would help deterioration or loss of historic fabric. The investigation would maintain the continuity of be substantiated by necessary laboratory tests and analyses of indigenous building buildmg materials affected by decay and damage, to identify and ascertain the cause. The A.S.I. and specialists in the fields of practices through their chernical conservation, structural engineering, environmental engagement in indigenous studies, rnicrobiology and so forth would be involved to carry conservation practices and out these specific tests. They would then present their regular maintenance of conclusions. The appraisal of recorded historical accounts, and historic mon~iments. reports of earlier interventions and repair works would form the background study.

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3. Inventory of traditional materiais

Preparation of an inventory of traditional materials used in the construction of the Taj Mahal and other historic structures in the complex. This inventory would include:

a) sources of historic material used in the traditional construction system, including lakba~rri bricks, sandstone, marble, precious and serni-precious day Stones, embellishments, inscriptions, decorative painting and so forth; b) study of their characteristic properties; the inherent qualities of these materials that made their selection desirable and effective for specific purpose. This would 20. Condition of inlay work reflect upon the specificity of their use - functional, aesthetic, artistic and structural. c) documentation of construction marks, including those made by a particular usage of tools, and are known as tool marks. The particular direction in which a tool is used, pressure applied on it and a specific technique employed to achieve a particular hnish can be understood by careful analysis of tool marks. However, not all construction marks are tool marks. There are evidences of masons' marks and impressions made intentionally by the craftsmen. A comprehensive recording of al1 such marks may shed light on the anthropological aspects of the building activity in the Taj Mahal complex.

A Fabric Survey is one of the principal ways of It is essential to distinguish al1 understanding, analysing, interpreting and re-establishg new additions, alterations, traditional building systems and practices. A preliminary accretions and replacements visual inspection and study of each structure is essential in from the original fabric, and order to know and dehne it as a whole. Knowing exactly what is there and having a full record establish the therefore, specific appropriate values established Every building component investigations would be will be docurnented and analysed, considering ail aspects conducted to the building that will elucidate the use, technique and methodology of parts where any such original construction or intention. AU later interventions evidence is visible. would be recorded in a systematic manner, and the overlapping layers of history revealed and documented.

Modem technology may then be employed in hannony with these age-old practices in order to achieve accurate, economic and effective results. This would revive and reinstate the use of traditional craft culture, building materials and construction systems in contemporary methods and practices of conservation of cultural heritage.

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE !@ CONSERVATION

SCOPE OF THE BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY

- SYSTEMATIC DOCUMENT INVESTIGATION PHYSICAL EVIDENCE I fi*** 1 LAB TESTS 1 PROPERTIES

SAMPLE OF THE BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY 2-LStone chajlo stand caiiina

Fdlatad arch

Caiumn capital

Column shaft

Cdumn baw

SECTiON AA'

Figure 8: Sample of the Building Fabric Survey

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CONSERVATION 33

SCIEN-TIFIC INVESTIGA-1-IONS AND ANALYSIS

In order to initiate systematic scientific investigation certain tests are to be carried out on the existing building fabric and new materials that are to be used for the conservation work. The following tests need to be carried out before, during and on completion of the work. The preliminary phase of on-site testing and sampling for laboratory analysis was successfully completed in October 2002.

A. Tests on the existing structures:

1. Sample of lime mortars to be analysed for composition and lime content, at the following locations of the existing structures - l at a height of 200 mm from the floor level l at lintel 1 springing of arch 1 vault levels l at ceiling level Samples for the above tests will be taken separately for lime plaster and lime mortar in masonry; 2. Sample of bricks extracted from the structure at heights (a), (b) and (c) as specified above, for compressive and absorption tests; 3. Endoscopic inspection through holes drilled into the wood of the rafters and doorframes embedded in the masonry and other exposed locations, with photographic record of the condition of the wood in these locations; 4. Inspection and report on the termite infection in wood work; 5. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests at the soffits of the stone slab ceilings where discoloured and deteriorated, to detect interna1 cracking; and results compared to sound piece of similar stone; 6. Tests to be excavated near the wall foundations to see the condition. 7. Tests on the condition of water available, which is used, for construction.

B. Tests on new materials before procurement and during restoration work:

1. Chemical analysis of samples of unslaked lime (categorized as Class B) from proposed sources before procurement; 2. Chemical analysis of samples of unslaked lime brought to the site from time to time, including chemical analysis after slaking; 3. Tests on surkhi and record of fineness modulus thereof, and tests on bricks proposed to be ground to produce surkhi. 4. Tests on lime, surkhi, cement gauged composite mortar proposed to be used in the restoration work; 5. Tests on wood replacements for the presence of termites, and strength; 6. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests on typical stone sections proposed to be used as replacements or additional members for lintels and ceiling slabs mat source mon arriva1 at site

laft er erection; 7 Load and flexural strength tests on samples of stone structural members, before erection. 8 Tests on new bricks, composite mortar, cladding stone slabs, and marble are to be taken from time to time during the work, to ensure the integrity and uniformity of the materials to be used, the properties of which should be as close as possible the original.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 34 CONSERVATION

PLANNING AND IMFLEMENTATION

Programming for Conservation Projects

The Conservation Plan, besides dehg and statmg the phdosophical approach and ethics of conservation, would programme al1 conservation projects to be taken up. The historic builhg fabric survey would inform these conservation projects, by guidmg the degree and nature of intervention, repair and preservation.

The study and assessment of existing condition of historic fabric would define the prioritisation of conservation worlis, based upon the nature and intensity of problems and damage. This priority of works would be assigned in accordance with the urgency of problems:

a. Immediate problems that cause a potential threat to the public or senous risk to the historic structure would be addressed urgently. The financial planning 21. Deteriorated stone inlay. would ensure allocation from the contingency reserve for immediate interventions; b. Short-tem projects would address such issues that constitute bulk of the work necessary to preserve the cultural resource and its significance. These would be programmed for the next three years; c. Medium term planning would take care of problems that do not pose any serious threat in the near future, but could create a probable danger if not addressed in tirne. Such interventions would substantiate and reinforce the short-term works, and achteve (or modify) the long-term objectives. 8. Long term programrning for conservation projects would include items that are considered desirable for overall development and enhancement of the sigmficance and values of the site.

Implementation and Management Mechanisms

Strategies for effective implementation are to be planned as A balanced approach based on an intrinsic part of planning of conservation projects. A evaluation and prioritisation of 'Project Execution Mechanism' has been devised to enable resource specific concerns is smooth and efficient execution of projects. The mechanism essential for defining an aims to ensure regular monitoring, intensive documentation appropriate conservation and periodic reporting, whde maintaining transparency in financial transactions. The Management Cornmittee would methodology. ensure the adoption of the guidelines of this mechanism at the overali decision-maktng level of the project, and the Co- ordination Unit its implementation at the site.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CONSERVATION 35

The foiiowing guidelines are proposed:

a. Detded cost estimates for various works d be submitted by the executing agency for suggestions and modifications by the advisory body; b. A complete work schedule for the various conservation items, hked with a projected requirement of funds, shall be submitted to Management Committee for further action; c. For close monitoring of the work, in addition to a project office, a site office at the working site, which will have aii the features of a Conservation Project Office; d. Joint inspection of the work wiii be carried out every fortnight, and periodic meetings to review the progress and quality of work will be held at site for which suitable facilities will be made available. e. The source of matenals and quality (predetermined 22. Eroded base of a Stone colurnn by necessary tests and inspection) d be jointly approved and agreed upon before commencing the work; f. At the review meetings, the quality of work and samples shall be jointly approved; g Expenditure statements will be submitted at regular (monthly) intervals for approval and €undmg; h Interna1 CO-ordination for smooth functioning is desirable for planning, budgeting and execution.

PROGRAMMING FOR CONSERVATION PROJECTS

SHORT TERM 4 MEDIUM TERM 1 LONG TERM BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY b 1 OBJECTIVES

DETAl LED PROJECT RE- RE- PLANS

MANAGEMENT COMMllTEE IMPLEMENTATION

I

CO-ORDINATION UNIT

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 36 CONSERVATION

MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT

Monitoring and Review Strategies:

The irnplementation of a Conservation Plan is effective and Reviews at regular intervals efficient only if there is a system of consistent monitoring and can direct conservation periodic reviews of the work. The key to the success of the projects by correcting whole operation is inspection by a competent person. Proper mistakes and refiriing equipment is also needed to carry out monitoring and periodic approaches. reviews of the work. In addition to updating the existing data, this information coilected through the process of review and monitoring, would also fachtate future planning, programrning and management of conservation projects.

The consistent review strategy proposed here includes:

I Short tem monitoring a) regular assessments of the progress of each individual project - fortnightly and monthly. This would include updating of drawings at al1 stages of work executed at site, and modifications of time and work schedules, if necessary; b) a half yearly and annual review of individual projects (or groups of projects) together with associated resource constraints - work force at site, hancial, abstrative, policy evaluation, contingencies and so forth;

II Long term monitoring

Long term monitoring wdi provide a way of adaptation with Long term monitoring will continuity and change in the physical and cultural contexts; indude re~Ofling and review of evolution of management mechanisms and tools; changes in the overail project in its entirety personnel and technology; and the accumulation of increased every five years. knowledge and sktlls.

23. Inlay work in need of restoration

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABO!?ATiVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CHAPTER 3: LANDSCAPE

Introduction Prinuples of Garden Conservation Documentation and Research Planning and Implementation Maintenance and Management INTRODUCTION

The mausoleurn of Shah Jahan and his wife Murntaz Mahal, stood amidst a setting of gardens carefully created to enhance the building itself. To the irnmediate south of the mausoleurn a char bagh was laid out, beyond the river itself lay the Mehtab Bagh while to the left of the complex was the Khan-i-Alam Bagh. At the tkne of its inception it is evident that these gardens all formed an integral part of the overali vision of the mausoleum. It is known that, "fruits from the trees in the gardens were sold to offset the high costs of maintenance of the site". In a letter to Sir John Murray, Generai de Boigne clearly states that ailowances had been made to the mgavers or priests responsible for the upkeep of the site for both the mausoleum and the gardens.

Descriptions of the gardens to mark the occasion of the 12th trrs, in the Padshahnama of Abd al-Hamid Lahori as 24. The Taj Mahal with European quoted in contemporary texts hke the Taj Mahal-The Illumined sightseers. Tomb' by W.E Begley and Z.A Desai" provides an insight into the tomb garden. "Below the red stone terrace, is the Paradise- like garden, 368 yards square, abounding in aromatic herbs and different kinds of trees. Within the four walkways laid out in the middle of the garden, which are 40 cubits in width, there runs a water channel, 6 yards wide, in which fountains jet up sprouts of water (channelled) from the Jumna. At the confluence of the canais is a platform (chabutma), 28 yards square, around which runs the water channel. In the rniddle of the platform is a reservoir, 16 yards square, fled with five fountains. And the floor of the walkways of this replica of paradise (namdzr-ijannag is paved with red stone, set edge-to- Over the last 1 50 years, ,the edge with utmost artistic skill. On the east and West sides of the link between the gardens and garden is a portico (aiwan), 11 yards wide and 7 deep, with two the mausoleum appears to side rooms. And at the back there is a charnber 9 cubits wide have been broken. The and 5 deep, and in front a platform (cbabtrtara), 46 by 10 cubits. graduai thinning of treesto The southern wall of the garden is furnished with multiple provide clear views of the porticos (azwan hr aiwan) facing north, measuring 12 yards in width. At the two corners of this wd. stand two towers fbztrll. mausoleumfas as, the 5 .,,, resembling the towers of the red Stone piinth." mosque and jawab and the laying out of the lawns at the When the British took over Agra in 1803, the gardens were time of ~~,-dCurzon reflea a overgrown, obscuring the view of the mausoleum. The hst change in perception on the plan of the gardens, dating back to 1828 when Col. J.H Hodgson, the Surveyor General surveyed the entire complex, functional and visual provides some evidence of the planting layout. significance of the gardens.

It was during the the of Lord Curzon however, that major changes were wrought on the gardens with the laying out of formal lawns in place of existing orchards and flowerbeds.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE "Modelled aper the Persian concept of earthly paradise, the pleasure gardens of the 1 Yh century exhibited elaborate renditions of cut stone architecture, water chutes, standing pools and flowing fountains, but their very essence was revealed in carefully managed floristic displays. The layout and design of these gardens were Jilled with symbolic meaning that was a direct reflection of Mughal thought and rich iconographie histoy. Yet, not eveything about Mughal gardens was symbolic. Gardens were places of respite and enjoyment where al1 the senses could be stimulated. Each garden was designed to evoke the sounds, smells, touch, taste and visual richness of paradise on earth ...ga rdens were refuges from the torrid summers and lengthy monsoons of India.

eV,-,-%- v-.

'C

25. The Taj Mahal, Agra. William Simpson. Watercolour on paper, England 1864, AD

... because Mughal gardens were intended to be well ordered oases in an otherwise hot, dusty and chaotic environment, they sewed as social centres for many of the rituals and special occasions of courtly life. The beauty and fragrances provided by the floral displays offered a colourful backdropfor major events such as birthdays, coronations, and mariages and as in the case of the Taj, entombments. The availability of fiesh flowers and fiuits was undoubtedly an attractive feature of the gardens. The horticultural arrays were not only alluring settings with symbolic representations; the plants were placed there to serve an economic function too. Fruit production at gardens would often exceed the needs of the royal family, and the surplus could be sold in local markets to offset the high cost ofgarden maintenance. In this way, both immediate and long term needs could be satisjied, and the gardens could be rendered self

sustaining. " (Lentz, David in "The Moonlight Garden" p.p 43-44)

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 LANDSCAPE 39

Gradually over the hrst quarter of the twentieth century much of the older plant layouts were phased out and replaced with what became a colonial garden. In the hrst few decades of the twentieth century, the gardens were brought under the purview of a Gardens Comrnittee in charge of all the gardens in Agra. The committee comprised of the Collector, Executive Engmeer, Superintendent Government Gardens, Superintendent Muhammadan and British Monuments with the Commissioner, Agra as the chairman. Much of the phasing out of the historic foliage and flora appears to have been executed under the guidance of this committee. Khan-i-Alam itself was transformed into a nursery for the supply of plants.

The importance of the hkage with the river Yamuna has also The recent Supreme Court diminished due to increased road and rail transport and in recent rulings for ,the increase in the times due to the poor quality of river water. The old water systems located at the Khan-i-Alam gradually feli into disuse and biomass around the Taj Mahal water supply to the gardens is now provided through tube welis. have to be taken into The challenge therefore is to once again integrate the gardens consideration for any future with the mausoleum as envisioned by its creators, as also re- plans for the gardens. This is establishing the link with the river, which formed such an currently being addressed important facet of the overall plan for the site. ,through increased plantations The hkwith Mehtab Bagh appears to have been broken much in both the Mehtab Bagh as earlier and it was only in the 1990's that the Archaeologcal well as the Taj Mahal gardens. Survey of India launched a comprehensive plan for the gardens. Excavations in Mehtab Bagh in 1994-95 revealed for the fïrst time traces of its former splendour and re-established its link with the Taj Mahal.

METHODOLOGY

Inputs from a hydraulic

FINAL CONCEPT PLAN - Final levels - Species seleaion - Layout plan -Water su~~lv/.channels I

MANAGEMENT PLANS indicating personnel, their inputs. new traditions in the

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 10 LANDSCAPE

AREA OF INTERVENTION

MEHTAB BAGH

FORE COURT

I Figure 9 : Sateliite image of the Taj Mahal mplex indicating the area of intervention for the Landscape component.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN LANDSCAPE 41

PRINCIPLES OF HISTORIC GARDENS CONSERVATION

This project proposa1 aims to follow 'in spitit' the Florence Charter (FC) adopted by ICOMOS in December 1982.

Guidance from the Florence Charter

The Taj Mahal gardens qualiS as an outstanding example of Article 10 of the FC, states, contribution to ihe cultural heritage- of humank&d. ~he~are "ln any work of maintenance, nOt merely a setting t0 a famous monWent, but are a cultural conservation,restoration or artefact in the& own right, both from a historical and artistic reconstruction of an historic point of view. They are a testirnony to Mughal culture and more specifically to the Mughal char bagh style of the garden, or of any part of it, seventeenth century. In keeping with the Florence Charter, the al1 its con~tit~entfeat~res project d strive to conserve the garden in its entirety, to must be dealt with include all the key components of the garden namely -plan and simultaneously. T~ isolate the shape, the plantation, the garden furniture and above all the various operations would water system that sustains the garden. damage the unity of the As a hrst step to the conservation of the garden, it is being hol le.* Al1 these aspects will extensively documented in all respects, that is, the water system, be dealt with siniultaneously the plantation, the levels and the bdt fabric. All aspects will be and with eaual res~ectto dealt with simultaneously and 4th equal respect to preserve the preserve the 'uni$ of the 'unity' of the whole. whole. As stated in Article 15FC, "No restoration work and, above all, no reconstruction work on an historic garden shall be undertaken without thorough prior research to ensure that such work is scientifically executed and whtch d involve everything from excavation to the assembling of records relating to the garden in question and to sùnilar gardens. Before any practical work starts, a project must be prepared on the basis of said research and must be submitted to a group of experts for joint exarnination and approval."

The archiva1 research is being conducted in a manner to determine the original form as well as the practices that were adopted for the maintenance of the garden.

The archiva1 material includes seventeenth century texts, plans, IYodern gardeil tliçtorians travelogues, chronicled accounts and painkgs. On collakg all have examined a range of this information with the fïndmgs on the site, the plan before interpretations to emphasize, its final execution will be submitted to a panel of experts as advised in Article 15. While research is showing successive in various ways, the syribolic, interventions in the colonial period, the ideal is to restore it, on aesthetic and functionai the basis of unhpeachable evidence, to the Mughal garden. aspects of Muqhal- qardens.- This decision has been taken, as the garden was the original setting to the Taj Mahal-the illumined tomb of the seventeenth century as it survives today.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 42 LANDSCAPE

26. View of the Taj Mahal garden. As the spatial layout of the seventeenth century garden is retained in the char bagb pattern, the question of recreating, a concern expressed in Article 17 does not anse. Article 17 of the Florence Charter states, "Where a garden has completely disappeared or there exists no more than conjectural evidence of its successive stages a reconstruction could not be considered an historic garden." The garden as it exists today is very much a seventeenth century garden in its spatiality expressed in the plan form. However, the plantation and the water system wiU need restoration and will be the focus.

Because of the living aspect As stated in article 14 of the Florence Charter, the garden does of this valuable heritage, not exist in isolation but is part of a larger ecosystem, "The maintenance of the historic historic garden must be preserved in appropriate surroundings. garden post restoration Any alteration to the physicai environment, which will endanger the ecological equhbnum, must be prohibited. These assumes additional applications are applicable to all aspects of the infrastructure, significance. As part of the whether interna1 or external (drainage works, irrigation systems, management there will be a roads, car parks, fences, care taking facilities, visitors' amenities, well worked out maintenance etc.).'' strategy to include a While the ecology of the site has been disturbed, leading to phasing in and phasing out changes in the water level and the degrading environmental programme for the plant quality, there d be an attempt to restore the ecologcal species. equilibriurn through biomass plantation. These will be supplemented by other attempts by the government to clean up the river, which supports the garden in more ways than one.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATWE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 LANDSCAPE 9

In respecting Article 24, of the Florence Charter, .whtch states, ''The historic garden is one of the features of the patrimony whose survival, by reason of its nature, requires intensive, continuous care by trained experts. Suitable provision should therefore be made for the training of such persons, whether htstorians, architects, landscape architects, gardeners or botanists.

Care should also be taken to ensure that there is regular This Site Management Plan propagation of the plant varieties necessary for maintenance or will ensure that properly restoration." Putting together a management framework for the trained professionals care of the site is a vital component. The nursery adjoining the garden and part of the complex will also be treated as a historic including landscape architects nursery cultivating and supplying the authentic plant material to and mah are adequately the garden. equipped to handle and take care of a site of such The deslgn of the Visitor Centre in part of the site is in answer immense historic significance. to the concem stated in Article 25 of the Florence Charter, The objective is to embrace which states that, "Interest in historic gardens should be stimulated by every kind of activity capable of emphasizing their the principles of the Florence tme value as part of the patrimony and making for improved Charter, as far as possible knowledge and appreciation of thern: promotion of scientific while at the same time will research; international exchange and circulation of information; continuingly adapt the publications, including works designed for the general public; proposal to suit and respect the encouragement of public access under suitable control and use of the media to develop awareness of the need for due the local conditions. respect for nature and the historic heritage. The most outstanding of the historic gardens shall be proposed for inclusion in the World Heritage List."

The Visitor Centre in interpreting the site will disseminate knowledge of the historic garden to the public and will encourage public interest in the site.

27. Fatepuri gate courtyard.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE 44 LANDSCAPE

DOCUMENTATION AND RESEARCH

INVENTORY OF EXISTING DATA

Since their inception, there have been substantive interventions to the gardens prier to the Horticulture Department of the AS1 takmg charge. Details of these interventions however, are to be collated. The information currently available is primarily that with the AS1 and contains some indications on previous interventions in the gardens. The data collected through archiva1 research wdi provide resource material for future research into the layout and design of the orignal Mughal gardens.

ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

Research, both through Archival research is an important step in the restoration of historic gardens. Facts gleaned from the archiva1 research will archival soiirces and field help in suggesting an image of the garden as it must have surveys is important to developed and existed historicaliy. This will enable the prepare a holistic plan for production of a concept plan that strives to capture the the site. Archival research evolving spirit of the seventeenth century garden. will generate material for the The concept plan generated through archiva1 research strives to Visitor Centre and will conjure up an image of the historic garden, which correlated provide the basis for with the following- information, will facilitate the process of preparing a range of formulating a scheme for the restoration of the gardens: interpretive products to help visitors and tourists Establish ground levels at various points on the site. appreciate these key Select species for plantation. components of the Taj Location of plant species. Mahal complex. Establish an annual garden calendar. Establish the location and functioning of watenvorks. Establish the history of landscaping practices. Establish the presence and location of features.

FIELD SURVEY

On completion of the The garden survey through Ground Penetrating Radar systems will document the following: archival research, a Topographical Survey / mapping of gardens and complete survey of ,the waterworks. gardens will document the 1. Ornamental plantings within the Taj Mahal complex existing vegetation, planting (forecourt, tomb-garden and Mehtab Bagh) layout, garden layout and Location speciMg botanical name, trunk diameter at water systems. breast height, average height and canopy radius. Location of shrubs on plan, specifymg the number of shrubs, their Ml botanical narnés, and average height.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 LANDSCAPE 45

Indication of planting beds @erennial/annual) on the plan, specifymg shapes, major dimensions, border material, if any; and the full names of herbaceous The field survey will include beddmg plants. 2. Naturalistic plantings-Nursery area, Khan-i- Alam Bagh, rriultidisciplinary studies such Trees: identiS the trunk location and species of ali trees as paleobotanical studies, greater than 6" (15 cm) in diameter. hydraulic studies and IdentiS the outhe of shrub masses and planting areas hortici.iltural research to and their dominant species (e.g., the general layout of provide information on the rose garden in the nursery area). historic layouts, species, 3. Garden Spot Elevations and level changes. water systems etc. 4. Garden Walls, Layout, Waiks and Site fumiture

WATERWORKS SURVEY

To design and maintain a garden of ths magnitude would have required extensive and sophsticated watemorks. Whde the aesthetics, which includes the symbolic dimension to design as weli, wdl emerge after coliating the data found in texts and paintings through the studies of an art historian, the scientific studies d address the foliowing issues:

The quantum of water required for efficient functioning and maintenance of the plants, water tanks and fountains. The water demand of the site linked with the clunate and hydrology of Agra at a larger ecological level will be the primary and most crucial aspects of the hydrology studies. Identification of water withdrawal and lifting systems from the main source of water, the river, and further augmentation through wells will be established. Seasonal variations in the demand and supply. Linked to the water withdrawal system the distribution network through terracotta pipes to fountains, pools and plantation beds. Its return to the river would decipher the complete cycle of the water distribution system. Having established the vanous aspects of the original water The survev of the waterworks system, feasibilrty studies would have to be carried out to check iSexpected to revealan the efficacy of the historical water works in the present day context. These would include: enhanced understanding of tlie scieritific and aest hetic Sources and quality of water available today. ~rinci~lesthat determined the Hydraulic pressure study and Water loss studies. iayoui of the water system of Materials and dimensions of water supply system. Water deficit and plant stress during the summer. ,the garden. Identification and justification of deviations from historical water systems necessary and of features like water tanks, pipes and pumping stations.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 46 LANDSCAPE

Horticulture information will HORTICULTURAL SURVEY help in framing the garden calendar to suit the The hndmgs of the horticulture survey are essentially airned at relating the presence of species existing on the site to those seasonal variatioiis and .the found through secondary studies, in order to build an authentic climatic changes over the image of the Mughal garden. The information d be checked years. The characteristics of against hdings of the art historians and Persian scholars who the plants along with the will categonze them into species that are: hortici+ilturalpractices a. Historically correct b. Indigenous to the area adopted by the AS1 presently, will lead to Information on the characteristics of the plant species will also developing maintenance enable their selection and appropnate location to fulfd certain strategies for the site. functions that the garden would have histoncally demanded and the present day needs. The characteristics would also be useful in selecting them, in ternis of the water availability on site.

ARCHAEOBOTANICAL SURVEY

One of the key tools of the archaeo-botanical survey is the pollen analysis through selective excavation and sample pits. The samples collected cover the following aspects:

Poiien, macro-botanical analysis Phytoliths Charred remains and fossilised wood or fruits at site Other archaeo-botanical studies for evidence of the species existing on site (e.g., soil discolorations from organic matter or minerals that indicate planting pits and beds)

The main airn of ,the The excavation d be carned out at spots identified after the archaeo-botanical studies is archiva1 research. The spots most hkely to reveal accurate data d to establish the presence of be the areas where no interventions in the past have taken place and thus are spots of minimal disturbance. Selective historic species on site in excavations d also be carried out at spots identified through the subsurface layers of the plans made during the colonial period, whch mark out their soi1 as against the modern interventions on the site. In the excavation pits a time line d ,floristic inventory ,that will be established related to layering (stratigraphy) of soils to emerge out of the determine histonc garden levels from the curent surface down to the original garden surface and undisturbed soil. horticulture studies. Through these excavations and fïndings it may be possible to bdd up sections indicating the superirnposed activity surfaces and exhibitkg the layering of plant species on site in order to gve a histoncal perspective to plantation practices. Besides providmg a list of species used in the Taj Mahal gardens, the survey will also help in the accurate location of plant species.

- - -- TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORA-i-IVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS

With the formulation of a detailed conservation plan based on the above field studies and archival studies a working plan will be prepared.

The planning will involve: Establishing personnel needed for efficient stafhng of the various aspects of the site. This will include the regular maintenance staff as well as the personnel needed on a seasonal basis. 28. Khan-i-Alam nursery. Framing short term and long term plans to include phasing in and phasing out of plant species. Establishing annual gardening calendar. Identifymg sources of supply of plant material on a regular basis. Suggesting treatment to historic cultivars prone to diseases. Conducting workshops at regular intervals for the training of staff to irnpart knowledge on Mughal planting patterns and species. Identifymg the seasonal variations in the water supply and demand and taking steps to counter seasonal variation in demand and supply of water. Establishing environmentally Identifjmg mechanisms for maintenance of water sound specifications related works. to the horticultural practices Ensuring regular monitoring of quality of water to include: supplied to the beds, tanks and fountains. Preparation of soi1 Having the mechanisms in place for the treatment of Sowing of seeds water as and when needed. This should be tied up with the monitoring mechanisms. Planting of shrubs Itrees Ensuring mechanisms to reduce water loss to minimal Watering levels. Manuring Taking cogmsance of the Supreme Court order on Pruriing biomass plantation and other ecological considerations related to the state of the river Yamuna in all decisions Replacing of species on horticulture and water works. Propagation methods

29. Fore court of Taj Mahal.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The management of the gardens and the heritage values associated with the landscape is critical to the entire conservation strategy. Appropriate guidelines for visitors (visitor circulation, signage and literature) d be formulated prior and during the course of irnplementation to disseminate information on the conservation plan. The setting up of Visitor Centres will also interpret the historic gardens to visitors by highhghting the changing historic landscape over the centuries since its creation. Schedules for maintenance. are devised to ensure short term and long-term maintenance of the site.

30. Plan of Mehfeb Bagh. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Management ofstaff and personnel responsible for the gardens is undertaken with the docation of duties associated with the maintenance of'the site. Closely related with the management of personnel is the need for upgrading skiils through regular workshops and trainipg sessions. Identification of specific technical expertise currently unavailable through a systematic review process will be undertaken to ensure appropriate measures are taken to provide such expertise at the Taj Mahal site.

PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT

Maintenance activities Long term and short term work plans will be prepared to associated with other clearly articulate the overall vision for the site which wiJl be : periodically exarnined and revised as required. New excavations monument related works . . or'research mav result in the refokulation of work dans and a WOU^^ be CO-ordinatedto reguiar &onitokg system will be established both ;O monitor reduce Wear and tear of the . existing work as well as to enable the up gradation of the historic fabric. '. conservation strategy if required. Short term and long-term budgets will be formulated based on the work plan to enable the management of financial resources.

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

The GIS database will be constantly updated and personnel trained to manage the system. A directory of resource persons who can undertake training programs or who are conducting research on the site will be created to ensure that best expertise is available for the preservation of the gardens.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CHAPTER 4: VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT

uI Introduction 49-50 Principles of Visitor Management 51-52 Documentation and Research 53-60 Visitor Management Objectives 61-62 Planning and Implementation 63-67 Maintenance and Management 6 8 VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT ,49

INTRODUCTION

Leisure and Tourism are now part of the World culture' and 'International economy', is second only to the oil industry. Tourism is one of the contnbutors to the Indian economy, and is likely to become even more important as it grows globally, into the world's major industry. Once the global situation stabilizes, India d see a spurt in the growth of the tourism industry, particularly as the country has so much to offer the discerning visitor. The Taj Mahal clearly features high on the pnonty list, for both domestic and international visitors and it serves as a major magnet for non-business visitors who come to Agra.

Over the years, the Government has targeted India's heritage sites The Ta,j Mahal is a as a marketable commodity and to sustain ths idea, it is essential that the integrity and character of the cultural landscape be major tourist attraction maintained. Additional inputs are required so that the historical in the Agra region and cultural significance of the Taj Mahal and its precincts are symbol of the historic emphasised. There is a need for careful planning, to ensure that cultural heritage of new developments do not adversely affect the cultural fabric of the Taj Mahal precincts and the histonc city of Agra in general. A lndia well-maintained historic landscape surroundmg the Taj Mahal architectural symbol of would itself be an attraction for high spendmg international the Mughal era. tourists. Recognising the regional, national and universal Barring any calarnities or crisis, which may be temporary in nature, the nurnber of tourists to the Taj Mahal, can only increase. significance of the Taj Assuming that the number of tourists does increase, it will be vital Mahal, is critical in order to to improve and expand the current level of facilities available to define a broad set of tourists. objectives at preserving its historical integrity, cultural The international importance of Taj Mahal was recognized for its magnificent conception, perfection of design and worktnanship, significance, unity, inherent and unsurpassed beauty and the complex and the surroundmg spirit and enduring value. monuments were inscnbed on the World Heritage List in 1982. Ever since, the Taj Mahal complex has received a great deal of attention, but there is stdl a lot that needs to be done.

In 1995-96, a toilet block was provided in the south-western corner of the complex. Drinktng water, by installing a jet pump and providing a cooler cabin was also provided for visitors. In conformity with Supreme Court directives, shops located within the outer courtyard have been relocated to a new buildmg especially built for the purpose. The facilities currently available for tourists at the Taj Mahal complex can at best be descnbed as the 'most basic' and are lirnited to toilets, dnnkmg water, tourist guides and photographers. Simdarly a museurn, located in the western Natlbat Khanna draws very few visitors, as few are aware of its presence. The displays must be engaging and informative.

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The Naubat Khanna on the east would also be activated to create a Museum. This will also help disperse visitors in the complex and facilitate a multiplicity of perspectives of the complex.

Also, not enough is known about the conservation work being carried out by the ASI, on an ongoing basis. A visitor information centre would serve also as a tool to educate visitors about the proposed conservation work and targets. Access to 31. Tourists at the Taj Mahal forecourt such information wdl ensure greater public awareness and the resulting vigdance with regard to the upkeep of the complex. The Taj Mahal and its accompanymg structures, in its entirety, is not any easy complex to understand as it consists of layers of history and culture, which will be made discernible when communicated appropriately. Thus the combination of an information centre and the museums will go a long way in addressing these aspects.

The participation of the local population should also be sought for activities like the tourist information counters, tourist guides etc. Presently visitors are harassed by unauthorised hawkers, touts and tourist guides who offer to get tourists a good bargain be it in the purchase of handicrafts, the hiring of transport or tourist guides often making the experience for visitors unpleasant. It is thus critical to draw the local population into the site and its related activities in a positive way to make them feel like partners in the process of maintaining the robustness of the monument and visiting the complex. In addition to these issues there are also matters of marketing the site, but when the physical presentation of the site itself is improved these can be addressed.

A comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation Plan will help people visiting the site to enjoy and learn about the Taj Mahal and its related group of monuments. Al1 those involved in the preparation of the Visitor Management must address an assessment of the existing problems and the potential for greater damage in future. It is important that the caretakers of the site are guided by precautionary principles and are aware of the consequences of what is proposed.

A comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation Plan will be evolved that will: Enhance the visitor's perception of the monument and its surroundings and weave these presently disparate parts into a searnless fabric of experience. Ensure a high standard for ali amenities at the site. Ensure the development of a positive attitude of visitor welcome, customer care and mission to inform 32. The exit from char bagh into the while ensuring the spirit of sanctity and serenity, as forecourt. the guiding principle of its development.

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PRINCIPLES OF VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND FACILITATION

The concept of Visitor Management and Facilitation is undergoing a metamorphosis. 'Feeling', not 'Seeing', is the new mantra. The proposed Visitor Management and Facilitation plan for the Taj Mahal aims to follow the INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM CHARTER, (ICTC) for Managing Tourism at places of Hentage Sigmficance, that was to be adopted by ICOMOS at the 12' General Assembly, Mexico, October 1999.

The Taj Mahal, though an architectural achievement of the Indo-Islamic period, today, as a World Heritage site has Visitor lY anagement and universal appeal and in a sense, 'belongs' to people the world Facilitation, within a over. Ali visitors therefore have a right and responsibility to framework of internationally understand, appreciate and conserve its universal values. At a recognised and appropriately time of increasing globalisation, besides irnproving tourists' applied standards, will help access and amenities, it is the interpretation and presentation of the Taj Mahal and its heritage, which d be an important restore the sanctity and challenge. serenity of the site, thereby enhancing visitor experience. The guiding principles for preparing an effective Visitor The Taj Mahal complex made Management and Facilitation plan is the communication of the physically, intellectually and significance of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts and the need for its conservation for the host community and visitors. emotively accessible to Reasonable and well-managed physical, intellectual and/or visitors should facilitate an emotive access is both a right and a pridege. It brings with it a understanding and duty of respect for the heritage values, interests and equity of appreciation of ,the heritage the present-day host community, custodians or managers of the significance of the Taj Mahal historic property and for the cultures from which that heritage evolved. and it's setting.

The ICTC's hrst principle States that, "Since domestic and international tourism is among the foremost vehicles for cultural exchange, conservation should provide responsible and well managed opportunities for members of the host community and visitors to experience and understand that community's heritage and culture at fust hand."

In keeping with this principle, the Visitor Management and Facilitation plan proposes to disseminate information on the protection and conservation of the monuments and aspects hke Mughal architectural and cultural expressions of the Mughal era and in a broader context, the importance of the Agra Heritage region. The Taj Mahal group of monuments is a material and spiritual resource, providing a narrative of historical development. Presently interaction between the Taj Mahal complex and the local comrnunity is dynamic and ever changmg. A large section is dependent on tourism for income generation.

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The proposa1 will acheve positive outcomes and minimize adverse impacts on the lifestyles of the local community, whde respondmg to the needs and aspirations of the visitor and it therefore wlll evolve and adapt to new challenges This will be in keeping a principle of the ICTC, which states that, "The relationship between heritage places and tourism is dynarnic and may involve confiicting values. It should be managed in a sustainable way for present and future generations," and another which states that, "Tourism and conservation activities should benefit the local community."

Principles of the In a site as important as the Taj Mahal, excessive or poorly International Cultural managed tourism threatens the physical nature, integrity and Tourism Charter, for significant characteristics of the Taj Mahal and its precincts. Managing Tourism at places The visitor's experience of the place would also be degraded. Visitors to the Taj Mahal complex must have access to of Heritage significance, information to optimise their understandmg of the site. Specific discussed alongside, will in circulation routes are necessary to minimize impacts on the spirit, guide the process of physical fabnc. determining the short term and long-terni objectives of Another important consideration is respect for the sanctity of the mausoleum and the practices and traditions to be observed the Visitor Management and when visiting the Mosque. Visitors must be encouraged to Facilitation plan. behave as 'welcome guests' and to conduct themselves in a responsible manner. The success of the plan will depend on how well, .the In order to effectively do this, the Visitor Management and principle which states that, Facilitation plan will also provide facilities for the comfort, "Host communities and safety and well being of the visitor, thereby enhancing the indigenous peoples should experience. These considerations will be in keeping with the principle of the ICTC, "Conservation and Tourism Planning be involved in planning for for Heritage Places should ensure that the Visitor Experience conservation and tourism," would be worthwhde, satisfying and enjoyable." is adhered to. It is essential to have a code of practice to guide the development of tourism at the Taj Mahal and ensure co- ordination of efforts. Such organisational arrangements can only result from a close, mutually beneficial collaboration between the government authorities (ADA) private sector, non- governmental organisations and the local community.

While the Taj Mahal may have a universal appeal, the rights and interests of the local community and the city of Agra, to manage physical, spiritual or intellectual access to certain cultural practices, knowledge, beliefs or activities will be respected. They will be involved in establishg goals, strategies, policies and protocols for the identification, conservation, management, presentation and interpretation of the Taj Mahal and its precincts. This input will be valuable in identifymg traditional cultural practices and expressions, in the tourism context.

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DOCUMENTATION AND RESEARCH

Tourism if over developed, destroys the resources and values which were what attracted tourists to the site in the hrst instance. Tourism is also dynamic and if developed too quickly or thoughtlessly can be destructive to the host community. Even from a cursory study of the Tai Mahal and its precincts, there is apprehension that ibis is to be t&. The problerns facing the Taj Mahal are very simiiar to Bose of heavily frequented Heritage sites around the world and relate to the L difficult balance between conserving the site and explaining its -33. Tourists waiking tawards Fatehpuri importance to visitors. A careful analysis of the studies carried oui in the past has been done to arrive-at a better understanding of the various issues involved in the preparation of a comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation plan.

The data collection process is the &st step towards analysing the wide range of tourist practices at the Taj Mahal complex. The Field Survey highlights certain practices by studying individual spaces and problems peculiar to the Taj Mahal setting and analyse these to produce a set of recommendations for Visitor Management at the Taj Mahal.

DATA COLLECTION

Documents pertaining to the Management of Tourism at World Heritage Sites and studies and books, highhghting the issues related to the Visitor Management and Facilitation of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts include:

International Charters

INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM CHARTER, Managing Tourism at places of Heritage Swficance. ICOMOS October 1999. CULTüRAL TOURISM, International Scientific Symposium, lofh General Assembly, Sri Lanka. ICOMOS.

Studies Related to the Taj Mahal

US NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, Agra Heritage 1 Project Report, 1994. WORLD HERITAGE SITE ASSESSMENT, conducted on behalf of AS1 in 1998. TOURISM IN AGRA, swey by McCann Erickson TOURISTS at the TAJ, by Tim Edensor, Published by Routledge, 1998. 34. Tourists at Fatehbad gate.

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The Field Survey was FIELD SURVEY conducted in September 2002. The observations Good planning will ensure that the capacity of the site and supporthg infrastructure are balanced. The basis of ths made during this visit are planning must necessarily be sound research on the visitors' designed to stimulate perception of the monument. With this objective in rnind, a discussions about visitor's basic survey and graphic analysis, of the Taj Mahal complex was facilities and a visitor's undertaken. The survey will form the basis for the preparation perception of the site and of a Visitor Management and Facilitation plan. form the basis for evolving a The survey included the assessment of the current visitors' Visitor Management and circulation pattern; tickethg; visitors' amenities hke drinkmg Facilitation plan. water fountains, toilets, lockers and shoe racks and other issues, which emerged during the analysis. The scope of work included collection of data at site; preparation of drawings indicating circulation patterns, on base maps (provided by the ASI) and a documentation of the amenities at site. The survey encompassed all issues that related to visitors at site. Feasibility of the reuse of two courtyards previously used as residences for tomb attendants, as Visitor Centres for providing visitor amenities, also formed part of the analysis.

The FIELD SURVEY is compiled into a report in October 2001. To augment it there is a need for a Visitor Proue study', where the specific focus would be tourists' origin, socio economic background, reason for travel, length of stay, experience of the country and satisfaction with the visit. Among the issues which emerged are:

Visitor profile from 1984-99 1. VISITOR STATISTICS Year 1 No of visitors 1984-85 1 1 1.29.230 Approxirnately 20,00,000 people visit Agra annually; of whch almost all visit the Taj Mahal, while only about one-third visit monuments other than the Taj Mahal. For a vast majority of non-business visitors, the Taj Mahal is the main reason for visiting Agra. The tourist season begins in the month of October and lasts through March. The peak months are October, November and December. There is a marked increase in the number of domestic tourists' at the weekend and during school vacations -June and July. The number of international tourists remains nearly constant through 1998-99 Source: SA, ASI, Agra the week.

When Friday was a 'free entry' day, to allow access for prayers, the crowds were uncontrollable, often leadmg to a stampede. Entry being free, large crowds from the economically weaker sections visited on Fridays, displaying no regard for the monument and often defacing it. Closing the monument to the general public on Friday and allowing entry only for prayers has Source: SA, ASI, Agra to some extent resolved the problem.

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2. VISITORS' ACCESS I The parking lots towards the Fatehpuri gate (western) and Fatehbad gate (eastern) are congested and disorganized, especially during peak hours. There are no separate bays for tongus, cycle rickshaws or battery- operated vehicles. No amenities like toilets, drinking water for visitors or drivers are provided at the parking i areas. 35. Approach to Fatehbad gate from No system for operation of tongas or cycle rickshaws Shilpgram exists. No is there any system for passenger allocation Visitors are harassed and importuned by these tonga and cycle rickshaw operators. The approach to the Taj Mahal from the east is quite unsightly and congested, with haphazard signboards and unplanned water points adding to the mess. The road too is in poor condition. Souvenir and refreshment stalls make the approach from the east to the Taj Mahal complex untidy and congested. The shops and establishments dealing in handicrafts are unregulated. Unlicensed photographers, unapproved guides and taxis drivers who harass and importune tourists right from the parking lots, make the visitors' experience unpleasant. Unauthorized construction outside the eastern gate (Fatehbad gate) detracts from the historic setting and violates the Supreme Courts' orders.

3. TICKETING The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the Agra Development Authority (ADA), charge an entry fee: ThJ MAHAL nr* Domestic tourists - Rs. 201- International toulists- $10(ASI) and Rs. 5001-(ADA) There is no foolproof system of distinguishing the domestic tourist fiom the international tourist which gives rise to a number of objections. Unattractive tickets, which don't even contain a key plan of the complex. The manual ticketing process is slow and tedious. The Entrance gate where tickets are checked is congested and people wait in long queues. Security check at the gates is far from sophisticated. Ticket for fritmational twrists Guards manually check bags for eatables, mobile phones, etc. not allowed within the premises. Video cameras are permitted up to the platfonn of the entrance gate, for an extra charge. Still cameras can be used everywhere, except inside the main mausoleurn. No fee is irnposed on still cameras. Museum Ticket

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4. VISITORS' AMENITIES No site map has been installed at the entrance, indicating the location of visitors' amenities, available within the complex. The Lockers provided at each gate though adequate are rarely.used. Visitors are perhaps unaware that the facility is available as there is no signage to that effect. Lockers for video cameras are available within the Entrance gate. 36. Drinking Vi 50 benches are provided in the garden. Strategically placed benches, facing the monument, are popular while those in remote corners of the garden facing away from the building are rarely used. Whde the Stone benches blend with the setting, the wrought iron benches appear rather obtrusive. Whde the locations for drinking water are quite appropriate, the area around tends to get wet and adversely impacts the building fabric. Water points must be located close to the main mausoleum. In the hot sumrner months, visitors exit from the main mausoleum really parched and there are no water points in close proximity. There is no provision for mineral water anywhere within the complex. Services such as toilets are inadequate and inappropriately located. The general standard of the toilets is rather poor. Though kept clean, few people use them. One reason could be inadequate signage. The European WCs are kept locked and opened only on request. Access for the physicaiiy impaired, though provided, is of a very temporary nature and is lirnited up to the lower platform of the main mausoleum. No toilets for the physicaliy impaited have been provided. Visitors are not allowed to use footwear inside the main mausoleum. They deposit their shoes just below the fbght of stairs leading to the main mausoleum. The racks provided are unsightly and the system chaotic leading to disarray at the base of the monument. Photographers operating within the complex importune visitors. They do not operate on any hed, rates and visitors are often seen hagglbig with them over rates. A nurnber of people wait on the platform for their prints to be delivered after they have hnished seeing the complex adding to the congestion at this point. A hrst aid box is available with the caretaker, ASI, seated i within the Entrance gate, inside the complex. There are also plans of acquiring a stretcher for emergencies. A 37. Shoe racks wheelchair is available on request.

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VISITORS' MOVEMENT & CIRCULATION PATTERN

:ATEHPUN GATE 'ATEHBAD GATE (WEST GATE) *STERN GATE)

Western hkpcken plth SlRHl DARWAZA Damatic arim path (SOUTH GATE) --i Photomhic poins

Figure 10: Visitors' movernent 8 circulation pattern

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5. VISITORSy CIRCULATION PATTERNS

The historic site is under pressure from the large number of people visiting it everyday. Different areas are under varymg degrees of pressure and may be categorized as: 1. Most sensitive Fragile areas under considerable pressure from visitors, where irnmediate remedial action is required. In some

38. Platforni extending from the main cases like the main mausoleum it may not be possible to entrance gate tawards the mamoieum. reduce visitor access. In these cases the intervention must protect the resource and reduce the existing problem but ensure a high quality of visitor experience. Main tomb/mausoleurn. Platform in the centre of char bagh. Platform extending from the main entrance gate towards the mausoleum. 2. Medium sensitivity Areas with fewer pressures at present because they are generally receiving appropriate levels of use, but where 39. Platfom in the centre of the char intervention and reduction of pressure would enhance Wh. the visitors experience or safeguard against future overuse. Platform around the main mausoleum Path from entrance gate leading to the main mausoleum. 3. Least sensitive More robust areas or area with very little visitor pressure, at present, which could accept more activity without serious detriment to the structure or the landscape as the case may be. Periphery of the site Colonnade flanking the entrance gate and overlooking the char bagh. Jawab, Nazlbat Khana on east and West.

Visitors, after entering the main entrance, take pictures on the .rr platform. The crowds at this point are fairly large, detracting 40. Periphery of the site from the hst impact of the Taj Mahal. Descent to the char bagh is from the newly created steps, on either side of the original central steps. Impact of the central vista, and the monument, reflected in the water channel is totally lost. The main

mausoleum is the most frequented location in the entire ' complex, and is often very congested and claustrophobic. The periphery of the char bagh is hardly visited. The colonnades on either side of the entrance gate and areas like the Jawab, and Naubat mana remain totally unutilised. Presently visitors are unaware of the existence of Khan-i-AfamBagh, Satiun Nisa Saheh' BtnJ, Sarhin Di Begum Saheh Bq; all within the Taj Mahal complex.

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VANDALISM AND ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE Much vandalism and accidental damage occurs The sheer volume of traffic through the buildings has taken its through ignorance of the toli on the paving stones and the flooring. Overuse of certain areas is resulting in the erosion of steps leadmg from the garden significance of the site to main mausoleum, Wear and tear of the paving dong the path being visited. About 15 leading to the main mausoleum and walkways and railings. The lakh people visit the Taj marble steps have eroded or are worn out in quite a few places. Mahal annually. This Vandalism is resulting in semi-precious stones being places enormous removed from inlay. pressure on the Graffiti is marring the histone fabnc in a number of places. There have been instances of tourists scribbling structures. Elements like on the wails despite the security around. the exquisite inlay work Dirt and grease deposits are visible on areas where and carved sandstone, visitors sit (platforrn adjoining the entrance gate) or because of their fragile touch the wails surfaces as they walk past. nature, have suffered The crowd of tourists that fill the upper chambers are at more than others. times uncontrollable. The crypt had to be closed to the public in 1996, because the lack of ventilation was causing the CO2 levels to increase and there was a danger of starnpedes. Human breath and body heat raises the temperature and creates hurnidity. People sleep on the terraces and podiums as a respite from the heat The volume of visitors places enorrnous pressure on the conservators who have to battle for space to carry out their work.

INTEGRITY OF THE SITE 42. Concrete forecourt

Integrity of some original elements is lost due to the alterations I or changes to cater to tourism pressures The light colour concrete paving in the forecourt is a new intervention, creating a harsh refiective surface besides detracting from the visual impact. The ribbed metal paving placed between the sandstone-paved surfaces to connect the walkways and facilitate visitor movement, along the approach to the mausoleum, is inappropriate. Coir Matting is provided from March to July; from the point visitors' remove their footwear to the entrance of the main mausoleum, as the marble floor gets unbearably hot. Barricades along walkways to cordon off areas are both unsightly and obtrusive. The digital display board in the entrance gate, displaykg air poliution data as mandated by the court is unsightly. 44. Digital display board

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SITE INTERPRETATION

There is virtually no information, orientation or facilitation for the visitor to get any information on the Taj Mahal. There is no provision of an enquiry counter, nor is any literature on the Taj Mahal available at site. A Literature: The following departments have their own 45. Sinage -Building Information publications, which are available at their respective offices or are handed out to tourists on arriva1 at the airport, railway station or kept at various hotels in the city. None of these are available at the Taj Mahal complex.

AS1 Booklet available at the AS1 office. UPTDC Taj Book Agra city guide map - Rs. 21- Tourist guide map - free handout 46. Signage -Garden Ministry of Tourism Agra, Mathura, Bharathpur guide. Agra, guide and map India's World Heritage sites.

Guides Licensed guides operate through a union and their services are to be booked through the Tourism office. Hereditary guides and other unlicensed guides are far in excess of the number required, even in peak tourist season. They importune visitors detracting from the enjoyment of the site. The information imparted is not always accurate and facts are colourfully embellished.

Licensed Guides Type of guides 1 1 Nos. Monument guides ( Only for Taj Mahal 1 20 State level guides 1 8 Renional nuides 1 Government of lndia licence 1 102

Rates for Licensed Guides No /group % day (4hm) Full day (8 hrs) For every hwr > 8 hrs 1 -4 Rs. 255.00 Rs. 380.00 Rs. 50.001hr 5-15 Rs. 380.00 Rs. 505.00 Rs. 50.001hr 16 Rs. 505.00 Rs. 825.00 Rs. 50.001hr > 16 1 Services of two guides to be engaged Source: Ministry of Tourism, Govt of India. Agra office.

si4xnage Information on the Taj Mahal, has been provided in the fore court, in both English and Hindi. Signs indicating the direction of toilets and Museum are inadequate. There is need for improvement of signage in terrns of location and design as well as the number required for a complex of this scale.

Museum The Taj Mahal Museum is housed within the western Naubat Khana. Visitors are charged an entry fee of Rs. 48. Siinage - Instructions 51-. Few people however visit the museum.

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VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND FACILITATION OBJECTIVES

Without the capacity to maintain and share an authentic The Field suwey experience that draws on the richness of the monument, the undertaken as part of the principal attraction, which brings visitors to the Taj Mahal, wdl Data Collection and be eroded. Ths requires the clarity of vision and the courage to resist pressures towards synthetic recreations and additions to Research process the monument, which cater to transient popular tastes. assessed the key issues involved in the A comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation plan is preparation of a Visitor therefore essential as a pre-condition for manapg the sites Management Plan. If tounst potential. This may comprise of short-terrn objectives, achevable within 5 years and long-term objectives, achevable these issues are not withm a span of 10 to 15 years. These objectives should then addressed with sensitivity be part of the constitutional purpose of all concerned agencies, the consequences can be local authorities, trusts, etc. dire.

SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES

Improvement of visitors' access to the site. Access is important as it allows people to enjoy visiting the site. There are certainly some existing problems and there is potential for improvement. Integration of the transport system, from the parking lot to the gates, in order to strearnhe operations for the tongas, cycle rickshaws, battery vehicles, etc. Upgrading the ticketing system. Evolving visitor circulation for optimum comfort of visitors and maximum utilization of the site. Access to different parts of the site will be managed so as to safeguard particularly sensitive locations and rninimize conflict with areas under restoration. The short-term objectives Improving the visitor's enjoyment of the World are proposed for Visitor Hentage site, also helping people understand the World Management and Heritage site designation and its implication. Facilitation, on the basis Improving amenities for tourists such as drinking of .the Field survey and water, toilets, lockers, benches and shoe racks. the principles of the Developing a CO-ordinated approach to interpretation INTERNATIONAL of the site, which will include, appropriate signage, site maps, etc. CULTURAL TOURISM Enhance the visitors' perception and understanding of CHARTER, (ICTC) for the site by the provision of a visitors' centre and Managing Tourism at redevelopment of the Museum. places of Heritage Special considerations like site security, risk Significance. management and Te fighting. Ensuring that the local community shares the benefits of tourism.

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LONG TERhl OBJECTIVES

Restore the sanctity and serenity of the site and thus enhance visitor experience. Properly advertise and promote, the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts, as a World Heritage site and an important cultural asset. Foresight and vision are the Evolve educational programs to assist and invite prime requisites for chalking tourists to respect and understand the local community, out long term objectives for their way of culture, history and religion. Visitor Management and DeGning the levels of acceptable tourism and provide controls to maintain that level. Facilitation. Some long-term Manage the site in a sustainable manner and provide objectives can be defined at visitors with a rewardmg and valuable experience, and the onset, while others will they in turn wd make a sustainable contribution to the emerge during the course of economy. the project. Introduction of an integrated transport strategy to improve visitor access to the Taj Mahal and the monuments in the core zone, as well as to the places of interest in the buffer zone. Incorporation of an tourism and visitor related statistics and data into the Information and Management database. Integration of initiatives by other agencies (ADA, Tourism dept, etc.), that affects Visitor Management and Facilitation through the Site Management Comrnittee and the CO-ordinationunit, as suggested in the Management section of this document.

49. Tourists drinking water from the central channels.

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PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

In order to immediately enhance and augment visitor experience, the PLANNING stage of the Visitor Management and Facilitation plan is the preparation of a set of recommendations for the Taj Mahal and its precincts.

VISITORS' ACCESS

a. Parking lots at Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates. Redesign parking lots, providing separate bays for private buses, private cars, taxis, 3 wheelers, 2 wheelers, tongas, ycycle ticksbaws, non-polluting vehicles, etc. Provide amenities for drivers and tourists, such as dnnking water, toilets and vendmg machines for refreshments. b. Operation of non-polluting vehicles, Cycle richshaws and Tongas. Evaluate the number of vehicles required at each gate, identify the most appropriate &op off points, revise the frequency, operation schedule and tariff and redesign the Appropriate signage, tickets. uniform in design and of c. Treatment of the road link to Fatehbad gate. a standardized format, Elimnate the incongrnous elements like water tanks and maps and literature if upgrade the facilities like toilets, wherever necessary. available at site, will make Facilitate a long-term policy decision on shops and handicrafts emporia. the experience of visiting .the Taj Mahal more TICKETING enriching, than it is at present. Based on a. Ticketing system recommendations niade Introduce a computerised ticketing system with for each component, automated turnstiles and ticket punchmg machines. Redesign the tickets for domestic and international detailed design principles tourists incorporating the ADA's and ASIys charge on will be defined before the one ticket and including the fees for the museurn, video lmplementation Phase. usage, etc.

VISITORS' AMENITIES

Integrate information desks, enquiry counters and handout of brochures, etc into the proposed Visitor Centres. Provide suitably located amenities like lockers, benches, drinkmg water, toilets, shoe racks, hrst aid and guides/ audio CD-Rom tours with headsets. Provide a space for the photographers Install adequate signage, maps, and circulation routes.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 64 VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT

PROPOSED CIRCULATION AND VlSlTOR MOVEMENT

MEHMAN KHANA KHAN-E-ALAM NURSERY

KHAN-E-ALAM NURSERY GATE

NAUBAT KHANA

TOWARDS MAUSOLEUM 0 RETURN FROM MAUSOLEUM -

Figure 11: Propoçed circulation and visitor movement.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT 65

CIRCULATION AND VISITOR MOVEMENT A program to revive the environs of the Taj Mahal Managmg visitor circulation around the site is the key to is esserrtial. Liriked wi.th a relieving stress on overcrowded areas and safeguardmg sensitive locations. The proposed visitor facditation plan must: carefully considered Provide access for physically challenged. program of public Devise effective means of reducing the visitor load at presentations about the the entrance gate, platform in the centre of the char bagh historical heritage of and the main mausoleum. Agra, this could be an Improve circulation in the main mausoleum. Being the important experience for most frequented location in the entire complex, it gets visitors. Reconstruction of very congested and claustrophobic. Opening up a few glass panes in the glazed panels could be the solution. the newly excavated Divert visitor load to the periphery of the complex, Mehtab Bagh across ,the perhaps on the way out, after visiting the mausoleum. Yamuna into a moonlight The colonnades on either side of the entrance gate garden will add to the and areas like the Jawab, and Naubat Khana presently interest generated for the remain totally unutilised. Taj Mahal as a tourist Incorporate Khan-i-Alam Bagh, the Saheli Bt/@ and into the visitors' circuit. Introducing a heritage walk for Taj destination and provide Ganj and establishing its central position within an reason for overnight enhanced program of craft demonstrations and visits, thus generating production will also be an important experience for additional income. visitors.

VANDALISM AND ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE

Channel visitors' along a route, whch prevents vandalism and deploy security personnel wherever required to deter vandalism like graffiti on walls. Install suitable barricades in areas where visitors touch walls, railuigs, etc. Control access to fragile areas hke the lower chambers where serni precious stone inlay work is accessible and the threat of theft is high.

INTEGRITY OF THE SITE

Allow descent to the char bagh from the central steps, Encouraging visitor enabling visitors to feel the impact of the central vista appreciation of the and the mausoleum reflected in the water channel. landscape and less Introduce potential alternatives to the aluminium barricades, such as freestandmg posts of a suitable frequented structures will design. enhance visitor enjoyment Remove the concrete in the forecourt and restore the while diverting pressure original level after archiva1 research to determine the from the fragile areas. original surface and level. Design the digital board displaying Pollutio~ldata to be less offensive.

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Public information activities VISITOR CENTRE such as meetings, group It is clear that the visitors' understandmg of the existence and discussions, audiovisual significance of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts is crucial presentations, guided tours, for the preservation of the site. At present, most visitors regard Display galleries, posters only the main tomb and the mosque as structures of and information campaigns architectural, religious and htstorical importance and are largely will facilitate education of unaware of the significance of the other structures and gardens the local community and withm the Taj Mahal complex, let alone the precincts. 'The ovenvhelmng scale of the main mausoleurn, often doesn't ailow visitors alike and be a value. for full appreciation of the multiple facets of the site, and the more subtle stories attached to the monuments of lesser importance hke the .Iàheli Barjs and Naabat Khanas, Many are oblivious to the cultural landscape of ~harbagh or Mehtab Bagh across the river Yamuna.

It is proposed to integrate thts facihty of disserninating information in the monument complex withm the proposed visitor centres. It is envisaged that the visitor centres would go beyond providing facdities and amenities and also provide on- going interpretation of the Taj Mahal complex and its environs. To a visitor, thts is as essential to the enjoyment of a site, as other facilities and amenities.

The two courtyards on either side of the entrance gate, presently under ualized, have tremendous scope for use as visitor centres. These are strategicaily located adjoining the present east and West entrances to the complex. These courtyards d contain amenities such as toilets, dnnhg water, etc.

The aim is to develop, It is proposed to instaU toilet facilities in the original toilet areas presentations in the Visitor along the eastern and western wails of the courtyards. Security installations will be located in the two courtyards, elurimating centres, the need of checks at the gates and leaving the visitor free to an understanding and experience his first view of the Taj Mahal. Given the raised appreciation of World Heritage levels of securit~,these spaces could well become the 'lock' or values of the entirecomplex, An 'holding areas' for the entrance to the complex. able tool in increasing public A facility such as this where tourists can rest before going awareness and fostering a further into the complex would substantially enhance the comrriitment t0 preserve the experience of visiting the Taj Mahal - especially for tourists historic site. arriving directly from Delhi or other destinations. To explain the site and its larger dunensions models, multiluigual text and interactive touch screens d be used.

The visitor centre wdi also house a model of the Taj Mahal complex in the Fatehbad gate courtyard. The Fatehpuri gate courtyard will have similar facilities as the Fatehbad gate courtyard except that it is proposed to have a Mughal Garden in the courtyard instead of a model.

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Information in both centres will be bi-lingual. In desigrmg the visitor centre, care wiil be taken to provide cultural resource management, so that, information is disserninated to the viewer with a ranking of value. It is proposed to provide tourists with on site information, such as well-placed signboards, guide books and iliustrated information brochures, explaining the importance of the site. In the case of the main tomb and the mosque, visitors have to be reminded that they are visiting a sacred shrine, which should inspire respect. 50: Fatehbad gate courtyard - proposed Visitor Centre

MUSEUM

It is proposed to provide an expansion of visitor experience through an enhanced museurn presence. The two Nazlbat Khana?, located on the east and West of the char bagh are the obvious choices. The eastern Nazlbat Khana will be developed as a famiiy oriented exhibition centre while the western Nazlbat Kham will be developed as an exhibition onented museum. In each case, the buildings will be cleared of its present contents and the architectural features of the building restored or highlighted as required.

The western Naubat Khana will be a professional, albeit smaii, exhibition space. The intention is to have inconspicuous glass cases, fabricated from shatterproof glass, thereby ensuring hgh levels of security and a controlled environment (hurnidity/temperature) within each case. More importantly, they wiii assure that the objects are seen against the historicai fabnc of the Taj Mahal, thereby evoking their architectural context. Occasional glass cases for paintings and text panels will be the only installation on the walls. Objects that are not particularly light sensitive wiil be selected to facilitate long-term display.

In addltion, within the eastern Nazlbat Khana, will be programs Collections housed in the of story teliing and games for fades with children to help Taj Mahal museum, its explain Mughal life and culture. Images, particularly Mughal miniatures and other didactic material will iiiustrate narrative reserve collection and tales, games such as pachisi being played. Elephant fights and the archives have been Mughals' love for sports will be displayed with explanatory examined but in order to notes. The design of furniture, like chairs, game tables and curate an exhibition display cases will be simple and unobtrusive. worthy of the Taj Mahal, The plan of the two pavilions dlbe examined to determine the loans from various optimum traffic pattern for visitors. While it is envisaged that sources will be required. most visitors to the Taj Mahal don't have the time or inclination to visit the museum, a substantial number could be expected once the museum is upgraded and the visitor centre and other facilities are operational.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE CHAPTER 50 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Site Security 69-70 Risk Preparedness 71-72 SITE SECURITY

Over the centuries, historic sites have endured disasters of unprecedented scope and severity. The Taj Mahal complex too is at a risk from a nurnber of threats. A matter of grave concern in the recent past has been the threat of terrorists attacking this historic monument. In response to these threats received by the Government of India, the Supreme Court's directive has been to appoint a professional agency to undertake the security. As a result, the Archaeological Survey of India on May 1st 2002 entmsted the security of the Taj Mahal to the CISF (Central 51. irary security arrangements at 11IC ratci ipuri and Fatehbad gateç. Industrial Security Forces).

Given the importance of the Taj Mahal, the security system wiU be proactive, rather than reactive. Presently, visitors walk through a Door Frame Metal Detector (DFMD) at Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates, after purchasing a ticket and CISF personnel frisk each visitor with a Hand Held Meta1 Detector (HHMD). Female visitors are fnsked behind a fabric screen and handbags etc are sifted through manually. The same procedure is repeated at the entrance gate. The security check takes a couple of minutes for each visitor, at each point, often causing a back-up and consequent delay. 52. Temporary securiiy arrangements at the entrance gate. CISF personnel expressed the need to install state of the art equipment that could screen visitors and their persona1 belongings, thereby strearnlining the security process. It is proposed to install DFMDs, HHMDs, Xray machines and closed circuit TVs within the Taj Mahal complex to ensure the safety of both the monument and visitors.

In the light of the above, it is apparent that Fatehpuri and Cultural Heritage is always at Fatehbad gates do not have the space for equipment such as X- ray machines and any interventions of a temporary nature, made a risk of destruction through in the vicinity, could affect the aesthetics of the site. After a forces of conflict. Once careful study of the possibilities for locating surveillance destroyed .the tangible liriks equipment where it would be minimally intrusive, yet takes the to Our past are severed, even convenience and comfort of the visitors into account, it is obliterated and immeasurable proposed that automated turnstiles be installed at the Fatehpuri cultural loss is sustained. and Fatehbad gates and the surveillance equipment be installed in the Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gate courtyards.

The whole sequence of sec,yrity checks, ie. Xray machines, DFMDs, etc. could take place in the rooms around the Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gate courtyards. Adequate holding space is available and visitors could view the display galleries and use amenities such as the toilets installed within these courtyards before exiting into the forecourt to proceed through the entrance gate and enter the char bagh area.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE

RISK PREPAREDNESS

The more obvious threats to a historical monument are Risk Preparedness can lead vandalism by visitors and accidental or unwitting damage to to response and recovery the histonc fabric. Fire, floodtng, earthquakes, and civil strategies, which can lead to disturbances are various natural disasters that can potentially stnke a hentage site. Some are predictable and partly timely intervention thereby controllable, others are simply ovenvhelming. In all cases the reducing ,the consequences of consequences can be catastrophc. A case in point is the kind the disaster. of loss felt after the earthquake in Gujarat, which destroyed much of the architectural heritage of the state.

NATURAL DISASTERS

Natural disasters occur when nature's energy is activated in a destructive manner by way of earthquakes, floods or fires. Natural disasters are damaging, principally because their impact is relatively immediate and often unexpected. Like any other structure, the Taj Mahal too faces a threat from man made hazards. The natural disasters that udl prove damaging to the Taj Mahal are earthquakes and floods. Preparing for such emergencies and responding effectively if it occurs, is a cntical component of disaster preparedness. In the case of man-made disasters, it can hghlight accidents waiting to happen.

Seismic Shocks Earthquakes hke any other natural disaster cannot be prevented. A considerable number of seismic epicentres lie to the N.W. of Agra and two quite senous events with magnitudes between 6.3 and 7.0 on the Richter scale have been recorded within 100km of Agra.

The different elements of the Taj Mahal will react to different Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, seismic modes. The most vulnerable are the chattrir because of earthquakes, and wildfires their hgh centres of gravis, their slender colurnns and inflict billions in damage on ornamental features such as pinnacles. The central communities, including mausoleum, being square, with corners chamfered off, has an almost perfect anti-seisrnic plan. In section, the inner dome historic structures. It is quite braces the structure while the outer dome is so strongly clear that there are some constructed that its stiffness is of the same order as the disasters which are remainder, so it's vibration mode shouid not be too different. predictable and for which we The subsidiary bddtngs are however more vulnerable. It is can prepare and can often possible that ray Leigh waves from distant earthquakes couid affect the minarets and pinnacles. To determine the danger reduce the risk of occurrence that seismic activity near the Taj Mahal couid cause, it is and s~ibsequentdama.ge. 1.t is necessary to study the nature of the soi1 under the Taj Mahal. also clear that there are some The depth of underlying sedimentary rock and the void ratios natural disasters against of the soils will affect the assessment of the vulnerabhty of which al1 human efforts woi-ild the Taj Mahal as the effect of a seismic shock can be increased by a factor of 6 or more by soft ground conditions. be futile.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TM MAHAL CONSERVATlON COLLABORATIVE 72 INTRODUCTION

Risk Preparedness may not Floods: Floods can occur anywhere and are probably the most prevent natural disasters, destructive of disasters. The capacity and effectiveness of the but in some cases it can be drainage basin are often a cause of floodmg. Whùe most floods are a consequence of nature, some are man-made or exacerbated fundamental in their by human activity, as a result of excessive clearing of natural prediction and mitigation. vegetation and landforms.

Fires: Fires are a constant threat to any bdt heritage. They have been a constant companion of cidzation and remain a dangerous friend. Large, damagmg &es are often started by small accidents. Given the large number of drawings and photo documentation available on the Taj Mahal, some of which may form part of the display material in the proposed visitor centres; a plan for risk preparedness will be critical to its survival.

RECOMMENDATIONS

To date there has been little recogmtion of the importance and special needs of the Taj Mahal and its precincts, withm the broad arena of disaster preparedness. A pro-active attitude in relation to disasters affecting the Taj Mahal and its precincts is what is required. It is recommended that an acceptable level of risk be identified and then strategies developed accordmgly.

Risk Assessment by which potential threats to the Taj Mahal and its precincts can be identified d contain a survey of the resources of the Taj Mahal and its precincts and an assessment of potential hazards and vulnerabhty. A Disaster Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts will have strategies for mitigation (before), response (during) and recovery (after). It d cover everything from the organisational structure of the response team, to insurance details.

A disaster plan is forward A necessary step will be the creation of an interdisciplinary steering committee and a nurnber of initiatives intended to assist planning for risk reduction, in the emergency planning and protection of cultural property recovery and reduction of from disasters. The purpose of the interdisciplmary steering loss. Risk preparedness committee is to provide instruction and guidance on how to should play and important prepare for and respond to an emergency. The key aspects to be role in the Site Management dealt with are: Plan of any historic emergency plan withm in the management policy, monument. In one as basic principles of emergency planning, importaiit as .the Taj Mahal, decision-making in emergencies, it is crucial so that the preparing and implementing an emergency dnll. monument can be cared for Regular maintenance is crucial, as it d prolong the life of the in times of crisis when there structures even in the event of a disaster. Installation of smoke detectors, alarms, seismic retrofit, are precautionary strategies, is a great need for care and which can be undertaken. Regular testing is required to see that management to reduce loss. these precautionary strategies are in working condition.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATlVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CHAPTER 6: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Introduction 73 Documentation and Research 74-75 Planning 76-79 Implementation 80 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 73

INTRODUCTION

Essential to the effective management of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts is a need for information about the site and how every aspect of the site is used. A complete understanding and assessment of its historical, archaeological and landscape character is a fundamental requirement. Adequate information is crucial on its setting, environment and surroundings; economic trends, tourism studies and any other data that may affect the management of the monument and the achievement of the short-term and long-term objectives as spelled out in this Site Management Plan.

It is essential that all documentation gathered, be available in order to take appropriate decisions to meet the objectives of the Site Management Plan. Furthemore, to judge whether the objectives of the Site Management Plan are being achieved, it is necessary for this information to be accessed by decision makers on a regular basis.

A great deal of information has already been coilected but is held by a variety of bodies, in different formats and is not always readily accessible. This includes the dtfferent departments within the AS1 (Archaeological Survey of India) itself, local authorities like the Agra Development Authority, museurns, and universities and with private research scholars.

A lot of information is also being generated through the Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative research projects. To be used effectively and to enable an accurate assessment to be made of what other information needs to be obtained, all the available data needs to be collected, integrated and maintained in an 'Information Data basey. It is therefore proposed that a Geographical Information System (GIS) be established, which would form the basis for the development of the 'Information Database'.

The Taj Mahal Conservation project proposes to take the lead in developing an Information Management strategy that can be evolved to define the data standards for the documentation and the management of the cultural heritage of India. The project wiU seek to set up the mechanism for the compilation of a Taj Eah",~~~t~~~,"~ fIzpCtz$ Mahal Information Database, which will draw on, complement lgthc. and feed into the existing resource management systems within the ASI. The airn will be to compile a comprehensive database covering the main complex and all the ancfiry areas, and to make the data available to all those who need the resource to irnplement their management responsibilities and carry out their tasks, be it conservation, restoration or visitor facilitation.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE 74 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH and DOCUMENTATION

RESEARCH

Research is no longer a luxury than can be restricted to scholars and academics, but, it is a vital and integral part of any Site Management plan, essential to a proper understanding of the site and its effective management.

Research into the different aspects of the site is essential as it improves the understanding of the past through a testing of the existing hypothesis and the gathering of new evidence. Research should be encouraged and promoted to improve an understandmg of the historical and architectural value of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts, thus facilitating its appropriate management. Without better and improved knowledge, it will not be possible to validate the significance of the site and the 54. Study of the Taj Mahal, c.1893. contribution it has made to the World's Hentage.

Although the importance of the main mausoleum has been recognized and studied, the current state of out knowledge of some aspects of the site, such as the gardens is still incomplete. Other significant areas, like Mehtab Bagh across the river have not been thoroughly investigated and these areas represent gaps in our understanding of the Taj Mahal in its entirety and are likely to have great potential for the discovery of as yet unknown archaeological evidence.

A number of initiatives for this component are already underway and it is important that these continue and feed into the overall understanding of the site. New discoveries and an understanding of the archaeology will have a direct effect on how it should be managed. It is also vital that the research is not restricted to just the Taj Mahal complex but ultimately covers its precincts like Taj Ganj and the city of Agra as a whole, in order to encompass other aspects of development that affect the monument and its management. The research strategy should also inforrn the interpretive strategy.

The research strategy being There is also a need to research into the most appropriate adopted will enhance the method of management and treatment for similar World Heritage sites. The Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative overall understanding of the project has initiated the research, involving the required site, its history, architecture, professionals in their specialized fields. The research agendas landscape and conservation for the various components like the visitor management and thereby facilitating better facilitation (pattern, numbers, behaviour, motivation); historic management of the World landscape character, the ancient water works system and architectural conservation have been included in this publication Heritage site. in their respective chapters.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 75

DOCUMENTATION

In any Information Management process, it is crucial to first Intensive documentation is, establish, as far as possible, the existing state of documentation. an integrated part of the There are certain aspects of the site where much research has conservation and restoration already been done. Adequate data has been collected on conservation. A number of scientific studies on the physical process of any World Heritage condition of the structures, it's structural stability, effects of air site. The entire pollution on marble, water pollution/ treatment, plasters, documentation process and materials used in the construction, thermal dilation and the records thus generated weathering behaviour of composite inlay Stone, etc., conducted would help develop better in the recent past, are available for reference. baseline information and new Information is avadable on the various restoration measures ideas for the purpose of being adopted at the Taj Mahal complex ltke the use of oxalic interpreting the Taj Mahal acid for patination in irnproving marble lustre and repair of corriplex along with its cracks that developed in the veneering marble slabs. A precincts to visitors. comprehensive bibliography has been compiled and relevant scientific studies carried out in the past pertaining to the monument and the gardens have also been collected.

A Field survey to assess visiter's perception of the monument and the various amenities avadable at site has also been completed. Also available are visitor data and statistics.

In consultation with experts in the field, a possible agenda for further documentation has been specifically designed for the needs of the Taj Mahal. The objective is identification of the necessary documentation required for the development of a GIS Data Management software program. This Data Management software program would play a critical role in defining and guiding all conservation and restoration activities. Future uses envisaged for the program include the updating of the Site Management plan, documentation of the monuments condition and interventions, development of maintenance programs and tourism related issues.

Both conventional and modern scientific methods are proposed While drawings of al1 for the documentation of al1 aspects of the existing physical condition of the hstoric structure. The site surveys would structures within the Taj record the structure in terms of plans, elevations, cross-sections, Mahal corriplex are available details, surface articulations, decorative features, surface marks they are not necessarily like tool and masons' marks, building matenals, construction accurate and only 50 percent system, etc. The measurements taken on site would then be of its precincts are recorded transferred ont0 accurate drawings using Computer Aided Drafting software. The data and drawings thus generated would on basic maps and the be integrated into a GIS database, which would be used to average rate of map updating highlight conservation issues, and understand and analyse the is not very frequent. nature of damage and deterioration caused over tirne to the historic fabric.

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PLANNING

The setting up of an Information Management system for the Taj Mahal complex is an initiative that is conceived to deal with all key aspects for conservation, restoration, and management of the site. The amount of necessary data needed to document the Taj Mahal and its complex in its current state and the various phenomena that affect it, is enormous and complex. Therefore the Information Management component will have a pivotal role requiring a great deal of resources. The objectives of the project will be dehned in the planning stage.

55. Plate with a picture of the Taj Mahal, England, c. 1825. USER REQUIREMENT ASSESSMENT The GIS structure for data management wili include the different aspects of the project ranging from the topographic surveys, underground waterways, architectural conservation to site management issues. To ensure a coherent approach, it is essential to identify documentation systems that will be compatible as well as adaptable to the complex system situation found at the site. The system wiU be technically simple, but capable of providing accurate data, easily operated, but reproducible over tirne and takmg into account the local resources, both hurnan and technical, as well as funding availability.

The following site surveys are proposed for a comprehensive documentation of the Taj Mahal complex:

Topographic survey using Total Station. Architectural documentation using a practical approach in dealing with the intricate structures. Material and condition survey, to detennine the state of conservation of the buildings. Garden and water system surveys.

The Data Management Topographic Survey system will deal with will be architectural documentation, As a fïrst measure, it is important to undertake an overall topographic survey of the entire area of intervention, using GPS conservation and gardens (Global Positioning Systems) so that any future measurements and water systems in the can be inserted within this framework. The structure of the first phase and in the system and the methodology of the survey will be especially second phase the systeni designed for the project.'A network of topographic stations will will be enlarged to include be identified that will serve to provide a topographic framework for the Taj Mahal complex in general and help correlate the other topics such as Site various architectural structures in it. The survey will also be Management, Maintenance complemented by dixect measurements using traditional and Tourism related issues. methods (measuring tapes, plumbs) and laser measurements.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 77

Atchitectural Documentation

Measure drawings of all the structures within the Taj Mahal complex wiU be carried out using conventional survey techniques. In order to record stone carvings, stone inlay work and calligraphy on the exterior these will be combined with rectified photography, stereo photogrammetry or graphic restitution.

Material and condition survey: This survey wdl include fabric identification as weil as the structure's state of conservation. It d: Characterize, with the help of a local geologist, the building materials used in the structure both qualitatively and quantitatively, prior to any intervention. eg: rnissing 56. Inlay woik with slivers of semi- stone inlay, etc. precious stone. Define, through an analysis of the deterioration, with the help of an interdisciplinary team of geologists, physicists, chemists, etc., problems affecting the structure like fissures, and fractures; scaling and powdering particularly of the red sandstone; biological colonization, including higher plants, open joints; dislodged blocks, corrosion of metals (iron) structural elements leading to iron oxide stains and changes in the colouration of the stone, in particular the yellowing of the marble of the mausoleurn. Assess surface deposits of dust, in particular on the white marble of the mausoleum and study the levels of SPM, acid pollutants (Sulphur dioxide & Nitrogen oxide) Elaborate and analyse the obtained data to arrive at a rational sequence for interventions and thereby develop an appropriate maintenance plan. Develop mortar formulations (for infdl, pointing and renders) for future use in maintenance.

Landscape Survey: Gardens survey will document existing vegetation and The GIS Data Management planting layouts. system for the Taj Mahal Horticultural survey will relate the existing species on site, to those found through secondary studies, to help complex will serve as a pilot build an authentic image of a Mughal garden. project for the ASI, with The survey of the waterworks wiu reveal an enhanced regards to standards for understanding of the scientific and aesthetic principles documentation and the that determined the layout of the water system. management of the cultural Indication of any sub surface water systems will also be heritage of the whole nation. determined through the use of Ground Penetrating Radar systems. Archaeo-botanical surveys will establish the presence of historic species in the subsurface layers of the soi1 as against the present floristic inventory.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE 78 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

The GIS and its associated GIS DATA BASE database will be developed into a full management It is envisaged that the Information Management system, wdl be an integration of the architectural documentation, topographical systeni coiitairiing data not surveys and garden and water system surveys, designed as per just on the conservation standard noms on a GIS (Geographic Information system) aspects of the various motor and will operate on a RDBMS (Relational Database structures, but also for ,the Management system) platform, having a client-server management, mapping, organization. The GIS solution is being proposed for image processing and producing, organizing and analysing the spatial component and RDBMS for the non-spatial component is being explored. sta1:istical analysis of .the site. The fundamental functions of the system wiii be: Data entry Archiva1 storage Data retrieval Output Simulation Management

The structure of the data (categories, relations, etc.) and their standards (tolerance, precision, accuracy, vocabulary, etc.) wiii be defïned speci6cally for the Taj Mahal complex. The base plan on which the actual data will be organized will have four-layers of definition: Outer Terrain Layer: Area around the precinct of the Taj Mahal, including parking lots, access routes, Mebfab Bagb and other areas considered important for the placing of the monument in its context. scale-1: 500 Taj Mahal Complex layer: Taj Mahal complex including the aqueduct and Khan-i-Ahm nursery. scale-1: 200 Building layer: Individual buildings and monuments. scale-1: 50 Detail Layer: Details and surface decorations. scale-1: 20

GIS File Names and Graphic Conventions - The system will provide for a consistent file naming system to facilitate file transfer and avoid problems of data management over the long term. Specific information will be included in each füe (e.g., project name and location, data layer name and number, survey 1date, surveyor, drawn by, checked by, modified on, etc.). Each drawing wiii have a layer of symbols, north arrow, scalable I graphic bar, and sources of information used to produce the drawing (metadata; e.g., GPS, laser transit, 30 m. steel tape, etc.). Consistent symbols as per ASI's conventions for heritage site b documentation d be used for different types of features, 57. Missing Stone inlay archaeological condition and matefals.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVAT~ONCOLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 79

KEY DESIGN ISSUES

Customised data management software if developed, can aid in: The Data Management system to be developed for the Taj Monitoring Restoration/Conservation projects Mahal will serve as a meeting Visitor Management and Facihtation (and confrontation) point for Implementation of the Site Management plan specialists of various Maintenance disciplines involved in the project. It has therefore a Monitoring restoration/conservation projects: Measure drawings, with plans, elevations and a stone by stone restitution very pivotal role and has to of facades, recorded using appropriate technology, wdl be linked be taken into consideration in to specifications for conservation work that needs to be al1 the sections of the project. executed. Resdts of ongoing investigations will also be recorded. Areas that are more complex hke Mebtab Bagb will require additional records like a contour survey. Different levels of recordmg wdl be essential for recordmg the findmgs at different levels, e.g. plant material will be recorded at surface level, the water system at its appropriate subsurface level, and the paleo-botanical findmgs at their respective levels. Regdarly updating the database is one of the ways in which the AS1 can measure the progress of their restoration and preservation efforts.

Visitor Management and Facilitation tool: Data on tourism in addition to quantitative indicators such as nurnbers, revenue, visitor satisfaction, visitor perception of the site and how they think the site can be itnproved, is vital for preparing an effective visitor management plan. Additional data on the changing attitudes of the local popdation if linked on a regdar basis will help the plan to evolve over the years. ,41so of great importance wdl be the economic effect of a visitor management plan on the local population especially the local guides and photographers.

Site Management tool: Over tirne, as the site management For proper management of plan evolves, the GIS database wdl be further developed and the conservation work at site updated to accommodate changes as required. Data when linked ,there must be good records, to the system at regdar intervals wdl help the implementation of the plan and enable the AS1 to evaluate the evolution of the plan which describe each feature, over the years. clearly both in text and in illustrations and which can be Maintenance tool: Maintenance data input will not be a used to monitor any change one-the effort. Whde basic data, like documentation of on site condition. individual structures, d need to be collected only once, any changes in the condition of the building material or the structure itself wiU need updating on a regular basis. The system wdl be designed so that the Maintenance schedules, bar charts, resdts of the monitoring etc. can be easily added and integrated into the GIS database.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABOR.41-IVE 80 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

IMPLEMENTATION

As a whole the Data The phases involved in designing the Data Management system Mana.gementsystem project are: has ideal objectives with Objective Identification: A fundamental phase where the scope of the project and the results that are expected tremendous consequences are identified. This phase requires interaction between for the future of the cultural software analysts, the AS1 and the consultants of heritage of India. It is individual disciplines. important to include an First Level Analysis: Analysis by the software analysts, initial phase of identification the AS1 and the consultants of the different disciplines, and assessment of existing in order to identify and defme the characteristics and standards for the system. data (at ASI) so as to Design of the Application System Design of the optimise the activities and system by software programmers, following the brief costs of data survey as well provided by the analysts as closely as possible. as to prepare archives of ail Development of the System Implementation of existing information on the procedures for integrating existing AS1 data and Taj Mahal, thus allowing to continued development of the GIS software to facilitate project a system that will use and access of the database by all levels of AS1 staff. manage in the best way al1 After all components and procedures of the system have been existing documentation. addressed, the actual implementation of the GIS data base d be handled in the following stages:

Data Entry: Data will be attached to the GIS database in a consistent manner, in a forrn compatible to the GIS structure. Digitisation and entry of data wiU be done following the defined standards, such as base cartography, architectural surveys, and deterioration pattern mapping for all photographie images, archiva1 documents as well all alphanurneric data relevant to any of these entries and eventual projects such as restoration intervention. Work wdl also be needed to incorporate An ongoing policy of training the ASI's resource database and the proposed site staff will also be initiated to management structure with the existing AS1 framework. ensure the continuity of Tests and release of the system: The system will be qualified personnel for the installed for all users after adequate testing to ensure GIS team. Training the smooth induction of technology. required personnel in the Training in the use of the system: Ongoing training use of .the software d be provided for existing and specially appointed packages will be vital to the personnel within the ASI's structure for the use of success of the database as whom the system has been designed as well as for technicians and staff responsible for the maintenance a management tool. and management of the system itself. The training program will prepare the AS1 staff for the adjustments needed to accommodate changing technologies.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 CHAPTER 7: MANAGEMENT

Introduction Existing Management Structure Piinciples for a Management Policy Proposed Management Structure Plan of Action MANAGEMENT 81

INTRODUCTION

In order to achieve the objectives, as drafted in the Site Management Man, there is a clear need for a comprehensive and integrated Management policy. The Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts involves a complex set of issues, as diverse as, preserving the cultural significance of the site, restoring the historical integrity of the gardens, maintaining the quality of its architectural heritage, enhancing visitor experience while retaining the unity, inherent spirit and u enduring value of the site. The need for an integrated 58 *=rial view of the TaJ Mahal rnausdeurn. Management policy is apparent from the nurnber of pressures exerted on the monuments within the Taj Mahal complex and the site in general, which if not controiled could be damagmg. Evolving an effective Management poiicy will be fairly complex given the multiple agencies empowered with management authority, with both the core zone and the buffer zone.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is responsible for the conservation and maintenance of the Taj Mahal. There are other agencies responsible for the provision and maintenance of amenities such as toilets, drinking water and bus services from Agra Fort to the Taj Mahal. Located either withui the complex or in the precincts, are offices of Telecommunications Department, Post and Telegraph SeMce, State Horticulture Department and Forest Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Within the Taj Mahal complex is an office of the UP Pollution Control Board, which monitors the ait. quality.

The Taj Mahal has adjacent to it, Taj Ga& a living and The proposed Management continuously evolving and developing environment, subject to policy for the Taj Mahal competing and potentiaily conficting pressures and influenced cOmplexand its precincts, by a large number of different interests, both public and encompasses recognition, private. Tremendous changes to the original land use have already taken place in this historic area. There is an urgent need; conservation of monuments, to now achieve a correct balance of the conservation of the rest~rati~nof .the historie historic fabric and it's setting with the demands for economic landscape, visiter development of the area. The opportunities provided by a management and facilitation, historic site for the economic benefit of the local community maintenance, security and the through both conservation and sustainable development have also to be explored. overall management of the World Heritage site: A comprehensive Management structure is being proposed, which would ensure identification, protection, conservation and presentation of the 'values' of the place; in its entitety and integrity, for present and future generations, through sustainable resoGce utilisation. There is a need for precise and clear objectives, policies and resources and for a means of implementing upon agreed policies.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE 82 MANAGEMENT

Policies can only be implemented if there is the CO-operationby the various agencies involved with the site. There are various factors that need to be balanced through, while drafting a Management Policy:

The need to conserve the historic fabric and its setting. The primary reason for prescribing the Taj Mahal group of monuments on the World Heritage list is the historical and cultural sigmficance of the monuments, especialiy the main mausoleum. The landscape has evolved over the years and what is visible today is not what was origindy conceived. Restoring the historic ambience of the gardens has to be considered. The Taj Mahal has attracted visitors ever since its completion and is today a favoured tourist destination. 59. Floinner from the Cencdaph screen. Shaik Laîii c. 1820. Continued access to visitors, but enhanced by a better understanding of the site, which will lead to greater enjoyment is desirable. Properly managed tourism can be an enormous advantage through the generation of additional resources, which can be utilised for conservation and maintenance of the site. A Site Management Plan, sympathetic to tourism will be essential to the well being of both, the site and the community.

A detailed Management policy The Management policy seeks to establish a platform for all those concerned about the future management of the Taj will emerge only after those Mahal to move fonvard together. In doing so it may introduce responsible for the site have additional powers or suggest that the role of an existing body exarnined and analysed the be modified. While the Site Management Plan sets out some problerns that need to be detailed project proposals, the management policy seeks to resolved. Following this, reinforce a legal and administrative framework and principles appropriate solutions can be for action to help irnplement these projects. developed, which will then be Two specific mechanisms are therefore proposed. The hrst is a integrated with implenientation Management Plan Comrnittee, formed primarily of work being executed by other representatives of the ASI, local authorities, local community, agencies and individuals. Governrnent departrnents and other agencies. Their task is to oversee the delivery of the recommendations arising from the Site Management Plan and to encourage all partners to adopt the plan's outcome.

The second is a dedicated Co-ordinating Unit, which can be assigned specific tasks in relation to the project proposais within the Site Management Plan. This will comprise of representatives from the specialised branches within the ASI, the local Development Authority, non-governrnent technical professionals and agencies as deemed necessary.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 MANAGEMENT 83

EXISTING LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

AS1 HEADQUARTERS - DELHI

The ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI) is the The Archaeological Survey of main agency responsible for the protection of the Taj Mahal India bas a long tradition of complex and its group of monument as prescribed on the World being the caretakers of Heritage list. The AS1 was established in 1861 and functions as an attached office of the Department of Culture, Ministry of historic moni-iments in this Culture. Under the Ancient Monuments and hchaeological country* In this respect the Sites and Remains Act of 1958, the AS1 looks after 3606 AS1 has a history of more .than monuments in the country, which are of national importance. a hllndred veat-5 in I It's major activities are manifold and include: preservation of the Maintenance, conservation & preservation of centraliy monumeiits. The AS1 funds al1 protected monuments and sites. the structural conservation Conducting archaeological exploration & excavations. and preservation works, with Chemical preservation of monuments and antiquarian remains. allocatiori inade by the Architectural survey of monuments. Government of India. Every Setting up and re-organisation of site museurns. year the Senior Conservation Training in Archaeology and creating awareness of the Asst. prepares a proposal, hentage of the country. listing the urgent works Implementation of the provisions of Antiquity and Art required to be undertaken. Treasure Act 1972.

The AS1 has 18 circle offices and 2 sub circle offices responsible for the monuments of the region, facilitated by the technical branches of the AS and around 8000 employees.

AGRA - CIRCLE OFFICE

The Agra Circle of the AS1 is the sole agency responsible for the administration of the Taj Mahal complex, besides looking after its restoration, maintenance and conservation. The AS1 also has an office in the entrance gate of the Taj Mahal complex.

The Taj Mahal alone has 137 persons on its roils. The complex is under the supervision of a Sr. Conservation Assistant who is Other agencies involved with the site Agra Development responsible for the overali conservation, management and day- Authority to-day monitoring of the site. Assisting him is an office Telec~mmunications attendant. Caretakers are responsible for the work being Department Post and Telegraph Services executed at site. Masons, cutters and artisans are employed on a State Horticulture Dept. daily wage, depending on the requirement. Regular employees Forest Department along with daily wagers carry out the regular cleaning of the site. Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh (UP) Tourism Besides these, the monument cleaners keep the place dust and Agencies involved with monitoring cobweb free and undertake the removal of weeds, plants and UP Pollution Control Board Supreme Court Monitoring beehives. Three lower division clerks are employed as booking Commiaee. clerks at the ticket counter.

- - - SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 84 MANAGEMENT

AS1 HEADQUARTERS - DELHI

1 DIRECTORGENERAL 1 I ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL rJOINT DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTORS ADMINISTRATION CONSERVATION PLANNING EXCAVATION & EXPLORATION CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMME PROJECTS & MUSEUM INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ANTlQUlTY MUSEUMS PUBLICATIONS

FSUPPORTING STAFF

AGRA - CIRCLE OFFICE

SUPERINTENDING ARCHAEOLOGIST

I

DEPUTY DEPUTY SUPERINTENDING ADMINISTRATIVE SECURITY SUPERINTENDING ARCHAEOLOGICAL OFFICER OFFlCER ARCHAEOLOGIST (2) ENGINEER - -

ASSTT. SUPTDG. ARCHAEOLOGIST

ASSISTANT ARCHAEOLOGIST (6) TAJ MAHAL SITE LEVEL

3LD CLERKS

TAI MAHAL CONSERVAI-ION COLIABOWIIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 MANAGEMENT 85

GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR A MANAGEMENT POLICY

The Management Policy will set out clear objectives for an initial five-year period within the context of the long-term objectives. It will also clearly identify responsibilities for implementation and outline ways in which these can be achieved. It is essential that a code of practice be agreed upon, to gmde the co- ordination of efforts for the mutual benefit of aJl the agencies involved. The Management Policy will be the document to guide action over a fixed period and is intended to promote both the authenticity and integnty of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. It airns to do so by setting policies and an action programme for stnking the correct balance between conservation, landscape restoration, access and tourism and the needs of the local cornrnunity and maintaining this balance once it has been achieved.

While formulating the objectives of the Site Management Plan, it wiU be necessary to: 60. Detail of pietra dura inlay work on the exterior of the Taj Mahal. 1. Improve visitor facilitation and management while ensuring priority to conservation. 2. Ensure that any decision regarding the Taj Mahal complex reflects the best interest of the site and respects National and International noms and standards. 3. Create a buffer zone in the Site Management Plan, which extends from the Shahjahanabad gardens and the Taj National Park to include the Agra Fort and its environs. 4. Examine the Supreme Court recommendations to declare Agra a World Heritage city. 5. Monitor, CO-ordinateand ensure that the imperatives of the different nodal agencies, such as the State Government, ASI, ADA and tourism are addressed.

The foliowing are guiding principles for developing a comprehensive and integrated Management Policy:

1. Develop and manage an integrated conservation, restoration and preservation program. 2. Examine all project proposals to ensure that the integrity and authenticity of the site is retained. 3. Assess the employment potential, to include the local cornmunity in the protection of their heritage. 4. Provide for Human Resource development, in order to enhance a range of skills, including technical and managerial skills of personnel involved with different aspects of the site. Due consideration will be given to the development of master craftsmen whose skills can be passed down to the next generation. 61. Inlay in need of reçtoration.

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 86 MANAGEMENT

PROPOSED MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

The proposed management structure for the implementation phase will meet the compiled requirement and still be flexible enough to adjust to the dynamics of change. iI MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE A Management Committee to implement the proposed Site Management Plan, for the Taj Mahal, will be composed of principaily those bodies, which have contributed to the 62. Taj Mahal, Colin Campbell Cooper. formulation of the Site Management Plan. It will be formed to act as the primary forum for issues concernifig the management of World Heritage Sites. The decisions of the comrnittee will emerge by consensus. The representation of the local community in the Site Management Committee will be ensured. Such a comrnittee wiil need to meet at least twice a year, and should fulhl the following roles:

Oversee the implementation of general and specitic recommendations made within the Site Management Plan, and monitor the success in meeting the targets. Establish a forum for management issues, and continue to CO-ordmateefforts towards concerted management within the Taj Mahal complex Management Plan Committee Review reports from responsible bodies and agencies, will include: on projects which affect the site DG, ASI. Agree to action programs and priorities for developing specific aspects of the plan. Directors, AS1 - Science, Monitor the condition of the site, and develop and agree Conservation, on appropriate action to deal with threats to its well- Monuments being. Local authorities - Develop and agree to further policies and codes of Commissioner of Agra. practice for protection, recording and research, access, interpretation, and preservation of the site, as well as Representative of .the safeguarding the livelihoods and interests of those living Local Community and working within the zone, and to encourage the Representative of the adoption of such policies by responsible bodies and Dept. of Tourism agencies Within the overriding need to conserve the Taj Mahal Representatives from complex and its precincts, promote the economy of the Government depts. and region. agencies active -within Agree with the work program and provide general the zone, as deemed direction for the proposed Co-ordination Unit. necessary, from time to Review the conclusions and recommendations with time. the Site Management Plan, to determine the frequency Professional expertise. of the updating of the plan, and to oversee the process when it occurs.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 MANAGEMENT 87

CO-ORDINATION UNIT

A Co-ordination Unit is also proposed, whch will make initial contributions to this effort to deliver the objectives of the Management Plan and to establish communication between those who have an interest in seeing the Site Management Plan succeed, to CO-ordinateefforts, and to secure comrnitment and resources for this work. The Co-ordination Unit needs to be small and flexible in its operation to achieve its objectives. By fostering liaison and communication, some of the existing perceived burden in fulhlling all the requirements on individuals and organisations may be reduced. The role of the Co- 63. The Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. ordination Unit will not be to replace the efforts, which others may be able to provide in seeing the Site Management Plan succeed, but it can carry out the following functions:

Service the Site Management Plan Committee, and dong with the partners construct annual work programs to meet agreed priorities Ensure communication and liaison with ail those involved in the management of resources within the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. Provide assistance with advice and information, schedule monument consents, and setting and monitoring standards for work. Maintain and update the proposed Taj Mahal database, and provide users of the resource with the information they need. Monitor and review regularly the physical condition of the site and devise, target and implement, management actions to deal with potential or actual threats to the site. Where necessary, CO-ordinate joint bids for funding from other sources for projects. Devise and manage specific projects associated with the Site Management Plan process which may affect the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. Review the Site Management Plan and provide for its regular updating

The Co-ordmation unit wouid comprise of:

To conserve a site as com~lexI SA and Asst Archaeologist, ASI, Agra Circle. as the Taj Mahal and its Representative of Horticulture Branch, ASI. precincts necessitates a very Representative of Chemical Conservation branch, AS1 comprehensive view, a holistic Representative of ADA, Agra. approach and a strategy and Non-Government technical professionals. a management stri~cturethat Representatives from other agencies as deemed necessary from time to time. relates to its character.

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAJ MAWU- CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE 88 MANAGEMENT

PLAN OF ACTION

As is clear from the wide-ranging nature of this Site Management Plan, the extent and number of bodies and individuals involved in the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts is large, and embraces planning, environmental issues, landscape, tourism and visitor management interests, currently exercised by a wide range of authorities and agencies. It is impossible to see meaningful progress towards achievement of the objectives of the management plan unless a dialogue is 64. Dome atop Mehman Khanna established or reinforced between the different agencies and continues as part of the process of overseeing the realisation of the Management Policy.

ADOPTING THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Management Policy has been framed to provide for policies and recommendations for action which can be taken by a nurnber of different bodies and individuals to be overaii benefit to the World Heritage and its setting. It is hoped therefore that this plan can be agreed and adopted by ail local authorities, statutory bodies and agencies which operate relevant controls or policies withm the Taj Mahal complex and the city of Agra at a broader level. It is also envisaged that it wdl obtain the support of those who live and work within the buffer zone of the site. It is also hoped that the proposais for management action embodied within this plan will fonn a series of guidelines for a sustainable approach to the Taj Mahal precincts on the part of those who manage visitor attractions and their advisers.

The Management policy for COMMUNICATION the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts makes There will also be a need for wider communication with people living within the buffer zone and in the vicinity of the site and recommendations which it is the voluntary sector, so that people are aware of how the plan hoped will attrad consensus may affect them and so that those implementing the plan are among national and local aware of local concerns. statutory bodies to form a basis for concerted action. REVISING THE PLAN

Planning is an interactive exercise and it is envisaged that the Management Plan will not stay relevant to current citcumstances for more than the normal planning cycle of around five years. It is recommended therefore that mechanisms should be put in place through the proposed Management Plan Committee to ensure that the necessary refreshment of the policies, revisiting the issues and reframing the recommendations takes place so that the plan can continue to provide for the active care of this World Heritage site in the future.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVAT~ONCOLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 PHOTO CREDITS 89

PHOTO CREDITS

Cover page: Photograph of the Taj Mahal with the platform in the char bagb. Source: TMCC, c 2001. Insert: Panoramic view of the Taj Mahal. John Murray, England, c. 1860. Albumen print, 12 x 495/8 in(30.5~126cm), Paul F. Walter. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. Acknowledgements: The Taj Mahal, photo by Robert Holmes. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. Table of Contents: Relief portrait bust of Shah Jahan, by a Northern European artist at the Moghul court. C. 1630-40. Alabaster with polychromy 41/2 x 31/4 in (1 1.5 x 8.4 cm) Rijks museum, Amsterdam. Source: Romance of the Tai Mahal.

INTRODUCTION

1. The Taj Mahal, with the crowded city of Agra as a backdrop. Source: Internet - Source unknown. 2. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jahan and His Queen, England, 1824, Charles Ramus Forrest. Aquatint with hand coloring, 8x103/4 in (20.3x27.3cm) Max and Peter Allen. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 3. Mr. Ratan Tata sigmg the MOU. Source: Photograph, TMCC, c 2001.

Chapter 1 THE SITE

Insert Old map of the city of Agra Source: The Moonlight Garden. Detd map of Agra, India, hst half 18' century. Cloth 292 cm x 272 cm. Maharaja Sawai Singh II, city Palace Museum, Jaipur. 4. Extremely dense city of Agra Source: TMCC. 5. Taj Ganj - the cultural fabnc bordering the Taj Mahal. Source: TMCC. 6. Vertical section through the Taj Mahal, India, c. 1820. Opaque water colour on paper, 221/4x 31 in(56.5x79cm) Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. This is part of a group of drawings made by a Delhi or Agra artist for Col. Powell Phpps, who was superintendent of Public Buildings in India from 1816 to 1822. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 7. The Taj Mahal, Agra, from the Garden, published 1801 (colour litho) by Thomas Daniell (1 749-1840) & William (1 769- 1837) Source: BAL177079, Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library. 8. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jehan and his Queen, plate 25 from 'A Picturesque Tour along the Rivers Ganges and Jumna', engraved by Thomas Sutherland (b.c.1785) pub. by Rudolf Ackermann, 1824 (aquatint) by Charles Ramus Forrest (fl.1802- 27)(after) Source: STC95257Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library Credit: The Stapleton Collection 9. Pollution in the Yamuna River Source: TMCC.

SITE MANAGEMENT PtAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVAI-IONCOLLABORAl'IVE 90 PHOTO CREDITS

10. Fatehpur Shi. Source: Speahg Stones: World Cultural Heritage Sites in India, Eicher Goodearth Ltd, . 11. Agra Fort Source: TMCC. 12. Sikandara Source: TMCC. 13. Itimad-ud-Daulah's Tomb Source: TMCC.

Chapter 2 CONSERVATION

Insert Missing Inlay Source: TMCC, circa 2002. 14. The dome of the Taj Mahal, (Photo by Sumnil Janah), Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 15. Missing inlay work, Sirhi Danua~a. Source: TMCC, circa 2002. 16. Template for the finial atop the dome. Source: TMCC, c 2001. 17. Schematic plans of the grounds of the Taj Mahal, Agra, c. 1805, Opaque water colour on cloth , 1101/4x337/16 in (280x85 cm), Museum fur Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, BerlinPest) Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 18. Rooms and colonnade around Fatehbad courtyard. Source: TMCC, c 2001. 19. Colonnade around Fatehbad gate courtyard. Source: TMCC, c 2001. 20. Condition of inlay work. Source: TMCC, c 2001. 21. Deteriorated stone inlay. Source: TMCC, c 2001. 22. Eroded base of a stone column. Source: TMCC, c 2001. 23. Inlay work in need of restoration. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

Chapter 3 LANDSCAPE

Insert Taj Mahal in Morning Light, Sita Ram, , detdc.1815, Paul F.Walter. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 24. The Taj Mahal with European sightseers. From a manuscript of Amal-i.Salih, a hstory of Shah Jahan, India, c. 1815. Opaque watercolour on paper, The , London. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 25. The Taj Mahal, Agra. William Simpson. Watercolour on paper, England 1864, AD. 131/2 x 20 in. ( 34.3 x 50.8 cm) Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.(1130-1869) Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 26. View of the Taj Mahal garden. Source: Photograph, ASI, Photo Archives, Agra, 1914 27. Fatepwi gate courtyard. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 PHOTO CREDITS 9 1

28. Khan-I-Alam. Source: TMCC, c 2001. 29. Fore court of Taj Mahal Source: TMCC, c 2001. 30. Plan of Mehtab Bagh. Source: The Moonlight Garden Plan-Lisa Scheer, based on 1789 engraving- James Newton.

Chapter 4 VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND FACILITATION

Insert Drhking water fountain Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 31. Tourists at the Taj Mahal forecourt Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 32. The exit from char bagh into the forecourt. Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 33. Tourists wallung towards Fatehpuri gate Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 34. Tourists at Fatehbad gate. Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 35. Approach to Fatehpuri gate from Shilpgram Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 36. Driniung Water Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 37. Shoe racks Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 38. Platform extending from the main entrance gate towards the mausoleum. Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 39. Platform in the center of char bagh. Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 40. Penphery of the site Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 41. Saheli Burj Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 42. Concrete forecourt Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 43. Barncades used to cordon off areas. Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 44. Digital display board Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 45. Signage -Builhg Information Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 46. Signage -Garden Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 47. Signage -Directions Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 48. Signage - Instructions Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 49. Tourists drinlung water from the central channels. Source: TMCC, c. 2001. 50. Fatehbad Gate Courtyard - proposed Visitor center Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATIONCOLLABORATIVE R PHOTO CREDITS

Chapter 5 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Insert Security arrangements at the Entrance gate Source: TMCC, c. 2002. 51. Temporary security arrangements at the Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates Source: TMCC, c. 2002. 52. Security arrangements at the entrance gate. Source: TMCC, c. 2002.

Chapter 6 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Insert Drawing of the entrance gate- plan and elevation. Source: Bagley and Desai 53. Copy of design from the top of Shah Jehan's cenotaph, Inida, c.early 19' c. Embroidery on silk. 68 118 x 19 11/16 in. (173 x 50 cm.) Trustees of Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 54. Study of the Taj Mahal, c.l893.I,ockwood de Forest, Oil on board, 127116 x 7 7/8 in. (31.5 x 20 cm) Santa Barbara Museum of art, Gift of Mr and Mrs. I

C hapter 7 MANAGEMENT

Insert Interior view of the Taj Mahal, India. C. 1820, Opaque water colour on paper, 23 x 17 in(58.4x43.2 cm), Gary Crawford. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 58. Aerial view of the Taj Mahal mausoleum. Source: 501 Images of Taj Mahal - Rupinder Khullar, Page 41. 59. Flower from the Cenotaph screen. Shaik la tif.^. 1820.Detail of a page from an album prepared for Robert Home. Aga c. 1820. Opaque water colour on paper, 14518 x 25718 in (37.1x65.7 cm),The Ehrenfeld Collection. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 60. Detd of pietra dura inlay work on the exterior of the Taj Mahal, Photo by Stephen Market. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 61. Inlay work in need of restoration. Source: TMCC, c 2001 62. Taj Mahal, Colm Campbell Cooper, United States, early 20' C. Oil on Canvas. 43 x 36 '/4 in. (109.2 x 93.3 cm) ShedHelene Seeley Henderson. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal. 63. The Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. Source: Internet - Source unknown. 64. Dome atop Mehman Khanna Source: TMCC. c 2001.

TAJ MAWV CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A list of the Publications referred to, for the preparation of this document:

Briefing Document for Expert Meeting, Conservation of the Taj Mahal, 25-28& September 2001, Delhi -Agra, Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative, 2001.

Background Document for Expert Meeting, Conservation of the Taj Mahal, 24-28& September 2002, Delhi -Aga, Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative, 2002.

Concept Papers on Taj Protection Mission. l'rashant TXvedi, Vice Chairrnan A.D .A., Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority, Aga.

Stonehenge World Heritage Site, Management Plan Chris Blandford Associates, English Heritage, 2000.

Hadrian's Wall, World Heritage Site, Management Plan English Heritage, 1996.

Taj Mahal, World Heritage Site Assessment Report, Annabel Lope? INTACI-1,June 1998.

The Moonlight Garden - New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal, Ed E Lxabeth Mqnihan, Arthur M Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institute and University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 2000.

Taj Mahal - The Illumined Tomb W. E. Begley and Z.A Desai, Aga Khan Programme for Islarnic Architecture and University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1989.

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, No. 24 of 1958, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi.

International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, The Venice Charter, Venice, 1964.

UNESCO World Heritage Convention, Paris. 1972.

World Heritage Site Nomination Dossier, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1982.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE Nara Conference on Authenticity, Nara, 1994.

Principles for the Recording of Monuments, groups of Buildings and Sites, llthICOMOS General Assembly, Sofia, 1996.

Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, Sir fiilden B.M. andJokilebto f., Rome, 1998.

Guidelines for Conservation, A Technical Manual. Sir Feilden B.M. INTACH, 1989.

The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, The Burra Charter 1979, revisions 1981, 1988, 1999(rev.)

Historical Timeline, Sbama T., T.M.C.C, New Deh, 2001.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 ILLUSTRATIONS 95

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Satellite image of Taj Mahal indicating Areas of intervention. Source of the satellite image: \nnv.spaceimaginy.com

Figure 2. Location map and trapezium. Source: Taj Mahal, World Heritage Site Assessment Report, Annabel Lope? INTACH, June 1998.

Figure 3. River front gardens. Source: Agra Heritage Project, US National Park Service Report, 1994.

Figure4. Plan of the complex. Source of base image: Archaeological Survey of India.

Figure5. Site inscribed and the buffer zone Source: Taj Mahal, World Heritage Site Assessment Report, Annabel Lope3 INTACH, June 1998.

Figure 6. Pollution Data. Source: Concept Papers on Taj Protection Mission. Prashant Thedi, Vice Chairman A.D.A., Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority, Agra.

Figure 7. Sample Of Measure Drawings. Source: Measure Drawings, TMCC.

Figure 8. Sample Of The Building Fabric Survey Source: Measure Drawings, TMCC.

Figure 9. Satellite image of the Taj Mahal complex indtcating the Area of Intervention for the Landscape component. Source of the satellite image: \wv.snaceima~n~.com

Figure 10. Visitors' Circulation pattern Tourists at the Taj Mahal by Tim Edensor.

Figure 11. Proposed Circulation and Visitor movement. Source: Visitor Management Plan, TMCC.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE