Discourse Analysis of CNN Panel Discussion
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Patrick 1 Joseph Patrick Ling 2761 Performance of Alignment and Style in a CNN Panel Discussion Schegloff (1982) argues that discourse should be treated as an ‘achievement’ or, in his words “something ‘produced’ over time, incrementally accomplished.” This perspective of discourse is one that emphasizes the interactional nature of conversation, as something created between participants, rather than something that is produced from speakers whole, through linguistic parthogenesis. It is during these cooperative interactions that linguistic phenomena such as alignment (Stivers, 2008), stance (DuBois, 2007; Kiesling, 2009), conversational style (Tannen 1984; 2005), as well as repetition and other linguistic devices (Tannen, 1989) are embedded into a discourse and are inscribed upon speakers as a kind of pattern of linguistic behavior, style, identity, et cetera. In undertaking an analysis of natural language discourse, this paper follows Schiffrin (1987) in setting certain key assumptions about discourse and language, those being that language always occurs within a context, language is sensitive to that context, language is communicative, and language is designed to be communicative (p. 3). In following those claims on discourse and those assumptions just referenced, this paper analyzes the discourse between participants during a CNN political panel discussion that was televised and ultimately submitted as a short video on YouTube. The focus will be on one participant in particular, Ana Navarro, and will focus on her stance, alignment, style, and use of other linguistic and discursive devices during the discourse event. 1 1 In discourse analysis, we must be careful not to make claims on one’s mental intentions, thus occasionally certain arguments will be in hedged language to avoid this. Also, the transcription itself is part of the analysis. See Antaki et al (2003) and Mishler (1991) for more on these issues. Patrick 2 In analyzing alignment and style as performed in a CNN political panel discussion, a few points must be considered, as they are unique to this medium. First, while the conversation is unscripted, the television cameras bearing down upon the speakers must affect the discourse in some way. The conversation has some amount of pre-determined structure constraining the topics and styles that are permissible for the speakers to mention. They are expected to speak about topics within a wide, but restricted domain (this is, in fact, their job and livelihood). The panelists need to speak about politics and current events and are not otherwise allowed to suddenly switch to irrelevant topics without purpose. For example, a participant on a political show would not be allowed to suddenly begin talking about sports or personal family affairs unless those subjects were related to the topic at hand and even then, the speaker would be restricted to brief comments only. This is a performance and the panelists are performing an act on television for the approval of the ratings-boosting viewers. In this case, the role the speakers play happens to be their own personality and the script is how they think about contemporary news and policy. Each speaker is selected for some reason to appear on the show (whether it’s for their political views, their charisma, or their ability to create ‘entertaining’ television and draw viewers). An interesting, memorable, or popular performance will lead to more views, more clicks, more comments, and more invitations to additional television appearances and will expand the speaker’s ‘brand’ so to speak. Adding to all of this, the ubiquity of the internet and the shareability of videos, memes, GIFs, online commenting, et cetera, builds greater complexity into the life cycle of this particular discourse event. This interaction consists of four participants- three sitting around a table in-person and one participating via video chat. The host, Don Lemon, is along the moderate-liberal political spectrum and is joined by Ana Navarro (a Republican strategist who is anti-Trump), Scott Patrick 3 Jennings (a Republican strategist who is pro-Trump), and Rick Wilson (also a Republican strategist and also anti-Trump). All of these speakers have appeared on television many times before, including appearances on Don Lemon’s show itself. The show is hosted on CNN, which is typically considered fairly liberal to moderate politically. For this analysis, the focus will be on one of the participants, Ana Navarro, because she is an exciting, outspoken, and strong personality and she has an unusual political (and therefore professional) relationship with most of the other speakers as a republican strategist who is also anti-Trump. The other two participants and the moderator Don will be discussed when important and typically in relation to Ana’s performance and style. The first thing that might cross a casual viewer’s mind after watching this clip is that Ana seems to have a much different television persona and style when compared to the more reserved, stoic participants in this segment. Tannen (1984) talks about conversational style as something that “results from the need to serve basic human needs in interaction [and that] the linguistic strategies that make up conversational style do not exist in a vacuum but arise in response to the strategies used by others in the interaction” (p. 19). Ana’s TV personality is in some way a response to the other participants engaged in the discourse. Though the same could be said for each of the participants as they orient to the others and respond with their own style strategy. Tannen situates style as a cooperative device that is consistently being re-established and re-negotiated among the participants of a given conversation. Each speaker arrives at a particular discourse event with their typical habits and patterns of style, but those are often re- evaluated in new contexts and environments. For a conversation to proceed felicitously, speakers must be able to cooperate with each other in order to find a shared stylistic ‘space’ in which to engage in the discourse successfully and to demonstrate alignment or disalignment with the other Patrick 4 speakers present. Stivers (2008) defines alignment in the context of story-telling within discourse as supporting “…the structural asymmetry of the storytelling activity: that a storytelling is in progress and the teller has the floor until story completion” (p. 34). For the treatment of this data, each participant in the panel discussion can be said to be telling a story when they take the floor to share their thoughts and opinions. Throughout the interaction, Ana appears to be demonstrating what Tannen might call a ‘high-involvement style’ (Tannen, 1984; 2005). Scott typically sits very still and very quietly throughout the segment (apart from an occasional smirk or head nod) and gives off the impression that he is separate from the others in some way. Rick’s performance is interesting because outside of his frequent background chuckling, he only seems to respond directly to Don’s questions, as the moderator, and Rick seems to be unaffected by the presence of Ana and Scott. Rick is also the only one who is not physically co-present with the other speakers, which likely has some effect on what kinds of linguistic and extralinguistic cues he can use. In planning the structure of the conversation, Don has a set of questions or talking points that he wants to bring up for discussion with the participants. Don is not directly intended to be a central participant in the discourse but rather acts as a facilitator; however, as these things go, he does engage with the conversation fairly often, outside of strict question/answer pairs (though mostly with Ana as this paper will demonstrate). As far as style goes, it is difficult to place Don clearly into one camp or another, but it is possible that the ‘interviewer style’ is an ambiguous style (maybe it is characterized by whatever is needed to make the guest speakers comfortable enough to talk). In her style, Ana exhibits an open and comfortable approach to the group interview format. She seems to encourage and enjoy the introduction and discussion of personal topics, Patrick 5 which is one of the features Tannen (1984) uses to differentiate between high-involvement and high-considerateness styles. Speakers using a high-involvement strategy tend to be more comfortable with discussing topics that are personal to themselves and the other interlocuters (e.g. work, family, relationships, etc.). As the focus of this analysis is primarily on Ana and her conversation style, the secondary question is on how her high-involvement style affects, guides, and contributes to this discussion. When Ana talks to Don about a trip that he took to Florida, she begins with a tongue-in-cheek joke towards Don2: 5. Don: Hello everyone happy new year good to be back good to have you on 6. //(unintelligible) 7. Ana: //I’m sure I’m sure you love being in uh New York 8. You just came from a week in Florida [Don and Rick chuckle] 9. That’s gotta have been so so so tough 10. Don: It was a little chilly in Florida but when I look back 11. [Rick chuckles] at five degrees// 12. Ana: //It was so cold iguanas are falling from the 13. trees (.) that’s how cold it was 14. Don: I still went to the pool 15. Uh so (unintelligible) since the publication of Michael Wolf’s book In lines (5-6) Don attempts to offer a greeting to his participants and immediately Ana disrupts the structure by not responding to his greeting with the expected response, which should 2 The ‘//’ convention demonstrates overlap between utterances roughly at the moment it occurs, underlining shows a perceived word emphasis, and the brackets on the side identify adjacency pairs that are worth noticing.