Pure Appl. Biol., 4(3): 340-352, September- 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2015.43010

Review Article

Pharmacological, nutritional and allelopathic attributes of noxious weed, Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Horse purslane).

Anum Ara, Abida Akram, Maryam Ajmal, Shaista Akhund* and Brian Gagosh Nayyar Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation Anum Ara, Abida Akram, Maryam Ajmal, Shaista Akhund and Brian Gagosh Nayyar. Pharmacological, nutritional and allelopathic attributes of noxious weed, Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Horse purslane). Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2015, pp 340-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2015.43010 Received: 06/05/2015 Revised: 22/08/2015 Accepted: 28/08/2015 Abstract Trianthema portulacastrum L. generally known as horse purslane, is a noxious weed of Family . The is native to South Africa and has been reported to be present in India, Pakistan, Tropical America, West Asia, Srilanka and Africa. It is a diffuse, prostrate, branched succulent annual herb which is considered to be a noxious weed due to high level of infestation in various crops. Trianthenol, ecdysterone and leptorumol are various phytochemicals which has been isolated from this plant. It is an important medicinal plant which is mostly used for fever, jaundice, dropsy, liver and kidney diseases and also well known for its hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, diuretic, antimicrobial, antinephrotoxic and antidiabetic activities. Plant is also used as vegetable in various parts of world due to its high nutritional value. This paper gives information on pharmacological attributes, nutritional benefits, allelopathic impact on other and effective management of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn so that it can be can be used in a positive way especially for the development of new drugs. Key words: Medicinal Plant, Hepatoprotective, Allelopathic, Antioxidant. Introduction present in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Geographical Distribution Haryana, Punjab and Delhi causing Trianthema portulacastrum L. is an annual infestation in various economically terrestrial weed of the Family Aizoaceae. important crops [1, 3]. The plant is native to South Africa and also Botanical description reported to be present in India, Tropical The plant is commonly known as horse America, West Asia, Srilanka and Africa purslane. Synonyms of Trianthema [1]. It is one of the major summer crop portulacastrum Linn. are Trianthema weeds in Pakistan [2] and is widely monogyna Linn. and Trianthema obcordata distributed in Punjab and Sindh regions Roxb. It is a diffuse, prostrate, branched whereas in India, it has been reported to be succulent annual herb. The height of stem is

Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 340 Ara et al.

35 cm and it is glabrous to sparsely Antioxidant activity pubescent (Figure 1a). The leaves of Methanolic extract plant showed antioxidant Trianthema portulacastrum L. are sub- activity against 1, 1-Diphenyl-2 picryl orbiculate to obovate, 1.5-2.6 cm in length, hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide 0.6-2.5 cm broad, obtuse or acute. The radicals which was comparable with length of petiole is 4-11 mm and its base is standard ascorbic acid [8]. Another study dilated. Flowers are axillary solitary and reported that stem leave and root sessile (Figure 1 b). Calyx tube is closely hydrolysates of Trianthema portulacastrum covered by the leaf base. Sepals are five in L. possess reducing potentials, have number, oblong, 2.5-3.0 mm in length, capability to inhibit peroxidation shortly aristate. Stamens are 10-15 in (43.26∼89.98%), and radical scavenging number, unequal in size and length of ability (6.98∼311.61 μg/mL IC50) thus filaments is 1.5-2.2 mm. Ovary is 2 mm indicating T. portulacastrum as potent long, and almost conical in shape. It has one source of antioxidants [9]. style which is linear, 1.5-2.0 mm long and Antihyperglycemic Activity persistent. Seeds are 2 mm broad and black Diabetes is a complex disorder which leads in colour [4]. to micro & macro vascular complications Germination and Growth involving lack of insulin secretion or insulin Trianthema portulacastrum is a noxious resistance or both. Diabetes has reached weed which leads to crop damage at high epidemic proportions [10]. Various research density. The plant grows rapidly and forms a studies has been conducted for the carpet on the soil due to its prostrate growth evaluation of plants extracts for their [5]. It grows quickly if water is available antidiabetic activity [11]. Many plants have and has vegetative growth for 35-40 days been known for their antihyperglycemic after emergence. It shows maximum activity through folklore. Laboratory tests germination at 35º C and increase in pH carried out in normal and alloxan induced results in increased germination while at pH diabetic rats showed that methanolic extract 5 it shows lowest rate of germination. High of Trianthema portulacastrum L. produced levels of salinity also affects germination significant reduction in blood glucose [12]. [6]. According to another reported study Biological activities methanolic extract of horse purslane Medicinal properties of Trianthema produced antihyperglycemic activity portulacastrum L. has been reported by comparable to satandard, Glibenclamide in many researchers as it contains various streptozotocin induced diabetic rat [13]. biologically active constituents such as Antimicrobial activity steroids, flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenes, Methanolic, chloroform and aqueous carbohydrates, tannins and fats. extracts of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Antiliathic activity exhibited antibacterial activity against seven Treatment of experimentally induced bacterial isolates; Klebsiella pneumonia, urolithiasis with ethanolic extract of leaves Proteus vulgaris, Shigella flexneri, of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. resulted Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus in a restoration of urinary and serum aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia parameters along with significant increase in coli. While evaluation of anti-fungal activity of antioxidant enzymes [7]. activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus,

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Aspergillus niger, Mucor indicus and Diuretic activity Candida albicans showed that methanol and Crude extract of Trianthema at the dose of chloroform extracts displayed less than 50 mg/kg displayed 79% diuretic activity by 100% inhibition against Aspergillus niger, increasing urinary volume and urinary Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus and electrolytes concentration comparable to Candida albicans whereas Mucor did not standard, furosemide, thus suggesting it to show any susceptibility to all the three leaf be a potential [21]. extracts [14]. According to another study the Anticarcinogenic activity inhibitory activity of both trianthenol and Investigations have revealed that crude extract of Trianthema portulacastrum administration of the chloroform extract of L. was found to be average [15]. T. portulacastrum provide relief against Antibacterial activity of selected Thai weeds diethylnitrosoamine (DENA) induced against different bacterial isolates i.e, hepatocarcinogenesis [22] and Plesiomonas shigelloides, Aeromonas diethylnitroso- amine-induced phenobarbital caviae, Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas promoted hepatocarcinogenesis [23]. hydrophila, Salmonella spp., Ralstonia spp., Hepatoprotective activity Shigella spp. and Xanthomonas campestris The outcomes of study against pv. Vesicatoria showed that ethanol extract thioacetamide and paracetamol induced of horse purslane had 20.10% inhibition hepatotoxicity revealed significant against Shigella spp. [16]. Root extract of hepatoprotective activity of T. horse purslane against Staphylococcus portulacastrum which was evaluated by aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, using different biochemical parameters [24] Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas .Ethanolic extract of Trianthema aeruginosa showed significant anti-bacterial portulacastrum showed hepatoprotective activity which is comparable to activity against liver injury in mice induced cotrimoxazole [17]. by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), comparable Antinephrotoxicity to silymarin, a well-known hepatoprotective Results of studies carried on gentamicin agent [25]. Oral feeding with the ethanolic induced nephrotoxicity in rats showed that extract (from 2 weeks before CCl4 treatment T. portulacastrum possess nephroprotective up to 13 weeks) provided protection against activity and free radical scavenging activity DNA damage [26]. Pre-treatment with T. [18]. Methanolic extract of T. portulacastrum for seven days reduced the portulacastrum L. provide defense against serum enzymes levels thus showing atherosclerotic diet or CCT diet (containing hepatoprotective activity of Trianthema 4% cholesterol, 0.5% thiouracil and 1% similar to silymarin [27]. Oral treatment cholic acid) induced glomerulosclerosis and with the extract (100 or 150 mg/kg) hepatic injury in rats. The extract reduced provided protection against CCl4 damage the levels of serum lipid such as alanine and reduced elevated lipid peroxidation of transaminases and aspartate transaminases the liver [28]. In another study Trianthema and also reduced creatinine levels [19]. portulacastrum L. ethanolic extract reduced Trianthema portulacastrum leaves extract hepatocellular destruction of Swiss albino provide relief against adriamycin induced mice [29]. nephrotic syndrome by reducing the serum Anthelmintic activity cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and Crude aqueous methanolic extract of Horse creatinine [20]. purslane showed anthelmintic activity

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Ara et al. against mature female Haemonchus prehistoric times. Although a few major contortus and their eggs (In vitro) while In crops have been used as food, but in many vivo anthelmintic activity was carried out in parts of the world, wild plants also sheep infected with different nematodes contribute in daily intake of food [36]. species [30]. Several wild species have been reported well Antihyperlipidemic for human consumption due to their Investigations revealed that methanolic nutritional values. Trianthema extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. portulacastrum L. is also used as food by provides protection to hyperlipidemic rats the people in some areas of world. by reducing lipid levels [31] and by Nutritional assessment of T. portulacastrum reducing triglycerides and total cholesterol L. revealed that it is a good source of fiber, [12]. proteins, potassium, sodium, and iron. Fiber Antifertility Activity was found to be the highest (430.0 mg/g), Studies were carried out to assess the followed by ash (348.0 mg/g), moisture antifertility activity of Chloroform, alcohol (80.0 mg/g), total protein (91.9 mg/g), and aqueous extracts of stem, leaves and carbohydrate (30.2 mg/g) and total lipid roots of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (20.0 mg/g). Among the macro minerals, Results showed that extracts exhibited potassium was present in higher significant abortifacient activity ranging concentration (51.6 mg/g) than sodium (44.0 from 20.31% to 94.02%.The alcoholic mg/g) [37]. Another study reported extract of was found to show strongest Trianthema as a good source of fodder for antifertility activity [32]. ruminants as it contains various nutrients Chemosterilant activity [38]. Analysis of chemical composition of Ecdysterone obtained from horse purslane Trianthema portulacastrum L. showed that showed chemosterilant activity. The it contains Edible portion (49g), Moisture abdomens of house fly larvae were isolated (90.0g), Protein (2.5g) Ether extract (0.33g), and dipped in the crude extracts of Ash (2.29g), Ca (52mg), P (22mg), K Trianthema portulacastrum which revealed (317mg), Na (16.0mg), Mg (153mg), Iron molting hormone activity [33]. (4.16mg), Zinc (0.46mg), Copper (0.12mg), Analgesic activity Manganese (0.43mg) and Chromium Ethanol extract of T. portulacastrum showed (0.200mg) [39]. Another study conducted analgesic activity by supressing writhing on eight different vegetable species revealed response induced by acetic acid. A dose of that Trianthema had the highest 250 mg/kg extract supressed writhing concentrations of fats and micronutrients response by 50.92% as compared to compared to the other seven species, while standard drug Aspirin which blocks writhing fibre contents of Trianthema portulacastrum response by 67.68% (P < 0.001). Apart from had nominal percentage values [40]. that the plant extract also showed significant Ethnobotanical uses antinociceptive action [34]. Trianthema portulacastrum L. is an Nutritional profile important medicinal plant which is used Food is the fundamental need of human worldwide to cure different diseases. being, but high rate of population causes Decoction of root is used for constipation by shortage of fertile land causing hunger and the local herbalists of Tamil Nadu, India malnutrition problems [35]. Plants have [41]. The roots of Trianthema been used by human being as food, since portulacastrum are used against jaundice by

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Pure Appl. Biol., 4(3): 340-352, September- 2015 indigenous People in District Attock, trans-Cinnamic acid, Caffeic acid, Pakistan [42]. Various parts of plant are Protocatechuic acid, o-coumaric acid and used for treating fever, rheumatism, Pyrogallic acid, are also reported from jaundice, wounds, dropsy and liver diseases leaves and stem of T. portulacastrum [51]. [43]. Necklace is made from the short pieces Ecdysterone has been isolated from the T. of stem and is hung around the neck to cure portulacastrum whole plant which is the jaundice [44]. It is used as potherb in most widely occurring phytoecdysone [52]. coimbatore districts of Tamil nadu and Phytochemical investigations of Trianthema locally known as Charanai [45]. Juice of portulacastrum revealed the presence of young roots used for cooling effect [46]. The various compounds, mainly the flavonoids leaves of horse purslane have medicinal [14] 3, 4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid and Beta- properties which are used to promote cyanin [13]. urination and useful in dropsy and kidney Allelopathic aspects disease [47]. Allelopathy is a phenomenon of useful or Phytochemistry harmful effects of a plant (on its own or About 2, 50,000 higher plant species are other plants) which can have multiple effects reported to be present on earth, of which on plant distribution and biodiversity more than 80,000 are medicinal due to conservation [53]. Allelochemicals can presence of active constituents. Isolation of either stimulate or supress growth of another active components from plants and using it plant [54]. Trianthema portulacastrum is a alone or in combination with others has serious weed of cotton and maize crops opened new era, for the treatment of human reducing crop yields by 32% [55]. It has disease. Plant based drugs have less side become a noxious weed due to competition effects as compared to synthetic drugs that’s with many important crops like millet, why studies have carried out for maize, wheat, sorghum, mash, mungbean, development of methods to isolate active guar and sunflower [56]. compounds from plant sources [48]. For this Evaluation of the allelopathic potential of purpose many research studies have been Trianthema portulacastrum L. on conducted to detect the active constituents germination and growth of sesame present in Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Sesamum indicum L.) showed that the low Qualitative analysis of this plant showed the concentrations had no significant effect presence of various compounds such as whereas treatments with higher steroids, flavonoid, alkaloids, carbohydrates, concentrations had negative effects [57]. tannins, terpenes and fats. Studies showed that the stem and whole Trianthenol (15-hydroxymethyl-2, 6, 10, 18, plant extract of Trianthema portulacastrum 22, 26, 30- heptamethyl-14-methylene-17- reduced the dry matter production of hentriacontene) [15], a new flavonoid (5, 2'- soyabean [58]. Studies on allelopathic dihydroxy-7-methoxy-6, 8-dimethylflavone) potential of Trianthema portulacastrum L. and leptorumol (5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 8- and Sesuvium portulacastrum L. showed dimethylchromone) has been isolated from that plant extract of Trianthema T. portulacastrum [49]. It also contains portulacastrum proved harmful to all tested potassium salts, punarnavine, ecdysterone, crops than S. portulacastrum [59]. Pre and trianthemine. Roots of Horse purslane sowing soaking of rice in T. portulacastrum contain saponin glycoside [50]. Vanillic leaf extract suppressed germination and acid, P-Hydroxybenzoic acid, ferrulic acid, growth of rice [60]. Studies on the influence

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Ara et al. of Trianthema portulacastrum and Zea mays Management plant spacing on maize grain yield and Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum quality revealed that T. portulacastrum L.) is a noxious weed of different reduced starch and protein contents as economically important crops which is compared to control at different weed mostly managed through mechanical method densities [61]. According to a reported study but this method is time consuming and very Horse purslane infests soybean and affects expensive [69]. Herbicides are most growth, net assimilation rate, dry weight, commonly used to control T. portulacastrum height and leaf area index [62]. Analysis of but herbicides have harmful effects on interactive allelopathic effects of Zea mays human health, agriculture and environment and T. portulacastrum showed that both [70]. Thus allelopathy is a new approach for plants possess allelopathic potential [63]. controlling weeds which is cost effective Studies carried out to quantify the impact of and eco-friendly [71]. Certain chemicals Trianthema on maize, revealed that it is a known as allelochemicals are released from strong competitor of maize and may cause different plants that suppress growth of significant losses in maize crop yield [64]. plants. These allelochemicals can be used as The effect of allelopathy on many aspects of an alternative to herbicides as they are eco- plant ecology had a red check history among friendly and safe to use. ecologists [65]. Allelopathy plays an Experiments were conducted to investigate important role in invasion of exotic plant the effect of allelochemicals of various species [66]. Studies were carried out for plants like Sorghum, Horse purslane, Sun searching positive association between flower, Parthenium, Eucalyptus and Datura Trianthema portulacastrum and Amaranthus on germination and growth of horse viridis in terms of allelopathic potential. purslane. According to results aqueous Findings showed the density of Amaranthus extracts of all tested plants have ability to viridis increased in the area infested by suppress germination, root and shoot length Trianthema portulacastrum. Apart from that of horse purslane [72]. Gibbago trianthemae seeds treated with Trianthema extracts Simmons, a hyphomycetous fungus reported showed high germination percentage as on horse purslane can be used as a natural compared to untreated seeds thus supporting biocontrol agent to control horse purslane the ecological importance of allelopathy [73]. Wheat residues and wheat-infested [51]. rhizosphere soil have negative effects on Pests and Diseases germination and growth of horse purslane Fusarium chlamydosporum Wollenw. & [74]. Higher concentration of extract of Reinking was recognised as causal agent of Sorghum bicolor reduced the germination, horse purslane leaf spot disease and root and shoot length of Horse purslane by pathogenicity was confirmed through In 15 to 20% while lower concentration vitro inoculation of pathogen [67]. In increased shoot length of plant [2]. another study In vitro pathogenicity studies Tests were carried out to check the possible on Horse purslane were conducted using effects of combined allelopathic potential of spore inoculum of Gibbago trianthemae sorghum, sunflower, brassica and mulberry which was reisolated from inoculated plants tank mixed with atrazine on horse purslane. and confirmed its host specificity on Horse The results revealed that Atrazine alone purslane [68]. supressed weed density up to 65-81%, however allelopathic extracts of plants along

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Pure Appl. Biol., 4(3): 340-352, September- 2015 with different doses (½ and 1/3rd dose) of Pendimethalin, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, atrazine showed 70-75% suppression of Smetolachlor, or dimethenamid controlled weeds density [75]. Another study carried horse purslane up to 73% while on combination of extracts of Helianthus Pendimethalin in combination with annuus, Oryza sativa Brassica napus, diclosulam or followed by imazethapyr Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays and Morus alba applied premergence controlled horse in suppressing germination and growth of purslane up to 93%. Along with that Trianthema portulacastrum L. showed that Pendimethalin followed by post emergence higher concentration (100%) of extracts of applications of acifluorfen or lactofen sunflower and Sorghum supressed controlled horse purslane up to 92% while germination of T. portulacastrum [76]. pendimethalin followed by post emergence Herbicides are also used to control horse applications of imazapic, diclosulam, purslane. Studies were conducted for imazethapyr, or 2, 4-DB controlled 80 to 88 evaluation of soil applied herbicides alone or % [77]. Acifluorfen and lactofen used alone, in combination with post emergence or in combination with 2, 4-DB controlled T. herbicides. According to results portulacastrum up to 70 per cent [78].

Figure 1. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Plant body (a) Flower and Leaf (b) Table 1. Hierarchical classification of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.

Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionta Super division Spermatophyta Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Caryophyllidae Order Family Aizoaceae Genus Trianthema Species Trianthema portulacastrum L.

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Conclusion 6. Tanveer A, Mumtaz K, Javaid MM, From the above discussion it has been Chaudhry MN, Balal RM & Khaliq revealed that Trianthema portulacastrum is A (2013). Effect of ecological factors an important plant species with regard to its on germination of horse purslane medicinal and nutritional properties. (Trianthema portulacastrum). Planta Although it is a major problematic weed but Daninha 31(3): 587-597. it can be effectively controlled and can be 7. Lakshmi S, Prabhakaran KV, utilized in a positive way for the Mallikarjuna G & Gowthami A development of new drugs at low cost as it (2014). Antilithiatic Activity of is easily available and tolerant to adverse Trianthema portulacastrum L. and conditions. Laboratory experiments have Gymnema sylvestre R.Br against shown significant results, thus further Ethylene Glycol induced studies are required to investigate all Urolithiasis. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res beneficial aspects of plant in order to 25(1): 16-22. develop new and efficient medicines which 8. Sunder AS, Reddy ARN, Prasad DK, can be effectively used to cure various Chander KP & Vemula S (2010 a) diseases. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of References Methanolic whole plant extract of 1. Balyan RS & Bhan VM (1986). Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Emergence, growth and reproduction (Aizoaceae). Int J Ph Sci 2(2): 589- of horse purslane (Trianthema 592. portulacastrum) as influenced by 9. Yaqoob S, Sultana B & Mushtaq M environmental conditions. Weed Sci (2014). In vitro Antioxidant 34: 516-519. Activities of Trianthema 2. Randhawa MA, Cheema ZA & Ali MA portulacastrum L. Hydrolysates. (2002). Allelopathic effect of Prev Nutr Food Sci 19(1): 27-33. sorghum water extract on the 10. Bailey CJ & Day C (1989). Traditional germination and seedling growth of plant medicines as treatments for Trianthema portulacastrum. Int J diabetes. Diabetes Care 12: 553- 564. Agric Biol 4(3): 383-384. 11. Daisy P & Eliza J (2007). Hypoglycemic 3. Simmons EG (1986). Gibbago, a new property of polyherbal formulation in phaeodictyoconidial genus of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. hyphomycetes. Mycotaxon 27: 107- Biochem Cell Arch 7: 135-140. 111. 12. Anreddy RNR, Porika M, Yellu NR & 4. Nasir E & Ali SI (1977). Flora of West Devarakonda RK (2010). Pakistan. Deptt. of Bot. University of Hypoglycemic and lipidemic Karachi. activities of Trianthema 5. Senthil A, Chinnusamy C, Prabu KG & portulacastrum Linn. Plant in normal Prabhakaran Nk (2009). and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int Identification of threshold level of J Pharmacol 6(2): 129-133. horse purslane (Trianthema 13. Sunder AS, Rajyalakshmib G, Bharath A portulacastrum) in irrigated cowpea & Rajeshwara Y (2009). (Vigna unguiculata). Indian J Crop Antihyperglycemic activity of Science 4(1): 141-143. Trianthema portulacastrum plant in

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