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Download Download Plant Science Today (2019) 6(sp1): 590-599 590 https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.sp1.678 ISSN: 2348-1900 Plant Science Today http://www.plantsciencetoday.online Review Article SPECIAL ISSUE on Current Trends in Plant Science Research Bioactivity and pharmacological potential of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Angiosperms: Aizoaceae): An overview Anand Prakash1, Pracheta1 & Vinay Sharma2* 1Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India 2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303002, India Article history Abstract Received: 28 November 2019 Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Biskhapra/ Horse purslane) is widely found in tropical and sub- Accepted: 29 December 2019 tropical countries of the world. This weed automatically spread in cultivated fields. From the Published: 31 December 2019 ancient time it is used for curative purposes. The plant pertains wide range of applicability and henceforth used as an Ayurvedic herb. The decoction of this herb is utilized as a vermifuge, antidote prepared from that helps in treating alcohol poisoning and leaves cure the wound. In the era of phytomedicines lot of work has been done related to its morphology, ethno-pharmacology, medicinal uses, phyto-chemistry and pharmacological properties. Various pharmacological properties like antimicrobial properties, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti- hyperglycemic, hepato-protective activity makes this plant very renowned amongst researchers as they utilized it somewhat like a panacea. Different parts of plants are utilized for the therapeutic purposes and extract prepared in different solvents used in the treatment of various disorders. In this review, an attempt has been made to provide all inclusive information of this plant about its bioactive compounds and their pharmacologoical importance. Publisher Keywords: Aizoceae; Ethnopharmacology; Morphology; Phytochemistry; Trianthema. Horizon e-Publishing Group Citation: Prakash A, Pracheta, Sharma V. Bioactivity and pharmacological potential of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Angiosperms: Aizoaceae): An overview. Plant Science Today 2019;6(sp1):590-599. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.sp1.678 Copyright: © Prakash et. al. (2019). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). *Correspondence Indexing: Plant Science Today is covered by Scopus, Web of Science, BIOSIS Previews, ESCI, Vinay Sharma CAS, AGRIS, UGC-CARE, CABI, Google Scholar, etc. Full list at http://www.plantsciencetoday.online [email protected] Introduction portulacastrum is a flowering plant commonly known as Horse purslane, Biskhapra and Giant Trianthema portulacastrum L. (TP) is one of the most pigweed (3). It is broadly distributed in tropical important members of Aizoaceae family (1). Other countries and is native to continents Africa, South than this, 20 more species are reported from the and North America Southeast Asia. This review similar genus Trianthema, which is an annual or shows the evaluation of occurrence, morphology, perennial plant and various researches reported ethnopharmocology, ecological, biodiversity, about the therapeutic potential of this species. phytochemistry, medicinal uses, toxicity and Various parts of this plant are used for the isolation pharmacological activities about T. portulacastrum. of drugs and bioactive compounds (2). T. The Broad classification is tabulated in Table 1 (4). Horizon e-Publishing Group ISSN: 2348-1900 Plant Science Today (2019) 6(sp1): 590-599 591 Table 1. Taxonomical Classification (3, 23) mung bean up to 60% and significant losses in Domain : Eukaryota soybean, maize and peanut (9). Kingdom : Plantae (Plants) Vernacular names of the plant Sub-kingdom : Tracheobionta (Vascular plants) T. portulacastrum L., commonly known as black Division : Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants) pigweed, gaint pigweed, itcit, gudbur, hogweed, desert purslane, horse purslane and lowland Superdivision : Spermatophyta (Seed plants) purslane. Apart from these common names, TP is Class : Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) globally utilized for its broad range of applications. Subclass : Caryophyllidae It is known to people of distinct area by different regional names which is mentioned in Table 2 (10, Order : Caryophyllales (Herbaceous and fleshy) 11). Family : Aizoaceae (Fig-marigold family) Morphology Genus : Trianthema L. T. portulacastrum is the prostrate herb (Fig. 2) Species : Trianthema portulacastrum L. grows up to an average height of 40 cm, it is pubescent, diffuse, prostrate, profusely branched Distribution and occurrence species developed in mats or clump with stems and propagation occurs very rapidly on cutting (12). T. portulacastrum is an exotic weed, native to Leaves are of 1.5 - 2.5 cm, stem is green in color, tropical America but geographically occurring at ascended, hispid, cylindrical, rounded, hairy and most of the tropical, subtropical habitats, generally fleshy. Mature stem comprises of five successive Fig. 1. Map showing distribution of TP all across the world. distributed in Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Africa China, Egypt, Uganda, Ghana, Mali, Congo, New Jersey, Nevada, Utah, Virginia, Costa Rica, Peru, Chile as shown in Fig. 1 (5, 6). In India Biskhapra is naturalized throughout the cultivated fields, river beds, waste ground especially in the states of central and northern zone in which areas of Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It thrives better in saline soil than that of alkaline soil (7). It is very common and easily visible in agricultural and vegetable crops such as pigeon pea, mung bean, cotton, pearl millete, sugarcane, soybean, onion, potato, maize, mustard, direct- seeded rice, tomato, oilseed, pulses and horticulture crops in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (8). This weed is reported to be strong competitor and reducing the yield by negative allelopathy in Fig. 2. T. potulacastrum L. (A. Root, B. Leaf, C. Seed, D. Stem). ISSN: 2348-1900 Horizon e-Publishing Group 592 Plant Science Today (2019) 6(sp1): 590-599 rings of cambium having fusiform cells, devoid of optimum concentration its decoction used as an xylem rays and only consist of tracheids, vessels emmenagogue, it also cure liver obstruction, eye and fibers which help in transportation of water inflammation, asthma and relieve from (13). Leaves are simple, fleshy, entire, broad, constipation. Leaves of plant are used with soups opposite, uneven, ovate-ovate, petiole dilated and vegetables in African countries like Tanzania enclosing the stem, single mid-rib, dorsiventral, and Ghana (21). having two-layered palisade tissue, pinnately Phytochemistry veined, green in colour and 2 cm long, 3 cm wide attached to the plant via 1 cm short petioles (14). It Screening method help in determination of number bears pink or purple and rarely whitish bisexual of remarkable phytochemicals like alkaloid, flowers and 1-3 in number. Flowering season of T. carbohydrates, flavonoid, phenolic compounds, portulacastrum is approximately for five months steroid and terpenoid (22), Photoecydosone in which is from June to October, they bloom generally different parts of plant T. portulacastrum L. which in morning hours and they are small in size with is used for various therapeutic and medicinal horn-like appendages with stipules and have green purposes (2). This plant is also a rich source of bracts generally fused with leaf bases with white organic and inorganic components such as calcium sepals. Root is greenish-yellow from outside and is (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), Iron (Fe), white in color from inside (15). Zinc(Zn), phosphorus(P), ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and nicotinic acid (Vitamin B) (24) and this species Table 2. Vernacular Names (3, 57) comprised of excellent amount of fiber along with other nutrients which make it useful for animals as Language Local name a food in the form of fodder while other species of Arabic Zaleya Pentandra, Hamd Qooqi genus Trianthema are rich in fats. Most of these Bengali Godabani, Sabuni, Kulphasag, Swet punarnova species phosphorus and iron present in abundance Chinese Jia Hai Machi whereas calcium is present in low percentage. The Giant pigweed, Desert Horse purslane, English mineral profile of TP is tabulated in Table 3. Carpetweed Indonesia Subang- subang Table 3. Mineral profile of T. portulacastrum L. Kannada Muchchugoni, Pasalaesoppu, Sihi Punarnava Content Quantity present References Sabuni, Svetsabuni, Salsabuni,Vishakhapara, Hindi Saphed Punamava Protein 21.50% (52, 53) Tavilama, Talutama, Sharunnau, Pasalikeera, Neutral Lipid 95. 2% (54) Malayalam Thazhuthama, Jamizhama Polar Lipid 4.80% (54) Marathi Pundhari-ghentuli, Pundharighetntuli Crude Fibre 43% (54) Nepali Setopunarnava Carbohydrate 30.20% (52) Oriya Dewasapt Hydrocarbons 0.30% (54) Punjabi Biskhapra, Itsit, Sanaya Vitamin A 0.081 mg/100gm (54) Vitamin C 0.202 mg/100gm (54) Dhanapatra, Chiratika, Upothaki, Vishakha Sanskrit Shvetamula, Dirghapatrika Carotene 2.3 mg/100gm (53) Sindhu Sweta puruni, Luduru sas Calcium 52 mg (55) Spanish Verdolaga Chromium 0.200 mg (56) Copper 8ppm (52) Sharunnai, Charu velai, Shavalai, Shaaranaj, Tamil Mukuruttai Iron 6.44mg/kg (55) Telugu Ghelijeru, Ambatimadu, Galijenu, Atikamamidi Magnesium 153mg (56) Thai Phak biahin Manganese 40 mg/kg (55) Nickel 0.03
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