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~ the Heart of Arabia . ~ ' THE HEART OF ARABIA THE HEART OF ARABIA A RECORD OF TRAVEL & EXPLORATION Bv H. Sr.J. B. PHILBY C.I.E. I.C.S. B.A. (Cantab.), F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S. FOUNDER'S MEDALLIST (1920) OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY CHIEF BRITISH REPRESENTATIVE, TRANS·JORDANIA FORMERLY ADVISER TO THE MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR, MESOPOTAMIA IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. II ILLUSTRATED CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LTD. LONDON· BOMBAY · SYDNEY 1922 CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII PAGE AL KHARJ 1 I. Down the Wadi Hanifa • 1 2. Northern Kharj 20 3. Southern Kharj . 40 CHAPTER IX AL AFLAJ 62 I. The Approach 62 2. Modern Aflaj 68 3. Ancient Aflaj 84 4. Medieval Aflaj 104 6. On the Fringe of the Empty Quarter 109 6. William Gifford Palgrave in Arabia 117 CHAPTER X WADI DAWASIB 157 1. The Threshold of the Wadi 157 2. Sulaiyil . 162 3. The Last Lap 172 4. The Wadi Oasis . 183 5. The South Country 216 CHAPTER XI THE PLATEAU BARBIER OF TUWAIQ • 230 1. Amid the Tributaries of Wadi Dawasir • 230 2. The Sources of the Maqran 239 3. The Aflaj P" plands 245 4. The District of Al Farac. 275 5. The Skirt of Jabal cAlaiya. 289 v vi THE HEART OF ARABIA APPENDICES PAOB I. Extracts from a Report by Professor R B. Newton, I.S.O., F.G.S., of the British Museum, on a Collection of Fossils from Central Arabia (Jabal Tuwaiq) • 305 II. Glossary of Arabic Terms used in this Work . 309 INDEX . 321 APPENDIX I EXTRACTS FROM A REPORT BY PROFESSOR R. B. NEWTON, I.S.O., F.G.S., OF THE BRITISH :MUSEillf, ON A COLLECTION OF FOSSILS FROM CENTRAL ARABIA (JABAL TUWAIQ) A COLLECTION of fossils, the determination of which forms the subject of this report, was obtained by Mr. H. St.J. B. Philby, C.I.E., from Central Arabia during his remarkable traverse of that country in 1918 between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea while engaged on a Government diplomatic mission. These specimens, although of a fragmentary character, give interesting evidence of a marine J urassio fauna which presents a relationship with material already described from the south­ western region of Arabia. 1\.fr. Philby's fossils were obtained from four localities: (1) BACHA.IN [BAKKAIN], in the neighbourhood of Sadus (Long. 46°, Lat. 25°), which is some 3200 feet above sea-level, where the rocks are fawn-coloured limestones of considerable hardness, being more or less siliceous with occasional associations of " Beekite " and sometimes showing oolitic structure. (2) EL HISH [AL fusH], probably also near Sadus, is stated to be 2800 feet above sea-level. An eroded and cream-coloured example of Isastraea, without matrix, has been found here, so that we would be justified in assuming that its associated lime­ stone would be of similar colour. (3) AsHAIRA ['AsHAIRA] (Long. 46°, Lat. -22° 50').-The fossiliferous limestone of this region is cream - coloured. This locality and the following, Hamar, are about 150 miles south of Sadus. (4) 1IAMAR (Long. 46° 10', Lat. 22° 30').-.The limestone of this locality is of ferruginous colour and frequently contains minute grains of peroxide of iron; it is besides of great hardness, VOL. II 805 X 306 THE HEART OF ARABIA being siliceo ·calcareous, and has much the appearance of a. coarse sandstone. [Here follows a detailed description of the fossils noted below.] CEPHALOPODA I LYTOCERAS (!). GASTROPODA • NERINEA, cf. DESVOIDYI, ORBIGNY. PELECYPODA OsTREA, cf. MoNTBELIARDENSis, CONTEJEAN •. LoPHA (1) PHILBYI, n. sp. " LoPHA SoLITARIA, J. DE C. " SoWERBY. GRYPHAEA, cf. DILATATA, ~­ " SowERBY. " ExoGYRA BRUNTRUTANA (THUR­ MANN-P. DE LoRIOL). Cm.AM'Ys ARTICULATUS (SCHLOT· " HEIM). HINNITES, cf. !NAEQUISTRIATUS " (VoLTz), THURMANN. BRACHIOPODA • TEREBRATULA SUBSELLA, LEY· MERlE. RHYNCHONNELLA sp. " " RHYNCHONNELLA, cf. Sun- vARIABILIS, DAVIDSON. PoLYZOA •. STOMATOPORA, cf. WALTONI, HAIME. ECHINODERMATA PYGURUS (1). RHABDOCIDARIS sp. " AcTINozoA • MONTLIVALTIA sp. • IsASTRAEA sp. SPONGIAE" . LYMNORELLA. sp. SUMMARY The fossils herewith described represent the remnants of a. marine fauna. which thrived over a. considerable area of what is now Arabia during the Jurassic period. They were chiefly obtained from Bachain, only two determinable specimens having been found at Hamar and two at Ashaira., while one came from El Hish. • APPENDIX I 307 Some of the specimens, although mostly imperfect, have exhibited structures that have allowed of a fairly close determina­ tion, and it is certain that they may be recognised as belonging to the Sequanian and Kimeridgian stages of Upper Jurassic times. Exogyra Bruntrutana, however, occurs also in the Portlandian although originating in the Oxfordian, whereas Ghlamys Articulatus ranges from Bathonian to the Kimeridgian, and the Polyzoan is apparently only known in the Bathonian stage. The N erinea has already been noticed as occurring -in Upper Jurassic rocks north of Aden, the Bachain fragments of this genus being associated with equally well-known fossils that present the Sequanian-Kimeridgian facies. It is interesting to note a faunistic resemblance with the Upper Jurassic fossils of Somaliland and Abyssinia, described respectively by Dacque and Futterer, which also extends to European and British faunas. For the present, therefore, this fauna may be regarded as of Sequanian ( =Corallian)­ Kimeridgian age, although it is hoped that future explorations will yield a greater variety of better-preserved and more abundant specimens and so enable us to gather more information on Arabian stratigraphy. "\Ve must congratulate Mr. Philby on his explorations, his palaeontological specimens having materially increased our knowledge of the geological structure of this hitherto unknown region of Central Arabia. APPENDIX II GLOSSARY OF ARABIC TERMS USED IN THIS WORK A. TREES, PLANTS, ETC. (Mostly identified by Bombay Natural History Society) Adhid • La.ctuca remotiflora, D.C. (Compos.). .Adhir ! Aibid • Tetrapogon villosus, Deaf. (Gram.). Ajla. • Graminea sp. Alijan • Crucifera Bp. Alqa ! Ambaut • A variety of dates. Anqiit (Thidda) • Graminea sp. Arfaj • A comuion desert bush. Arra. • Aerua tomentosa, Forsk. (.Amarantae). Arta. • Ephedra sp. ( Gnetac. ). Asa.l • ! Ashairqan • Crotolaria sp. (Legum.). Ata.f, • Ephedra sp. ( Gnetac. ). Ausha.z. ! Ban. • Moringa peregrina, Fiori (Moringac.). -,Zubb al, • Fruit of above. Bana • Euphorbia. gra.nulata, Forsk. (Euphorb.). Baqara. • Lanna.ea nudicaulis, Less. (Compos.). Barriyya • Berries of Y ama.n coffee-plant. Ba.rsim (Jat) .·Lucerne. Barwaq. • Asphodelus tenuifolius, Cav. (Lil.). Batba.t • • A triplex sp. ( Chenopod. ). , • Zygophyllum coccineum, L. (ZygophylZ.). Battikh" • Melon. Bisbas • , Pycnocula ancheria.na, Dene (Umbell.). Dhii.'a • , Graminea sp. Dha.biyya • • Tephrosia. Apollinea, Link. (Legum.). Dhana.b Nib • • A succulent plant of the Nafud. Dhumra.n • ,, Salsola. Forska.lii, Schweinf. (Chenopod.). Duraima • Fa.gonia sp. (ZygophyU.). Faq'a • , A species of Truffle. 309 310 THE HEART OF ARABIA Ghadha Chenopodiacea sp. (! Haloxylon articula.tum). Ghaf A species of Dwarf Poplar (also used of Willow)• Ghalqa • • Aristolochia sp. (AriBtoloch.). Gharaira • Malcohina. nana., Boiss. (Crucifer.). Gharaz : • Graminea sp• Ghulsaira • Cornula.ca mona.cantha, Del. (Chenopod.). Habhab • Melon. Hadaj • Cucumis pustulatus, Hook. (Cucurbit.). Ha.dh • Sa.lsola. sp. ( Chenopod. ). Halfa • A species of reed. Hama. (Tha.'liiq) • Crucifera sp. Hamat • • Amebia hispidissima, D.C. (Boragin.). .. Wild fig• Hamba.iz • Creeping succulent plant found in Nafud. Hambasis . • Small plant fo:und in Nafud. Hamdh Chenopodiacea sp. ( 7). Hamriir Graminea sp. - al Jabal. Andropogon caricosus, L. (Gram.). Haras • • Galium sp. (Rubiac.). Harmal. ! Hasak ·• • Medicago la.ciniata, All. (Legum.). Hathara • Notoceras sp. (Crucifer.). Haudhan • Flowering plant resembling the dandelion. Hila.iwa • Fagonia. cretica, L. (Zygophyll.). IDsh • Dwarf palm. Idhris • • A prickly desert plant. 'Ishb General term for grasses, pasture, etc. 'Ishriq • Cassia obovata., Colla.d. (Legum.). Ithil. • Tamarix ma.crocarpa., Bunge (Tamaricac.). Itla • Asclepiadacea sp. Ja.h • • W a.ter-melon. J a.hwiy&n • • A desert daisy. Ja.t (Barsim) • Lucerne. Ja.thjath • Vernonia. cinerascens, Sch.-Bip. (Compos.). Jinna. Grewia tena.x, Fiori [=G. populifolia., Va.hl] (Tiliac.) • Kahil • Anchusa hispida., Forsk. (Boragin.). Kara.b . •. Thick base of palm-fronds. Karish • • A flowering desert plant. Karrath (Qura.is) • • Composita sp. Kha.dhdhar • • A desert plant. Khadhri • A variety of dates. Kharit • • A flowering desert plant. Kharsha.f • A species of Thistle ( 7). Kha.ss&b • Graminea sp. Kha.tmi • Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulac.). Khatra. • Schweinfurthia. pterosperma, Braun (Scrophulac.). APPENDIX II 311 Khirriyya (Sa.mna) • Saffron plant. Khis Dwarf palm. Khizama Carrichtera vellae, D.C. (Orucifer.). Khubba.iz Malva. (?) sp. (Malvac.). .. Mollugo glinus, A. Rich. (Ficoideac.) • Kid ad Acacia hamulosa, Benth. (Legum.). Kirma • Fruit of Ithil (q.v.). Liibiyya • A species of bean resembling the Scarlet Runner. Makar • • Polycarpaea repens, Archers-Schweinf. (Oaryo­ phyllac.). Makwizi A variety of dates. Marar • Dicoma. sp. (Oompos.). Markh . A high-growing shrub resembling Broom. Milih Halopeplis sp. ( Ohenopod. ). Misht al Dhib • . Cucumis prophetarum, L. ( Oucurbit. ). Miskani . A variety of dates. Musai' • A grass of the Nafud. Musaika • Cleome sp. (Oapparid.). Nabt al Saif • A variety of dates• Naji'a • • Blepharis edulis, Pers. (Acanthac.). Niqq (Niqt or Nuqt) • Chrozophora. sp. (Euphorb.). Nisha Oropetium thomaeum, Trin. (Gram.). Nussi Aristida. sp. (Gram.). Qaisfun. A thyme-like plant. Qamiit al Sahal • Erodium
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