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[JSRNC 10.1 (2016) 117-126] JSRNC (print) ISSN 1749-4907 doi: 10.1558/jsrnc.v10i1.27519 JSRNC (online) ISSN 1749-4915 ___________________________________ REVIEW ESSAY Religious Ecology: A New Primer ___________________________________ Leslie E. Sponsel Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i, 2424 Maile Way – Saunders Hall 346, Honolulu, HI 96822-2223, USA [email protected] John Grim and Mary Evelyn Tucker, Ecology and Religion (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2014), x + 265 pp. (pbk), $30.00, ISBN: 13:978-1-59726- 707-6. Anyone who explores the subject of religion and ecology is likely to encounter the work of John Grim and Mary Evelyn Tucker, Senior Lecturers and Research Scholars at Yale University in the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Divinity School, and Department of Religious Studies. Grim and Tucker are editors of the benchmark book series on Religions of the World and Ecology from the Center for the Study of World Religions at Harvard University. Also, they are founders of the Forum on Religion and Ecology, and contribute guidance and content to its website and monthly newsletter. Their documentary llm, Journey of the Universe, with Brian Thomas Swimme of the California Institute of Integral Studies, won an Emmy award (Swimme and Tucker 2011a). There is a companion book with the same title (Swimme and Tucker 2011b) and a ten-hour DVD series comprised of interviews with leading authorities (Swimme and Tucker 2011c). Now to this far-reach- ing body of work they have added this new primer, Ecology and Religion. Tucker and Grim are among the foremost contributors to the emerging academic leld that they call religion and ecology. Like most of their work, this book is inspired by their former professor, mentor, and later colleague, Thomas Berry, founder of the History of Religions Program at Fordham University (Berry 1999, 2006a, 2006b, 2009, 2014). Accordingly, Grim and Tucker approach the subject of religion and ecology mostly © Equinox Publishing Ltd 2016, 415 The Workstation, 15 Paternoster Row, Sheffield S1 2BX. 118 Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture from a historical perspective with an emphasis on the worldviews and values of the so-called world religions as well as on cosmology. This is a student-friendly book. It is clearly and concisely written with an introduction, ten chapters, and an epilogue. Included are substantial notes and an extensive bibliography. Moreover, there is a set of provo- cative ‘Questions for Discussion’ for each chapter, an especially useful glossary, a long list of online resources, and seven appendices with key documents. The introduction and Chapters 1–5 develop the overall conceptual framework of religious ecology. Chapters 6–9 successively survey the religious ecology of Christianity, Confucianism, Indigenous Traditions, and Hinduism. Chapter 10 focuses on the Earth Charter, while the epilogue looks at the need for creating ecological cultures in the future. In the introduction, Grim and Tucker sketch some of their personal history in contributing to the development of the leld of religion and ecology, including Tucker’s experience in Japan and Grim’s experience with Native Americans. Furthermore, they discuss the continuing inmu- ence of Berry on their work. Then they outline the series of benchmark conferences on World Religions and Ecology that they facilitated at Harvard, which culminated in summaries in New York City at the American Museum of Natural History and the United Nations. The conferences at Harvard focused on retrieving environmentally relevant aspects of religious traditions and texts from Buddhism, Christi- anity, Confucianism, Daoism, Hinduism, Indigenous Cultures, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, and Shinto. These religions were explored in light of contemporary environmental concerns. Seven values that these religions share regarding nature were identiled: reverence, respect, reciprocity, restraint, redistribution, responsibility, and restoration. The authors note that the Harvard conferences were the main stimulus in the creation of the Forum on Religion and Ecology (FORE) and its website. Furthermore, they claim that FORE has become a new moral force for cultivating sustainability and a better future. It currently engages a network of more than 12,000 individuals and organizations in academia and beyond through a monthly email newsletter and other means. FORE was one major catalyst in generating a new leld of academic scholarship. Tucker and Grim also established a new inter- disciplinary MA degree program in religion and ecology, bridging the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies with the Divinity School at Yale University.1 1. Also see, for example, Bratton 2008; Jenkins and Chapple 2011; Sponsel 2007, 2014, 2015; Taylor 2005; and Tucker 2006, for overviews of the Àeld. © Equinox Publishing Ltd 2016. Sponsel Religious Ecology: A New Primer 119 In Chapter 1, to their credit, Grim and Tucker caution that religions can present serious obstacles to ecological resilience. For example, they can be conservative and thus resistant to considering environmental problems and pursuing action, intolerant of other religions and resistant to interfaith collaboration, and focused on other-worldly concerns and consequently disengaged socially and politically. Moreover, people of faith do not always follow their highest ideals. After the authors identi- led such obstacles, however, it would have been helpful for them to have suggested some remedies, as daunting as that may seem. They might also have noted that nature is not always benevolent, with natural hazards sometimes having a devastating impact on humans. The authors recognize that a broad range of individuals outside reli- gious organizations, including many environmentalists, nature writers, artists, and secular humanists, may share moral values and spiritual attitudes toward nature. However, they do not pursue this point further, although devoting a chapter to it would seem especially appropriate for a primer (see, e.g., Sponsel 2012 and Taylor 2010). Grim and Tucker acknowledge the diversity, complexity, ambiguity, and dynamism in religion. They briemy highlight a few perspectives on selected world religions. However, they caution that some that appear to be environ- mentally friendly, such as Confucianism and Daoism in China, have not prevented environmental degradation. The core of this book is Chapter 2, in which Grim and Tucker assert that religious ecology should connect people in healthy ways with their environment by orienting, grounding, nurturing, and transforming communities. Subsequently, each of these four processes in turn is high- lighted in Chapters 6–9, each using a different religion to make the point. Next they advance their main argument: Religious ecologies are ways of orienting and grounding whereby humans, acknowledging the limitations of phenomenal reality and the suffering inherent in life, undertake specilc practices of nurturing and transforming self and community in a particular cosmological context that regards nature as inherently valuable (p. 35). Although this delnition is rather involved, it perceptively encapsu- lates the four processes previously mentioned that are the core of this book. The authors emphasize that this delnition of religious ecologies imparts fresh meaning to the word ‘religion’ by implying a return to a relationship with numinous power through extending it to embrace the elemental wellsprings of life. The next chapter (3) provides a broad survey of the history of intel- lectual ideas about nature in Western philosophy and religion, drawing in particular on the classic studies by Peter Coates (1998), © Equinox Publishing Ltd 2016. 120 Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture Clarence Glacken (1973), and Donald Worster (1994), among other sources. Egerton (2012a, b) would have been very useful, as well as a more recent source. In Chapter 4 the authors discuss from a historical perspective how ecologists have studied and valued nature. Scientilc ecology is delned as: ‘the empirical and experimental study of the interactions of living and nonliving components of an ecosystem through energy mow and nutrient cycling’ (p. 62). Key concepts in biological ecology are con- sidered briemy in historical perspective, such as food chain, food web, niche, succession, climax, ecosystem, energy mow, and nutrient cycling. All of this is useful for readers who lack such background, even though superb surveys are readily available (e.g., Marten 2001). It seems to me that it would be desirable to explore in more detail the actual and potential interrelationships between biological ecology and religious ecology with some specilc examples (see, e.g., Uhl 2013). There is little scientilc ecology in the subsequent chapters on different religions. Instead, Grim and Tucker explain, ‘Religious ecologies are functional cosmologies that express an awareness of kinship with and dependence on nature for the continuity of all life. Religious ecologies, then, provide frameworks for exploring diverse religious worldviews, symbol systems, rituals, and ethics as developed in relation to the processes of Earth and of bioregions’ (p. 63). In Chapter 5 the authors describe some of the more important developments in the emerging leld of religion and ecology with a focus on retrieving, reevaluating, and reconstructing human–environment interrelationships toward developing ecological cultures for a more sustainable future. Grim and Tucker very usefully