Contents

VOLUME I

page Preface IX

Acknowledgements X1ll

Biography XV

Bibliography XXI

Board of Directors XXV

Contributors XXVll

Part I Topics in International Law

Introduction: International Law in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century 3 Professor I an Brownlie

1 ~The Validity of International Law. An Empirical Experiment 21 Professor Georg Schwarzenberger 2 Some New Thoughts on the Codification of International Law 35 Professor 1 udge Roberto Ago 3 The Military Use of Outer Space and International Law 63 Professor Bin Cheng 4 International Law, the United Nations, and Decolonization 77 Professor Michael A. Ajomo 5 Terminacion y Suspension de los Tratados 93 Professor lose M. Ruda 6 The Unlawfulness of Wars of Aggression before 1914 117 Professor Stephan Verosta 7 A Reporting System for Internationl Humanitarian Law? 125 Dr Bertie G. Ramcharan Vi Contents 8 The Concept and Functions of Soft Law in International Politics 135 Professor W Michael Reisman 9 APropos de la Double Fonetion des Lignes et Points de Base dans le 145 Droit de la Mer Professeur Prosper Weil 10 Artefacts as National Cultural Heritage and as Common Heritage to 163 Mankind Professor (h.c.) Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern 169 11 International Law, Foreign Poliey, and the Gorbaehev Style Professor William E. Butler 12 Right to Environment and Sustainable Development as a Prineiple of 181 International Law H. E. Judge 13 The Proteetion of the Human Environment in a Divided World and International Law 197 Dr M anohar L. Sarin

Part II The International Court of Justice

14 Evidenee in the Proeedure of the International Court of lustiee: Role of the Court 265 H. E. Judge Manfred Lachs 15 'Internationalizing' the International Court: The Quest for Ethno- eultural and Legal-Systemie Representativeness 277 Professor Edward McWhinney 16 Reeiproeity in the System of Compulsory lurisdietion and in Other Modalities of Contentious lurisdietion Exereised by the Inter­ national Court of lustiee 291 Professor Santiago Torres Bernardez

Part III Human Rights

17 Human Rights and Competing Ideas 333 Professor Louis H enkin 18 People's Rights as a New Form of Human Rights 345 Professor Jacek Machowski 19 The Third World and Human Rights 361 Professor and Hon. Minister, Boutros Boutros Ghali 20 Human Rights under Military Rule in Afriea: The Nigerian Experienee 373 H on. Attorney-General and Minister (Prince) Bola A. Ajibola Contents VlJ

21 Human Rights and Economic Development 389 Professor Oscar Schachter 22 The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 399 Professor R. St. 1. M acdonald 23 La Charte Africaine des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples: de a Banjul 427 H. E. ludge Keba M'baye 24 Article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 447 Professor Emmanuel G. Bello 25 Autochthony in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 475 Professor u. o. Umozurike 26 Fundamental Human Rights, the Courts, and the Government, Parti- cularly in a Military Regime in 485 Hon. Mr lustice Y. A. O. linadu 27 Human Rights and Democracy in the Western Hemisphere 497 Professor Dinah Shelton

VOLUME 11

Part IV African Customary Law

1 The Contribution of His Excellency Judge Taslim Olawale Elias to African Customary Law 515 Hon. Mr lustice Phi/ip Nnaemeka-Agu, lSC 2 Sanctions in Nigerian Customary Criminal Law 541 Hon. Mr lustice A. G. Karibi-Whyte, lSC

Part V Topics in Nigerian Law

3 T. O. Elias and the Law 565 Professor David A. Ijalaye 4 Law as an Instrument for National Economic Revival 589 Dr h.c. (Chief) Chris Ogunbanjo 5 The UNCTAD Code for Liner Conferences and the Nigerian National Shipping Policy 611 Mr Fola Sasegbon 6 Legal and International Boundary Issues Relating to Air Force Opera- tions in Nigeria 631 Professor A. Oye Cukwurah VIlI Contents

Part VI Constitutional Law

7 Constitutionalism and Pluralism 659 Professor J adesola Akande 8 Development of Constitutional Law in Military Regimes in Nigeria 673 Hon. Mr Justice Niki Tobi 9 The Parliament of the United Kingdom 717 Professor James E. S. Fawcett 10 Administrative Adjudication under the Nigerian Constitution 733 Professor Peter A. O. Oluyede

Part VII Miscellanea

11 The Dark Continent: The Difficult Road to Unity 789 Professor Emmanuel G. Bello

12 The Philosophy of Justice, the Parameter and Ends of Justice, Jus Naturale: Natural Justice and Unjust Laws 803 Hon Mr Justice J. D. Ogundere 13 J ustice in J udicial Proceedings 817 Mrs (Chief) C. O. Ajayi-Okunuga 14 Matters of Fact 837 HOH. Mr Justice E. O. Fakayode 15 Privatus Logicus and the Return of the Dorians 851 Professor Andreas J. Psomas 16 The Public Policy Doctrine in African Interlocal Conflict of Laws 861 MI' E. K. M. Yakpo 17 Judge Taslim Olawale Elias: Tribute and Recollections 877 Professor Eze Ogueri I I 883 Index