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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses From Hunter-Gathering to the Roman Conquest: An archaeobotanical resource assessment and research agenda for prehistoric Wales (c.8000 BC AD 100) TREASURE, EDWARD,ROY How to cite: TREASURE, EDWARD,ROY (2016) From Hunter-Gathering to the Roman Conquest: An archaeobotanical resource assessment and research agenda for prehistoric Wales (c.8000 BC AD 100), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11793/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 From Hunter-Gathering to the Roman Conquest: AN ARCHAEOBOTANICAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH AGENDA FOR PREHISTORIC WALES (c.8000 BC – AD 100) Edward R. Treasure Submitted for the degree of MA by Research in Archaeology Department of Archaeology, Durham University. 2015 ABSTRACT This thesis highlights the significance and potential of archaeobotanical research undertaken on prehistoric sites in Wales (c. 8000 cal BC – 100 cal AD), providing insights into agricultural practices, food, diet, woodland exploitation and environments. It represents the first comprehensive review of archaeobotanical evidence for prehistoric Wales in over two decades. A total of over 300 archaeobotanical records were collated and the focus of this research lies in providing an assessment of the quantity and quality of the current dataset to develop a resource assessment and research agenda. A critical review of the dataset is first provided focusing on its chronological and geographical coverage and the quality of the available evidence. Following this, a detailed chronological review of the evidence is provided from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age and for each major period the dataset is discussed in a wider context. A number of methodological issues with the dataset are outlined and major gaps in the current state of knowledge identified. On this basis, research priorities are recommended. Ultimately, it aims to stimulate further discussion and to highlight the significance and potential of archaeobotanical research to a wider archaeological audience. From Hunter-Gathering to the Roman Conquest: An archaeobotanical resource assessment and research agenda for prehistoric Wales (c.8000 BC – AD 100) MA by Research in Archaeology submitted by Edward R. Treasure (2015) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of authors kindly provided me with copies of reports which were unpublished or forthcoming reports: Astrid Caseldine (University of Wales, Trinity St David, Lampeter); Charlotte O’Brien (Archaeological Services Durham University); Nigel Jones and Ian Grant (Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust); Jane Kenney and George Smith (Gwynedd Archaeological Trust); Duncan Schlee and Ken Murphy (Dyfed Archaeological Trust); Richard Lewis (Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust); Elizabeth Walker (National Museum of Wales), Samantha Paul (University of Birmingham). I also wish to thank Jacqueline Morgan (Brecon Museum and Art Gallery) for permission to photograph a pottery impression from Fan y Big and Jody Deacon (National Museum of Wales) for permission to photograph pottery impressions from Ogmore-by-Sea. This research was undertaken during AHRC Northern Bridge Master’s Studentship. I also thank my superivors for supervising my research and, finally, my parents and my partner for their help and guidance. Front cover images: Charred hazelnut shells (top) from an Early Neolithic rectangular structure at Parc Bryn Cegin and an emmer wheat grain from an Early Neolithic structure at Gwernvale. Photographs by the author. Contents Chapter 1: ...................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 10 STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2: ...................................................................................................................... 13 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 13 DATA SOURCES ....................................................................................................... 13 DATA RECORDING ................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 3: ...................................................................................................................... 15 ARCHAEOBOTANICAL RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC WALES .......................... 15 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 15 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 15 SOURCES OF ARCHAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE ........................................ 15 CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE .................................. 16 QUALITY OF THE DATASET ............................................................................. 17 DATE OF EXCAVATION AND PUBLICATION ............................................... 19 RESEARCH AGENDA: POTENTIAL AND PRIORITIES ...................................... 20 CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE .............................. 21 METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS ......................................................................... 23 SUMMARY: ARCHAEOBOTANICAL RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC WALES ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 4: ...................................................................................................................... 28 MESOLITHIC WALES (c. 8000 – 4000 BC) ................................................................ 28 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................ 28 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 29 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 29 EARLIER MESOLITHIC SITES (c. 8000 – 6000 BC) ......................................... 29 LATER MESOLITHIC SITES (c. 6000 – 4000 BC) ............................................. 30 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 31 WILD PLANT EXPLOITATION .......................................................................... 31 USE OF WOODLAND RESOURCES .................................................................. 33 WILD PLANT AND WOODLAND MANAGEMENT? ...................................... 34 RESEARCH AGENDA: POTENTIAL AND PRIORITIES ...................................... 35 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 36 Chapter 5: ...................................................................................................................... 38 NEOLITHIC WALES (c. 4000 – 2200 BC) ................................................................... 38 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................ 38 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 40 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 40 EARLY NEOLITHIC SITES (c. 4000 – 3400 BC) ................................................ 40 MIDDLE TO LATE NEOLITHIC SITES (c. 3400 – 2200 BC) ............................ 41 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 42 DATING THE INTRODUCTION OF CEREALS................................................. 42 CEREALS, FRUITS AND NUTS IN THE WELSH NEOLITHIC ....................... 45 CHARCOAL EVIDENCE: WOODLAND COMPOSITION AND EXPLOITATION .................................................................................................... 53 RESEARCH AGENDA: POTENTIAL AND PRIORITIES ...................................... 58 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 58 Chapter 6: ...................................................................................................................... 60 BRONZE AGE WALES (c. 2200 – 800 BC) ................................................................. 60 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................ 60 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 61 OVERVIEW ..........................................................................................................
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