OFFICIAL RECORD of PROCEEDINGS Thursday, 18 May
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Academic Freedom and Critical Speech in Hong Kong: China’S Response to Occupy Central and the Future of “One Country, Two Systems”∗
Academic Freedom and Critical Speech in Hong Kong: China’s Response to Occupy Central and the Future of “One Country, Two Systems”∗ Carole J. Petersen† and Alvin Y.H. Cheung†† I.!!!!!!Introduction .............................................................................. 2! II.!!!!The “One Country, Two Systems” Model: Formal Autonomy but with an Executive-Led System ...................... 8! III. Legal Protections for Academic Freedom and Critical Speech in Hong Kong’s Constitutional Framework ............ 13! IV. University Governance: The Impact of Increased Centralization and Control ................................................... 20! V. !Conflicts between The Academic Community and the Hong Kong and Central Governments ................................ 28! VI. Beijing’s Retribution: Increased Interference in Hong Kong Universities ................................................................ 40! VII. The Disapearing Booksellers ............................................... 53! VIII. Conclusion ........................................................................... 58! *Copyright © 2016 Carole J. Petersen and Alvin Y.H. Cheung. The authors thank the academics who agreed to be interviewed for this article and research assistants Jasmine Dave, Jason Jutz, and Jai Keep-Barnes for their assistance with research and editing. This is an updated version of a paper presented at a roundtable organized by the Council on Foreign Relations on December 15, 2015, and the authors thank the chair of the roundtable, Professor Jerome A. Cohen, and other participants for their comments. The William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa supported Professor Petersen’s travel to Hong Kong to conduct interviews for this article. † Carole J. Petersen is a Professor at the William S. Richardson School of Law and Director of the Matsunaga Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution, University of Hawai’i at Manoa. She taught law at the University of Hong Kong from 1991–2006 and at the City University of Hong Kong from 1989-1991. -
C O N T E N T S President's Foreword Group Photo Of
C O N T E N T S PRESIDENT'S FOREWORD GROUP PHOTO OF MEMBERS MAJOR EVENTS IN PICTURES CHAPTER 1 The Legislative Council Powers and Functions Composition CHAPTER 2 Legislative Council Meetings Tabling of Subsidiary Legislation and Other Papers Questions Statements Bills Motions Policy Address Debate Budget Debate Other Debates Chief Executive's Question and Answer Sessions Address by the Chief Executive CHAPTER 3 Committees Finance Committee Public Accounts Committee Committee on Members' Interests House Committee - Other Subcommittees of the House Committee Committee on Rules of Procedure Bills Committees and Subcommittees on Subsidiary Legislation Panels CHAPTER 4 Redress System Analysis of Significant Cases Dealt With Other Significant Cases CHAPTER 5 Liaison Parliamentary Liaison Subcommittee Luncheons with Consuls-General Contact with District Councils Contact with Heung Yee Kuk Visitors CHAPTER 6 Support Services for Members The Legislative Council Commission The Legislative Council Secretariat A P P E N D I C E S APPENDIX 1 Composition of the Legislative Council APPENDIX 2 Members' Biographies APPENDIX 3 Bills Passed APPENDIX 4 Motion Debates Held APPENDIX 5 Membership of Legislative Council Committees (By Committtees and By Members) APPENDIX 6 Statistical Breakdown of all Concluded Cases under the Legislative Council Redress System in the 2007-2008 Session APPENDIX 7 The Legislative Council Commission and its Committees APPENDIX 8 Organization Chart of the Legislative Council Secretariat P R E S I D E N T ' S F O R E W O R D The 2007-2008 session of the Third Legislative Council was meaningful and memorable. Not only was it the last legislative year of the term, it was also the last for me as President of the Legislative Council. -
Permanent Secretary, Chief Executive's Office Session No
Index Page Replies to supplementary questions raised by Finance Committee Members in examining the Estimates of Expenditure 2014-15 Controlling Officer : Permanent Secretary, Chief Executive's Office Session No. : 10 File Name : CEO-2S-e1.docx Reply Serial Question No. Serial No. Name of Member Head Programme S-CEO01 S0089 CHAN Ka-lok, Kenneth 21 (2) Executive Council S-CEO02 SV020 FAN Kwok-wai, Gary 21 (1) Chief Executive's Office S-CEO03 S0096 HO Sau-lan, Cyd 21 (1) Chief Executive's Office (2) Executive Council Examination of Estimates of Expenditure 2014-15 Reply Serial No. S-CEO01 CONTROLLING OFFICER’S REPLY (Question Serial No. S0089) Head: (21) Chief Executive’s Office Subhead (No. & title): (-) Not Specified Programme: (2) Executive Council Controlling Officer: Permanent Secretary, Chief Executive’s Office (Ms Alice LAU) Director of Bureau: Director of the Chief Executive’s Office This question originates from: Question: Would the Administration inform this Committee of the attendance rates of Non-official Members at the meetings of the Executive Council in each of the past 3 years using the following table? Name Total no. of No. of meetings No. of meetings No. of withdrawals meetings held attended not attended from discussions Asked by: Hon CHAN Ka-lok, Kenneth Reply: The Executive Council (ExCo) Secretariat keeps minutes of every ExCo meeting, which record, among other things, Members’ attendance and withdrawals from discussions. Since Non-official Members may need to withdraw from the discussion of individual items due to conflict of interest, and the conflict of interest involved may vary from one discussion item to another, the attendance rates of Members alone cannot accurately reflect their participation. -
香港特别行政区排名名单 the Precedence List of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
二零二一年九月 September 2021 香港特别行政区排名名单 THE PRECEDENCE LIST OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION 1. 行政长官 林郑月娥女士,大紫荆勋贤,GBS The Chief Executive The Hon Mrs Carrie LAM CHENG Yuet-ngor, GBM, GBS 2. 终审法院首席法官 张举能首席法官,大紫荆勋贤 The Chief Justice of the Court of Final The Hon Andrew CHEUNG Kui-nung, Appeal GBM 3. 香港特别行政区前任行政长官(见注一) Former Chief Executives of the HKSAR (See Note 1) 董建华先生,大紫荆勋贤 The Hon TUNG Chee Hwa, GBM 曾荫权先生,大紫荆勋贤 The Hon Donald TSANG, GBM 梁振英先生,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP The Hon C Y LEUNG, GBM, GBS, JP 4. 政务司司长 李家超先生,SBS, PDSM, JP The Chief Secretary for Administration The Hon John LEE Ka-chiu, SBS, PDSM, JP 5. 财政司司长 陈茂波先生,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, MH, JP The Financial Secretary The Hon Paul CHAN Mo-po, GBM, GBS, MH, JP 6. 律政司司长 郑若骅女士,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, SC, JP The Secretary for Justice The Hon Teresa CHENG Yeuk-wah, GBM, GBS, SC, JP 7. 立法会主席 梁君彦议员,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP The President of the Legislative Council The Hon Andrew LEUNG Kwan-yuen, GBM, GBS, JP - 2 - 行政会议非官守议员召集人 陈智思议员,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP The Convenor of the Non-official The Hon Bernard Charnwut CHAN, Members of the Executive Council GBM, GBS, JP 其他行政会议成员 Other Members of the Executive Council 史美伦议员,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP The Hon Mrs Laura CHA SHIH May-lung, GBM, GBS, JP 李国章议员,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP Prof the Hon Arthur LI Kwok-cheung, GBM, GBS, JP 周松岗议员,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP The Hon CHOW Chung-kong, GBM, GBS, JP 罗范椒芬议员,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP The Hon Mrs Fanny LAW FAN Chiu-fun, GBM, GBS, JP 黄锦星议员,GBS, JP 环境局局长 The Hon WONG Kam-sing, GBS, JP Secretary for the Environment # 林健锋议员,GBS, JP The Hon Jeffrey LAM Kin-fung, GBS, JP 叶国谦议员,大紫荆勋贤,GBS, JP The Hon -
Annual Report 2007-08 ENG.Pdf
Statistics Number of Scout Members 2005 2006 2007 Number of Scout Members 2007 Grasshopper Scouts 11,937 11,730 11,065 Cub Scouts 33,358 31,690 29,027 Scouts 16,381 16,714 16,304 Chief Scout of Hong Kong Venture Scouts 3,361 3,393 3,334 The Honourable Donald TSANG GBM Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Rover Scouts 1,744 1,686 1,654 Scouters 11,742 12,097 11,760 FOS Members 15,760 19,090 17,485 Administrators 5,625 5,927 5,733 Associate Members 315 303 320 Total Number of Members 100,223 102,630 96,682 Number of Groups and Units President 2005 2006 2007 Number of Groups and Units 2007 Groups 1,454 1,437 1,441 Grasshopper Scout Rings 506 515 503 Cub Scout Packs 1,084 1,041 1,011 Scout Troops 709 711 704 Venture Scout Units 287 298 297 Rover Scout Crews 135 137 148 Ms Katherine HUNG Mr LEUNG On-fook JP Mr Paul HO Wai-chi Secretary Chairman of the Treasurer Executive Committee Contents Chief Commissioner's Report 2 Headquarters Branches and Subsidiaries ◆ Administration Branch 6 ◆ Finance Branch 7 ◆ Estate Branch 8 ◆ Programme Branch 9 ◆ Training Branch 10 ◆ Projects Branch 11 ◆ Public Relations Branch 12 Mr PAU Shiu-hung, SBS ◆ International and Liaison Branch 13 Chief Commissioner ◆ The Friends of Scouting 14 (Up to 2 November 2007) ◆ The Baden-Powell Scout Club of Hong Kong 15 ◆ The Scout Shop of Hong Kong 16 ◆ B P International House 17 Regions ◆ Hong Kong Island Region 20 ◆ Kowloon Region 21 ◆ East Kowloon Region 22 ◆ New Territories Region 23 ◆ New Territories East Region 24 Mr Anthony CHAN, PMSM Organization Chart 25 Chief Commissioner (From 3 November 2007) Regions and Districts 26 Scout Council and Committees 27 Scout Awards 32 Financial Statements 43 Statistics Inside Back 251 Chief Commissioner's Report During the period, the Hong Kong contingent had made an effort to promote Chinese culture and show the uniqueness Professionalize Leaders Training of Hong Kong Scouting to the world. -
Cutting Edge
刀 The College of Surgeons of Hong Kong 緣NEWSLETTER CUTTING EDGE 25 th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL EDITION 廿 五 週 年 特 別 號 www.cshk.org CUTTING EDGE Cutting Edge: theOfficial Newsletterof the CSHK, SINCE 1994! his issue of Cutting Edge is a special Every effort has been attempted in order to keep edition for the celebration of the the information complete, by searching through 25th Anniversary of the CSHK. We boxes of dusty files, interviewing busy people Tbelieve that it is a golden opportunity for us who might know something, matching the rusty to reminisce the history of CSHK in different photos to the correct event. Nevertheless, if you aspects in the past two and half decades. find some of the information showed in this issue However, the mission is proven to be a difficult are missing or faulty, please accept my apology. one if not impossible. So much information is You are more than welcome to let us know the missing and incomplete, or at least they are correct information, if you think you know hiding somewhere. People’s memories on some something. facts are fading. As usual, it is always hard to gather all the articles to publish on time ……. ! Some facts about our Cutting Edge The first issue was published in April 1994 , more than 20 years ago! The Chief Editors over the years: Dr Man-hei Dr Samuel Dr Angus Dr Cliff Dr Chad SHIU Po-yin KWOK Chi-wai CHAN Chi-chiu CHUNG Cheuk-wa TSE (from year 1994 (from year 1996 (from year 2000 (from year 2005 (from year 2011 to year 1995) to year 1999) to year 2004) to 2010) to current) 1 CUTTING EDGE Evolution of the front page Since 2013, full page 1994-2005, the early photo is used version were only on cover page words and no pictures! This was the first issue of Cutting Edge published in April 1994 2006-2012, photo covers half of page Editorial Board Members Year 1994-1995 Editor : Dr Man-hei SHIU Editorial Board Members : Dr Siu-ping HUI, Dr James ST HWANG, Dr Walter WK KING, Prof. -
香港特別行政區排名名單 the Precedence List of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
二零二一年九月 September 2021 香港特別行政區排名名單 THE PRECEDENCE LIST OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION 1. 行政長官 林鄭月娥女士,大紫荊勳賢,GBS The Chief Executive The Hon Mrs Carrie LAM CHENG Yuet-ngor, GBM, GBS 2. 終審法院首席法官 張舉能首席法官,大紫荊勳賢 The Chief Justice of the Court of Final The Hon Andrew CHEUNG Kui-nung, Appeal GBM 3. 香港特別行政區前任行政長官(見註一) Former Chief Executives of the HKSAR (See Note 1) 董建華先生,大紫荊勳賢 The Hon TUNG Chee Hwa, GBM 曾蔭權先生,大紫荊勳賢 The Hon Donald TSANG, GBM 梁振英先生,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP The Hon C Y LEUNG, GBM, GBS, JP 4. 政務司司長 李家超先生,SBS, PDSM, JP The Chief Secretary for Administration The Hon John LEE Ka-chiu, SBS, PDSM, JP 5. 財政司司長 陳茂波先生,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, MH, JP The Financial Secretary The Hon Paul CHAN Mo-po, GBM, GBS, MH, JP 6. 律政司司長 鄭若驊女士,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, SC, JP The Secretary for Justice The Hon Teresa CHENG Yeuk-wah, GBM, GBS, SC, JP 7. 立法會主席 梁君彥議員,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP The President of the Legislative Council The Hon Andrew LEUNG Kwan-yuen, GBM, GBS, JP - 2 - 行政會議非官守議員召集人 陳智思議員,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP The Convenor of the Non-official The Hon Bernard Charnwut CHAN, Members of the Executive Council GBM, GBS, JP 其他行政會議成員 Other Members of the Executive Council 史美倫議員,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP The Hon Mrs Laura CHA SHIH May-lung, GBM, GBS, JP 李國章議員,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP Prof the Hon Arthur LI Kwok-cheung, GBM, GBS, JP 周松崗議員,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP The Hon CHOW Chung-kong, GBM, GBS, JP 羅范椒芬議員,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP The Hon Mrs Fanny LAW FAN Chiu-fun, GBM, GBS, JP 黃錦星議員,GBS, JP 環境局局長 The Hon WONG Kam-sing, GBS, JP Secretary for the Environment # 林健鋒議員,GBS, JP The Hon Jeffrey LAM Kin-fung, GBS, JP 葉國謙議員,大紫荊勳賢,GBS, JP The Hon -
31 October 1990 HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
1 HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL -- 31 October 1990 HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL -- 31 October 1990 1 OFFICIAL REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS Wednesday, 31 October 1990 The Council met at half-past Two o'clock PRESENT HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR (PRESIDENT) SIR DAVID CLIVE WILSON, K.C.M.G. THE CHIEF SECRETARY THE HONOURABLE SIR DAVID ROBERT FORD, K.B.E., L.V.O., J.P. THE FINANCIAL SECRETARY THE HONOURABLE SIR PIERS JACOBS, K.B.E., J.P. THE ATTORNEY GENERAL THE HONOURABLE JEREMY FELL MATHEWS, C.M.G., J.P. THE HONOURABLE ALLEN LEE PENG-FEI, C.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE STEPHEN CHEONG KAM-CHUEN, C.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE CHEUNG YAN-LUNG, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE MRS SELINA CHOW LIANG SHUK-YEE, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE MARIA TAM WAI-CHU, C.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE CHAN YING-LUN, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE MRS RITA FAN HSU LAI-TAI, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE PETER POON WING-CHEUNG, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE CHENG HON-KWAN, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE CHUNG PUI-LAM, J.P. THE HONOURABLE HO SAI-CHU, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE DAVID LI KWOK-PO, J.P. THE HONOURABLE NGAI SHIU-KIT, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE PANG CHUN-HOI, M.B.E. THE HONOURABLE POON CHI-FAI, J.P. PROF. THE HONOURABLE POON CHUNG-KWONG, J.P. THE HONOURABLE SZETO WAH THE HONOURABLE TAM YIU-CHUNG DR THE HONOURABLE DANIEL TSE, O.B.E., J.P. -
Permanent Secretary, Chief Executive's Office
Index Page Replies to initial written questions raised by Finance Committee Members in examining the Estimates of Expenditure 2021-22 Controlling Officer : Permanent Secretary, Chief Executive’s Office Session No. : 6 Consolidated e-file name : CEO-1-e1.docx Reply Serial Question Name of Member Head Programme No. Serial No. CEO001 0015 CHENG Chung-tai 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office CEO002 2818 CHENG Chung-tai 21 (2) Executive Council CEO003 2819 CHENG Chung-tai 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office CEO004 2820 CHENG Chung-tai 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office CEO005 2821 CHENG Chung-tai 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office CEO006 2847 CHENG Chung-tai 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office CEO007 2853 CHENG Chung-tai 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office CEO008 1521 HO Kwan-yiu, 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office Junius CEO009 2477 LEUNG Mei-fun, 21 (2) Executive Council Priscilla CEO010 2478 LEUNG Mei-fun, 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office Priscilla CEO011 2581 LEUNG Mei-fun, 21 (1) Chief Executive’s Office Priscilla Examination of Estimates of Expenditure 2021-22 Reply Serial No. CEO001 CONTROLLING OFFICER’S REPLY (Question Serial No. 0015) Head: (21) Chief Executive’s Office Subhead (No. & title): (000) Operational expenses Programme: (1) Chief Executive’s Office Controlling Officer: Permanent Secretary, Chief Executive’s Office (Ms Shirley LAM) Director of Bureau: Director of the Chief Executive’s Office Question: Please set out the estimated expenditures on the salaries and allowances of the Chief Executive and the Director of the Chief Executive’s Office for 2021-22. Asked by: Hon CHENG Chung-tai (LegCo internal reference no.: 15) Reply: For 2021-22, the estimated expenditure on the salary and non-accountable entertainment allowance of the Chief Executive is $5,080,200 and $982,400 respectively. -
LCQ4: Improvement Works in Rural Areas **************************************
LCQ4: Improvement works in rural areas ************************************** Following is a question by the Hon Daniel Lam and a reply by the Secretary for Home Affairs, Mr Tsang Tak-sing, in the Legislative Council today (January 9): Question: The Government allocated $4 billion in the nineties to implement projects under the Rural Planning and Improvement Strategy, including river training and local environment beautification projects, so as to improve the living environment for the residents in the New Territories. In this connection, will the Government inform this Council whether, given its current strong financial position, the Government will allocate fresh funds to implement strategic projects to improve the rural environment, in order to address the aspirations of the residents in the New Territories; if it will, whether it will work with the Heung Yee Kuk and various rural committees in drawing up the specific arrangements for implementing the projects concerned; if it will not allocate funds to implement the projects concerned, of the reasons for that, and the alternative plans to improve the living environment for the residents in the rural areas? Reply: Madam President, The Government attaches great importance to enhance the infrastructure and facilities in the rural areas for improving the living environment there. After the implementation of the Rural Planning and Improvement Strategy, which was launched in the 1990s and concluded in 1999-2000, the Administration continued to plan and carry out improvement works in the rural areas in the New Territories, including a number of major works projects. For instance, the Drainage Services Department has carried out a number of drainage improvement programmes in the northern New Territories to address the flooding problem and constructed sewer systems to improve the environment. -
Third Legislative Council (2004-2008)
Third Legislative Council (2004-2008) President Hon Mrs Rita FAN HSU Lai-tai, GBM, GBS, JP (Hong Kong Island+) Members Hon James TIEN Pei-chun, GBS, JP Hon Albert HO Chun-yan (New Territories East+) (New Territories West+) Ir Dr Hon Raymond HO Chung-tai, SBS, Hon LEE Cheuk-yan S.B.St.J., JP (New Territories West+) (Engineering*) Hon Martin LEE Chu-ming, SC, JP Dr Hon David LI Kwok-po, GBM, GBS, (Hong Kong Island+) JP (Finance*) Hon Fred LI Wah-ming, JP Dr Hon LUI Ming-wah, SBS, JP (Kowloon East+) (Industrial - Second*) Hon Margaret NG Hon Mrs Selina CHOW LIANG Shuk-yee, (Legal*) GBS, JP (New Territories West+) Hon James TO Kun-sun Hon CHEUNG Man-kwong (Kowloon West+) (Education*) Hon CHAN Yuen-han, SBS, JP Hon Bernard CHAN, GBS, JP (Kowloon East+) (Insurance*) Hon CHAN Kam-lam, SBS, JP Hon Mrs Sophie LEUNG LAU Yau-fun, (Kowloon East+) GBS, JP (Textiles and Garment*) Hon LEUNG Yiu-chung Hon SIN Chung-kai, SBS, JP (New Territories West+) (Information Technology*) Dr Hon Philip WONG Yu-hong, GBS Hon WONG Yung-kan, SBS, JP (Commercial - Second*) (Agriculture and Fisheries*) Hon Jasper TSANG Yok-sing, GBS, JP Hon Howard YOUNG, SBS, JP (Kowloon West+) (Tourism*) Dr Hon YEUNG Sum, JP Hon LAU Chin-shek, JP (Hong Kong Island+) (Kowloon West+) Hon LAU Kong-wah, JP Hon LAU Wong-fat, GBM, GBS, JP (New Territories East+) (District Council*) Hon Miriam LAU Kin-yee, GBS, JP Hon Emily LAU Wai-hing, JP (Transport*) (New Territories East+) Hon CHOY So-yuk, JP Hon Andrew CHENG Kar-foo (Hong Kong Island+) (New Territories East+) Hon Timothy FOK Tsun-ting, -
Plague in Hong Kong in the 19Th Century
SYNAPSEHong Kong College of Physicians October 2001 Room 801, Hong Kong Academy of Medicine Jockey Club Building, Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Philip K.T. LI 99 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong Assistant Editor: Dr. John MACKAY Tel: 2871 8766 Fax: 2556 9047 Co-Editors: Dr. Henry H.L. CHAN email: [email protected] Dr. Francis C.C. CHOW College Web site: www.hkcp.org Dr. Carolyn P.L. KNG Dr. Patrick C.K. LI Dr. LUK Yiu Wing Dr. LUM Chor Ming Dr. SZETO Ming Leung Dr. YU Wai Cho RESTRICTED TO MEMBERS ONLY Plague in Hong Kong in the 19th Century During the 1890s a plague epidemic in Southern China was moving south towards Hong Kong. In the spring of 1894, about 100,000 dead were reported from Canton. In May 1894, the disease erupted with violent intensity in Hong Kong’s overcrowded Chinese quarter of Tai Ping Shan, currently the Western District. Plague continued to be a problem in Hong Kong for the next 30 years. Interior view of the Kennedy Town glassworks, which was converted for use as a An indicating plaque was erected at the entrance of the outside of the temporary hospital during the period of Hong Kong plague, 1894. Blake Garden to illustrate the site of the “Great Plague” in 1894. (Photos and information courtesy of the Hong Kong Museum of Medical Sciences) All Copyrights reserved by the Hong Kong College of Physicians and no part of the Synapse can be reproduced without the prior approval from the Hong Kong College of Physicians.