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“Brighter and Better for Every Person”: Building the New Salvation Army Rescue Home of St RAMSEY COUNTY Minnesota’s German Forty-eighter Albert Wolff: Brilliant Career, Tragic Death LaVern J. Rippley A Publication of the Ramsey County Historical Society Hıstory —Page 12 Spring 2016 Volume 51, Number 1 “Brighter and Better for Every Person”: Building the New Salvation Army Rescue Home of St. Paul, 1913 Kim Heikkila, page 3 “Children of the Home.” This large portrait of twelve children is from the Salvation Army Rescue Home and Maternity Hospital annual report for the year ending September 30, 1916. The home, located on Como Avenue in St. Paul, cared for 207 children that year, 109 of whom had been born in the home. The inset photo is Adjutant True Earle, superintendent of the Home from 1913 to 1918. Photo courtesy of The Salvation Army USA Central Territory Historical Museum. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY RAMSEY COUNTY President Chad Roberts Founding Editor (1964–2006) Virginia Brainard Kunz Editor Hıstory John M. Lindley Volume 51, Number 1 Spring 2016 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY THE MISSION STATEMENT OF THE RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON JANUARY 25, 2016: James Miller Preserving our past, informing our present, inspiring our future Chair Jo Anne Driscoll First Vice Chair Carl Kuhrmeyer C O N T E N T S Second Vice Chair Susan McNeely 3 “Brighter and Better for Every Person”: Secretary Building the New Salvation Army Rescue Home Kenneth H. Johnson Kim Heikkila Treasurer William B. Frels 12 Minnesota’s German Forty-eighter Immediate Past Chair Albert Wolff: Brilliant Career, Tragic Death Julie Brady, Anne Cowie, Cheryl Dickson, Mari Oyanagi Eggum, Thomas Fabel, LaVern J. Rippley Martin Fallon, John Guthmann, Richard B. Heydinger, Jr., Sandy Kiernat, Judy Kishel, 18 Carl Florin, Ray Florén, David Kristal, Father Kevin M. McDonough, and Eleven Houses near Hamline University Nancy W. McKillips, Lisa Dickinson Michaux, Jonathan H. Morgan, Robert Muschewske, Barbro Sollbe and Ann Thorson Walton Chad Roberts, James A. Stolpestad, Ralph Thrane, Susan Vento, Jerry Woefel. 24 Book Reviews EDITORIAL BOARD Publication of Ramsey County History is supported in part by a gift from Anne Cowie, chair, James B. Bell, Thomas H. Clara M. Claussen and Frieda H. Claussen in memory of Henry H. Cowie Jr. Boyd, John Diers, Martin Fallon, John Guthmann, and by a contribution from the late Reuel D. Harmon James Miller, John Milton, Laurie M. Murphy, Robert Muschewske, Paul D. Nelson, Jay Pfaender, David Riehle, Chad Roberts, Steve Trimble, Mary Lethert Wingerd. A Message from the Editorial Board HONORARY ADVISORY BOARD William Fallon, William Finney, George Latimer, Joseph S. Micallef, Marvin J. Pertzik, uildings often tell stories. Historian Kim Heikkila shares the story behind the James Reagan. Bdrive to build the Salvation Army Rescue Home on Como Avenue, which was RAMSEY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS led by Adjutant True Earle and businessmen Joseph and William Elsinger. Designed Commissioner Victoria Reinhardt, chair by Clarence Johnston, the Home served many young women and their newborn chil- Commissioner Toni Carter Commissioner Blake Huffman dren as part of the Salvation Army’s outreach programs. Not far away from Como Commissioner Jim McDonough Avenue, near Hamline University, sit eleven houses constructed by a Swedish contrac- Commissioner Mary Jo McGuire Commissioner Rafael Ortega tor, Carl Florin, or his brothers, John and Gustav, all of whom lived in St. Paul in the Commissioner Janice Rettman early 1900s. Authors Barbro Sollbe and Ann Thorson Walton give us a rare look into Julie Kleinschmidt, manager, the family who constructed middle-class homes of that era in the popular bungalow Ramsey County style. Records from the St. Paul Building Permits Collection, available in the RCHS Ramsey County History is published quarterly by the Ramsey County Historical Society, 323 Research Center, helped with this article. This issue also contains a biographical profile Landmark Center, 75 W. Fifth Street, St. Paul, MN of Albert Wolff, a journalist with training in theology who came to St. Paul to escape 55102 (651-222-0701). Printed in U.S.A. Copy- right © 2016, Ram sey County His torical So ciety. the strife of 1848 in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. According to author LaVern ISSN Number 0485-9758. All rights reserved. Rippley, Wolff founded German-language newspapers in New Ulm, Chaska, and St. No part of this publication may be reprinted or otherwise reproduced without written Paul, encouraged emigrants to move to Minnesota for new lives in our invigorating permission from the publisher. The Society climate, and supported Abraham Lincoln’s Union. assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors. Fax 651-223-8539; e-mail address: Anne Cowie [email protected]; web site address: www.rchs.com Chair, Editorial Board 2 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY “Brighter and Better for Every Person”: Building the New Salvation Army Rescue Home of St. Paul, 1913 Kim Heikkila n October 29, 1913, a large crowd gathered on the lawn at 1471 Como through social uplift dated back to the Avenue West to celebrate the opening of the new Salvation Army Army’s origins in London in 1865, when Rescue Home. Among the assembly were Salvation Army officials a young evangelical couple, William and O Catherine Booth, began work in the city’s and, according to the St. Paul Pioneer Press, “some of the most prominent men slums and realized that the best way to a and women of St. Paul.” Adjutant True Earle and the other six Army women sinner’s heart was through a full belly, a who had run the home in its previous locations downtown and on the east side clear mind, and a bit of fun. The Army of St. Paul were joined by Brigadier Mary Stillwell, who recited the opening opened soup kitchens, held open-air prayer, and Commissioner Mary Estill, head of the Salvation Army Women’s meetings with preaching and singing, and Social Department in Chicago. Joseph McKibbin, president of the wholesale paraded its uniformed “soldiers” through firm McKibbin, Driscoll and Dorsey, spoke as the treasurer of the home. Belle the streets banging drums and tambou- Swearingen, wife of the Rev. Henry Chapman Swearingen of the House of rines, all in the name of bringing converts to Christ. Hope Presbyterian Church on Summit Avenue, delivered the chairman’s ad- By 1884, the Army had turned its at- dress, while Mary Griggs, president of the home and married to Chauncey tention to helping “fallen” women—the Milton Griggs of the wholesaling and manufacturing firm Griggs, Cooper & homeless, the addicted, the prostitute, Co., hosted tours of the building “assisted by fifty other St. Paul women.”1 The the unwed mother. Army officials, like home had also earned the support of wholesalers Charles Noyes and Henry other evangelicals involved in such work, Merrill, and Charles Ames, president of West Publishing Company. viewed their female charges as victims— of predatory men, of the dangerous urban The opening festivities thus featured well-being would ultimately lead them environment, of naïveté—who could be many of the home’s most powerful sup- to adopt Army-style Christianity. This redeemed through the motherly influence porters. But ultimately, the day was made mission of achieving spiritual salvation of female Salvationists and training in the possible through the perseverance, gen- erosity, and talent of four specific indi- viduals, all of whom called St. Paul home during the peak of their professional careers: Salvation Army Adjutant True Earle; businessmen, philanthropists, and brothers William and Joseph Elsinger; and state architect Clarence Johnston. The Salvation Army’s Rescue Work in St. Paul Commissioner Estill provided the dedi- cation address that fall day in 1913, dur- ing which she explained that the goal of the rescue home was “to lift fallen girls out of the mire into morality.” Though the Salvation Army espoused a vocal evangelical Christianity, Estill assured her listeners that the home welcomed all girls into its fold, regardless of re- A Salvation Army band, ca. 1910. The Army sought to spread the gospel of Christianity to the downtrodden by providing food and shelter, holding open-air revivals and parades, and provid- ligion. Still, the Army hoped that pro- ing musical entertainment. Women Salvationists played central roles in all of these activities. viding for the girls’ social and material Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 3 domestic arts of sewing, cleaning, and half worked as domestics.6 Nearly half nal characteristics that would restore their laundering (and mothering, for those who of these young women were unmarried good character.9 were pregnant). The Army opened its mothers, reflecting the shifting focus of By mid-1912, plans for a new home first rescue home in London in 1884 and the Salvation Army’s rescue work. In the on Como Avenue in St. Paul were well its first in the United States in Brooklyn, first two decades of the twentieth century, underway. In fact, Salvation Army of- New York, in 1886. By 1900, the Army sympathy for prostitutes among social ficials had been looking for a new loca- was operating seventeen such homes welfare experts was beginning to give way tion for the busy rescue home as early across the country.2 to a view of them as perpetrators, rather as 1904, according to an account in the The Salvation Army Rescue Home than victims, of immoral behavior and St. Paul Globe in October of that year. in St. Paul opened in 1898 at University civic disorder. Unmarried pregnant girls The article noted that “St. Paul philan- 3 Avenue and Jackson Street. St. Paul’s and women, however, still commanded thropists” were supporting the effort to population boom had slowed since its concern and hope for redemption among build “a model institution, the largest of mid-nineteenth century heyday, but the rescue workers.7 Indeed, the 1912 annual its kind in the country,” in either Merriam city welcomed nearly 30,000 new arriv- report for the rescue home in St.
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