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Deposition, Diagenesis, and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Morrowan and Atokan Intervals at Farnsworth Unit

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Deposition, Diagenesis, and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Morrowan and Atokan Intervals at Farnsworth Unit energies Project Report Deposition, Diagenesis, and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Morrowan and Atokan Intervals at Farnsworth Unit Martha Cather 1,*, Dylan Rose-Coss 2, Sara Gallagher 3, Natasha Trujillo 4, Steven Cather 5, Robert Spencer Hollingworth 6, Peter Mozley 6 and Ryan J. Leary 6 1 Petroleum Recovery Research Center, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA 2 New Mexico Oil Conservation Division, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA; [email protected] 3 California Geological Survey, Eureka, CA 95503, USA; [email protected] 4 Pioneer Natural Resources, Irving, TX 75039, USA; [email protected] 5 New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA; [email protected] (R.S.H.); [email protected] (P.M.); [email protected] (R.J.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Farnsworth Field Unit (FWU), a mature oilfield currently undergoing CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the northeastern Texas panhandle, is the study area for an extensive project under- Citation: Cather, M.; Rose-Coss, D.; taken by the Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP). SWP is characterizing Gallagher, S.; Trujillo, N.; Cather, S.; the field and monitoring and modeling injection and fluid flow processes with the intent of verifying Hollingworth, R.S.; Mozley, P.; Leary, storage of CO2 in a timeframe of 100–1000 years. Collection of a large set of data including logs, core, R.J. Deposition, Diagenesis, and and 3D geophysical data has allowed us to build a detailed reservoir model that is well-grounded Sequence Stratigraphy of the in observations from the field. This paper presents a geological description of the rocks comprising Pennsylvanian Morrowan and the reservoir that is a target for both oil production and CO2 storage, as well as the overlying units Atokan Intervals at Farnsworth Unit. that make up the primary and secondary seals. Core descriptions and petrographic analyses were Energies 2021, 14, 1057. https:// used to determine depositional setting, general lithofacies, and a diagenetic sequence for reservoir doi.org/10.3390/en14041057 and caprock at FWU. The reservoir is in the Pennsylvanian-aged Morrow B sandstone, an incised Academic Editor: valley fluvial deposit that is encased within marine shales. The Morrow B exhibits several lithofa- Nikolaos Koukouzas cies with distinct appearance as well as petrophysical characteristics. The lithofacies are typical of incised valley fluvial sequences and vary from a relatively coarse conglomerate base to an upper fine Received: 4 January 2021 sandstone that grades into the overlying marine-dominated shales and mudstone/limestone cyclical Accepted: 9 February 2021 sequences of the Thirteen Finger limestone. Observations ranging from field scale (seismic surveys, Published: 17 February 2021 well logs) to microscopic (mercury porosimetry, petrographic microscopy, microprobe and isotope data) provide a rich set of data on which we have built our geological and reservoir models. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: morrow; Farnsworth; Anadarko; incised valley published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction A detailed understanding of reservoir and caprock lithologies is important for any Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. CO2-EOR project and is crucial for carbon storage projects. Characterization entails de- Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. veloping knowledge of the reservoir from the pore to the field scale. Such knowledge This article is an open access article must include understanding of the various lithofacies (how they were formed and what distributed under the terms and diagenetic processes have they undergone), understanding of depositional systems that conditions of the Creative Commons dictate reservoir architecture and heterogeneity, and an understanding of the relationships Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// between rock composition and resultant geomechanical and flow properties that feed into creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). the reservoir models used for simulation and prediction of reservoir behavior. Energies 2021, 14, 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041057 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 26 Energies 2021, 14, 1057 2 of 26 reservoir architecture and heterogeneity, and an understanding of the relationships be- tween rock composition and resultant geomechanical and flow properties that feed into the reservoir models used for simulation and prediction of reservoir behavior. Most reservoirMost studies reservoir of Morrow studies reservoirs of Morrow in the reservoirs Anadarko in the basin Anadarko have focused basin have on focused on sandstones becausesandstones of their because importance of their in conventional importance oil in production. conventional Although oil production. this study Although this examines the sandstonesstudy examines within the the sandstones field, an within important the fiel featured, an ofimportant our work feature is detailed of our work is de- characterizationtailed of both characterization the overlying of and both underlying the overlying confining and underlying layers, as these confining are critical layers, as these are to containmentcritical of injected to containment CO2. of injected CO2. The significanceThe of thissignificance paper is of twofold: this paper we is present twofold: a synthesiswe present of a extensive synthesis work of extensive by work by several researchersseveral that researchers has not previously that has beennot previously published, b andeen published, we provide and a brief we viewprovide of a brief view some of the richof dataset some of that the we rich have dataset collected that we for have the project, collected which for the will project, be archived which with will be archived public repositorieswith at public the conclusion repositories of at the the project. conclusion of the project. 2. Materials and2. MethodsMaterials and Methods A variety of datasetsA variety were of used datasets for the were work used presented for the here. work Cores presented from severalhere. Cores wells, from several including characterizationwells, including wells characterization drilled specifically wells fordrilled this sp project,ecifically were for describedthis project, and were described analyzed. Coredand intervals analyzed. from Cored five intervals wells on from the western five wells side on ofthe the western field (8-5,side 9-8,of the 13-10, field (8-5, 9-8, 13- 13-14, and 13-10A)10, 13-14, and three and from13-10A) the and eastern three side from of the the eastern field (32-2, side 32-6, of the and field 32-8), (32-2, were 32-6, and 32-8), described (Figurewere1). described Wells 13-10A, (Figure 13-14, 1). Wells and 32-8 13-10A, were 13-14, drilled and as 32-8 characterization were drilled wellsas characterization for this study, andwells extensive for this study, datasets and wereextensive collected datasets from we them.re collected No destructive from them. testingNo destructive test- was allowed oning the was legacy allowed cores, on so the observations legacy cores, were so obse limitedrvations to visual were inspection limited to only.visual inspection Limited core wasonly. available Limited for core each was of theavailable legacy for wells each and of almostthe legacy none wells from and non-reservoir almost none from non- intervals. Approximatelyreservoir intervals. 250 ft of coreApproximately was obtained 250 from ft of eachcore was of the obtained new characterization from each of the new char- wells. Cored intervalsacterization include wells. the Cored entire intervals Morrow include B reservoir the entire interval, Morrow as well B reservoir as Morrow interval, as well shale that underliesas Morrow and overlies shale that the Morrowunderlies B, and the overlies B1 sandstone the Morrow interval, B, the and B1 the sandstone Thirteen interval, and Finger limestonethe that Thirteen makes Finger up the limestone remainder that of makes the primary up theseal. remainder of the primary seal. Figure 1. MapFigure of Farnsworth 1. Map of FarnsworthField Unit (FWU), Field UnitOchiltree (FWU), County, Ochiltree Texas, County, showing Texas, locati showingons of wells locations and various of wells data types collected fromand wells. various FWU data 13-10A, types 13-14, collected and from32-8 were wells. drilled FWU for 13-10A, this project. 13-14, and 32-8 were drilled for this project. The core descriptions were the basis for formation identification, development of detailed stratigraphic columns, facies classification, and interpretation of depositional envi- ronment and sequence stratigraphy. Samples from the three characterization wells were Energies 2021, 14, 1057 3 of 26 used for measurement of porosity, permeability, geomechanical properties, petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), stable isotope and electron microprobe studies for charac- terization of rock composition, textural relationships, diagenetic alteration, and studies of pore structure and networks. Well logs including borehole imaging logs were run in char- acterization wells to aid in interpretation of features such as fractures, lithology changes, and orientation for interpretation of bedding and sediment flow direction.
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