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C 15» Cennirya.D.-1773A.BJ Ci;F«.M UN FROM TRIRMISM TO INOEPENOENT STITTE: REFLECTION ON THE EMERGENCE OF KHIffn-KOOH HNGOOM (C 15» CenniryA.D.-1773A.B J Thesis submitted te tbe Hniversitii ef Hertb iienial, Baiieeilug, india, far (be Degree a( Daetar af PhiUisapbii iu Histary. Ci;f«.m Submitted by Rup Kumar Barman Lecturer in History Jadavpur University, Kolkata Under the Supervision of Dr. I. Sarkar Reader Department of History University of North Bengal UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL 2005 95^.00I30\^5\ B258F 11 MAR 200i Declaration The present Ph.D. Dissertation entitled From Tribalism to Independent State: Reflection on the Emergence of Kamata-Koch Kingdom (C15th Century A.D.-1773 A.D.) submitted by me for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History from the University of North Bengal, is entirely based on original materials carried out under the supervision of Dr. I. Sarkar, Reader, Department of History, University of North Bengal; and that neither this thesis nor any part of it has been submitted in any academic institution for such degree or diploma for me. Supervisor Candidate / (I.Sarkar) (Rup Kumar Barman) Acknowledgement It was my native village (Chhoto Chowkir Bos), situated in the Western Duars where I was brought up with several tribal communities and had the privillege to keenly observe the cultural similarities among the Mech, Rabha and the Koch (Rajbanshis) people. In my Post Graduate study I got more interest about the culture of these tribes when I again had an opportunity to be acquainted with other Mongoloid communities of Northeast India, Sikkim, Bhutan and Nepal.Under such a background, it may be noted, an idea to explore the issues of socio-cultural change of the tribal communities developed and the present work is an outcome of it. 1 am grateful to Dr. I.Sarkar, Reader, Department of History, University of North Bengal who always encouraged me and supervised the present work in the style as it has been shaped in its present form. The idea of communal unity among the tribes in certain stages together with their socioeconomic changes are the essential pre-conditions for the formation of a political structure of a community. Again process of cultural changes, state formation and the changes in the mode of production are interrelated in terms of development of the community. This relationship and its comparison with tribal and non-tribal state fonnation process of pre- colonial India and elsewhere are the main focus of the present work. It is a fact that a reseacrh work of this nature can not be completed by a single individual and this is true in my case of research work. I enjoyed enomours help and cooperation from different comers and without which 1 might not have completed this work in due time. At the outset I must aknowledge the co-operation of Prof Kunal Chattopadhyay, Prof Himadri Banerjee, Dr. Rila Mukherjee, Prof Sukla Das, Prof Chittabrata Palit, other colleagues of the Department of History, Jadavpur University, who clarified many points to understand the process of state formation. In this respect I must record the help I got from the articles and observations published by the North East India History Association. A few of them are not only releavent but also have widened my vision as to the theme of research. I would also record here the inspirations of the teachers of the department of history. University of North Bengal,who some way or other inspired me for the study of this region in particular and I have no hasitation to record that such a congenial situation promted me to explore the history of the Tista-Brahmiaputra valley. The source materials of the present study have been collected from different archives, libraries and institutions and from the oral traditions of the tribes of the Duars and Northeast India. I express my obligation to all such institutions. I record my thanks to the staff of the libraries namely St. Joseph's College Library, Daijeeling, A.B.N. Seal College Library, Cooch Behar, Central Library, Jadavpur University, Library of the Department of History, (i) Jadavpur University, Central Library, North Bengal University, National Library, Kolkata, Bangiya Sahitya Parishat ,Kolkata, Cultural Research Institute ,Kolkata, Center for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata ,North Bengal State Library (NBSL),Cooch Behar,Cooch Behar Sahitya Sabha ,Cooch Behar, Kamarupa Anusandhan Samity ,Guwahati, Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies(DHAS),Guwahati, The Asiatic Society, Kolkata; West Bengal State Archives, Kolkata, Anthropological Survey of India ,Eastem Region, Kolkata, West Bengal Secretariat Library, Kolkata, Sub Divisional Library, Alipur Duar, and so on. I have enjoyed their ready and enthusiastic support all along. Consultation of the unpublished manuscripts became easier to me due the cooperation rendered by Shri Ranu Ray, Assistant Librarian, NBSL, and Dr. Jiten Das (ACS, Director, DHAS), Dr. Nripendra Nath Pal, Shri Biswanath Das and Shri Dharma Narayan Barma of Cooch Behar. I find no suitable words to express my gratitude for helping me with some rare and valuable documents related to my reaserch .Mrs. Juthika Barman (Barma), my wife ever stood by me in various capacities till this work came to its final shape. Visits of the archaeological sites situated in an around the present district of Cooch Behar and some parts of Assam and elsewere became easier for me due the company of Shri Jhyotirmay Pandit, Nitesh Barma, Shri Subhash Barman, Shri Swapan Kumar Barman, Shri Anup Kumar Barman of Kamkshyaguri and Shri Jyotiska Ranjan Sarkar of Cooch Behar.I aknowledge their cooperation with due gratitude. My mother and my sisters have always been source of inspiration and moral support in course of my study. I am also grateful to Shri Parimal Das of West Garo Hills, Meghalay, for his cooperation to visit the Koch villages of Meghalaya and Assam. Shri Sushil Kumar Rabha ,Shri Sunil Pal and Shri Debashis Bhattacharya extended their full co-operation during my field studies at Kamakhyaguri, Khowar Danga and few other villages connected with my research. Sri Sankar Kumar Bose of Kolkata all along encouraged me for this study and with a scholar like temperament allowed me to consult rare coins (Narayani Tanka of the Koch kings) of his collection. Prof A.N.Basu, the present Vice Chancellor of Jadavpur University, has always been a source of moral support for the work. I am indebted to him. Last but not the least, I am grateful to my students of the Department of History, Jadavpur University, for their active interactions with my present studies and research. And for any error in the work, I am alone responsible. Rup Kumar Barman (ii) Abbreviations DHAS = Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati. Assam. lESHR = Indian Economic and Social History Review. EPW Economic and Political Weekly. IHR Indian Historical Review. JAS Journal of Asian Studies. JASB Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. JBORS = Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society. JNEICSSR = Journal of North East India Council for Social Scienc Research. JESHO = Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient JPS Journal of Peasant Studies. MAS Modem Asian Studies. Ms./ms. Manuscript. NBSL North Bengal State Library, Cooch Behar. Skt. Sanskrit. (iii) Contents Pages Acknowledgement i Abbreviations iii Introduction 1-7 Chapter I: State Formation: A Theoretical Overview 8-30 1.1. Early State formation: An Anthropological Approach 8 1.2. Early Indian States . 12 1.3. Medieval Indian States 14 1.4. State Formation in the Peripheral Zones 16 1.4.1. Pre-colonial Northeast Indian States 17 1.4.2. Processof Tribal State Formation 19 Chapter II : The Koches: Locations of their State Formation and Tribalism 31-51 2.1. River System 31 2.2. The Surface 33 2.3. Societal Format 33 2.4. Historical Locations 36 2.5. The Koches : Origin, Original Homeland and !dentit\ 37 2.5.1. Origins of the Koches 37 2.5.2. Original Homeland of the Koches 38 2.5.3. Racial Identity : Colonial and Post-colonial Constructions 40 2.5.4. Social Identity 41 2.6. The Koches and Meches and their Tribalism 43 2.6.1. The Koches in Tribalism 44 2.6.2. Socio-political Setting 45 Chapter III : State in the Making: The Kamata-Koches 52-83 3.1. Early States of the Brahmaputra Valley 52 3.2. Kamarupa : From the 4* to the T Century A.D. 53 3.3. Kamarupa : From the 7"' to the 12"' Century A.D. 54 3.4. The Pala Rulers of Kamarupa. 55 3.5. The Tista-Brahmaputra Valley from thel3th to the 15'" Century 56 3.6. Pre Kamata-Koch Political Traditions of the Tista-Brahmaputra Valley59 3.7. Formation of the Kamata State in the 15"" Century 61 3.7.1. Origin of the Khenas. 61 3.7.2. Identity of the Khenas 62 3.7.3. Beginning of the Kamata State Formation 63 3.7.4. Process of the Kamata State Formation 65 3.8. The Brahmaputra Valley in the Early 16"^ Century A.D. 68 3.9. The Koches: From Periphery to Center 71 3.9.1 .From Chiefdom to Kingdom 72 Chapter IV : The Koch Kingdom: Consolidation, Segmentation and Continuity. 84-112 4.1. Warfare and Territorial Formation 84 4.1.1 .Aggressive Warfare 85 4.1.2. Defensive Warfare 88 4.2. Segmentation 90 4.2.1. Division of the State 91 4.2.2 Begining of Intra-Koch conflicts 92 4.2.3. Consequence of the Intra-Koch Conflicts 94 4.3. Internal Strife and Pressure from Outside 95 4.3.1. Koch-Mughal and the Koch -Ahom Conflicts 95 4.3.2. Intemal Dissention and Intervention of Bhutan (1676-73) 99 4.4.
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