SASI 6 0>44 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology MUS. COMP». 200l_. L_lf3RARY II : K! o "•"~ifi H ^K R \/ A R O A REVIEW OF THE TRIVIIDAE (Mollusca: Gastropoda) CRAWFORD NEILL GATE SAN DIEGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY MEMOIR 10 1979 A REVIEW OF THE TRIVIIDAE (AAollusca: Gastropoda) CRAWFORD NEILL GATE SAN DIEGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY MEMOIR 10 20 June 1979 CONTENTS Introduction Systematics 6 Type Localities 6 Magnification 6 Credits 6 Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Conventions Systematics (List) Systematic Account 1 3 Literature Cited 118 Biosystematic Index 121 A Review of the Triviidae (MoUusca: Gastropoda) Crawford Neill Catei Introduction the Cypraeacea (Keen, 1971: 482 & 485). This assumption is based on the structural outline of the This work on the Triviidae brings to a conclusion shells, on the form of the terminal in the the planned trilogy of monographic treatments of processes, placement and of the cypraeacean forms: Ovulidae, Eratoidae and Trivi- appearance aperture, and in the similar appearance of their front and rear canals. idae. Its purpose is to bring together under one cover They are separated from other on the basis of the pertinent text relating to the combined Holocene cypraeaceans the strong transverse ribs present in tri- species, and to illustrate them, wherever possible, with nearly every viid species. photographs of the type specimens or their nearest Except for limited dorsal in a few equivalents. It is hoped that this will assist future spotting very species, shell pigmentation in triviids students of the group in identifyng their specimens; at neariy always consists of a single solid color, without or the very least it should provide a base from which design pat- tern. The adult shell is more or less cov- further research may proceed. nearly always ered with transverse, upraised ribs; Trivia None of the early workers in malacology seem to europaea have (Montagu, 1808) under certain conditions, and mem- treated the Triviidae in separate monographic bers of the Triviella, be the The form; usually a relatively few species were tacked on may only exceptions. longitudinal dorsal medial furrow, in at the end of a comprehensive review of the Cypraea. although present Kiener most Triviidae, is never seen in illustrated only 25 triviid species; Reeve, 32; Cypraeacea. In the Triviidae there are 3 different Sowerbyll (1832), 25; Sowerby II (1870), 48; Rob- roughly color-groups, which seem to cluster in cer- erts in Tryon, 43; Weinkauff figured 40, and Joyce together Allan tain areas of distribution. What I call the "brown" only 20. In modern times, the Schilders pub- lished a shells seem to range from the British Isles to helpful list of triviid species-names they had Spain and Portugal, into the Mediterranean Sea to Malta and encountered during the course of studying the Cy- North Africa, then south from Gibraltar to Maure- praeacea in various museums; they listed =212 Holo- tania. cene triviid A second, completely separate range for the names, but did little or no revisionary brown group is the Panamic area, from the southern work in this group beyond some rather complicated coast of California, the Gulf of California and south to tables which were intended as a guide to the morpho- Peru and the Galapagos Islands. logical characters of certain species. What may be termed the "white" shells This present work, then, is a more comprehensive (including the ones) are found south of Mauretania to review of the Triviidae. Listed herein are 6 valid grayish the Cape of Good Hope, in cold seas. For genera (2 of them new taxa), 7 subgenera, and 138 relatively the most part, however, the white species inhabit the valid species, of which 41 are new to science. Synon- Pacific waters from Hawaii to Japan, throughout ymy accounts for approximately another 115 species- Asian habitats the east names. including Philippines, India, Fossil species have been omitted except where the entire circumference of Australia, Indian Ocean photographs of certain fossil type specimens came to generally, the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the east Afri- hand by chance, along with other from photographs can coast south to roughly the coasts of Natal and museums assisting in my studies. South Africa. Due to a total lack of live it will neady material, The final color-group of triviid species, the pink be necessary at least for now to ignore the anatomy of and reddish shells, seem to be confined to the south- the Triviidae until east further collections of living animals coast of Africa, roughly from Durban to False be may made available to workers. For the present it Bay, Cape of Good Hope. can TTiere are only be assumed that the Triviidae relate more exceptions to the above generalities, as would be closely to the Cypraeidae than to the other members of expected. However, generally speaking, the fall into color-groups the above pattern with surprising Museum Associate, San Diego Natural History Museum. regularity. slender or fine. Systematics reality they should be considered Therefore it will be necessary for the student to use Schilder and Schilder (1971) established a work- the illustrations with caution, and to try to obtain an able arrangement of the Triviidae which I have found approximately equal amount of magnification, through convenient to adopt here, with a few changes. As use of a microscope, in any shells being studied and it follows the closely as it is possible to ascertain, compared with the illustrations. chronological evolutionary shell development. References to the fossil species may be found in Credits Schilder (1932) and Schilder and Schilder (1971). as mentioned above, a few random illustra- However, Over the years this author has had occasion to tions of fossil triviid here because types appear simply work with the late Drs. Schilder on various studies; their photographs were readily available. they very graciously granted their permission for me to use certain of their line drawings to emphasize Type Localities im- points under discussion, or to illustrate species num- to for one reason or another. At Due in large part to the fact that a very great possible photograph the collec- the from which ber of triviid species were described from this time 1 wish to credit publications tion of Hugh Cuming, many of their collecting locali- the Schilder drawings used in my present work were ties have been lost and type localities never heretofore derived: the Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de his contem- designated. Cuming was well known by France (Tome LVII, 1932: 399) [Figure 1 1 2a herein], he felt poraries for his dislike of "disfiguring" labels; and the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of that the addition of a label made the collection unat- London (Vol. 19, 1931 (6): 274; figs, a-e) [Figure and in his mind, because he knew where tractive, 87a herein]. shells came from, it seemed to the quite acceptable Other sources are listed in the appendix. him either to hide or to destroy the labels. Subsequent worsened misuse of the collection by others has only Acknowledgments the situation. Hence, the provenance of several spe- the cies has never been known; a few have had new type During the course of this research into the Triviidae, author has had the generous assistance of many people in the localities herein, where there seemed to be designated United Slates as well as elsewhere throughout the world. of the no question of range through recent collections Their interest in this work has been most gratifying. I e.xpress my special gratitude to Kathie Way, BM(NH) Further study will be needed to locate the species. for an extended effort in my behalf, for the tireless hours she which range of certain others. put into a great part of this work and others, without my own work would have been much more arduous. Another case in point is the Agnes Kenyon Col- Due to the broad scope of this paper, it has been neces- Australian Museum at lection, housed in the South sary to ask for a great deal of assistance from many people. of their time and their knowledge and Adelaide. Here, too, there were many trays of shells They gave generously provided important photographic material or loaned speci- or even several different without locality data, species mens for study. More than this, they provided encourage- have now ment. There were others, not specifically named here, whose lumped together into a single lot. These assistance in very many ways will not be forgotten. been sorted out, identified and returned to the mu- To the following, in alphabetical order, I extend my seum. appreciation and thanks for their part in this monograph: W. Adam, IRSN: Margaret Amtmann, Rancho Santa Fe; In view of the these have many years specimens Ake Andersson. NRS: P. L. G. Benoit, MRAC; Eugene to out Jean been in storage, once again I should like point Ernest Binder. MHNG; Lilia Capocaccia, MCSN; E. a Gate, Rancho Santa Fe; June Chatfield, NMW; Henry that the present study must be considered as only Coomans, ZMA; Fran^oise Danrigal. MNHN: Bertram Dra- in the Triviidae. J. van Goethem, beginning for future work per. LACM; Helen DuShane, LACM; IRSN; Tadashige Habe. NMST; David Heppell. RSME; Robert Jullien, MHNM; A. Myra Keen, Stanford Univer- Magnification Neil Kilburn. sity; Brian F. Kensley, SAMC; Richard NM; J. Knudsen, UZM; Rudolf Kilias, ZMB; R. V. Melville. It will be noted that the illustrations in this paper ICZN-BM(NH); Wilhelm Odelberg, RSAS: Winston Pon- of the der, AM; Radwin. SDNHM; Emily Reid. Berkeley; have been greatly enlarged to facilitate study George Peter U.