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KEY to ATLAS LINE TYPES Multiple track main line with inter-city services . HSL denotes a purpose-built High Speed Line. Single track main line with inter-city services . Multiple track secondary line . Single track secondary line. Multiple track freight line. Single track freight line. Line out of use (OOU). The above lines are built to the normal gauge for the country concerned. Ireland uses 1600 mm gauge; Spain and Portugal use the Iberian 1668 mm broad gauge. Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova use the Russian 1520 mm broad gauge; (Finland 1524 mm). All other countries use the European 1435 mm standard gauge. Localised variations and gauge change over points are noted on the maps. Multiple track narrow gauge lines. The gauge is stated on the maps. Single track narrow gauge line. Narrow gauge lines out of use (OOU). LINE COLOURS Black = Non-electrified. Red = 25kV a/c electrification. Blue = 15kV a/c electrification. Brown = 3000V d/c electrification. Green = 1500V d/c electrification. Orange = Electrification at less than 1500V d/c. The voltage stated on the maps. Lavender = 750V d/c third-rail electrification. Grey = Proposed lines; electrification system noted beside it where relevant. Pink = Heritage railways. The steam engine symbol denotes steam traction on some trains. The few electrified heritage railways have a note as to their electrification system. All unusual electrification systems are noted on the maps and shown in the nearest suitable colour. UE (in the relevant colour) denotes a line undergoing electrification work. LOCATIONS & SYMBOLS Passenger station - Heritage line station - Proposed station - Border customs station. Local spellings are used as these are what travellers will encounter. A station name shown in bold red denotes a major station, international airport station or major tourist location. H Heritage trains operate regularly over what is normally a freight railway. Freight or other non-passenger location. National border. Selected major tunnels. Tauernbahn Line name. Trolleys or rail-cycles are available for hire on this line. PFC Proposed for Closure. OOU Out of Use. Railway museum at or near this location. Keys are available in other languages from the website: www.europeanrailwayatlas.com A B C F I Ylivieska 3A1 3B1 3C1 N Karhukangas Nivala L Sukeva Maanselka A bus service operates between Eskola Nurmes and Kajaani (3B1) A Kannus UE Limited service N Haapajärvi Pyhäsalmi Valtimo Kiuruvesi Kauppilanmäki Nurmes D Pyhäkumpu Höljäkkä UE Runni Iisalmi Kohtavaara Lieksa 5 Kylänlahti Lapinlahti Pankakoski FINLAND Pihtipudas Vuonislahti Alapitkä Kinahmi Sänkimäki Limited service PFC Keitelepohja north of Joensuu Juankoski Siilinjärvi Kemira Uimaharju Kuopio Luikonlahti Kannonkoski Vuonos Kontiolahti Eno Kuopio Ilomantsi Sysmajärvi Joensuu Joensuu Saarijärvi Iisvesi Viinijärvi Yläkoski Äänekoski Suonenjoki Tuupovaara Tuuri Joensuu to Pieksämäki has Suolahti a limited service - PFC Hammaslahti Eläinpuisto-Zoo Säkäniemi Ähtäri Heinävesi Myllymäki 4 Jyväskylä Laukaa Vihtari PFC Venetmäki Hankasalmi Pieksämäki Syrjä Niirala Haapamäki Steam Pihlajavesi Petäjävesi Varkaus Kitee Värtsilä Locomotive Park PFC Lievestuore Joroinen Limited Loukolampi Huutokoski Puhos To Петрозаводск Haapamäki Keuruu Jyväskylä service There is a bus service between Petrozavodzk Kolho Savonlinna and Pieksämäki Muurame Маткаселькя Rantasalmi Saaskoski Savonlinna Kesälahti Matkaselkya Vilppula Mänttä Haukivuori PFC Kalvitsa Savonlinna Poiksilta Jämsänkoski Korkeakoski Jämsä Hiirola Punkaharju Сортавала Juupajoki Kaipola Saari Sortavala Otava Satama Otava Mikkeli Parikkala Orivesi Rasinsuo to Lauritsala and Simpele Mynttilä Joutseno to Imatra are to Элисенваара Elisenvaara Haviseva Ristiinan Main line railways in Finland are built to 1524 mm be double tracked Laikko Teollisuusrata gauge, slightly wider than the Russian 1520 mm Mäntyharju Rautjärvi 3 gauge. This does not prevent through working. Хийтола Khiytola Imatra Кузнечное Kuznechnoye Imatrankoski Valkeakoski Heinola Joutseno Hillosensalmi Lauritsala Светогорск Приозерск Priozersk Svetogorsk Lappeenranta Mustolan Parola Rasinsuo Satama Salpausselkä Mukkula Kouvola Ittala & Yard Luumäki (Winter sports centre) Nastola Hämeenlinna Voikkaa Hakosilta Jc Taavetti Vainikkala Каменогорск Turenki Lahti Бусловская Kamenogorsk Лосево Kausala Losevo Ryttylä Henna Koria Buslovskaya Выборг Vyborg Сосново HSL Inkeroinen Sosnovo Riihimäki Высоцк National Juurikorpi Mäntsälä Vysotsk Railway Hyvinkää Порово Museum Popovo Kymi Hamina RUSSIA Rajamäki Haarajoki Sunila Приморск Hinthaara Nikkilä Loviisan Kotka Satama Primorsk Зеленогорск Kerava Porvoo Satama (Harbour) Zelenogorsk 2 Nummela Porvoon Olli museorautatie Sköldvik 1. Санкт-Петербург Финляндский St. Peterburg Finlyandskiy Moskva To Vuosaari Yard & Port 4 Lohja Espoo 2. Санкт-Петербург Балтийский St. Peterburg Baltiyskiy Краснофлотск Лебяжье 1 Helsinki 3. Санкт-Петербург Витебский St. Peterburg Vitebskiy Krasnoflotsk Lebyazhe 3 St. Peterburg 5 4. Санкт-Петербург Главный St. Peterburg Glavny Калище 2 6 Siuntio Kirkkonummi Inkoo 5. Санкт-Петербург Ладожский St. Peterburg Ladozhskiy Kalishche 6. Санкт-Петербург Нева St. Peterburg Neva Ruskeasanta There is a proposal to build an undersea railway tunnel between GULF OF FINLAND Hiekkaharju Tallinn and Helsinki Усть-Луга Viinikkala Ust-Luga Helsinki- Tikkurila Kohtla-Järve Vantaankoski Lentoasema (Oil shale) Narva (Airport) Kunda Нарва Viimsi Jõhvi Muuga Port Kohtla- Kloogaranna Tallinn Nõmme Oru Vaivara Maardu Sonda Helsinki Kehra Kadrina Huopalahti Paldiski Pääsküla Ивангород Kivõli Käpylä 1 Tapa Rakvere Kabala Ahtme Ivangorod Leppävaara Lagedi Kohtla Power Oulunkylä Klooga Keila Liiva station Aegviidu Estonia Mine Pasila Yard & Depot Kohila Tamsalu (Väike-Pungerja) Ilmala Laitse Сланцы Pasila Slantsi Turba Riisipere ESTONIA Helsinki Rail Baltica 2 Rapla Rakke HSL 25kV a/c City Centre 1435 mm gauge RUSSIA (Approximate route) Lelle (Keskusta) Гдов 114B3 114B4 Gdov M 60 40 20 0 40 80 km 7 G N A R B A R E T T I I I 14 14 1 2 3 4 5 13C1 13C2 13C3 Brecon Mountain Rly 13C4 13C5 Ffairfach Carmarthen 1’ 11½” (600 mm) gauge Gloucester Whitland Llandybie Torpantau Clarbeston Pant Jc Haverfordwest Ebbw Vale Severn Shore h Road Ammanford WALES (Merthyr) Abergavenny dis Line an e Narberth Pantyffynnon Town St us West Wales h Onllwyn Merthyr Rhymney North & o Johnston Gwaen-cae c Parkend eh Lines Cwmmawr Gurwen Tydfil 7 West Line ss on d Tower 6 Dean Forest ne St u Golden Valley Line 8 rp tro Milford Haven Saundersfoot 1 Railway ha S Kidwelly Pontarddulais Aberdare Llanhilleth Ponytypool S Sapperton Tunnel 17A1 Llangennech Lydney f Treherbert & New Inn Cam & Swindon & Pembroke Dock Tenby Bynea Berkeley Cricklade Railway M Llanelli Neath Dursley Kemble 5 Cwmbran Cricklade Porth 2 Swansea Maesteg Chepstow Tytherington NE-SW Hayes Knoll d Machen Line Taw Valley Halt Port Severn Tunnel 30 Swansea Pontypridd Mouldon Hill A Docks Talbot 4m 628y Chipping Sodbury Parkway Tondu Pontyclun Caerphilly Newport Severn Beach Yate Tunnel Swindon Margam Cardiff Queen St. GWML Wootton STEAM GWR South Wales 10 4 Bristol Parkway Bassett Jc Bridgend Portishead 3 Railway Museum Main Line b Vale of Cardiff Central g Oldland Common Chippenham 20 Glamorgan Line Nailsea Cardiff Barry Penarth Avon Riverside Thingley Jc Llantwit Major Yatton Bristol 9 11 Berks & Barry Island Temple Melksham Hants Line BRISTOL CHANNEL Rhoose e Bristol Meads Bath Spa 10 Weston-super-Mare Bradford-upon-Avon Trowbridge Pewsey Midsomer Norton Westbury 1. Cwmgwrach Chilcompton a Lynton Bristol & 2. Abercynon Highbridge & Whatley Woody Bay Exeter Line Warminster 3. Filton Abbey Wood Burnham-on-Sea Merehead Killington Lane (Temporary) Mendip Vale 4. Avonmouth Lundy Minehead Frome Wessex Line 0 Wistlandpound Halt East Somerset Railway 5. Pontycymmer Williton Cranmore Witham East Wilton Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Washford Somerset Jc 6. Cwm Bargoed Bridgwater Parkway 1’11½” (600 mm) gauge Castle Cary 7. Whistle Inn West Somerset Bruton Tisbury Barnstaple Railway 10 8. Blaenavon Cogload Jc Gillingham (Dorset) Salisbury 17B1 9. Keynsham Tarka Line Bishops 10. Royal Portbury Docks Lydeard Berks & West of Umberleigh Taunton Hants Line England Line B 20 11. Box Tunnel - 1m 1,452y Templecombe a. Somerset & Dorset Railway Tiverton Yeovil Pen Mill b. Avon Valley Railway Bristol & Sherborne Sturminster Newton Parkway Exeter Line Yeovil Junction c. Pontypool & Blaenavon Railway Shillingstone 30 Eggesford d. Garw Valley Railway ENGLAND Shillingstone Crewkerne Heart of Wessex Line Railway Project e. Barry Tourist Railway Yeoford Cranbrook Honiton West of f. Vale of Berkeley Railway Sampford Courtenay Bow Feniton Maiden South Western 40 (Summer Sundays only) Crediton England Line g. Bristol Harbour Railway Newton Main Line h. Global Centre of Rail Excellence Okehampton Axminster Dorchester South Bournemouth (Summer Sundays only) Whimple Colyton (Proposed test track) Dartmoor Exeter St. David’s Pinhoe Seaton Dorchester West Wareham Christchurch 50 Railway Poole Launceston Steam Railway Exeter Central Bournemouth West Depot Meldon Topsham Seaton & District Moreton 1’ 11½” (600 mm) gauge Viaduct Electric Tramway Norden Corfe Castle New Mills Launceston At the time of writing (mid-2020) the 2’ 9” gauge - 120V d/c 60 Exmouth Dartmoor Railway was in administration Swanage Swanage and services were suspended Weymouth Railway Proposed for reopening Bodmin & Wenford Tavistock Heathfield Dawlish Steam Railway Gunnislake There is a through
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    EDITORIAL COMMITTEE DM ITRY ČIŽEVSKY Haward University OLEKSANDER GRANOVSKY University of Minnesota ROMAN SMAL STOCKI Marquette University VOLODYMYR P. TIMOSHENKO Stanford University EDITOR MICHAEL VETUKHIV Columbia University TECHNICAL EDITOR HENRY M. NEBEL, J r. The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. are published quarterly by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc. A Special issue will take place of 2 issues. All correspondence, orders, and remittances should be sent to The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. 11 У- West 26th Street, New York 10, N. Y. PRICE OF THIS ISSUE: $5.00 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: J6.00 A special rate is offered to libraries and graduate and undergraduate students in the fields of Slavic studies. Copyright 1955, by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc. THE ANNALS of the UKRAINIAN ACADEMY of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. Vol. IV-V Sum m er-Fall, 1955 No. 4 (14)-1 (15) Special Issue THE SETTLEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN UKRAINE (1750-1775) N. D. Polons’ka -Vasylenko Published by THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN T H E U.S., Inc. New York 1955 THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U. S., INC. S p e c i a l I s s u e CONTENTS page Introduction .................................................................................. 1 P a r t O n e COLONIZATION OF NOVA SERBIYA AND SLAVYAN OSERBIYA I. The Return of the Zaporozhians to their “Free Lands” .............................................................................
  • Assessment of the Tourist Potential of the Belarusian Polesie

    Assessment of the Tourist Potential of the Belarusian Polesie

    FRANKFURT ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION “BAHNA” ASSESSMENT OF THE TOURIST POTENTIAL OF THE BELARUSIAN POLESIE Prepared in accordance with contract No. FZS-1 dated 01 July, 2020 Minsk, 2020 CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Basic terms and definitions …………………………………………………………….. 4 I The state of agro- and ecotourism in Belarus and in the Polesie region…………. 5 1. Agro-ecotourism …………………………………………………………………. 5 2. Ecotourism ……………………………………………………………………….. 7 2.1. Ecotourism based on protected areas ……………………………….. 7 2.2. Ecotourism based on the forest fund …………………………………. 9 3. Water tourism ……………………………………………………………………. 13 II Conditions for tourism business …………………………………………………….. 14 1. General legal conditions …………………..................................................... 14 2. Conditions for issuing loans for agro-estates ………………………………… 14 3. Results of a survey of agro-ecotourism entities in Polesie …………………. 16 III Tourism Economics …………………………………………………………………. 18 IV Rural tourism and ecotourism in the EU ………………………………………….. 24 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………… 26 Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………… 29 2 INTRODUCTION Belarus is a country with significant and largely underestimated tourism potential, including for the development of ecotourism. Whereas Polesie is one of the regions with a rich natural and cultural heritage. It is undoubtedly important to preserve this heritage in the most natural state and at the same time use its potential for the purposes of sustainable development of the region, where about 2 million people live, as well as for the growth of the economy of the entire country. In this study, we focus on economic aspects in order to assess the current state of tourism in rural areas, as well as tourism based on the sustainable use of natural potential (ecotourism). Among our tasks is a primary assessment of the efficiency and prospects of investments in this sector, determination of its potential for achieving the goals of socio- economic development.