Republic of the Union of Myanmar

DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL FOR THILAWA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND ADJOINING AREAS

FINAL REPORT (MAIN REPORT)

SEPTEMBER 2014

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

GE SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. JR 14-173

Bago River

Myanmar

Yangon

Thanlyin Township TARGET AREA

Zarmani-Inn Reservoir

Thilawa Reservoir

Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir

Thilawa SEZ

Kyauktan

Township

Location Map – Area around Thilawa SEZ- (1/2)

I

Location Map – Bago River Basin - (2/2)

II

Site Photographs (1)

Landscape of the Thilawa SEZ Zarmani-inn reservoir (August 2012) (October 2012)

Ban Bwe Gon reservoir La Gun Byin reservoir and intake facility (October 2012) (November 2012)

Thilawa reservoir Alilne Nee reservoir and intake facility (October 2012) (January 2014)

III

Site Photographs (2)

Field survey of VES Field survey of TDEM (Geophysical prospecting) (Geophysical prospecting) (October 2012) (November 2012)

Existing shallow well in Thanlyin township Existing deep well in Thanlyin township (November 2012) (November 2012)

Borehole drilling (D-2 site) Description of drill core (D-4 site) (February 2013) (February 2013)

IV

Site Photographs (3)

Test well drilling (D-1 site) Geophysical logging of test well (D5 site) (December 2012) (January 2013)

Pumping test of test well (D-3 site) Observation stations of groundwater level of test (June 2013) wells (D-3 site) (October 2013)

Water quality test of groundwater Sampling of groundwater for isotope analysis (July 2013) (July 2013)

V

Site Photographs (4)

Zaung Tu weir Khayan Sluice (February 2012) (January 2014)

Automatic river water level gauging station at Existing river water level gauging station at Bago Tamabin (May 2014) river (October 2012)

River water quality test along up-steam of Bago River discharge measurement by ADCP river (March 2013) (May 2014)

VI

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1-1 Background of the Study ...... 1-1 1-2 Objectives of the Study ...... 1-2

CHAPTER 2 BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 2-1 Basic Data of Nature, Society, Economy and Environmental & Social Considerations...... 2-1 2-1-1 Target Area of the Study ...... 2-1 2-1-2 Nature ...... 2-2 2-1-3 Society ...... 2-3 2-1-4 Economy ...... 2-4 2-1-5 Environmental and Social Consideration ...... 2-6 2-2 Organization of the Administration and Legal Frame on the Water Utilization ...... 2-8 2-2-1 Organization of the Administration on the Water Utilization ...... 2-8 2-2-2 Policy ...... 2-9 2-2-3 Legal Frame ...... 2-9 2-3 Outline of Topography and Geology ...... 2-9 2-3-1 Topography ...... 2-9 2-3-2 Geology ...... 2-12 2-4 Socioeconomic Situation in the Project Area ...... 2-16 2-4-1 Area and Population ...... 2-16 2-4-2 Industry, Economy, Employment ...... 2-19 2-5 Present Situation of the Water Utilization of the Survey Areas ...... 2-22 2-5-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area ...... 2-22 2-5-2 Present Situation of the Industry in the Target Area ...... 2-24 2-5-3 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area ...... 2-25 2-6 Agriculture in the Project Area ...... 2-25 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use ...... 2-25 2-6-2 Planted Area, Production and These Trend in Recent Years ...... 2-26 2-6-3 Agricultural Tools and Machineries ...... 2-31 2-7 Water Right and Organization of the Water Utilization ...... 2-31 2-7-1 Water Right ...... 2-31 2-7-2 Water Users Association ...... 2-32

CHAPTER 3 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER 3-1. Outline...... 3-1 3-1-1 Purpose ...... 3-1 3-1-2 Definition of Groundwater Development Potential ...... 3-1 3-1-3 Topography...... 3-2 3-1-4 Geology ...... 3-3 3-2 Groundwater Survey ...... 3-7 3-2-1 Outline ...... 3-7 3-2-2 Review of Existing Reports and Data ...... 3-9 3-2-3 Well Inventory Survey ...... 3-20 3-2-4 Geophysical Survey ...... 3-49

VII 3-2-5 Core Boring ...... 3-57 3-2-6 Test Well ...... 3-73 3-2-7 Water Quality Survey of Existing Wells ...... 3-83 3-2-8 Water Quality Test of Test Well ...... 3-93 3-2-9 Groundwater Level Monitoring ...... 3-111 3-2-10 Seasonal Groundwater Level Measurement at Dug Wells ...... 3-121 3-2-11 Creation of Landcover Map ...... 3-124 3-2-12 Outcrop Reconnaissance ...... 3-125 3-2-13 Pumping Test at Existing Wells ...... 3-129 3-3 Comprehensive Analysis of Obtained Hydrogeological Data ...... 3-134 3-3-1 Outline ...... 3-134 3-3-2 Aquifer Distribution and Its Nature ...... 3-136 3-3-3 Groundwater Use ...... 3-160 3-3-4 Water Quality ...... 3-171 3-3-5 Groundwater Head and Movement ...... 3-180 3-4 Groundwater Recharge and Exploitation Rate ...... 3-183 3-4-1 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Rate by Tank Model ...... 3-183 3-4-2 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Amount and Exploitation Rate...... 3-193 3-5 Estimation of Groundwater Development Potential ...... 3-194 3-5-1 Assessment of Key Items on Groundwater Development Potential ...... 3-194 3-5-2 Basic Figure of Groundwater Development Potential ...... 3-195 3-6 Environmental Impact Assessment on Short Term Groundwater Development Potential for Thilawa SEZ with 3-D Aquifer Conceptual Model ...... 3-196 3-6-1 Outline ...... 3-196 3-6-2 Creation of 3D Model ...... 3-197 3-6-3 Development Simulation ...... 3-213 3-7 Conclusion on Short-Term Groundwater Development for Thilawa SEZ ...... 3-235 3-8 Recommendation for Groundwater Monitoring and Aquifer Management ...... 3-236 3-8-1 Monitoring of Groundwater Extraction in Thilawa SEZ ...... 3-236 3-8-2 Monitoring and Aquifer Management in Thanlyin Town ...... 3-239 3-8-3 Effective Use of Installed Observation Wells and Performer of Aquifer Monitoring and Management ...... 3-241 3-9 Conclusion and Recommendation for Groundwater Development in Future For the Region ...... 3-243

CHAPTER 4 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER 4-1 Bago Basin ...... 4-1 4-1-1 Survey Area for Surface water ...... 4-1 4-1-2 Topography ...... 4-1 4-1-3 Rivers, Streams and Basin Area ...... 4-2 4-1-4 Soils 4-4 4-1-5 Landcover ...... 4-5 4-2 Climate ...... 4-8 4-2-1 Climate Resume...... 4-9 4-2-2 Meteorological Station ...... 4-10 4-2-3 Rainfall ...... 4-12 4-2-4 Air Temperature ...... 4-15

VIII 4-2-5 Humidity ...... 4-16 4-2-6 Wind Speed...... 4-17 4-2-7 Solar Radiation ...... 4-17 4-2-8 Evapotranspiration ...... 4-18 4-3 Tidal Change ...... 4-19 4-4 Hydrological Survey ...... 4-21 4-4-1 Bago River Basin ...... 4-21 4-4-2 Hydrological Stations in Bago Basin ...... 4-22 4-4-3 Existing Records ...... 4-25 4-4-4 River Stage and River Discharge Measurement ...... 4-28 4-4-5 Data Verification ...... 4-41 4-4-6 Rating Curve ...... 4-43 4-4-7 Calculation of River Discharge ...... 4-47 4-4-8 Comparison with Other Data ...... 4-48 4-4-9 Water Quality Survey of Surface Water ...... 4-51 4-5 Water Facilities...... 4-65 4-5-1 Reservoir...... 4-65 4-5-2 Irrigation Canals/Drainages and Water Gates ...... 4-68 4-5-3 30 Mile Greening Project ...... 4-71 4-5-4 Reservoirs around Thilawa SEZ ...... 4-82 4-5-5 La Gun Byin and Aligni Reservoir ...... 4-101 4-5-6 Dawei Dam Plan ...... 4-106 4-5-7 Rainwater Utilization adjacent to SEZ ...... 4-111 4-5-8 New Reservoir in the Thilawa SEZ area ...... 4-115 4-6 Water Resource and Basin Water Balance ...... 4-116 4-6-1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) ...... 4-116 4-6-2 Catchments Delineation ...... 4-117 4-6-3 Sub-basin Division ...... 4-118 4-6-4 Preparation of Input Information ...... 4-120 4-6-5 HRU (Hydrological Response Unit) Analysis ...... 4-121 4-6-6 Calibration Data ...... 4-128 4-6-7 Model Calibration ...... 4-128 4-6-8 Model Output...... 4-134 4-6-9 Basin Water Balance ...... 4-138 4-6-10 Water Yield of Sub-Basin ...... 4-141 4-7 Monitoring System and Database ...... 4-143 4-7-1 Monitoring items ...... 4-143 4-7-2 Data Base ...... 4-146

CHAPTER 5 THE WATER DEMAND FORECASTING 5-1 Precondition of the Forecasting on the Water Demand ...... 5-1 5-1-1 Industry Targeted ...... 5-1 5-2 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Agriculture ...... 5-2 5-2-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area ...... 5-2 5-2-2 Future Agriculture in the Target Area ...... 5-2 5-2-3 Forecasting of the Irrigation Water Demand ...... 5-4 5-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Industry ...... 5-5

IX 5-3-1 Present Situation of Water Utilization of Industy in the Target Area ...... 5-5 5-3-2 Required Water Demand of Industry use for the Four Township in 2040 ...... 5-6 5-3-3 Required Water Demand from the Thilawa SEZ ...... 5-6 5-3-4 Required Water Demand for Industry ...... 5-7 5-4 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use ...... 5-7 5-4-1 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area ...... 5-7 5-4-2 Population Movement in the Target Area ...... 5-7 5-4-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use ...... 5-8 5-5 Future Water Demand in the Target Area ...... 5-9 5-6 Consideration from View Point of the Water Resources Potential ...... 5-9 5-6-1 Groundwater Resource Potential ...... 5-9 5-6-2 Surface Water Resource Potential ...... 5-10 5-6-3 Issues for the Water Resource Development from Aspect of the Water Balance ...... 5-10

CHAPTER 6 WATER FACILITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN 6-1 Basic Condition ...... 6-1 6-1-1 Water Resource Options Consideration ...... 6-1 6-1-2 Other Water Resources ...... 6-4 6-1-3 Condition for Consideration ...... 6-7 6-2 Water Facility Development Plan for the Short-Term ...... 6-12 6-2-1 Facility Design ...... 6-12 6-2-2 Cost Comparison ...... 6-43 6-3 Mid-Term Plan ...... 6-64 6-3-1 Main Water Resources ...... 6-64 6-3-2 Issues of Main Reservoirs ...... 6-66 6-3-3 Spillway of La Gun Byin Reservoir ...... 6-68 6-3-4 Freeboard of La Gun Byin Reservoir ...... 6-74 6-4 Long-Term Plan ...... 6-81 6-4-1 Sites of the Dawei Dam ...... 6-82 6-4-2 Geology Condition ...... 6-84 6-4-3 Type of Dam and Embankment Material ...... 6-84 6-4-4 Dam Capacity ...... 6-85 6-4-5 Flood Discharge ...... 6-86 6-4-6 Flood Flow Analysis ...... 6-88 6-4-7 Spillway ...... 6-90 6-4-8 Water Level of Reservoir ...... 6-90 6-4-9 Proposed Dam Cross Section ...... 6-96

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION 7-1 Environment and Social Consideration ...... 7-1 7-1-1 Legal System of Environment and Social Consideration in Myanmar ...... 7-1 7-1-2 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure ...... 7-3 7-2 Current Environment ...... 7-4 7-2-1 Water Development Plans ...... 7-4 7-2-2 Natural Reserve and Rare Species ...... 7-5 7-2-3 Cultural Heritage ...... 7-5 7-2-4 Existing Well and Pond ...... 7-9

X 7-3 Consideration Points on Water Resource Development and Implementation ...... 7-9 7-3-1 Examination of Alternatives ...... 7-9 7-3-2 Scoping ...... 7-10 7-3-3 TOR for Environmental and Social Consideration ...... 7-15

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION1 8-1 Groundwater Resources ...... 8-1 8-2 Surface Water Resources ...... 8-2

SUPPORTING DATA (CD-ROM Attached)

Chapter 1 Observation Well Chapter 2 Pumping Test Chapter 3 Groundwater Quality Chapter 4 Surface Water Quality Chapter 5 Meteorological Observation Chapter 6 River Discharge Chapter 7 Environment and Social Consideration Chapter 8 Aquifer Profile Chapter 9 Pumping Test at Existing Well Chapter 10 Geophysical Survey Chapter 11 Groundwater level Chapter 12 Surface Water Level

XI List of Figures

Figure 2-1-1 Administrative Sectional ...... 2-1 Figure 2-1-2 Target Area of the Study for the Surface Water...... 2-2 Figure 2-1-3 Target Area of the Study for the Groundwater ...... 2-2 Figure 2-1-4 Monthly mean temperature and rainfall ...... 2-3 Figure 2-1-5 Industrial Structure in GDP ...... 2-5 Figure 2-1-6 Industrial Export Ratio ...... 2-6 Figure 2-3-1 Topographic Units in the Southern Myanmar and Location of Survey Area ...... 2-11 Figure 2-3-2 Topography and Elevation in and near the Groundwater Investigation Area ...... 2-11 Figure 2-3-3 Bird’s-eye View of Topography of Groundwater Investigation Area ...... 2-12 Figure 2-3-4 Regional Geological Map around the Survey Area ...... 2-13 Figure 2-3-5 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Rigde ...... 2-15 Figure 2-3-6 Bouguer Anomaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges ...... 2-16 Figure 2-4-1 Population Age Distribution in 2012 by Township ...... 2-18 Figure 2-4-2 Population Trend during 2005 to 2012 ...... 2-19 Figure 2-4-3 GDP Share in 4 Townships ...... 2-20 Figure 2-6-1 Trend of Crop Production from 2008 to 2013 ...... 2-28 Figure 2-6-2 Trend of Summer Paddy Harvested Area from 2008 to 2012 ...... 2-30 Figure 2-6-3 Trend of Total Irrigated Area from 2008 to 2013 ...... 2-30 Figure 2-7-1 Organization chart of the related ministries -1 ...... 2-32 Figure 2-7-2 Organization chart of the related ministries -2 ...... 2-33 Figure 2-7-3 Organization chart of the related ministries -3 ...... 2-34

Figure 3-1-1-1 Groundwater Survey Area and Topography ...... 3-1 Figure 3-1-3-1 Bird’s-eye View of Groundwater Survey Area ...... 3-3 Figure 3-1-4-1 Bouguer Anormaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges ...... 3-5 Figure 3-1-4-2 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge ...... 3-6 Figure 3-2-1-1 Main Locations of Groundwater Surveys ...... 3-8 Figure 3-2-2-1 Example of Geologic and Well Logs ...... 3-10 Figure 3-2-2-2 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Whole Area) ...... 3-12 Figure 3-2-2-3 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Northern Area) ...... 3-13 Figure 3-2-2-4 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Southern Area) ...... 3-14 Figure 3-2-2-5 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing el al., 1991) (1/2) ...... 3-17 Figure 3-2-2-6 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing el al., 1991) (2/2) ...... 3-18 Figure 3-2-2-7 Tri-linear Diagram of Main Ions of Well Water near Thanlyin-Kyuaktan Ridge ...... 3-20 Figure 3-2-2-8 Iron Concentration of Well Water ...... 3-20 Figure 3-2-2-9 Relationship between Electric Conductivity and Chloride Concentration ...... 3-20 Figure 3-2-3-1 Target Village Group ...... 3-22 Figure 3-2-3-2 Location of Facilities ...... 3-24 Figure 3-2-3-3 Example of Facilities ...... 3-25 Figure 3-2-3-4 Location of Candidate Wells for Monitoring and Pumping Test ...... 3-26 Figure 3-2-3-5 Number and Discharge of Wells in the Survey Area ...... 3-27 Figure 3-2-3-6 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area ...... 3-27 Figure 3-2-3-7 Distribution of Tube Wells in the Survey Area ...... 3-29

XII Figure 3-2-3-8 Distribution of Dug Wells in the Survey Area ...... 3-30 Figure 3-2-3-9 Distribution of Ponds in the Survey Area ...... 3-31 Figure 3-2-3-10 Installation Year of Tube Well (as of Dec., 2012) ...... 3-33 Figure 3-2-3-11 Depth of Tube Well ...... 3-33 Figure 3-2-3-12 Diameter of Tube Well ...... 3-34 Figure 3-2-3-13 Daily Pumping Hours of Tube Well ...... 3-34 Figure 3-2-3-14 Capacity of Tube Well ...... 3-35 Figure 3-2-3-15 Daily Discharge of Tube Well ...... 3-35 Figure 3-2-3-16 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (Whole Area) ...... 3-36 Figure 3-2-3-17 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (in and near the Hill) ...... 3-37 Figure 3-2-3-18 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100m (Whole Area) ...... 3-38 Figure 3-2-3-19 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100 m (in and near the Hill) ...... 3-39 Figure 3-2-3-20 Installation Year of Dug Well ...... 3-40 Figure 3-2-3-21 Depth of Dug Well ...... 3-41 Figure 3-2-3-22 Diameter of Dug Well ...... 3-41 Figure 3-2-3-23 Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well ...... 3-41 Figure 3-2-3-24 Pumping Capacity of Dug Well ...... 3-42 Figure 3-2-3-25 Daily Discharge of Dug Well ...... 3-42 Figure 3-2-3-26 Groundwater Table Depth of Dug Well ...... 3-42 Figure 3-2-3-27 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth (In and near the Hill) ...... 3-43 Figure 3-2-3-28 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth greater than 10 m (In and near the Hill) ...... 3-44 Figure 3-2-3-29 Installation Year of Pond ...... 3-45 Figure 3-2-3-30 Length of Pond ...... 3-46 Figure 3-2-3-31 Width of Pond ...... 3-46 Figure 3-2-3-32 Depth of Pond ...... 3-47 Figure 3-2-3-33 Capacity of Pond ...... 3-47 Figure 3-2-3-34 Spatial Distribution of Capacity of Pond ...... 3-48 Figure 3-2-3-35 Example of Pond Distribution in Thongwa Township ...... 3-49 Figure 3-2-4-1 Summary of Survey for Seawater Intrusion ...... 3-50 Figure 3-2-4-2 Analytical Result of VES ...... 3-51 Figure 3-2-4-3 Result of TDEM Survey (e.g.) ...... 3-52 Figure 3-2-4-4 Resistivity Profile (A Line) ...... 3-55 Figure 3-2-4-5 Resistivity Profile (B Line) ...... 3-56 Figure 3-2-5-1 Core Drilling Work Progress ...... 3-58 Figure 3-2-5-2 Photo and Facies Outline of D-2 Core Sample (1/3) ...... 3-62 Figure 3-2-5-3 Photo and Facies Outline of D-2 Core Sample (2/3) ...... 3-63 Figure 3-2-5-4 Photo and Facies Outline of D-2 Core Sample (3/3) ...... 3-64 Figure 3-2-5-5 Photo and Facies Outline of D-4 Core Sample (1/3) ...... 3-65 Figure 3-2-5-6 Photo and Facies Outline of D-4 Core Sample (2/3) ...... 3-66 Figure 3-2-5-7 Photo and Facies Outline of D-4 Core Sample (3/3) ...... 3-67 Figure 3-2-5-8 D-2 Surface - Lateritic soil and weathered zone ...... 3-68 Figure 3-2-5-9 D-2 86.5 ~ 89.5 m - Ferruginous brown-colored weathered zone ...... 3-68 Figure 3-2-5-10 D-2 95.5 ~ 96.5 m - Semi-consolidated fine alternation of silt and very fine sand ...... 3-69 Figure 3-2-5-11 D-2 131.5 ~ 134.5 m - Hard sandstone and brownish weakly consolidated sandstone ...... 3-69 Figure 3-2-5-12 D-2 186.0 ~ 189.5 m - Weakly consolidated sandstone (crushable with fingers) ...... 3-70 Figure 3-2-5-13 D-2 249.4 ~ 249.55 m - Fine alternation of clay and silt;

XIII almost horizontally bedded ...... 3-70 Figure 3-2-5-14 D-2 255.5 ~ 256.5 m - Fine alternation of silt and very fine sand; dipping approx. 15° ...... 3-71 Figure 3-2-5-15 D-4 9.3 ~ 9.5 m - Fine alternation of silt and very fine sand (Disturbed by drilling torque) ...... 3-71 Figure 3-2-5-16 D-4 around 83 m - Old soil and old weathered zone ...... 3-72 Figure 3-2-5-17 D-4 152.5 ~ 153.5 m - Fine alternation of clay and silt (weakly consolidated) ...... 3-72 Figure 3-2-5-18 D-4 201.4 m - Trace fossil ...... 3-73 Figure 3-2-5-19 D-4 223.5 ~ 224.5 m - Alternation of silt and very fine sand, and slightly consolidated sandstone ...... 3-73 Figure 3-2-6-1 Schematic Profile of Test Well Allocation ...... 3-74 Figure 3-2-6-2 Example of Well Log ...... 3-76 Figure 3-2-6-3 Location of Test Wells by another JICA Team ...... 3-80 Figure 3-2-6-4 Appearance of Test Wells by another JICA Team ...... 3-81 Figure 3-2-7-1 Location and Depth of Existing Wells for Water Quality Survey ...... 3-89 Figure 3-2-7-2 Distribution of Electric Conductivity (EC) of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013)...... 3-89 Figure 3-2-7-3 Distribution of Electric Conductivity (EC) of Existing-Well Water (Both Seasons, 2013) ...... 3-90 Figure 3-2-7-4 Distribution of pH of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ...... 3-91 Figure 3-2-7-5 Distribution of Turbidity of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ...... 3-91 Figure 3-2-7-6 Distribution of Color Index of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ...... 3-92 Figure 3-2-7-7 Distribution of Taste of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ...... 3-92 Figure 3-2-7-8 Distribution of Odor of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ...... 3-93 Figure 3-2-8-1 Schematic Figure of Pipe System for Helium Gas Sampling ...... 3-104 Figure 3-2-8-2 Sampling Scene ...... 3-105 Figure 3-2-8-3 Result of Stable Isotope Analysis – Hydrogen and Oxygen ...... 3-106 Figure 3-2-8-4 Relationship between Helium 4 and Isotopes ...... 3-107 Figure 3-2-8-5 Relationship between Helium Isotopes and Ne/He ...... 3-108 Figure 3-2-8-6 Natural Gas Show around D-4 Site ...... 3-108 Figure 3-2-8-7 Helium-4 Age Distribution on Aquifer Profile ...... 3-109 Figure 3-2-8-8 Location and EC of Test Well in SEZ by another JICA Team ...... 3-110 Figure 3-2-9-1 Location of Observation Wells and Existing Wells ...... 3-114 Figure 3-2-9-2 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Elevation – All Wells ...... 3-116 Figure 3-2-9-3 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Elevation –Wells in Plain/Lowland ...... 3-116 Figure 3-2-9-4 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Depth – All Wells ...... 3-117 Figure 3-2-9-5 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Depth – Wells in Plain/Lowland ...... 3-117 Figure 3-2-9-6 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-1 Site Wells ...... 3-118 Figure 3-2-9-7 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-2 Site Wells ...... 3-118 Figure 3-2-9-8 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-3 Site Wells ...... 3-119 Figure 3-2-9-9 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-4 Site Wells ...... 3-119 Figure 3-2-9-10 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-5 Site Wells ...... 3-120 Figure 3-2-10-1 Groundwater Table Contours in Unconfined Aquifer in the Hill (Nov., 2012) ...... 3-121 Figure 3-2-10-2 Groundwater Table Depth and Elevation in Dug Wells in Nov., 2012 ...... 3-122 Figure 3-2-10-3 Groundwater Table Depth and Elevation in Dug Wells at the End of April. 2014 ...... 3-123 Figure 3-2-11-1 Land Cover Map of Groundwater Survey Area ...... 3-124 Figure 3-2-12-1 Outcrops in the Northern Part of the Hill near the Kyaik Kauk Pagoda (1) ...... 3-126

XIV Figure 3-2-12-2 Outcrops in the Northern Part of the Hill near the Kyaik Kauk Pagoda (2) ...... 3-126 Figure 3-2-12-3 Outcrops in Central Part of the Hill to the East of Thilawa ...... 3-127 Figure 3-2-12-4 Outcrop in Southern Part of the Hill along Hmaw Wun River in Kyauktan ...... 3-128 Figure 3-2-12-5 Outcrop in the Plain along Hmaw Wun River to the East of Kyauktan Town ...... 3-128 Figure 3-2-13-1 Location of Existing Wells for Pumping Test ...... 3-129 Figure 3-2-13-2 Cumulative Flow Meter ...... 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-3 Pump used at Shallow Well ...... 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-4 Automatic Water Level Meter used for the Test ...... 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-5 Water Level and Pumping Rate Change in Pumping at KYA-20 ...... 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-6 Water Level Change in Pumping and Recovery at KYA-2 ...... 3-132 Figure 3-2-13-7 Water Level and Pumping Rate Change in Pumping at THA-27 ...... 3-132 Figure 3-2-13-8 Water Level Change in Pumping and Recovery at THA-27 ...... 3-132 Figure 3-2-13-9 Water Level and Pumping Rate Change in Pumping at THA-8 ...... 3-133 Figure 3-2-13-10 Water Level Change in Pumping and Recovery at THA-8 ...... 3-133 Figure 3-3-1-1 Schematic Profile of Groundwater Head Distribution and Movement ...... 3-134 Figure 3-3-1-2 Schematic Profile of Aquifer Distribution, Nature and Water Use ...... 3-135 Figure 3-3-2-1 Location of Aquifer Investigation...... 3-137 Figure 3-3-2-2 Location of Aquifer Investigation (near Central Part of Thilawa SEZ) ...... 3-137 Figure 3-3-2-3 Results of Aquifer Investigation in Tertiary Hill and Inferred Aquifer Profile ...... 3-138 Figure 3-3-2-4 Results of Aquifer Investigation in Quaternary Plain and Inferred Aquifer Profile ...... 3-139 Figure 3-3-2-5 Resistivity and Inferred Aquifer Profile along E-W Direction (A Section) ...... 3-140 Figure 3-3-2-6 Resistivity and Inferred Aquifer Profile along N-S Direction (B Section) ...... 3-141 Figure 3-3-2-7 Inferred Aquifer Profile in and around Central Part of Thilawa SEZ (1) ...... 3-142 Figure 3-3-2-8 Inferred Aquifer Profile in and around Central Part of Thilawa SEZ (2) ...... 3-143 Figure 3-3-2-9 Lines of Aquifer Profile (1) ...... 3-148 Figure 3-3-2-10 Lines of Aquifer Profiles (2) ...... 3-149 Figure 3-3-2-11 Aquifer Profile – WSW-ENE Sections (1) ...... 3-150 Figure 3-3-2-12 Aquifer Profile – WSW-ENE Sections (2) ...... 3-151 Figure 3-3-2-13 Aquifer Profile – NNW-SSE Sections (1) ...... 3-152 Figure 3-3-2-14 Aquifer Profile – NNW-SSE Sections (2) ...... 3-153 Figure 3-3-2-15 Aquifer Profile – NNW-SSE Sections (3) ...... 3-154 Figure 3-3-2-16 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (1) ...... 3-155 Figure 3-3-2-17 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (2) ...... 3-156 Figure 3-3-2-18 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (3) ...... 3-157 Figure 3-3-2-19 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (4) ...... 3-158 Figure 3-3-2-20 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (5) ...... 3-159 Figure 3-3-3-1 Number of wells and Total Discharge ...... 3-161 Figure 3-3-3-2 Dug Well (left) and Tube Well (right) ...... 3-161 Figure 3-3-3-3 Installation Year of Tube Wells ...... 3-161 Figure 3-3-3-4 Distribution of Dug Well ...... 3-162 Figure 3-3-3-5 Distribution of Tube Well ...... 3-163 Figure 3-3-3-6 Areal Density of Wells by 500 m Square ...... 3-164 Figure 3-3-3-7 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – All Aquifers ...... 3-165 Figure 3-3-3-8 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – Surface Aquifer ...... 3-166 Figure 3-3-3-9 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 1st Aquifer ...... 3-167 Figure 3-3-3-10 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 2nd Aquifer ...... 3-168 Figure 3-3-3-11 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 3rd Aquifer ...... 3-169

XV Figure 3-3-3-12 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 4th Aquifer ...... 3-170 Figure 3-3-4-1 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile – WSW- ENE Direction (1) ...... 3-173 Figure 3-3-4-2 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile – WSW- ENE Direction (2) ...... 3-174 Figure 3-3-4-3 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile - NNW - SSE Direction (1) ...... 3-175 Figure 3-3-4-4 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile - NNW - SSE Direction (2) ...... 3-176 Figure 3-3-4-5 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile - NNW - SSE Direction (3) ...... 3-177 Figure 3-3-4-6 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (1) ...... 3-178 Figure 3-3-4-7 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (2) ...... 3-179 Figure 3-3-4-8 Aquifer Section and Salty Water Distribution under Thilawa SEZ ...... 3-180 Figure 3-3-5-1 Schematic Explanation of Relationship between Extraction Scale and GW Head Drawdown near Sea Water Intrusion River ...... 3-182 Figure 3-4-1-1 Tank Model Expression of Aquifers and Target Tanks for the Present Analysis ...... 3-184 Figure 3-4-1-2 GW Head Observation Status of Aquifers (showing an example at the D2 site) ...... 3-184 Figure 3-4-1-3 Assumption of GW Head Fluctuation for the Surface Aquifer ...... 3-185 Figure 3-4-1-4 Groundwater Extraction Rate around D5 Site ...... 3-186 Figure 3-4-1-5 Daily Fluctuation of Groundwater Level at Observation Wells of D5 site ...... 3-186 Figure 3-4-1-6 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-1 Site ...... 3-188 Figure 3-4-1-7 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-2 Site ...... 3-189 Figure 3-4-1-8 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-3 Site ...... 3-190 Figure 3-4-1-9 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-4 Site ...... 3-191 Figure 3-4-1-10 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-5 Site ...... 3-192 Figure 3-4-2-1 Estimated Groundwater Recharge and Areal Division ...... 3-193 Figure 3-6-1-1 Candidate Sites of GW Development for Short-Term Demand of Thilawa SEZ ...... 3-196 Figure 3-6-2-1 Target Area of 3-D Conceptual Model ...... 3-198 Figure 3-6-2-2 Target Aquifers of 3-D Model ...... 3-198 Figure 3-6-2-3 Aquifer Boundary Contour Map (1) ...... 3-199 Figure 3-6-2-4 Aquifer Boundary Contour Map (2) ...... 3-200 Figure 3-6-2-5 Plan View of Calculation Mesh of 3-D Model ...... 3-201 Figure 3-6-2-6 Bird’s-eye View of Calculation Mesh of 3-D Model ...... 3-202 Figure 3-6-2-7 Side View of Calculation Mesh of 3-D Model ...... 3-203 Figure 3-6-2-8 Hydraulic Parameter Setting Division ...... 3-204 Figure 3-6-2-9 Model Input of Groundwater Extraction ...... 3-206 Figure 3-6-2-10 Boundary Condition ...... 3-207 Figure 3-6-2-11 Comparison of GW Level Contour in Surface Aquifer between Observed and Calculated ...... 3-209 Figure 3-6-2-12 Comparison of Observed and Calculated GW Head Fluctuation (D1, D2 and D5 Site) ...... 3-210 Figure 3-6-2-13 Comparison of Observed and Calculated GW Head Fluctuation (D3 and D4 Sites) ...... 3-211 Figure 3-6-2-14 Groundwater Head Contour Map by Aquifer (a result of Steady-State Analysis) ...... 3-212 Figure 3-6-2-15 Typical Calculated GW Level Contours of Surface Aquifer in the Plain...... 3-213 Figure 3-6-3-1 Groundwater Extraction Plan in Thilawa SEZ (for Basic Study) ...... 3-214 Figure 3-6-3-2 Groundwater Extraction Plan in Thilawa SEZ (for Detailed Sudy) ...... 3-214

XVI Figure 3-6-3-3 Groundwater Extraction Plan in the Plain for Thilawa SEZ ...... 3-215 Figure 3-6-3-4 Assessment Criteria of Groundwater Environmental Impact ...... 3-217 Figure 3-6-3-5 Water Depth in Dug Well at End of Dry Season (End of Apr., 2014) ...... 3-218 Figure 3-6-3-6 Example of Groundwater Head and Drawdown Changes at Extraction Point ...... 3-220 Figure 3-6-3-7 Example of Model Output for Different Discharges for SEZ Site ...... 3-221 Figure 3-6-3-8 Example of Model Output for Different Discharges for the East Plain Site ...... 3-222 Figure 3-6-3-9 Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Movement – Case BS5 ...... 3-223 Figure 3-6-3-10 Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Movement – Case BS6 ...... 3-224 Figure 3-6-3-11 Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Movement – Case BE3 ...... 3-225 Figure 3-6-3-12 Drawdown Distribution by Aquifer – Case BS6; 1,000 m3/d Extraction at 2nd Aquifer ...... 3-226 Figure 3-6-3-13 Groundwater Head Distribution by Aquifer – Case BS6; 1,000 m3/d Extraction at 2nd Aquifer ...... 3-227 Figure 3-6-3-14 Comparison of Drawdown at Extraction Point between One-Year and A-Half-Year Extractions ...... 3-228 Figure3-6-3-15 Comparison of Drawdown Contours between One-Year and A-Half-Year Extractions ...... 3-229 Figure 3-6-3-16 Drawdown Distribution by Aquifer of Detailed Study Cases – DA1 and DB1 ...... 3-230 Figure 3-6-3-17 Groundwater Head Recovery after One-Year Extraction ...... 3-231 Figure 3-8-1-1 Location of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ (Minimal Plan) ...... 3-237 Figure 3-8-1-2 Schematic Figure Showing How to Allocate Monitoring Wells in Case of Extraction in Thilawa SEZ ...... 3-238 Figure 3-8-2-1 Groundwater Head Level at D5 Site in Thanlyin Town ...... 3-239 Figure 3-8-2-2 Calculated GW Head Profiles through D5 Site in Thanlyin Town ...... 3-240 Figure 3-8-2-3 Calculated GW Head Distribution of 1st Aquifer at the End of Dry Season in Northern Part of Thanlyin Town ...... 3-240

Figure 4-1-2-1 Topographic Units in the Central Myanmar and Location of Survey Area ...... 4-2 Figure 4-1-3-1 Area-elevation Histogram and Cumulative Area-Elevation Histogram ...... 4-3 Figure 4-1-4-1 Soil type of Bago Basin ...... 4-4 Figure 4-1-5-1 Landcover Types in Bago basin (2008) ...... 4-6 Figure 4-2-1 Climate Characteristics of Survey Area ...... 4-8 Figure 4-2-2-1 Location Map of Meteorological Station ...... 4-11 Figure 4-2-2-2 Location Map of Hydrological Station ...... 4-11 Figure 4-2-3-1 Annual Rainfall（Yangon City, Kabaaye Station） ...... 4-12 Figure 4-2-3-2 Annual Rainfall（Bago City, Bago Station） ...... 4-13 Figure 4-2-3-3 Annual Rainfall（Zaungtu Station） ...... 4-13 Figure 4-2-3-4 Monthly Rainfall of Major Observation Stations ...... 4-15 Figure 4-2-4-1 Isohyet of Map of Mean Annual Max / Min Temperature ...... 4-16 Figure 4-2-5-1 Isohyet Map of Mean Annual Relative Humidity ...... 4-16 Figure 4-2-6-1 Isohyet Map of Mean Annual Wind Speed ...... 4-17 Figure 4-2-7-1 Isohyet Map of Mean Annual Solar Radiation ...... 4-17 Figure 4-2-8-1 Reference Evapotranspiration (FAO) and Evapotranspiration (MODIS) ...... 4-18 Figure 4-3-1 Yangon Port Tidal Station (MNHC) ...... 4-19 Figure 4-3-2 Predicted Tidal Level at Yangon Port ...... 4-20 Figure 4-4-1-1 Bago Basin ...... 4-21

XVII Figure 4-4-1-2 Longitudinal Profile along Bago River Basin ...... 4-22 Figure 4-4-2-1 Location map of meteorological and hydrological stations ...... 4-24 Figure 4-4-3-1 River Stage Hydrograph of Bago Bridge Station ...... 4-25 Figure 4-4-3-2 River Discharge at DHM Station (Monthly Discharge of Bago Bridge and Zaungtu Station) ...... 4-26 Figure 4-4-3-3 River Discharge at DHM Station (Annual Discharge of Bago Bridge and Zaungtu Station) ...... 4-28 Figure 4-4-4-1 Location Map of River Gauging Station ...... 4-29 Figure 4-4-4-2 Bago Old Bridge (G3) Station (June/2013) ...... 4-30 Figure 4-4-4-3 Tamabyin(G2) Station（Feb/2013） ...... 4-30 Figure 4-4-4-4 Dawei(G1) Station (Feb/2013) ...... 4-31 Figure 4-4-4-5 La Gun Byin G4 Station (Mar/2013) ...... 4-32 Figure 4-4-4-6 River Stage Hydrographs ...... 4-33 Figure 4-4-4-7 Observation by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP, 02/July/2013, Bago Old Bridge Station) ...... 4-35 Figure 4-4-5-1 Summary of Verification of Dawei（G1）Station with H-A,H-V,H-Q, and H- Q curves ...... 4-41 Figure 4-4-5-2 Summary of Verification of Tamabin（G2）Station ...... 4-42 Figure 4-4-5-3 Summary of Verification of Bago Old Bridge（G3）Station ...... 4-42 Figure 4-4-6-1 Water level(H)-Discharge(Q) Curve (Dawei（G1）Station) ...... 4-44 Figure 4-4-6-2 Water level(H)-Discharge(Q) Curve (Tamabin（G2）Station) ...... 4-45 Figure 4-4-6-3 Water level(H)-Discharge(Q) Curve (Bago Old Bridge（G3）Station) ...... 4-46 Figure 4-4-7-1 2013 River Discharge of G1, G2 and G3 Station ...... 4-47 Figure 4-4-8-1 Comparison of River Discharge(Bago Old Bridge/Bago Bridge, 2013) ...... 4-48 Figure 4-4-8-2 Comparison of River Discharge (Bago Old Bridge/Bago Bridge, 2011~2012) ...... 4-49 Figure 4-4-8-3 River Discharge（Monthly Total, 1972～2013） ...... 4-50 Figure 4-4-8-4 Annual Maximum Daily Mean Discharge(Bago Bridge and Zaungtu DMH Station) ..... 4-51 Figure 4-4-9-1 Water Quality Monitoring Location of Surface Water ...... 4-56 Figure 4-4-9-2 Variation of EC in Bago River and Tributaries ...... 4-59 Figure 4-4-9-3 Variation of Chloride (Cl-) concentration in Bago River and Tributaries ...... 4-59 Figure 4-4-9-4 Variation of Turbidity in Bago River and Tributaries (1) ...... 4-60 Figure 4-4-9-5 Variation of Turbidity in Bago River and Tributaries (2) ...... 4-60 Figure 4-4-9-6 Variation of Color Index in Bago River and Tributaries ...... 4-61 Figure 4-4-9-7 Variation of Water Temperature in Bago River and Tributaries ...... 4-61 Figure 4-4-9-8 Variation of pH in Bago River and Tributaries ...... 4-62 Figure 4-4-9-9 Variation of DO in Bago River and Tributaries ...... 4-62 Figure 4-4-9-10 Variation of Water BOD in Bago River and Tributaries ...... 4-63 Figure 4-5-1-1 Location of Reservoirs ...... 4-67 Figure 4-5-2-1 Location map of Drainage Canal...... 4-69 Figure 4-5-2-2 Location map of Water Gate...... 4-70 Figure 4-5-3-1 Zaungtu dam ...... 4-73 Figure 4-5-3-2 Kodukwe dam ...... 4-73 Figure 4-5-3-3 Shwelaung dam ...... 4-74 Figure 4-5-3-4 Salu dam ...... 4-74 Figure 4-5-3-5 Zaungtu weir ...... 4-75 Figure 4-5-3-6 Khayan water gate ...... 4-75 Figure 4-5-3-7 Water level of Khayan Chaung in 2013...... 4-78

XVIII Figure 4-5-3-8 Water level of Khayan Chaung in August 2013 ...... 4-78 Figure 4-5-3-9 Water level of Khayan Chaung in January 2013 ...... 4-78 Figure 4-5-3-10 Relation between EC and Temperature ...... 4-80 Figure 4-5-3-11 Distribution of Electric Conductivity along Khayan Chaung ...... 4-81 Figure 4-5-4-1 View of SEZ three (3) reservoirs ...... 4-82 Figure 4-5-4-2 Location Map of SEZ three (3) reservoirs ...... 4-83 Figure 4-5-4-3 Change of Water Level and Reservoir Storage in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (1998 – 2011) ...... 4-86 Figure 4-5-4-4 Change of Water Level and Reservoir Storage in Thilawa Reservoir (2007 – 2012) ...... 4-87 Figure 4-5-4-5 Change of Water Level and Reservoir Storage in Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir (2007 – 2012) ...... 4-88 Figure 4-5-4-6 Result of Operating Simulation in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Case1) ...... 4-93 Figure 4-5-4-7 Result of Operating Simulation in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Case2) ...... 4-94 Figure 4-5-4-8 Result of Operating Simulation in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Case3) ...... 4-95 Figure 4-5-4-9 Result of Operating Simulation in Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir (Case1) ...... 4-98 Figure 5-4-10 Result of Operating Simulation in Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir (CASE2) ...... 4-99 Figure 4-5-5-1 Outline Location of La Gun Byin Reservoir, Main Irrigation Canal and Irrigated Area ...... 4-102 Figure 4-5-5-2 Water Level and Inflow of La Gun Byin Dam (2006-2012) ...... 4-104 Figure 4-5-6-1 Location of Dawei Dam Basin ...... 4-106 Figure 4-5-6-2 Planned Dawei Dam Sites ...... 4-108 Figure 4-5-6-3 Estimated Discharge at Dawei Dam Site 3(lower dam) ...... 4-109 Figure 4-5-6-4 Conceptual Diagram of Water Allocation ...... 4-110 Figure 4-5-6-5 Result of Reservoir Operating Simulation (Dam-3 Site) ...... 4-111 Figure 4-5-7-1 Annual Available Period of Rainwater Utilization (Tank Capacity- Usable Day) ...... 4-114 Figure 4-6-1-1 Potential Pathways of Water Movement Dealt in SWAT ...... 4-117 Figure 4-6-2-2 SWAT Model Basin ...... 4-117 Figure 4-6-3-1 Flow Direction and Flow Accumulation ...... 4-119 Figure 4-6-3-2 Sub-basin Delineation for Bago River Basin...... 4-120 Figure 4-6-5-1 Landcover ...... 4-123 Figure 4-6-5-2 Soil Type ...... 4-123 Figure 4-6-5-4 HRU ...... 4-125 Figure 4-6-5-3 Slope ...... 4-125 Figure 4-6-5-5 Climatic Station ...... 4-126 Figure 4-6-5-6 Climatic data used for SWAT ...... 4-126 Figure 4-6-7-1 Calibration Result (Dawei, Kodugwe and Tamabin） ...... 4-131 Figure 4-6-7-2 Calibration Result (Zaungtu） ...... 4-132 Figure 4-6-7-3 Calibration Result (La Gun Byin） ...... 4-132 Figure 4-6-7-4 Calibration Result (Bago Bridge） ...... 4-133 Figure 4-6-8-1 Area Rainfall ...... 4-135 Figure 4-6-8-2 Potential Evapotranspiration ...... 4-135 Figure 4-6-8-3 Actual Evapotranspiration ...... 4-136 Figure 4-6-8-4 Percolation ...... 4-136 Figure 4-6-8-5 Surface Runoff ...... 4-137 Figure 4-6-8-6 Base Flow ...... 4-137 Figure 4-6-8-7 Water Yield ...... 4-138

XIX Figure 4-6-9-1 Basin Water Balance (1984-2013) ...... 4-140 Figure 4-6-10-1 River Discharge for Sub-basins ...... 4-142 Figure 4-7-1-1 Monitoring Points ...... 4-145 Figure 4-7-2-1 Data Base Operation and Management ...... 4-148

Figure 5-1-1 Water Resources Potential and Water Demand in Japan ...... 5-1

Figure 6-1-1 Location map of each water resources ...... 6-3 Figure 6-1-2 Flow of Advanced Water Treatment System ...... 6-4 Figure 6-1-3 A Reverse Osmosis ...... 6-5 Figure 6-1-4 Underground Dam ...... 6-7 Figure 6-1-5 Intake Facility ...... 6-7 Figure 6-1-6 Flowchart of a Purification Plant (ex. Rapid Sand Filtration Method) ...... 6-9 Figure 6-1-7 Hydraulic Gradient line ...... 6-9 Figure 6-1-8 Concept of Economy, Average Flow Velocity of Pumping System ...... 6-10 Figure 6-2-1 Layout Drawing of Tube Wells ...... 6-12 Figure 6-2-2 Outline Planning ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) ...... 6-13 Figure 6-2-3 Hydraulic Gradient Line ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) ...... 6-14 Figure 6-2-4 Performance Curve ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) ...... 6-15 Figure 6-2-5 Selection of the Pump ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) ...... 6-15 Figure 6-2-6 Alternative Pipeline Routes on East Plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill ...... 6-17 Figure 6-2-7 Outline Planning ( II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill) ...... 6-18 Figure 6-2-8 Layout Drawing of the Tube Wells...... 6-18 Figure 6-2-9 Hydraulic Gradient line (II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill) ...... 6-19 Figure 6-2-10 Performance Curve ( II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill)...... 6-20 Figure 6-2-11 Selection of the Pump ( II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill) ..... 6-21 Figure 6-2-12 Outline Planning ( IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-23 Figure 6-2-13 Hydraulic Gradient line ( IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-23 Figure 6-2-14 Performance Curve ( IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-24 Figure 6-2-15 Selection of the Pump (IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-24 Figure 6-2-16 Outline Planning ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-26 Figure 6-2-17 Hydraulic Gradient line ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-27 Figure 6-2-18 Performance Curve ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-27 Figure 6-2-19 Selection of the Pump ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...... 6-28 Figure 6-2-20 Outline Planning ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ...... 6-30 Figure 6-2-21 Hydraulic Gradient line ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ...... 6-31 Figure 6-2-22 Performance Curve ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ...... 6-31 Figure 6-2-23 Selection of the Pump ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ...... 6-32 Figure 6-2-24 Plan and Cross Section ( V New Reservoir Construction in Thilawa SEZ area) ...... 6-33 Figure 6-2-25 Outline Planning ( V New Reservoir Construction in the Thilawa SEZ area) ...... 6-34 Figure 6-2-26 Main Canal of 30 Miles Greening Project ...... 6-35 Figure 6-2-27 Outline Planning ( VIa from Khayan River) ...... 6-37 Figure 6-2-28 Hydraulic Gradient Line ( VIa from Khayan River) ...... 6-38 Figure 6-2-29 Performance Curve and Pump Selection ...... 6-38 Figure 6-2-30 Outline Planning ( VIb from Khayan River) ...... 6-40

XX Figure 6-2-31 Performance Curve ( VIb from Khayan River) ...... 6-42 Figure 6-2-32 Hydraulic Gradient line ( VIb from Khayan River) ...... 6-42 Figure 6-2-33 Selection of the Pump ( VIb from Khayan River) ...... 6-43 Figure 6-3-1 Location Map of Mid-Term Plan ...... 6-64 Figure 6-3-2 Location of La Gun Byin and Aline Nee Reservoirs ...... 6-65 Figure 6-3-3 Map of La Gun Byin and Aline Nee Reservoirs ...... 6-66 Figure 6-3-4 Location of Connecting Canal ...... 6-67 Figure 6-3-5 La Gun Byin Reservoir ...... 6-67 Figure 6-3-6 Intake Tower at La Gun Byin ...... 6-67 Figure 6-3-7 Spillway Crest at La Gun Byin...... 6-67 Figure 6-3-8 Spillway Bridge at La Gun Byin ...... 6-67 Figure 6-3-9 Water Level Recorder...... 6-68 Figure 6-3-10 Outlet Work at La Gun Byin ...... 6-68 Figure 6-3-11 Aline Nee Reservoir ...... 6-68 Figure 6-3-12 Intake Tower at Aline Nee ...... 6-68 Figure 6-3-13 Estimated River Discharges at La Gun Byin ...... 6-69 Figure 6-3-14 Location of Spillway at La Gun Byin Reservoir ...... 6-72 Figure 6-3-15 Longitudinal Section of Spillway ...... 6-73 Figure 6-3-16 Typical Cross Section of La Gun Byin Reservoir...... 6-75 Figure 6-3-17 Detail of Dam Crest ...... 6-75 Figure 6-3-18 Wilson’s Improved Formula in S.M.B and Saville Method ...... 6-78 Figure 6-3-19 Raising Dam Crest ...... 6-80 Figure 6-4-1 Location Map of Long-Term Plan ...... 6-81 Figure 6-4-2 Location Map of Dam's Proposed Sites ...... 6-82 Figure 6-4-3 Catchment Areas of Dawei Dam ...... 6-83 Figure 6-4-4 Geologic Map of Dawei Dam ...... 6-84 Figure 6-4-5 Dawei River ...... 6-84 Figure 6-4-6 Dawei Bridge ...... 6-84 Figure 6-4-7 Proposed Dam Site ...... 6-85 Figure 6-4-8 Left Abutment at Dam Site...... 6-85 Figure 6-4-9 Outcrop of Shale ...... 6-85 Figure 6-4-10 Outcrop of Shale (Soft rock) ...... 6-85 Figure 6-4-11 H ~ Q Curve at Dawei Dam Site ...... 6-85 Figure 6-4-12 Estimated River Discharges at Dawei Dam Site ...... 6-87 Figure 6-4-13 Wilson’s Improved Formula in S.M.B and Saville Method ...... 6-94 Figure 6-4-14 Dam Crest of Dawei Dam ...... 6-96 Figure 6-4-15 Typical Cross Section and Longitudinal Section of Dawei Dam...... 6-97

Figure 7-2-1 Location Map ...... 7-5 Figure 7-2-2 Official Document for Kyouk Khauk Padoda given by Ministry of Culture on 5th Nov. 2009...... 7-7 Figure 7-2-3 Official document for Padagi Pagoda given by Yangon Division on 15th Jun. 2007...... 7-8 Figure 7-2-4 Official document for Padagi Pagoda given by Yangon Division on 28th Jun. 2013...... 7-8

XXI List of Tables

Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by item of Industries in GDP ...... 2-4 Table 2-1-2 Industrial Export Amount ...... 2-6 Table 2-3-1 Stratigraphic Sequence in Eastern Irrawaddy Delta, Pegu Yoma and Sittang Basin ...... 2-13 Table 2-3-2 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991) ...... 2-15 Table 2-4-1 Area and Land Use in 2012/13 ...... 2-17 Table 2-4-2 No. of House Hold and Population in 2012/13 ...... 2-18 Table 2-4-3 No. of Workers and Unemployment Rate in 2012/13 ...... 2-20 Table 2-4-4 No. of Worker by Township by in 2012 ...... 2-21 Table 2-4-5 No. of Factories and Laborers in 2013 ...... 2-22 Table 2-5-1 Fundamental information for the grasp of the agricultural field ...... 2-23 Table 2-5-2 Fundamental Information for the Industry Sector ...... 2-25 Table 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use in the Project Area ...... 2-26 Table 2-6-2 Harvested Area and Production by Crop in 2012/13 ...... 2-26 Table 2-6-3 Irrigated Areas in 2011/12 ...... 2-29 Table 2-6-4 No. of Agricultural Materials in 2012/13 ...... 2-31

Table 3-1-4-1 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991) ...... 3-4 Table 3-2-1-1 Survey Items Related to GW Potential and Methods Applied in this Survey ...... 3-7 Table 3-2-2-1 Existing Hydrogeological Study Reports ...... 3-9 Table 3-2-2-2 List of Geologic and Well Logs ...... 3-11 Table 3-2-2-3 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas by Existing Reports ...... 3-15 Table 3-2-2-4 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin Area (Aye Thanda Bo, 2001) ...... 3-15 Table 3-2-2-5 Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing et al., 1991) ...... 3-16 Table 3-2-2-6 Water Quality Analysis Result of Wells in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing et al., 1991) ...... 3-19 Table 3-2-3-1 Questionnaire ...... 3-23 Table 3-2-3-2 Number of Facilities Surveyed ...... 3-23 Table 3-2-3-3 Number and Estimated Discharge in the Survey Area ...... 3-28 Table 3-2-3-4 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area ...... 3-28 Table 3-2-5-1 Outline of Core Boring Locations ...... 3-57 Table 3-2-5-2 Operation Rate of Core Drilling Work ...... 3-58 Table 3-2-6-1 List and Attributes of Test Well ...... 3-75 Table 3-2-6-2 Summary of Step Drawdown Test of Test Wells ...... 3-78 Table 3-2-6-3 Summary of Constant Discharge Test of Test Wells ...... 3-79 Table 3-2-6-4 List and Attributes of Test Wells by another JICA Team ...... 3-81 Table 3-2-6-5 Summary of Pumping Test of Test Wells by another JICA Team ...... 3-82 Table 3-2-7-1 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Shallow Well (1) ...... 3-85 Table 3-2-7-2 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Shallow Well (2) ...... 3-86 Table 3-2-7-3 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Deep Well (1) ...... 3-87 Table 3-2-7-4 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Deep Well (2) ...... 3-88 Table 3-2-8-1 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Samples Taken in Pumping Test of Test Well ...... 3-94 Table 3-2-8-2 Item and Method of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of Test Wells ...... 3-95 Table 3-2-8-3 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-1 Site Wells ...... 3-96 Table 3-2-8-4 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-2 Site Wells ...... 3-97 Table 3-2-8-5 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-3 Site Wells ...... 3-98

XXII Table 3-2-8-6 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-4 Site Wells ...... 3-99 Table 3-2-8-7 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-5 Site Wells ...... 3-100 Table 3-2-8-8 Attributes of Sampling Well and Physical Water Quality Measured In-situ ...... 3-104 Table 3-2-8-9 List of Samples for Isotopic Analysis ...... 3-106 Table 3-2-8-10 Noble Gas Analysis Result and Values Calculated by Model ...... 3-107 Table 3-2-8-11 Water Quality Test Results of Test Well in SEZ by another JICA Team ...... 3-110 Table 3-2-9-1 Specification of Observation Well ...... 3-115 Table 3-2-9-2 Daily Rainfall in 2013 in Yangon ...... 3-120 Table 3-2-13-1 Main Features of Wells for Pumping Test ...... 3-130 Table 3-2-13-2 Summary of Hydraulic Parameters of Aquifer at Pumping Test Wells ...... 3-133 Table 3-3-2-1 Aquifer and its Nature by Region – the Hill near the Central Part of SEZ ...... 3-144 Table 3-3-2-2 Aquifer and its Nature by Region – the Plain ...... 3-145 Table 3-3-2-3 Aquifer and its Nature by Region – Northern Part of the Hill ...... 3-146 Table 3-3-2-4 Specific Capacity (m3/d/m) in Survey Area ...... 3-160 Table 3-3-3-1 Groundwater Use by Aquifer ...... 3-171 Table 3-3-4-1 Summary of Water Quality of Test Wells ...... 3-171 Table 3-4-1-1 Water Budget of Tank Model Simulation ...... 3-187 Table 3-4-2-1 Groundwater Recharge and Exploitation Rate ...... 3-194 Table 3-6-2-1 List of Hydraulic Parameter Finally Input to Model ...... 3-205 Table 3-6-3-1 Simulated Cases (Basic Study)...... 3-216 Table 3-6-3-2 Simulated Cases for Detailed Study in Thilawa SEZ ...... 3-216 Table 3-6-3-3 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Basic Study Case) ...... 3-232 Table 3-6-3-4 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Detailed Study Case) ...... 3-232 Table 3-6-3-5 Assessment Result of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Basic Study Cases)...... 3-233 Table 3-6-3-6 Assessment Result of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Detailed Study Cases) ...... 3-234 Table 3-8-1-1 List of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ (Minimal Plan) ...... 3-237 Table 3-8-3-1 Location and Importance of Observation Wells Installed by Present JICA Survey and Wishes of Land Owner/Administrator of Site for Future Utilization ...... 3-241

Table 4-1-5-1 Area of Landcover Types (2008) ...... 4-7 Table 4-2-1-1 Climate Resume (Yangon) ...... 4-9 Table 4-2-1-2 Climate Resume (Bago) ...... 4-9 Table 4-2-2-1 List of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations ...... 4-11 Table 4-2-3-1 Probability Analysis (Annual Rainfall, Bago Station) ...... 4-14

Table 4-3-1 Monthly Summary of Tidal Changes (Yangon Port: River Month of Bago river) ...... 4-19 Table 4-4-2-1 List of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations (Location refers to Figure 4-4-2-1) ...... 4-23 Table 4-4-3-1 Estimated River Discharge at Bago Bridge Station (DMH,MOTC) ...... 4-27 Table 4-4-4-1 Salient Feature of Hydrological Station ...... 4-29 Table 4-4-4-2 Observation Summary of Bago Old Bridge(G3) Station (2013) ...... 4-30

XXIII Table 4-4-4-3 Observation Summary of Tamabin(G2) Station (2013) ...... 4-31 Table 4-4-4-4 Observation Summary of Dawei(G1) Station (2013) ...... 4-31 Table 4-4-4-5 Summary of River Discharge （Dawei G1 Station）...... 4-37 Table 4-4-4-6 Summary of River Discharge (Tamabin G2 Station)...... 4-38 Table 4-4-4-7(1/2) Summary of River Discharge (Bago Old Bridge G3 Station - D/S -) ...... 4-39 Table 4-4-4-7(2/2) Summary of River Discharge (Bago Old Bridge G3 Station - U/S -) ...... 4-40 Table 4-4-9-1 Water Quality Analysis Result of Nga Moe Yeik Reservoir and Sittaung River ...... 4-52 Table 4-4-9-2 Water Quality Analysis Result of Three Reservoirs near SEZ...... 4-53 Table 4-4-9-3 List of Water Quality Monitoring Points of Surface Water ...... 4-54 Table 4-4-9-4 Contents of Water Quality Survey of Surface Water ...... 4-55 Table 4-4-9-5 Item and Method of Water Quality Monitoring of Surface Water ...... 4-57 Table 4-4-9-6 Pesticides to Analyze ...... 4-57 Table 4-4-9-7 Amount of Pesticide Imported into Myanmar (2011 to 2012) and WHO Drinking Water Guideline (Fourth Edition) ...... 4-58 Table 4-4-9-11 Pesticide Monitoring Point and Survey Date ...... 4-63 Table 4-4-9-12 Water Quality Test Results of Three Reservoir near SEZ, 2013)...... 4-64 Table 4-5-1-1 Summary of Reservoirs ...... 4-66 Table 4-5-3-1 Reservoirs Planned in Work 1 ...... 4-72 Table 4-5-3-2 Reservoirs Planned in Work 3 ...... 4-72 Table 4-5-3-3 Salient Future of Khayan Water Gate ...... 4-76 Table 4-5-4-1 Salient Feature of 3 reservoirs*1 ...... 4-84 Table 4-5-4-2 Situation of Utilization (years 2003–2011, unit:1000m3/year)...... 4-84 Table 4-5-4-3 Situation of Utilization about Industrial and Domestic Water ...... 4-85 Table 4-5-4-4 Calculation of the water balance and inflow in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir ...... 4-90 Table 4-5-4-5 Calculation of the water balance and inflow in the Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir ...... 4-91 Table 4-5-4-6 Condition of Zarmani-Inn Reservoir Operation ...... 4-92 Table 4-5-4-7 Water Resource and Allocation of Zarmani-Inn Reservoir ...... 4-96 Table 4-5-4-8 Condition of Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir Operation ...... 4-97 Table 4-5-4-9 Water resources of 3 reservoirs ...... 4-100 Table 4-5-5-1 Salient Feature of the La Gun Byin Reservoir ...... 4-101 Table 4-5-5-2 Annual Water balance of La Gun Byin Dam(2006-2012) ...... 4-103 Table 4-5-5-3 Monthly Water balance of La Gun Byin Dam (2011-2012) ...... 4-103 Table 4-5-5-4 Water Allocation of La Gun Byin Dam Reservoir ...... 4-105 Table 4-5-5-5 Water Quality Test of La Gun Byin Dam Reservoir ...... 4-105 Table 4-5-6-1 Main Plan Specifications about the candidates of dam axis in Dawei Reservoir ...... 4-106 Table 4-5-6-2 Estimated River Discharge of Dawei Chaung at Proposed dam site-3 (Dam No (3) site) ...... 4-108 Table 4-5-6-4 Condition of Reservoir Operation ...... 4-110 Table 4-5-6-5 Water Allocation Plan of Dawei Proposed Reservoir ...... 4-111 Table 4-5-7-1 Potential Evapotranspiration of Yangon Area (ET0) ...... 4-113 Table 4-5-7-2 Water Budget in Rainwater Utilization (Roof area:100m2 ,Tank Capacity:3m3) ...... 4-115 Table 4-6-5-1 Correlation Table between LCCS and SWAT Landcover Classification ...... 4-121 Table 4-6-5-2 Soil Characteristics in Bago Basin ...... 4-122 Table 4-6-5-3 Initial Value of Soil Physical / Chemical Characteristics ...... 4-124 Table 4-6-5-4 Monthly Statistical Parameter Applied for SWAT Weather Generator ...... 4-127 Table 4-6-7-1 Result of Sensitivity Analysis ...... 4-128 Table 4-6-7-2 Parameter Calibration ...... 4-129

XXIV Table 4-6-7-3 Explanation of SWAT Common Parameter ...... 4-130 Table 4-6-9-1 Basin Water Balance ...... 4-138 Table 4-7-2-1 Data base Structure ...... 4-146

Table 5-2-1 Five-Year Plan of Department Agriculture ...... 5-3 Table 5-2-3 Forecasting of Irrigation Water Demand ...... 5-4 Table 5-3-1 Estimation of Amount of Groundwater for Industry Use ...... 5-5 Table 5-3-2 Estimation of Groundwater for Industry Use (in 2040) ...... 5-6 Table 5-3-3 Total Required Water for Industrial Activities ...... 5-6 Table 5-4-1 Estimated Population of Each Township (in 2040) ...... 5-7 Table 5-4-2 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (1/2) ...... 5-8 Table 5-4-3 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (2/2) ...... 5-8 Table 5-5-1 Future Water Demand in Target Area (in 2040) ...... 5-9

Table 6-1-1 Water Resource Options ...... 6-1 Table 6-1-2 Coefficient of Velocity (C) ...... 6-11 Table 6-2-1 Result of Estimation ...... 6-44 Table 6-2-2 Cost Evaluation ...... 6-45 Table 6-3-1 Specifications of La Gun Byin and Aline Nee Reservoirs ...... 6-65 Table 6-3-2 Maximum River Discharges ...... 6-69 Table 6-3-3 Descending Order of Maximum River Discharges ...... 6-71 Table 6-3-4 Results of Iwai Method ...... 6-72 Table 6-3-5 Specifications of Reservoir ...... 6-74 Table 6-3-6 Elevations of Non-Overflow Section ...... 6-76 Table 6-3-7 Calculation of Dam Crest ...... 6-79 Table 6-4-1 Three Proposed Sites of Dawei Dam ...... 6-82 Table 6-4-2 List of Elevations and Volumes ...... 6-86 Table 6-4-3 Maximum River Discharges for Each 30 Years ...... 6-87 Table 6-4-4 Descending Order of Maximum River Discharges ...... 6-89 Table 6-4-5 Results of Iwai Method ...... 6-90 Table 6-4-6 Specifications of Reservoir ...... 6-91 Table 6-4-7 Elevations of Non-Overflow Section ...... 6-92 Table 6-4-8 Calculation of Dam Crest ...... 6-95 Table 6-4-9 Specifications of Dawei Dam ...... 6-96

Table 7-2-1 Number of Wells and Ponds in the Project Area...... 7-9 Table 7-3-1 Examination of Alternative Water Resource Plans ...... 7-9 Table 7-3-2 Result of Scoping：Reservoir（Surface Water） ...... 7-10 Table 7-3-3 Result of Scoping：Well（Ground Water） ...... 7-11 Table 7-3-4 Result of Scoping：River（Surface Water） ...... 7-13 Table 7-3-5 T OR for Environmental and Social Consideration ...... 7-15

Table 8-2-1 Candidates of Surface Water Resources ...... 8-2

XXV

Measures Unit

Measures Unit

cm centimeter ℃ centigrade cu.m cubic meter cms (m3/sec) cubic meter per second hr hour km2 square kilometer km kilometer TCM thousand cubic meter lit. liter MCM million cubic meter m meter MGD million gallon per day mg/lit. milligram per liter meq/lit. milli-equivalent per liter m/s meter per second ppm parts per million lit/sec liter per second % percent m3/d, m3/day cubic meter per day

ton 1t = 1,000 kg inch 1in. = 0.0254 m mile 1mi. = 1,609 m hectare 1ha = 10,000 m2 = 2.471 acres acre feet 1acre-ft = 1,233 m3 gallon (UK) 1gal. = 4.546 liter (UK) kilogram 1kg = 1,000 gram viss 1viss = 1.64 kg feet 1ft = 0.3048 m acre 1ac = 4,048 m2 cubic feet 1cu-ft = 28.31 liter cubic inch 1cu-in = 0.01638 liter

Currency Aug2014 1 Kyat = 0.107JPY US$1.00 = 102.40 JPY

XXVI Acronyms and Abbreviations

ID Irrigation Department (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation) DA Department of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation) EC Electric Conductivity FC Foreign Currency FY Fiscal Year GOM Government of Myanmar HHWL Highest High Water Level HWL High Water Level IEE Initial Environmental Examination JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Kyat Myanmar Kyat LWL Low Water Level MCTSEZ Managing Committee Thilawa Special Economic Zone METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan) MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation MOC Ministry of Construction MOEC Ministry of Environment Conservation MOEP Ministry of Electric Power MOF Ministry of Forestry MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MOFR Ministry of Finance and Revenue MOI Ministry of Industry MONPED Ministry of National Planning & Economic Development MOPBANRD Ministry of Progress of Border Areas, National Races and Development MOTC Ministry of Transpotation and Communication MWL Mean Water Level N/A Not Available NGO Non-Governmental Organization SCTSEZ Supporting Committee Thilawa Special Economic Zone SEZ Special Economic Zone (Thilawa Special Economic Zone) TDEM Time Domain Electro-magnetic Method TS Town Ship (eg. Thanlyin TS: Thanlyin Town Ship) VES Vertical Electric Sounding YCDC Yangon City Development Committee

XXVII

CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1-1 Background of the Study

In the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Myanmar), the political system led by military forces has continued for a long period. After General Thein Sein from the military assumed the post of Prime Minister in October, 2007, political reform began. Then, after H.E. U Thein Sein assumed the position of President in March, 2011, the approach forward toward a democratic system and market-oriented economic reform remarkably improved.

The corresponding change of the international community over the democratic political system and market-oriented economic reform in Myanmar has changed rapidly, with a typical example being the US government’s cancellation of the economic sanction in May, 2012 to forge ahead in the new market under consideration of the “Last frontiers in the Asian Region”.

Myanmar President Honorable H.E. U Thein Sein, who officially visited Japan and its Prime Minister, Mr. Yoshihiko Noda, signed the “Memorandum of Intent on the Cooperation for the Development of the Master Plan for the THILAWA” on 21 April, 2012 to make a master plan together for the THILAWA Special Economic Zone (Thilawa SEZ) which is located near Yangon City. The memorandum, promoting the direct investment of Japan in Myanmar, can contribute to high economic growth and provide job opportunities by developing industries in Myanmar and can contribute toward shared benefits between the two countries.

Thilawa SEZ is located 23 (twenty three) km southeast of Yangon City. The Master Plan consists of an industrial complex, commercial facilities, housing etc. in an area of 2,400 ha and can be called a “Smart Community Development”. The Japanese Government intends to make this a joint project with a large number of Japanese business groups having private capital and has pledged in the memorandum to support the project financially. Consequently, the development of Thilawa SEZ is expected to progress steadily as a future cornerstone for the two counties’ economic development.

Basic conditions required to effectively utilize the capital of the Japanese private sector include full preparation for electrical energy, roads, port facilities, storage facilities, and especially, a safe water supply system, including an intake facility, conveyance networks, and water supply networks, which are essential to providing a sustainable water supply system for Thilawa SEZ. It is essential to deal with the water resources development in a well-planned, under consideration for the harmony with environment and evaluation for the water quality and cost-performance. For the sustainable water supply to the Thilawa SEZ, in case of the utilization of the surface water, since existing reservoirs have already set the water right, amount of the available water resources are not secured. In the progress of the development of the Yangon urban area, the survey area also will be developed. The future water requirement can be assumed to increase.

Here are the means of the data collection survey on the water resources potential for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas.

1-1

Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

1-2 Objectives of the Study

The Data Collection Survey on the Water Resources Potential for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Area intends to collect basic information on water resources necessary for making a future development plan of Thilawa SEZ and the surrounding areas.

Intended data are available surface water and groundwater. The water resources potential of those resources should be assumed by scientific approach and should be examined for the cost of developing the water resources to meet the required purpose individually.

The following are outcomes anticipated as a result of the Survey:

- Present and future potential of groundwater resources are assessed from a viewpoint of utilization through 3D groundwater numerical modeling;

- Present and future potential of surface water resources are assessed from a viewpoint of utilization after understanding abundance, quality and demand of surface waters;

- Based on the above two potentials of ground and surface water resources, concrete plans are made for costs, amount of exploitable water resources, water quality, etc.; and

- A database for water resources development, which shows exploitable amount, quality and developing costs, is created.

1-2

CHAPTER 2

BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

CHAPTER 2 BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

2-1 Basic Data of Nature, Society, Economy and Environmental & Social Considerations

2-1-1 Target Area of the Study

Myanmar is composed of seven (7) regions and seven (7) states as an administrative classification. The Thilawa Special Economic Zone (Thilawa SEZ) is located in Yangon.

Yangon Region is composed of 45 townships. The study area is located in Thilawa SEZ and adjoining areas and is defined specifically as Thanlyin Township, Kyauktan Township, Thongwa Township and Kayan Township as the target area of the study for the existing shallow wells.

From the aspect of the study for the surface water resources, the target area of the study includes Bago Region (next to Yangon Region) because the main candidate for surface water resources was assumed to be the Bago River.

(Region)

1. Ayeyarwady Division 2. SagaingDiveision 3. Tanintharyi Division 4. Bago Division 5. Magway Division 6. Mandalay Division 7. Yangon Division

(State)

1. Kachin State 2. Kayah State 3. Kayin State 4. Shan State 5. Chin State 6. Mon State Figure 2-1-1 Administrative Sectional 7. Rakhine State Map of Myanmar

2-1 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

2-1-2 Nature

Myanmar is located from the northern latitude of 10 degrees to the northern latitude of 28 degrees, stretching 900km east to west and 2,000km north to south and is situated in the climate zone of tropical monsoons.

The nation’s land has features from a coastal line to the highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi Mt (5,581m). It is changing from flat ground to undulating ground.The climate of the county has three (3) seasons, as follows:

Late October – May Dry Season April and May Summer Season June – Mid-October Monsoon Season

The characteristic feature of the monthly mean temperature is comparatively high in Yangon City; on the other hand, rainfall morphology shows the feature of the concentrated rainfall wave. Ninety-six percent (96%) of the annual rainfall in Yangon City falls in the rainy monsoon season. Figure 2-1-2 Target Area of the Study for the Surface Water

Thilawa SEZ Area

Surrounding Area of Thilawa SEZ

Target Area for the groundwater

Figure 2-1-3 Target Area of the Study for the Groundwater

2-2 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

This rainfall morphology is the main reason to verify the possibility of cultivating farms througout the year. At the same time, it provides water resources for irrigated farming.

Effective usage of the water resources ensures the possibility to realize the creation of the living standard in rural areas through agricultural promotion

Data Source: DMH, Ministry of Transport and Communication

Figure 2-1-4 Monthly mean temperature and rainfall

2-1-3 Society

The society of Myanmar consists of eight (8) numbers of the major tribes (Burma, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Mon, Rakhine), each name being used to name each of the states. The total number of states is 135. The population of the Burma tribe comprises about 70% of the total population of the 62.42 million in Myanmar. Myanmar is multiracial country.

90% of the population is Buddhist, and the strongest religious conflict is between Buddhists and Muslims. Furors resulting in deaths have occurred in the local areas sporadically.

To know the degree of social development from an international standpoint, the human development index published by the UNDP in 2011 shows a value of 0.483, which situates Myanmar as 149th out of 187 countries. At the same time, the value of the index for Japan was 0.901. The index was estimated according to the average life expectancy, literacy rate, school enrollment ratio and GDP and is also used to classify the countries into: advanced country; developing country; and least developed country. Myanmar is classified under the least developed country category.

On the other hand, from the aspect of the standard of education, the adult literacy rate of the citizens show more than 90% and the youth literacy rate shows more than 95%, which is the same level as Vietnam. As far as literacy rate then, Myanmar can be understood as a rich country. The traditional system of education in Myanmar which is done in and through temples, like TERAKOYA in Japan, is expanding widely.

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2-1-4 Economy

(1) Scale of the National economy

The Gross Domestic Production (GDP) was announced as 39,846,693,000,000 Kyat in the Statistical Year Book 2011 which is a value equivalent to one hundred and thirty parts of the Japanese GDP of 512 trillion Yen in 2010. It can be understood that the scale of Myanmar’s national economy has one hundred and thirty parts of the Japanese national economy at this moment.

(2) Industrial Structure

According to the above-mentioned Statistical Year Book, the industrial scale in the GDP (2011) is shown below:

Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by item of Industries in GDP (Unit；million Kyat) Industry Amount Ratio Industry Amount Ratio Agriculture 11,082,206 27.8% Construction 1,839,334 4.6%

Livestock & 3,392,044 8.5 Transportation 4,837,735 12.1 Fishery Forestry 158,340 0.4 Communication 323,544 0.8

Energy 66,229 0.2 Financial 37,715 0.1 Institution Social & Mining 303,517 0.8 788,177 2.0 Administarative Services Processing & 7,896,966 19.8 Rental & Other 738,480 1.9 Manufac. Services Electric Power 422,525 1.1 Trade 7,959,882 20.0 Total 39,846,693 100.0% (Statistical Yearbook 2011)

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Rental, 2%

Social & Admi., 2% Trade, 20% Financial Agriculture, Insti., 0% 28%

Communication, 1% Livestock, 8% Transportation, Forestry, 0% 12% Processing, Energy, 0% Construction, 5% 20% Mining, 1% Electric P., 1%

Figure 2-1-5 Industrial Structure in GDP

Agriculture shares 27.8% among all industries in the GDP of Myanmar, which means that Agriculture is the main industry in the country. Here, the strong intention of the Government of Myanmar is shown with its request to the Government of Japan to introduce the competitive industrialized processing and manufacturing industries with a Private-Public Initiative for the Thilawa Special Economic Zone.

(3) International Competitiveness

According to the above-mentioned Statistical Year Book of 2011, the balance of trade in 2010-2011 was 8,861 million USD (Export), 6,413 million USD (Import) and 2,448 million USD (Balance in black figure).

By item of the export, Natural Gas and Precious Metals exceed Agriculture in amount of export. The garment industry, which is a light industry, shares only 4.3% of the total amount of export. Here, the Government of Myanmar promotes its strong intention to establish the Industrial Nation by the processing industry and the manufacturing industry mainly through the invitation of foreign investment to the Special Economic Zone.

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Table 2-1-2 Industrial Export Amount (Unit: million USD) Item Amount Ratio Item Amount Ratio Agriculture 1,228 13.9% Animal Product 13 0.1% Fisheries 287 3.2 Timber 594 6.7 Base metals 42 0.5 Precious metals 2,028 22.9 Natural Gas 2,523 28.5 Garments 379 4.3 Others 1,767 18.9 Total 8,861 100%

Agriculture, 14%

Animal, 0% Fishery, 3% Others, 20% Timber, 7% Garment, 4% Base metal, 1% Precious Gas, 28% metal, 23%

Figure 2-1-6 Industrial Export Ratio

2-1-5 Environmental and Social Consideration

(1) Historic steps and changes in Myanmar with Environmental and Social Considerations

The Environment Conservation Law was enacted in March 2012 in Myanmar. Before establishing the Law, there was no related law regarding the environmental protection. The laws, which were established by the ministries individually on the each fields, perform the roles of the environmental protection on the each fields. The National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA) is defined as a lead ministry in the Government. The NCEA was established in 1990 as a Government

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office to manage the environmental education and environmental policy under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The National Environmental Policy was established by the NCEA in 1994 to make clear the direction for the environmental conservation. At later time, the Myanmar Agenda 21 was established in 1997. The NCEA was placed under the Ministry of Forestry, nowadays, was placed under the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECF). Now, MOECF is lead ministry for the environmental conservation.

(2) Related law on the environment

The related laws on the environmental fields are shown below.

- The Forest Law : State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 8/92 (1992)

- The Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 6/94 (1992)

- The Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 9/94 (1990)

- The Freshwater Fisheries Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 1/91 (1991)

- The Law Amending the Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 16/93 (1993)

- The Law Amending the Law Relating to the Fishing Rights of Foreign Fishing Vessels: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 15/93 (1993)

- The Law Relating to Aquaculture: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 24/89 (1989)

- The Pesticide Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 10/90 (1990)

- The Myanmar Mines Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 8/94 (1994)

- The Conservation of Water Resources and River Law: State Peace and Development Council Law No. 8/2006 (2006)

- The Environment Conservation Law: The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 9/2012 (2012)

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2-2 Organization of the Administration and Legal Frame on the Water Utilization

2-2-1 Organization of the Administration on the Water Utilization

In Japan, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MOLTT) take charge of management of the Class A River, and the Regional Government take charge of management of the Class B River. The Water Utilization Administration is defined as below.

- The MOLTT has right to give a permission of the water right to the water users which is the public property.

- The MOLTT has responsibility to insure the effective utilization of the river water, and to smooth management of the water utilization by various users in the river basins.

- In terms of above-mentioned issues, for the integrated management of the rivers in low water level, the MOLTT shall set the required water discharge volume to keep the normal function of the river flow. The MOLTT shall carry our following activities.

・Forecasting the future water requirement ・Estimation of the available water resources volume for developing ・Permission of the Water Right

In Myanmar, the Ministry of Transport take charge of management the shipping traffic under the Department of Transport. It is a part of the function of the transportation system. In terms of the Water Resources, Department of Water Resources and Improvement of River System has responsibility for improvement of the river water way and improvement of the dike regarding the Ayeyarwady River, the Salween River, Sittang River and Chindwin River.

The National Plan of the water resources development for the irrigation water, industrial water and domestic water is approved by the National Water Resources Committee. The Department of the Water Resources and Improvement of the River System, Ministry of the Transport, is in charge of the management of the committee. It is not functioning actually in this situation by the result of the interview with the officials concerned in October 2013. The vice president is the chairman of the committee and the vice chairman is the minister of the Ministry of Transport. The Director General of the Department of the Water Resources and the Improvement of the River System is the secretary of the committee. The Water Policy is under discussing by the Committee and it will be established by 2015. Discussion schedule on the Water Right is not defined yet by the interview with high ranking officer of the Irrigation Department.

Accordingly, for making the real river development plan and irrigation development plan, the main ministry has responsibility to handle the project implementation by getting the budget of the Union Government through the making the consensus among the regional government related the project. Based on the above-mentioned definition by the Government of Japan, the leading ministry for the administration of the water utilization can be assumed to be the Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation.

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2-2-2 Policy

The making activities for the draft of the Water Utilization Policy consist of the River Administration Policy by the Department of the Water Resources and Improvement of the River System and the Water Development and Water Utilization regarding the groundwater and surface water by the Irrigation Department. But present situation, there is no permanent committee among the both ministry. There was no friction among both ministries, because the ministry of the transport has concentrated on the main river as already mentioned. There is no five-year plan for the water utilization as a fundamental principle by both ministries at this moment. The data collection survey team has already requested to the ministries regarding the annual budgetary plan. Unfortunately, the information has not reached yet.

2-2-3 Legal Frame

It is clear that the Law of the Water Right in Myanmar has not established yet, by the interview with high ranking officer of the Irrigation Department.

The data collection survey team has an intension to collect information by the interview with the planning Sector in the Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation.

An acceptance of the water resources development by the ministry level, the National Water Resources Committee has a right to conduct the acceptance. The Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River System was appointed as the main agency, but it is not functional. The National Water Resources committee is discussing the Water Policy for making the law by end of 2015. According to the interview from the high-ranked officer, the schedule for the discussion still was not determined.

The respective water right regarding the reservoirs, small reservoirs and groundwater development are not managed based on the real law. For the transitional periods, the ministry of the electric power or ministry of the agriculture and irrigation are managing under the cabinet meeting of the union government. After development of the water resources, the operation and maintenance will be transfered to the ministry level or regional government level. According to the interview with the Irrigation Department, from making the project master plan to the implementation the project of the surface water resource, the Irrigation department has responsibility. For the groundwater development, the Water Resource Utilization Department has responsibility on this matter.

2-3 Outline of Topography and Geology

2-3-1 Topography

(1) Topographic Units and Survey Area

Mountains cover Myanmar in the east and west as well as in the northern edge. Lowlands spread

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in the central part. The Irrawaddy and the Sittang Rivers flow southward in the lowland into the Andaman Sea as shown in Figure 2-3-1. Between the two rivers, Pegu Yoma (Pegu Hill) runs from north to south to divide the lowland. The southern end of Pegu Yoma is the Yangon Ridge on which Yangon City is located, and also the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge which stretches southeastwards over the Bago River as shown in Figure 2-3-2.

The Bago River originates in the south of Pegu Yoma. It flows first southeastwards to near Bago City, and turns to south keeping its flow in lowland to Yangon city.

The Bago River originates in the south of Pegu Yoma. It flows first southeastward to near Bago City, and then turns to the south, keeping its flow in the lowland to Yangon City.

The groundwater investigation of the present survey targets the area of the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and the lowland plain next to it to the east (called respectively as the “hill” and “plain” hereafter), which is surrounded by the Bago, Yangon and Hmawwun Rivers as shown in Figure 2-3-2 and Figure 2-3-3.

The surface water investigation targets the Bago river Basin in addition to this area.

(2) Ground Elevation and Gradient

The southern part of Bago Yoma is a low relief hill with a fine valley system whose elevation ranges mostly from 10 to 200 m and partly along the ridge from 400 to 600 m.

The Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge is also a low relief hill with 5 to 25 m in elevation stretching in NNW - NNE direction, where shallow valleys develop in the western part. The plain out of the ridge is very low and flat. The elevation is 0.7 to 3.5 m in the eastern plain and around 10 m in Bago City. Therefore the riverbed gradient is very small and the Bago River is still tidal even at Bago City which is located about 60 km upstream of Yangon. All creeks and canals in the investigation area are basically tidal. However the tidal effect is considerably reduced by the sluice gates which were constructed mainly at the exit of the creek by the Irrigation Department, MoAI.

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Source：Excerpt from Bender(1983); retouched. Figure 2-3-1 Topographic Units in the Southern Myanmar and Location of Survey Area

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2-3-2 Topography and Elevation in and near the Groundwater Investigation Area

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Source: Google Earth satellite image; retouched.

Figure 2-3-3 Bird’s-eye View of Topography of Groundwater Investigation Area

2-3-2 Geology

(1) Regional Geology

Figure 2-3-4 shows the regional geology and Table 2-3-1 shows a stratigraphic table around the survey area.

Pegu Yoma consists mainly of the Pegu Group. The Irrawaddy Formation distributes along its periphery. The Pegu Group comprises weakly- to moderately-consolidated sedimentary rocks of Tertiary Oligocene to Miocene age. They are considered to be marine deposits. The upper part mainly consists of an alternation of sandstone and mudstone; the middle part, of sandstone; and the lower part, of shale. The Irrawaddy Formation is made up of continental deposits comprising weakly-consolidated medium- to coarse-grained sandstone and conglomerate intercalated with weakly- to moderately-consolidated muddy rocks. The lowland out of the ridge is covered with unconsolidated silt, clay and sand of Quaternary age. These sediments were conveyed by river flow, so that their formation is named ‘Alluvium’ here.

In Pegu Yoma, some anticlines are identified. In the Yangon Ridge and the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge, an anticline is inferred. A famous active lateral fault called the Sagain Fault runs along the linear boundary between Pegu Yoma and the Sittang plain. The Bago Earthquake occurred in 1930 on the fault with an epicenter located to the north of Thongwa in the eastern edge of the investigation area. The linear fault scarp created by the earthquake is traceable even at present.

Note: A digital revised version of geological map of Myanmar was made by the Myanmar Geoscience Society in

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2011. Though it could not be obtained, as far as seeing the diminished printout, Geology distribution around the investigation area is mostly the same as Bender(1983).

Table 2-3-1 Stratigraphic Sequence in Eastern Irrawaddy Delta, Pegu Yoma and Sittang Basin

Approx. Age Formation Lithology Maximal Thickness (m) Quaternar y Alluvium Sand, silt, clay Medium- to coarse-grained Pliocene- Irrawaddy Group sandstone, gravel, conglomerate; 1,200 Miocene? thick-bedded, cross-bedded, massive Angular unconformity Alternation of fine- to medium- Upper 1,000 grained sandstone and mudstone Pegu Group Fine- to medium-grained sandstone Miocene Middle with little shale 900 ～ Oligocene? Sandy shale and shale intercalated Lower with some fine-grained sandstone 850 Source: Bender(1983); partly changed on age and added with Alluvium.

Source: Excerpt from Bender(1983); retouched.

Figure 2-3-4 Regional Geological Map around the Survey Area

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(2) Geology of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge

Figure 2-3-5 shows the geological map and Table 2-3-2 shows stratigraphic table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge. Figure 2-3-5 was compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et a l. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of a satellite image, and outcrop reconnaissance.

According to existing geological maps including regional ones, geologic units distributed in the area are the Irrawaddy Formation in the north and the Pegu Group in the south. They contact each other on an inferred fault running near Kyaik Kauk Pagoda in Thanlyin. Another fault is inferred along the eastern edge of the hill, because it shows a clear lineament. Considering the Bouguer abnomly map shown in Figure 2-3-6, it is probable for a fault to run along the western edge of the hill.

The Irrawaddy Formation consists of semi-consolidated medium- to coarse-grained sandstone with mudstone layers. The Pegu Group comprises an alternation of shale (or mudstone) and fine- to medium-grained sandstone with ferruginous bands. According to the core boring and test well drilling results by the present survey (later described in detail), sandstone of the Irrawaddy Formation distributes down to approximately 100m from the ground and mudstone prevails below this depth. In the southern area where the Pegu Group distributes, the ground is covered mainly with mudstone. However sandstone prevails in the core sample obtained at an eastern edge of the central part of the hill. The ferruginous bands were found in the core above 100m from the ground.

It is generally difficult to grasp the bedding condition in the hill, because outcrops are rarely distributed. However, dip and strike can be measured at some outcrops in a small valley, developed land and wall of dug well. An anticline axis is inferred along the ridge in the Irrawaddy Formation. In the central part of the Pegu-Group-covering area, it is inferred from the drilling result by the present survey that as a whole, layers dip gently to the east and, and near the eastern edge of the hill, they dip more. Along the riverside of the Hmawwun River, there is a continuous outcrop of the Pegu Group. The layers there dip with as much as 30 to 60 degrees to the east..

In the surface of the hill, the lateritic soil develops. Generally a few meters of the surface are reddish brown or brownish in color and contain spherical or sphere-connected ferruginous concretions in the middle and lower portions. In the test well site in Thanlyin where the Irrawaddy formation distributes, lateritic weathering is as remarkable as that the layer is brownish down to 25 m below ground and a thick tabular iron vein 5cm thick was found. In the Pegu-Group-covering area, lateritic weathering reaches about five meters. Such a surface layer of the hill was used as fill material for the embankment in SEZ and the nearby development area. This material is generally not permeable, because its mother rock is mainly mudstone and it contains much silt and clay as well as the concretions.

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Table 2-3-2 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991) Geologic Geologic Age Symbol Lithology Lithology (detail) Units Yellowish grey, bluish grey, brownish grey Recent Alluvium A Sands and Clayes coloured sands and clyas. Irrawaddy Sand rocks interbedded with Medium to coarse grained sand rocks interbeded Pliocene I Formation Clays and Mudstones with clays and mudstones. Alternation of shales and well consolidated Alternationof Shale and Oligocene ? argillaceous, bluish grey to brownish grey Pegu Group P Sandstone with ferrugenous to Miocene coloured, fine to mediumgrained micaceous bands sandstone with ferrugenous band.

Source: Compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et al. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of satellite image and outcrop reconnaissance. Inferred faults indicated only for majors.

Figure 2-3-5 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Rigde

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Source: Original – MOGE; Excerpt from Thint Lwin Swe (2008), retouched.

Figure 2-3-6 Bouguer Anomaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges

2-4 Socioeconomic Situation in the Project Area

2-4-1 Area and Population

(1) Area

The survey area is composed of 4 townships: Thanlyin, Kyautan, Thongwa and Kayan. The largest township is Kyautan (84,371.0 Ha), followed by Thongwa (83,547.0 Ha) (Table 2-4-1). The survey area belongs to the Yangon Southern district; the survey area covers 53.0% of the district (266,526.4 Ha of 503,091.5 Ha in total).

The largest land use category in the survey area is agricultural land. According to the SLRD data, the largest percentage of it is in Kyautan with 74.5% (62,882.9 Ha), followed by Kayan with 71.9% (44,063.0 Ha). Even in the lowest percentage township, Thanlyin, 66.4% (24,762.3ha) of all its area is agricultural land. 71.0% (357,336.9 Ha) of the total area is categorized as agricultural land in the Yangon Southern district. After agricultural areas, the second largest is water. 13.6% to 22.7% of the areas among the survey townships were covered by water and 18.1% (91,253.5 Ha) of the Yangon

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southern district is a water area.

Industrial area is larger around the Yangon city area townships. The townships where Thilawa SEZ planned site, Thanlyin and Kyautan are larger than other townships, the areas are 2,108.0 Ha (5.7%), 794.4 Ha (0.9%), respectively. Percentage of Building land of Thanlyin is the largest with 10.6% (3,936.0 Ha) of all survey townships. There are two bridges which connected to Yangon city area in Thanlyin, so workers can commute conveniently. It might be thought that there is a function of commute town for workers in Yangon City.

Table 2-4-1 Area and Land Use in 2012/13 Yangon Southern Township Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan District Land Category Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Agricultural Land 24,762.3 66.4 62,882.9 74.5 58,804.5 70.4 44,063.0 71.9 357,336.9 71.0 Forest & Natural Area 51.4 0.1 225.4 0.3 - - 308.8 0.5 3,999.1 0.8 Road & Railway 803.7 2.2 1,097.5 1.3 1,221.7 1.5 591.2 1.0 5,463.7 1.1 Water Area 5,064.6 13.6 12,087.2 14.3 18,961.6 22.7 10,254.7 16.7 91,253.5 18.1 Industrial Land 2,108.0 5.7 794.4 0.9 20.2 0.02 32.0 0.1 3,275.1 0.7 Building Land 3,936.0 10.6 3,840.9 4.6 3,346.8 4.0 3,360.1 5.5 24,757.1 4.9 Other 565.3 1.5 3,442.7 4.1 1,192.2 1.4 2,707.3 4.4 17,006.1 3.4 Total Area 37,291.3 100.0 84,371.0 100.0 83,547.0 100.0 61,317.1 100.0 503,091.5 100.0 Source: Yangon Southern District, Settlement and Land Record Department

(2) Population

The age-distribution population for each survey townships are shown in Figure 2-4-1. Thanlin shows a large population among the younger generation (less than 15 years old), but the tendency was not shown in other townships. Based on the viewpoint of demographic transition, Thanlyin could be categorized as stage two (meaning high birth rate and low death rate), whereas others could be categorized as stage three (meaning low birth rate and low death rate). Demographic transition will change with modernization, and developing countries are categorized as first stage (meaning high birth rate and high death rate), usually. However, the survey townships were categorized by a higher stage, the same as a developed country. On the other hand, due to the low sanitation standard and lack of medical technology, the population segment over 70 years old was lower than others, relatively. According to that, it might be said that the area is a low birth rate and high death rate area. Primitive agricultural area societies usually have high birth rates for work power, but that tendency was not seen in the area.

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80‐ 80‐ Thanlyin Kyautan 70‐74 70‐74

60‐64 60‐64

50‐54 50‐54 40‐44 40‐44 30‐34 30‐34

20‐24 20‐24

10‐14 10‐14

0‐4 0‐4

15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000

80‐ 80‐ Thongwa Kayan 75‐79 70‐74 70‐74 65‐69 60‐64 60‐64 55‐59 50‐54 50‐54 45‐49 40‐44 40‐44 35‐39 30‐34 30‐34 25‐29

20‐24 20‐24 15‐19 10‐14 10‐14 5‐9 0‐4 0‐4

15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000

Figure 2-4-1 Population Age Distribution in 2012 by Township

Table 2-4-2 summarized the number of households, the population (under 18 years old, over 18 years old), the number of members per household, and the population density. The largest population is in Thanlyin: 208,435 (under 18 years old: 53,903; over 18 years old: 154,532), followed by Thongwa: 162,884 (under 18 years old: 53,493; over 18 years old: 109,391). The number of members per household and the population density are also the largest in Thanlyin; the numbers are 4.6 and 558.9, respectively. Population density especially is more than double that of the other townships. As mentioned above, Thanlyin is located near Yangon City, and the township is a commuter town; therefore, its population density is significantly higher than that of the others. The other townships’ population density is lower than that of the Yangon southern district.

Table 2-4-2 No. of House Hold and Population in 2012/13 No. of No. of No. of Population Township No. of Population Village House Member / Density Ward Name Tract Hold Under 18 Over 18 Total House Hold (Person/km2) Thanlyin 17 28 45,143 53,903 154,532 208,435 4.6 558.9 Kyauktan 17 56 39,084 47,740 113,284 161,024 4.1 190.9

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Thongwa 12 53 38,611 53,493 109,391 162,884 4.2 195.0 Khayan 12 64 36,478 46,825 112,379 159,204 4.4 259.6 Yangon 110 375 308,184 410,672 917,692 1,328,364 4.3 264.0 Southern District Source: Township General Administration Department

Population dynamics which are divided between those less than 18 years old and those over 18 years old from 2008 to 2012 are shown in Figure 2-4-2. Except for Kyautan, all of the townships’ under 18-year old populations declined during this period. Thanlyin’s briefly increased in 2007 but then decreased. On the other hand, the populations over 18-years old increased in all townships. The increase rate is especially higher in Thanlyin than in the others. The increase is not related to the under 18-year old population; it might be single person or non-child families migrating from outside. This township could be the commuter town for Yangon City, beginning from 2007.

Source: Township General Administration Department

Figure 2-4-2 Population Trend during 2005 to 2012

2-4-2 Industry, Economy, Employment

(1) GDP

The economy in the four townships which cover the survey area is mainly composed of trading, industry, agriculture, and livestock & fishery. The following Figure 2-4-3 shows the GDP in the 2012/13 fiscal year for the four townships. The trading sector shares 26.9% of the total GDP for the four townships, showing the biggest share. The industry sector comes second with 26.1% of the GDP. The agriculture sector comes third with 23.4 %, followed by the livestock & fishery sector with 14.5%. The primary industry sector, agriculture and livestock & fishery, shares 37.9% of the GDP. Considering the results of the field survey and land use condition, the percentage of priority industry might be higher than the figure.

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Construction Others 2.9% 3.1% Transportation 3.1%

Livestock & Trading Fishery 26.9% 14.5%

Agriculture 23.4% Industry 26.1%

Source: Township General Administration Department Figure 2-4-3 GDP Share in 4 Townships

(2) Employed Workforce

The following table shows the employment situation in four townships of the survey area. The unemployment rate is the highest with 31.5% in Kyautan, followed by Thanlyin with 17.2%. The percentage of Thongwa (2.4%) and Kayan (5.0%) are lower than the percentage of the Yangon southern district (14.5%). As is well-known, temporary wage work is common in the Southeast Asian countries; the number of employed persons will change seasonally, such as in the farming season; however, the data did not mention the data collecting period. Therefore, it might be considered that the data reflecting the low unemployment rate areas were taken during the busy farming period while others were probably taken during the farming off-season.

Table 2-4-3 No. of Workers and Unemployment Rate in 2012/13 No. of No. of Employed Unemployment Township Name No. of Workers Unemployed Person Rate (%) Person Thanlyin 139,440 115,420 24,020 17.2 Kyautan 113,459 77,694 35,765 31.5 Thongwa 110,882 107,533 2,649 2.4 Kayan 91,977 87,379 4,598 5.0 Total 455,758 388,026 67,032 14.7 Yangon 891,829 761,537 129,592 14.5 Southern District Source: Yangon Southern District, General Administration Department

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The table above shows the number of workers in the different industry sectors. Although the data source is the Yangon southern district general administration office, which provides official data, Thanlyin’s number is quite small and Khayan’s number is large, considering the over 18 years old population. The percentage of agricultural workers shares 0.8% to 34.9% of the total. According to the area of agricultural land use and the results of the field survey, the percentage is considered small. Landless farmers are involved in farmland activities as temporary workers, so temporary workers should usually be considered as agriculture workers.

In addition, the share of the primary industry sector is 59.8% (Agriculture: 34.9%; Livestock: 0.7%; Temporary workers: 24.2%), in Thanlyin, 73.9% (Agriculture: 20.4%; Livestock: 20.8%; Temporary workers: 32.7%), and in Kyautan, 50.4% (Agriculture: 21.8%; Livestock: 10.0%; Temporary workers: 18.6%) in the Yangon southern district. The percentage of the primary industry sector is relatively large compared to other sectors. However with the percentages of the primary industry sector in Kyautan being 37.0% (Agriculture: 12.0%; Livestock: 12.0%; Temporary workers: 13.0%) and Thongwa being 10.2% (Agriculture: 0.8%; Livestock: 0.7%; Temporary workers: 8.7%), as well as a large number of others (Kyautan: 34.3%; Thongwa: 39.5%), these figures might include a significant number of agricultural workers.

Table 2-4-4 No. of Worker by Township by in 2012

Yangon Southern Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan Township Name District

(No.) (%) (No.) (%) (No.) (%) (No.) (%) (No.) (%)

Government 6,335 33.5 1,720 1.7 2,579 2.5 1,864 1.3 23,683 3.3 Employee

Labor 813 4.3 14,500 13.9 31,472 30.1 9,837 6.6 101,963 14.1

Agriculture 6,596 34.9 12,538 12.0 843 0.8 30,270 20.4 157,272 21.8

Livestock 130 0.7 12,500 12.0 721 0.7 30,872 20.8 72,453 10.0

Trader 216 1.1 13,500 13.0 15,324 14.6 16,386 11.1 100,093 13.8

Industrial Worker 20 0.1 100 0.1 3,255 3.1 3,378 2.3 11,545 1.6

Temporary Worker 4,569 24.2 13,585 13.0 9,150 8.7 48,446 32.7 134,130 18.6

Others 235 1.2 35,765 34.3 41,287 39.5 7,067 4.8 121,829 16.9

Total 18,914 100.0 104,208 100.0 104,631 100.0 148,120 100.0 722,968 100.0

Source: Yangon Southern District, General Administration Department.

(3) Factories and the employees

Table 2-4-5 summarizes the number of factories and workers in the project area. The largest number of factories and workers is in Thanlyin with 47 factories and 6,327 workers (male: 2,536; female: 3,791), followed by Kyautan with 15 factories and 2,503 workers (male: 1,882; female: 621).

2-21 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

There are no factories in Thongwa and Kayan. Thanlyin is located on the left banks of the Bago and Yangon Rivers where there are ports. Therefore, several factories are located around those ports.

Table 2-4-5 No. of Factories and Laborers in 2013 No. of No. of Labor Township Name Factories Male Female Total Thanlyin 47 2,536 3,791 6,327 Kyautan 15 1,882 621 2,503 Thongwa - - - - Kayan - - - - Total 62 4,418 4,412 8,830 Yangon Southern District 72 4,503 4,640 9,143 Source: Yangon Southern District, Department of Labor

2-5 Present Situation of the Water Utilization of the Survey Areas

The subjects to be considered of the present situation of the water utilization of the survey areas are classified into following three items.

- Water for Agriculture - Water for Industry - Water for Domestic use

The developing level of the survey areas are still low, the irrigation system and water supplying system are almost not yet implemented. The other side, the survey areas are expected as the one of the future Greater Yangon City Area.

2-5-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area

Agriculture shares the first priority in the structure of the GDP of 27.8% in Myanmar, and even as it is going toward a manufacturing industry nation in the future, agriculture is the main industry at this moment. Since the natural resources of the Earth and the Water are essential components for agriculture, agricultural field is the biggest user for the water resource.

Fundamental information for the grasp of the agricultural field is summarized below. The data for the agricultural fields of the Thanlyin Township, the Kyauktan Township, the Thongwa Township and the Kayan Township which are target areas of the survey have not yet been collected by the formal administrative organ. The survey team collected the related data from the respective townships by conducting interviews. The data are summarized below.

2-22 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

(1) Present situation of the agricultural foundation

Table 2-5-1 Fundamental information for the grasp of the agricultural field Yangon Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Total Southern District Administrative Area 372.9 843.7 835.5 613.2 2,665.3 5,030.9 (km2)

Population less than 53,903 47,740 53,493 46,825 201,961 410,825 18 years Population greater 154,532 113,284 109,391 112,379 489,586 917,692 than 18 years Total of Population 208,435 161,024 162,884 159,204 691,547 1,328,364 Farming household 6,463 12,290 14,214 12,127 45,094 80,827 Farmer engaged 6,596 12,538 843 30,270 50,247 157,272 Cultivated area (ha) 24,762 62,883 58,805 44,063 190,513 357,337 Sown area (ha) 46,652 96,904 110,396 84,549 338,501 491,350 Monsoon Paddy(ha) 24,802 63,144 59,783 44,825 192,554 321,336 Summer Paddy (ha) 642 21 0 81 744 25,108

Source: Yangon Southern District, Settlement and Land Record Department Yangon Southern District, General Administration Department Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

(2) Present Water Demand for Irrigation

To grasp the water demand for irrigation, the water supply for the monsoon paddy isn’t needed because of the rainwater falling throughout the season; however, the water supply for the summer paddy needs irrigation water throughout the season. The real water demand volume on the survey area has not been grasped by the Irrigation Department, which has the responsibility for this issue country-wide. Therefore, the following estimation formula will be applied, which is used for the making a preliminary plan for the water resource development study in the Irrigation Department.

1) Pre-condition for the sown area of the summer paddy

The summer paddy can be cultivated by sustainable irrigation water throughout the season. The sown area of summer paddy is appropriated as 744 (ha) in the four townships.

2) Estimation formula for the irrigation water demand volume

The Irrigation Department is applying the following formula to grasp the irrigation water demand.

2-23 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Water Demand Volume (acre-feet/year) = 6 (acre-feet/acre)×Irrigated area (acre)

For making the water resource development plan for the irrigation project, in the Irrigation Department, the required annual irrigation water volume shall be estimated based on the unit consumptive use water depth of six (6) feet.

The converted formula from acre-feet to ha-m3 is shown below.

Water Demand Volume (m3/year) =18,295 (m3/ha)×Irrigated area (ha)

3) Irrigation Water demand volume

The irrigation water demand volume can be estimated below.

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Total

Cultivated area (ha) 24,762 62,883 58,805 44,063 190,513 Summer Paddy (ha) 641 21 0 81 744

Water demand volume 11.7 0.4 0 1.5 13.6 (106 m3)

The water demand volume is considerably small because of a sowing area for the summer paddy of 744 (ha). This means that future water demand, because of an increasing of the sowing area of the summer paddy, will be increased by an incentive for farmers through the implementation of the irrigation project.

2-5-2 Present Situation of the Industry in the Target Area

Industry consists of the manufacturing and processing and shares 19.8% of the structure of the GDP in Myanmar. It is the third priority following Agriculture and Trade.

Fundamental information is provided for the Industry sector of the Thanlyin Township, the Kyauktan Township, the Thongwa Township and the Kayan Township, the target areas of the survey. The data are summarized below.

2-24 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Table 2-5-2 Fundamental Information for the Industry Sector Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Total Population 208,435 161,024 162,884 159,204 691,547 Number of Factories 47 15 - - 62 Number of Workers 6,327 2,503 - - 8,830 Annual used water unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown volume (106m3) The data on the water resources in Japan, summarized by the Ministry of the Land Infrastructure

2-5-3 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area

There are 12,400 shallow wells which are used for living purposes. At first, people store the rainwater during the monsoon season, and then the groundwater will be used to cover any volume shortage of the domestic use water. Even the public water supply system can be used, which peoples will use for limited purposes and in limited volume amounts.

There are some number of the small ponds for the domestic use water and agricultural water in the part of the agricultural activities. There are some families to use the rain water by using the roof and gutters with the roof. These water resources are used for the subsidized water in the rainy season.

The public water supply system is used in the Thanlyin Township and Kyauktan Township under management of the regional development committee, the penetration rate is still few percent. There is a plan to provide the water from the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) in these areas in future, but it should prepare the bridge or crossing facilities to cross the Bago River. To realize this plan, it takes much cost. It should pass the barriers to reach the implementation. The salt intrusion in to the river discharge around these area are confirmed, it is difficult to obtain the safety and sustainable water though the Bago River. The population density is still low except a part of the areas, due to the low effect of the cost/benefit ration, regional development is still low.

2-6 Agriculture in the Project Area

2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use

Table 2-6-1 shows agricultural land use in the project area and in the Yangon southern district. More than 96% of all agricultural land is lowland in the project area. Thanlyin has a slightly larger percentage of gardens compared with the others; it is located near Yangon city in a relatively hilly portion. Compared to the Yangon southern district, the project area could be characterized as a dominant are of paddy cultivation.

2-25 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Table 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use in the Project Area Yangon Southern Tounship Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan District Land Category Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Lowland 23,917.8 96.6 62,131.0 98.8 58,181.3 98.9 43,615.4 99.0 320,270.1 89.6 Shoal and Riverbank Field ------474.7 0.1 Garden 673.8 2.7 486.0 0.8 384.9 0.7 433.4 1.0 34,760.1 9.7 Nipa Field 170.8 0.7 265.9 0.4 238.4 0.4 14.2 0.03 1,832.0 0.5 Total Agricultural Land 24,762.3 100.0 62,882.9 100.0 58,804.5 100.0 44,063.0 100.0 357,336.9 100.0 Source: Yangon Southern District, Settlement and Land Record Department

2-6-2 Planted Area, Production and These Trend in Recent Years

(1) Planted Area and Production

The monsoon paddy takes the largest harvested area with the second being green gram in the project area in 2012/13, and the order is the same as in the Yangon southern district. Though the harvested area of the Yangon southern district is 25,107.9 Ha, the total harvested area of the project area is only 743.3 Ha (Thanlyin: 642.2 Ha; Kyautan: 20.6 Ha; Kayan: 80.5 Ha).Due to the lack of irrigation facilities, the summer paddy area is smaller than that of other townships in the Yangon southern district.

Table 2-6-2 Harvested Area and Production by Crop in 2012/13

Yangon Southern Township Name Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan District

Crop Name (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) Monsoon Paddy 24,802.0 86,077.8 63,144.0 222,323.1 59,782.6 219,348.4 44,824.6 162,096.8 321,335.7 1,119,597.8 Summer Paddy 642.2 2,558.7 20.6 91.7 - - 80.5 301.8 25,107.9 108,224.2 Groundnut 11.7 11.7 3.6 5.1 41.3 57.2 124.6 176.0 191.0 257.6 Sunflower 4.0 1.0 21.0 7.7 19.8 5.0 175.6 69.8 250.5 94.6 Black Gram ------6.9 5.7 118.2 96.4 Green Gram 21,180.1 17,183.4 32,949.1 40,769.3 50,418.2 63,838.2 39,187.0 47,087.1 143,925.8 169,075.8 French Bean ------52.6 47.9 Other Beans 11.7 9.4 765.7 60.8 134.0 150.2 149.7 116.9 367.9 338.2 Source: DOA, Yangon Southern District

The trends of crop production by each crop from 2008 to 2013 are shown in Figure 2-6-1. During this time, the production of the monsoon paddy and green gram were approximately constant in all townships, but the summer paddy production decreased in Thanlyin. The sunflower production also decreased, becoming quite small in 2011/12. Production of groundnut, which was widely produced in Thongwa and Kayan, decreased in 2010/11 to approximately a quarter of what was produced in 2009/10 and 2012/13.

2-26 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

According to the result of an interview with DOA officers, farmers could not select planting crops freely even if the farmer had a right of land to use before 2010. It is considered that low profit crops such as summer paddy, sunflower and groundnut were not very attractive for farmers; a profitable crop, green gram, was produced stably though. However, the production of green gram did not increase from 2010; in other words, low profit crop production was not changed to profitable crops. It is considered that the place where sunflower and groundnut were planted has lower water potential; therefore, the place was not suitable for green gram cultivation. It also might be considered that even if the farmer has land, temporary work is more attractive than unstable and low profit crop production. Therefore, the number of temporary workers is high in the project area.

2-27 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Monsoon Paddy Summer Paddy Thanlyin 250,000 5,000 Kyauktan Thongwa 200,000 4,000 Khayan

150,000 3,000 (MT) (MT) 100,000 2,000

50,000 1,000

0 0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Green Gram Other Beans Thanlyin 80,000 200 Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan

60,000 150

(MT) 40,000

(MT) 100

20,000 50

0 0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Sunflower Groundnut Thanlyin 1,500 1,000 Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan 1,200 800

900 600 (MT) (MT) 600 400

300 200

0 0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 Source: Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

Figure 2-6-1 Trend of Crop Production from 2008 to 2013

2-28 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

(2) Planted Area and Production under Irrigation

Irrigated areas in the four survey townships and the Yangon southern district in 2011/12 are shown in Table 2-6-3. The percentages of irrigated areas in Thanlyin, Kyautan, Thongwa and Khayan were 15.6% (3,851.0Ha in 24,762.3Ha); 3.2% (2,023.4Ha in 62,882.9Ha); 23.8% (14,016.3Ha in 58,804.5Ha); and 34.1% (48,912.0Ha in 357,336.9Ha), respectively. The percentages were higher than the percentage in the Yangon southern district (13.7%), except Kyautan.

The summer paddy area in the four townships was 857.5Ha; it takes up no more than 6% of the Yangon southern district (14,310.9Ha). The variation of the summer paddy harvested area from 2008/09 to 2012/13 is shown in Figure 2-6-2. It was changed about 300Ha in Thanlyin from 2008 to 2012, but it did not clearly show large changes among other townships. Therefore, the small number of summer paddy planted areas was not related with the policy change after 2010, which allowed the farmers to decide on the crops they wanted to grow in their own fields. The summer paddy which required much irrigation water was not a major crop grown in the project area.

The total irrigated area in the four townships is relatively larger in the Yangon southern district; however the amount of distributable water is small. Hence, most of the irrigable area planted pulses which required small amount of water rather than summer paddy. Actually, triple crop farming is possible in a year in the area. It is considered that if abundant irrigation water is provided by an irrigation facility in the project area, it makes it possible to increase and stabilize crop production.

Table 2-6-3 Irrigated Areas in 2011/12 Township Yangon Southern Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan Name District

Crop Name (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%)

Summer Paddy 830.0 21.6 - - - - 27.5 0.2 14,310.9 29.3

Green Gram 2,967.6 77.1 2,023.4 100.0 13,856.4 98.9 14,793.7 98.3 33,767.4 69.0

Sunflower ------327.8 0.7

Groundnut 53.4 1.4 - - 89.0 0.6 141.6 0.9 284.1 0.6

Cow pea ------62.3 0.4 69.6 0.1

Black gram ------4.0 0.03 50.2 0.1

Vegetable - - - - 70.8 0.5 13.4 0.1 102.0 0.2

Total 3,851.0 100.0 2,023.4 100.0 14,016.3 100.0 15,042.6 100.0 48,912.0 100.0

Source: DOA, Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

2-29 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

1,000 900 800 700 600 500 Thanlyin (Ha) Kyautan 400 Thongwa Kayan 300 200 100 0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

Source: Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

Figure 2-6-2 Trend of Summer Paddy Harvested Area from 2008 to 2012

The irrigated area was increasing in Thanlyin, Thongwa and Kayan from 2008 to 2012 (Figure 2-6-3). The increase might have been caused by the 30-mile greening project which the irrigation department (ID) pushes forward continuously. That project is not completed yet due to the increase of the canal length or its connection to the existing canal; the water in the canal can be used for the winter crop supplementary.

16,000 14,000

12,000 Thanlyin 10,000 Kyautan Thongwa 8,000 Kayan (Ha) 6,000

4,000 2,000

0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

Source: Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

Figure 2-6-3 Trend of Total Irrigated Area from 2008 to 2013

2-30 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

2-6-3 Agricultural Tools and Machineries

The number of owned agricultural materials and machines by townships are shown in Table 2-6-4. It is an error that the number of hand tractor in Thanlyin is 0, obviously. In whole, the numbers of traditional tools, harrows (40,471), ploughs (53,331) and bull carts (24,240) are larger than those of tractors (1,316) and hand tractors (4,722). This suggests that the way of agricultural operation is still traditional in the area; therefore, agricultural mechanization is expected which might contribute to agricultural labor-saving and labor provision for the industrial sector in Yangon City.

Table 2-6-4 No. of Agricultural Materials in 2012/13

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan Total

Traditional Harrow 6,941 10,008 12,498 11,024 40,471 Traditional Plough 8,150 12,785 18,619 13,777 53,331 Bull Cart 4,513 5,551 7,151 7,025 24,240 Tractor 169 199 567 381 1,316 Water Pump 332 68 63 848 1,311 Hand Tractor 0 1,624 1,934 1,164 4,722 Planting Machine 0 0 10 0 10 Harvester 3 3 3 0 9 Thresher 50 44 35 275 404 Source: Yangon Southern District, General Administration Office

2-7 Water Right and Organization of the Water Utilization

2-7-1 Water Right

There is no Law of the Water Right in Myanmar therefore, there is no definition of the Water Right not only for the surface water resource but also the groundwater. Since there is no Law of the water resource development, the decision making and responsibility of the project plan and implementation of the project belong to the ministry individually. The procedure for giving the permission regarding the water utilization facilities, which are the bridge, dredging, river improvement, embankment of the dike and construction of the weir, are not defined by the Law. The construction of those facilities are implemented by the regional government with the budget given by the Union Government, the implementation agencies asking the cabinet for the budget allocation of the each implementation plan individually. Substantially, the Implementation Ministry has responsibility for the projects, the water right also belonging to the Ministry individually.

The groundwater development consist of the shallow wells for personal use, public water supply system and irrigation water resource development in the Central Dry Zone. Even these development

2-31 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas plan is not controlled by the any kinds of the law. The developer has to entry the basic data on the ledger at the township office without regard to the capacity of the developed groundwater resource. It has no water right administratively.

2-7-2 Water Users Association

There is no institution for the collection of the water utilization fee due to the fact that the Water Users Association has not been organized under the management by the ministry of agriculture and irrigation which is largest organization for the water resource in Myanmar. There is the rationale on the present situation of the maintenance systems for the main canals and the secondary canals by the Irrigation Department.

But the maintenance fee for the tertiary canals and the terminal level canals are not collected from the beneficiaries anymore; therefore, the maintenance fee is lacking from the annual budget and all facilities have become superannuated.

In a similar way, the City Development Committee (CDC) has a responsibility to manage the domestic water supply system instead of the Water Users Association. It mean that the domestic water supply system is not managed by the self-support accounting.

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

Figure 2-7-1 Organization chart of the related ministries -1

2-32 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Irrigation Department (ID)

Director General

Deputy Director Deputy Director General (1) General (2)

Chief Mechnical Director Director Director Head Office Engineer Construction (1) Maintenance Maintenance Kachin State Mandalay Div Director Director Director Dy Director Administration Investigation Construction (2) Director Maintenance Kayar Maintenance Mon Director Mech: Director State State Div 1(Ygn) Director Director Hydrology Planning&Works Construction (3) Dy Director Director Director Maintenance Kayin Maintenance Director Director Mech: Director Geology State Rakhine State Construction (4) Div 2 (Taungoo) Procurement Dy Director Director Director Director Maintenance Chin Maintenance Drilling & Construction (5) State Yangon Div Director Account Blasting Director Director Mech: Director Director Maintenance Div 3 (Magway) Director Construction (6) Maintenance Shan Hydropower Sagaing Region Inspection (South) Branch Director Deputy Director Director Mech: Director Design Construction (7) Dy Director Maintenance Div 4 Maintenance Shan Tanintharyi Region (Mandalay) Director (East) Deputy Director Construction(8) Director Dy Director Irrigation Maintenance Bago Director Maintenance Shan Training Center Region Construction(9) (North) Director Maintenance Director Magway Region Maintenance Ayeyarwaddy Div

Water Resource Utilization Department

Diretor General

Deputy Director General

Administration Planning Groundwater Water Punm Gravity Flow Production and Division Division Division Division and Civil Work procurement Division Division

Figure 2-7-2 Organization chart of the related ministries -2

2-33 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Ministry of Electric Power No.1

Minister

Deputy Minister

Department of Department of Hydroelectric Hydropower Production Hydroelectric Planning Implementation Enterprise

Ministry of Electric Power No.2

Minister

Deputy Minister

Department of Electric Myanmar Electric Electricity Supply yangonElectricity Power Power Enterprise Enterprise Supply Board

Ministry of Transport

Figure 2-7-3 Organization chart of the related ministries -3

2-34

CHAPTER 3

SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER

Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

CHAPTER 3 Survey and Analysis of Groundwater

3-1. Outline

3-1-1 Purpose

A survey and analysis of groundwater was carried out to estimate the groundwater development potential in the area shown in Figure 3-1-1-1 for the Thilawa SEZ and the adjoining area.

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 3-1-1-1 Groundwater Survey Area and Topography

3-1-2 Definition of Groundwater Development Potential

Here the “groundwater development potential” means a groundwater amount which can be sustainably supplied for the Thilawa SEZ and the adjacent area without socially unallowable environmental impact. Generally, to estimate the groundwater development potential, first the following four items are assessed, and then, comprehensively considering the results, the amount is fixed:

(1) Water Budget

A development amount must be lower than the groundwater recharge in a target area. If there is existing groundwater use, the amount of the present usage must be withheld from the amount. In addition, it must be considered that it is impossible to take all excess water in a water budget, because

3-1 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

some parts of groundwater would flow out of the area. Therefore, a part of the groundwater recharge could be developed.

(2) Water Quality

The water quality of the developed water must fit the purpose of usage, or the treatment cost of the water to be used must be economical enough to be acceptable.

(3) Hydraulic Ability

The hydraulic ability of the aquifer must be high so as to allow collecting water into intake facilities effectively and economically.

(4) Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of the water development must be as small as the negative impact to make it negligible, or the negative impact must be reduced with a mitigation measure so as to be acceptable. Ordinarily, small groundwater development is planned only with well capacity and water quality. But the well capacity shows only the hydraulic ability of the aquifer. For a larger scale development, the water budget and environmental impact must be considered as well. For the development in an area where groundwater is already being used, its environmental impact on the existing usage often limits the potential.

3-1-3 Topography

As shown in Figure 3-1-3-1, the target area consists of a low-relief hill and a flat plain surrounded by the Bago, Yangon and Hmaw Wun Rivers, and Tan Bin Creek. The total area is about 930 km2. The hill occupies the western side of the area with the towns of Thanlyin and Khauktan on it. The ground elevation ranges from about 5 m to 25 m. The Thilawa SEZ is located on the western flank. The hill is sometimes called the “Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge” The plain covers most of the area extending to the east. The ground elevation ranges mainly from 1m to 4m. There are many creeks and canals connected to each other. Because sluice gates are installed at the exit of the main creeks along the Bago River, and a main water divide of the plain runs along the road which connects Thanlyin and Thongwa, the northern part of the plain is protected against saline water intrusion into creeks in the dry season, though it is not perfect. In the southern part, the creeks remain tidal and salty water is moving through them. In the northern part of the survey area, the old river channels of the Bago River are easily traceable on the satellite image as shown in Figure 3-1-1-1. Along the eastern side of the survey area, the Sagain Fault, a famous active fault, runs.

3-2 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Source: Google Earth satellite image; retouched. Figure 3-1-3-1 Bird’s-eye View of Groundwater Survey Area

3-1-4 Geology

Figure 3-1-4-2 shows the geological map and Table 3-1-4-1 shows the stratigraphic table of the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge. The map was compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et al. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of a satellite image, and outcrop reconnaissance. According to existing geological maps including regional ones, geologic units distributed in the area are the Irrawaddy Formation in the north and the Pegu Group in the south. They contact each other on an inferred fault running near Kyaik Kauk Pagoda in Thanlyin. Another fault is inferred along the eastern edge of the hill, because it shows a clear lineament. Considering the Bouguer anomaly map shown in Figure 3-1-4-1, it is probable for a fault to run along the western edge of the hill. The Irrawaddy Formation consists of semi-consolidated medium- to coarse-grained sandstone with mudstone layers. The Pegu Group comprises an alternation of shale (or mudstone) and fine- to medium-grained sandstone with ferruginous bands. According to the core boring and test well drilling results by the present survey (later described in detail), sandstone of the Irrawaddy Formation distributes down to approximately 100 m from the ground and mudstone prevails below this depth. In the southern area where the Pegu Group distributes, the ground is covered mainly with mudstone. However sandstone prevails in the core sample obtained at an eastern edge of the central part of the hill. The ferruginous bands were found in the core above 100 m from the ground. It is generally difficult to grasp the bedding condition in the hill, because outcrops are rarely distributed. However, dip and strike can be measured at some outcrops in a small valley, developed land and wall of

3-3 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas dug well. An anticline axis is inferred along the ridge in the Irrawaddy Formation. In the central part of the Pegu-Group-covering area, it is inferred from the drilling result by the present survey that as a whole, layers dip gently to the east and, and near the eastern edge of the hill, they dip more. Along the riverside of the Hmaw Wun River, there is a continuous outcrop of the Pegu Group. The layers there dip with as much as 30 to 60 degrees to the east. In the surface of the hill, the lateritic soil develops. Generally a few meters of the surface are reddish brown or brownish in color and contain spherical or sphere-connected ferruginous concretions in the middle and lower portions. In the test well site in Thanlyin where the Irrawaddy formation distributes, lateritic weathering is as remarkable as that the layer is brownish down to 25 m below ground and a thick tabular iron vein 5 cm thick was found. In the Pegu-Group-covering area, lateritic weathering reaches about five meters. Such a surface layer of the hill was used as fill material for the embankment in SEZ and the nearby development area. This material is generally not permeable, because its mother rock is mainly mudstone and it contains much silt and clay as well as the concretions. The plain is underlain by unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits. The thickness is 50m ~ 70m. It consists mainly of fine alternation of very fine sand, silt and clay (clayey deposits), and a basal sand layer with granules lies on the bottom. Less consolidated Tertiary deposits underlie the layer unconformably.

Table 3-1-4-1 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991)

Geologic Age Geologic Units Symbol Lithology Lithology (detail) Yellowish grey, bluish grey, brownish grey coloured Recent Alluvium A Sands and Clays sands and clyas. Irrawaddy Sand rocks interbedded with Medium to coarse grained sand rocks interbeded with P liocene I Formation Clays and Mudstones clays and mudstones. Alternation of shales and well consolidated Alternationof Shale and Oligocene ? to argillaceous, bluish grey to brownish grey coloured, Pegu Group P Sandstone with ferrugenous Miocene fine to mediumgrained micaceous sandstone with bands ferrugenous band.

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Source: Original – MOGE; Excerpt from Thint Lwin Swe (2008), retouched.

Figure 3-1-4-1 Bouguer Anormaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges

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Source: Compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et al. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of satellite image and outcrop reconnaissance. Inferred faults indicated only for majors. Figure 3-1-4-2 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge

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3-2. Groundwater Survey

3-2-1 Outline

To estimate the groundwater development potential of a region, we must survey the target items shown in Table 3-2-1-1. The following methods are applied for the present survey: 1) Review of Existing Reports 2) Well Inventory Survey 3) Geophysical Survey 4) Core Boring 5) Test Well 6) Pumping Test 7) Water Quality Survey and Test 8) Outcrop Reconnaissance 9) Groundwater Head Monitoring

Figure 3-2-1-1 shows the main locations and area of the survey.

Table 3-2-1-1 Survey Items Related to GW Potential and Methods Applied in this Survey

Target Item of Survey Explanation Method of Survey Applied Well inventory suevey (14,691 facilities), geophysical survey (VES Aquifer A place of movement and 43 points, TDEM 60 points), core boring (2 points), test well (5 distribution storage sites, 16 wells), outcrop recconnassance, topographic analysis with sattelite image. 1) A result of water budget. Observation of GW level: Groundwater 2) The gradient shows GW Automatically & hourly - 16 wells Water Budget table movement direction. GW level measurement at dug wells Collection of metrological and hydrological data (rainfall, Groundwater Input of water budget evapotranspiration, tide level, etc.), confirmation of water body recharge location, creation of landcover map with sattellite image. Groundwater Output of water budget Estimation of GW use amount through well inventory survey. runoff Water quality measurement/analysis: 200 exhisting wells - Twice a year, in-situ measurement Requirement from Water Quality 16 test wells - sampled during pumping test and monthly, in-situ development purpose and in laboratory analysis. 13 test wells - Isotopic analysis Controling rechrage and water Pumping test at test well (16 wells) and existing wells (3 wells). Hydraulic Ability moving rate. Affects economy Well capacity data in existing reports of development. Impact provider Water development plan (Amount and facilities allocation to be assumed) Environmental Impact receiver Water use and land use Water use facilities inventory survey. Landuse survey. Impact Field of impact Assessment Aquifer (See the methods for water budget and hydraulic ability) transmissin Source: JICA Survey Team

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Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 3-2-1-1 Main Locations of Groundwater Surveys

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3-2-2 Review of Existong Reports and Data

3-2-2-1 Existing Reports and Data

Two study reports shown in Table 3-2-2-1 were reviewed. The general geology, well logs and water quality data on the reports are useful to understand the outline of hydrogeology in the area.

Table 3-2-2-1 Existing Hydrogeological Study Reports

Citation Win Naing et al. (1991) Aye Thanda Bo (2001) Abbreviated Author Aung Aung Tin, Win Naing and Maung Maung Aye Thanda Bo Year 1991 2001 Title Hydrogeology of Thanlyin - Kyauktan Area Urban Geology of Thanlyin Area Diploma Article, Applied Geology Department, Diploma Article, Department of Engineering Geology, Publication Yangon University Yangon Technological University Target Area Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and nearby area Thanlyin ・Collection of 6 well logs and 36 tube well data ・Collection of 9 engineering boring logs (with soil tst ・Water quality analysis at 44 wells(dug and tube data), 8 investigation drilling logs and 7 well logs well) ・Summarization of water use and water quality Study Oulline ・Collection of information on water supply and ・Geo-engineering consideration on land use and treatment in Kyauktan foundation ・Creation of hydrogeological maps Geological map Geological map Location map of well Water quality map (main ions, iron ion) Main Figures Map of water supply system of Kyauktan Hydrogeological map Presented Water table depth map Land Use Map Hydrogeological map Geotechnical classification map of foundaion Ion balance charts

Source: JICA Survey Team

Each township administration has a well inventory, which provides an outline of groundwater use in the township, including the number of wells and the condition of the public water supply. This inventory became a base for a detailed exhaustive well survey carried out by the present survey. Only these are the obtainable comprehensive reports and data. Since there are many wells in the area, well-construction contractors might have information on well log and aquifer location. But it is difficult to collect such information in fact, because they are private and rarely leave documents.

3-2-2-2 Geologic and Well Logs

Table 3-2-2-2 shows a list of all geologic and well logs collected from the above-mentioned reports and obtained through the JICA survey including the present one. Figure 3-2-2-2 to Figure 3-2-2-4 show their locations. All the logs are attached in the ”Supporting Data”. Figure 3-2-2-1 shows an example.

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Geologic Log Well Log Source: Original data by Aye Thanda Bo (2001): Compiled by JICA study team. Figure 3-2-2-1 Example of Geologic and Well Logs

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Table 3-2-2-2 List of Geologic and Well Logs Depth Depth No. Kind Name Reference Location Longitude Latitude Source (m) (ft) 1 C D2 272 892.4 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30803 16.68694 JICA-1 2 C D4 248 813.6 No.6 Express Road between Kan Myin and Thaik Tu Gan, Thongwa 96.43456 16.74736 JICA-1 3 TW D-1-0 52 170.6 SEZ Class A 96.28331 16.67314 JICA-1 4 TW D-1-1 85 278.9 SEZ Class A 96.28339 16.67319 JICA-1 5 TW D-1-2 150 492.1 SEZ Class A 96.28322 16.67317 JICA-1 6 TW D-1-3 330 1082.7 SEZ Class A 96.28328 16.67314 JICA-1 7 TW D-2-0 56 183.7 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30764 16.68681 JICA-1 8 TW D-2-1 97 318.2 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30794 16.68672 JICA-1 9 TW D-2-2 150 492.1 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30786 16.68686 JICA-1 10 TW D-2-3 330 1082.7 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30811 16.68658 JICA-1 11 TW D-3-1 80 262.5 Chaung Zauk 96.35294 16.71714 JICA-1 12 TW D-3-2 180 590.6 Chaung Zauk 96.35278 16.71711 JICA-1 13 TW D-3-3 330 1082.7 Chaung Zauk 96.35264 16.71711 JICA-1 14 TW D-4-1 85 278.9 No.6 Express Road between Kan Myin and Thaik Tu Gan, Thongwa 96.43511 16.74739 JICA-1 15 TW D-4-2 146 479.0 No.6 Express Road between Kan Myin and Thaik Tu Gan, Thongwa 96.43511 16.74742 JICA-1 16 TW D-5-1 65 213.3 Thanlyin Center 96.24714 16.76911 JICA-1 17 TW D-5-2 100 328.1 Thanlyin Center 96.24700 16.76911 JICA-1 18 TW D-5-3 350 1148.3 Thanlyin Center 96.24708 16.76911 JICA-1 19 TW TW3 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.26307 16.68047 JICA-2 20 TW TW4 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.26503 16.67393 JICA-2 21 TW TW5 204.2 670 SEZ Class A 96.27952 16.67967 JICA-2 22 TW TW6 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.26977 16.67615 JICA-2 23 TW TW7 195.1 640 SEZ Class A 96.27813 16.67202 JICA-2 24 TW TW8 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.27200 16.66782 JICA-2 25 TW TW9 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.28752 16.67463 JICA-2 26 TW TW10 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.28852 16.67010 JICA-2 27 W PW1 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.27837 16.6712 JICA-2 28 W PW2 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.28857 16.6698 JICA-2 29 W PW3 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.28253 16.6658 JICA-2 30 W PW4 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.26985 16.6762 JICA-2 31 E BH.A 30.5 100 SEZ near Zamani Inn Reservoir 96.2682 16.6978 JICA-2 32 E BH.B 30.5 100 SEZ near Thilawa 96.2682 16.6590 JICA-2 33 E BH.C 30.5 100 SEZ near Ship Breaking Yard 96.2687 16.6128 JICA-2 34 W No2 72.5 238 Aungmingalar-4, Thanlyin 96.2474 16.7680 Ref1 35 W No6 116.7 383 Prguzy, Tynalyin 96.2479 16.7583 Ref1 36 W No14 114.3 375 Tin Smelting and Refinery Plant.1, Thanlyin 96.2650 16.7315 Ref1 37 W No23 62.5 205 Shwegon 2, Kyauktan 96.3230 16.6506 Ref1 38 W No24 67.1 220 Singan 3, Kyauktan 96.3310 16.6393 Ref1 39 W No34 88.4 290 Hospital 16, Kyauktan 96.3268 16.6370 Ref1 40 E BH1 64.3 211.0 YGN-TLN Bridge BH1 96.2434 16.7828 Ref2 41 E BH2 20.4 67.0 Glass Factory Extension BH-1 96.2311 16.7197 Ref2 42 E BH3 24.8 81.5 Thanlyin-Thilawa-Padagyi Road, Bridge No.2/1 96.2468 16.6978 Ref2 43 E BH4 21.8 71.5 Thanlyin-Thilawa-Padagyi Road, Brige Site, Mile Post 2/4 &2/5 BH-1 96.2660 16.6721 Ref2 44 E BH5 24.8 81.5 Thanlyin-Thilawa-Padagyi Road, Brige Site, Mile Post 5/4 BH-1 96.2743 16.6615 Ref2 45 E BH6 42.3 138.8 Thilawa Port Project, Site BH-B-24 96.2474 16.6683 Ref2 46 E BH7 35.4 116.1 Thilawa Ship Breaking Yard Projrct, Site S-15 96.2610 16.6133 Ref2 47 E BH8 36.2 118.8 Thilawa Port Project, Site BH-B-13 96.2526 16.6630 Ref2 48 En Bn5 11.0 36 96.2304 16.7147 Ref2 49 En Bn6 20.1 66 96.2336 16.7115 Ref2 50 En Bn7 19.8 65 96.2432 16.7097 Ref2 51 En Bn8 16.8 55 96.2429 16.7050 Ref2 52 En Bn9 16.5 54 96.2662 16.7171 Ref2 53 En Bn10 16.5 54 96.2654 16.7216 Ref2 54 En Bn11 16.8 55 96.2658 16.7316 Ref2 55 En Bn12 13.7 45 96.2660 16.7351 Ref2 56 W Wn1 54.9 180 96.2693 16.7464 Ref2 57 W Wn10 48.8 160 96.2674 16.7421 Ref2 58 W Wn11 44.2 145 96.2685 16.7465 Ref2 59 W Wn4 45.7 150 96.2215 16.7567 Ref2 60 W Wn37 42.7 140 96.2327 16.7493 Ref2 61 W Wn46 42.7 140 96.2404 16.7739 Ref2 62 W Wn52 45.7 150 96.2483 16.7641 Ref2 63 E Bmmu 18.3 60 Myanmar Maritime University 96.2660 16.7029 Ref4 Note -C: Core boring Source: JICA-1 The present JICA Study Team. TW: Test Well JICA-2 Nippon Koei Inc. (2013) W: Well Ref1 Aung Aung Tin, Win Naing and Maung Maung (1991) E: Geoengineering boring with geotechnical data Ref2 Aye Thanda Bo (2001) Ref3 Kunio Watanabe, Htike Htike and Hidehiko Kazama (2004) En: Geoengineering boring with no geotechnical data

3-11 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

(1991) azama (2004) g n K u o k Ma g ehi n d u Hi d Ma d e an an k g Team. y e Hti d k u Tin, Win Nain Tin, Win a Bo (2001) g d oei Inc. (2013) Inc. oei n K u esent JICA St esent JICA r A p g nio Watanabe,nio Hti n e Than u u y K Ref2 A Ref3 JICA-2 Nippon Ref1 A Source: JICA-1 The Figure 3-2-2-2 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Whole Area) Area) (Whole Logs Well and Geologic of Location 3-2-2-2 Figure

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Source: JICA-1 The present JICA Study Team. JICA-2 Nippon Koei Inc. (2013) Ref1 Aung Aung Tin, Win Naing and Maung Maung (1991) Ref2 Aye Thanda Bo (2001) Ref3 Kunio Watanabe, Htike Htike and Hidehiko Kazama (2004) Figure 3-2-2-3 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Northern Area)

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Source: JICA-1 The present JICA Study Team. JICA-2 Nippon Koei Inc. (2013) Ref1 Aung Aung Tin, Win Naing and Maung Maung (1991) Ref2 Aye Thanda Bo (2001) Ref3 Kunio Watanabe, Htike Htike and Hidehiko Kazama (2004) Figure 3-2-2-4 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Southern Area)

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3-2-2-3 Aquifer Depth and Hydraulic Ability

(1) Aquifer Depth

Aye Thanda Bo (2001) summarizes the aquifer features in the Thanlyin area as Table 3-2-2-4. According to this, there are two aquifers, upper and lower. The upper aquifer is located around 30 to 40 m underground and the lower one is 60 to 70 m and 80 to 100 m underground. Win Naing et al. (1991) presented deep well data as shown in Table 3-2-2-5. Figure 3-2-2-5 and Figure 3-2-2-6 show value distribution of the data. In the table, the wells in Thanlyin are presumed to be located in the Irrawaddy Formation and those in Kyauktan are in the Pegu Group. The screen depth of the wells in Thanlyin mostly corresponds to the aquifer depth of the lower one. The wells in Kyauktan have similar screen depth to those in Thanlyin, though the formation is different. According to the result of the well inventory survey explained later, the frequency of well depth shows a large peak at an interval between 30 and 40 m, as well as a small peak between 90 and 100 m. These peaks fit with the above-mentioned two aquifers’ depths. However, the aquifer depth may vary, as there are a considerable number of wells whose depths are between and beyond the two peaks.

(2) Hydraulic Ability

Based on Table 3-2-2-4 and Table 3-2-2-5, the capacity and specific capacity of the wells is summarized in Table 3-2-2-3. The yield of a well is presumed to be a few hundred m3/day maximum.

Table 3-2-2-3 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas by Existing Reports Depth Well Capacity Specific Capacity Aquifer Remarks m m3/day m3/day/m Irrawaddy Upper 30 - 40 44 - 65 3 - 24 2" well Formation 60 - 70 216 - 648 12 - 156 Lower 8-10" well (Thanlyin Area) 80 - 100 Pegu Group 50 - 100 72 - 864 2.4 - 31 4" well (Kyauktan Area) Note: Table 3-2-2-4 and Table 3-2-2-5 combined.

Table 3-2-2-4 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin Area (Aye Thanda Bo, 2001) Depth Thickness Well Capacity Specific Capacity SWL Aquifer mmm3/day m3/day/m m Upper 30 - 40 3 - 6.1 44 - 65 3 - 24 for 2" well 1 - 4.6 Irrawaddian 59 - 73 436 - 655 28 - 54 for 10" well 1- 2.1 Lower 79 - 102 Source: Main text description of Aye Thanda Bo(2001).

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Table 3-2-2-5 Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing et al., 1991) Well Aquifer Well Depth to Static Draw- Specific Dia- Thick- Capacity Depth Aquifer Level down Capacity Area No Location meter ness m3/hr m3/day in m m m m m m3/hｒ m3/day /m /m 1 Thanlyin East 10 136 121 - 136 15 - - 20 490 - 2 Aungmingalar-4 10 73 59.1 - 72.5 13 17 36 23 550 0.6 15 3 Aungmingalar-5 10 94 50.3 - 59.4 9 24 40 18 440 0.5 11 79.2 - 94.5 15 4 Aungmingalar-6 10 104 56.4 - 62.5 6 23 37 18 440 0.5 12 91.4 - 104 12 5 Municipal 10 90 71.6 - 89.9 18 12 23 24 580 1.1 25 6 Peguzu 10 110 27.1 - 34.1 7 - - 25 610 97.2 - 110 13 7 MPE Thanlyin 10 84 37.2 - 83.8 47 - - 27 650 8 Housing Project 8 118 110 - 116 6 23 44 25 590 0.6 13 9 Marble Factory 4 43 36.6 - 42.7 6 11 21 14 330 0.6 15 10 Marble Factory 4 43 33.5 - 39.6 6 9 20 15 350 0.7 18 11 Thilawa Port 2 54 50.9 - 53.9 3 5 - 8 200 12 Trade School-2 8 70 57.9 - 64 6 9 29 18 440 0.6 15 65.8 - 68.9 3 Thanlyin 13 Trade School-1 6 107 85.3 - 88.4 3 11 27 23 550 0.8 20 96 - 99.1 3 102 - 105 3 14 Tin Plant.1 8 114 95.1 - 99.1 4 4 7 45 1090 6.5 156 102 - 112 10 15 Tin Plant.2 8 107 86.9 - 89 2 5 9 41 980 4.6 111 95.1 - 105 10 16 Glass Factory-1 8 76 41.1 - 47.2 6 5 14 36 870 2.7 64 66.8 - 75.9 9 17 Glass Factory-2 8 85 73.2 - 85.3 12 3 12 19 450 1.6 39 18 Glass Factory-6 8 82 70.1 - 82.3 12 4 30 9 220 0.3 7 19 Glass Factory-7 8 88 73.2 - 88.4 15 6 29 27 650 0.9 23 20 Glass Factory-8 8 85 61 - 73.2 12 15 32 18 440 0.6 14 79.2 - 85.3 6 21 Glass Factory-9 8 98 79.2 - 97.5 18 11 26 32 760 1.2 29 22 Glass Factory-10 8 110 97.5 - 110 12 9 13 36 870 2.8 67 23 Shwegon 2 4 61 51.2 - 57.3 6 1 17 23 550 1.3 31 24 Singan 3 4 67 50 - 56.1 6 11 38 3 70 0.1 2 25 Singan 4 4 107 80.8 - 83.8 3 5 31 25 610 0.8 19 85.3 - 88.4 3 26 Shwegon 5 4 70 51.8 - 57.9 6 2 28 30 720 1.1 26 27 Shwegon 6 4 67 53.3 - 59.4 6 3 35 14 330 0.4 9 28 Shwegon 7 4 70 51.8 - 57.9 6 2 35 18 440 0.5 12 Kyauktan 29 Shwegon 8 4 73 57.9 - 64 6 3 38 9 220 0.2 6 30 Shwegon 9 4 67 53.3 - 59.4 6 4 28 13 310 0.5 11 31 Hospital, 10 4 88 73.2 - 82.3 9 8 41 7 160 0.2 4 32 Shwegon 11 6 79 61.9 - 71 9 5 31 23 550 0.7 17 33 Shwegon 12 4 146 79.2 - 91.4 12 5 28 14 330 0.5 12 34 Hospital 16 4 104 84.4 - 93.6 9 6 34 11 270 0.3 8 35 Police Station 15 4 55 23.8 - 29.9 6 3 28 5 110 0.2 4 36 Regiment (90) 3 6 79 53.3 - 59.4 6 11 24 15 360 0.6 15 Note: Original unit: feet & gallon

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Figure 3-2-2-5 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing el al., 1991) (1/2)

3-17 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-2-6 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing el al., 1991) (2/2)

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3-2-2-4 Water Quality

Win Naing et al. (1991) carried out water quality analysis of wells located in the Thanlyin-Kyauktan ridge and nearby area. Table 3-2-2-6 and Figure 3-2-2-7to Figure 3-2-2-9 show its results. In groundwater in the area, chloride and sodium ions occupy a large proportion among the main anions (Figure 3-2-2-7). Therefore, chloride ion concentration and electric conductivity (EC) have a good relationship, and it is presumed that approx. 750 μS/cm of EC correspond to 200 mg/l of chloride concentration beyond which people possibly feel water is salty (Figure 3-2-2-9). A large content of the two ions may be derived from sea salts. Saline water intrusion is reported in Alluvium near the river at the northeastern and western edges of Thanlyin hill. It is generally said that if iron concentration exceeds 0.3 mg/l, water gets color, and beyond 0.5 ㎎/l～ 1.0 mg/l, people feel a metallic taste. Groundwater in the area often has an iron concentration exceeding such guideline values (Figure 3-2-2-8). The pH ranges widely from 5.2 to 8.7 (Table 3-2-2-6). Data in the eastern plain is rare. According to what has been heard, the aquifer is salinized down to 100 m below the ground near Thongwa town. Table 3-2-2-6 Water Quality Analysis Result of Wells in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas （Win Naing et al., 1991） EC Major Anions Major Cations Sample TDS Location Well Type pH (μ CO HCO CL SO Ca Mg Na&K Fe Remarks No. (ppm) 3 3 4 S/cm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 1 Nan oo kaung Hand dug 7.62 130 70 18 31 4 7.21 2.4 10.01 0.03 2 Taukthordwin Hand dug 7.54 110 70 16 36 4 5.61 2.88 122.2 3 Thanlyin downtown Hand dug 6.52 330 200 12 80 8 4 6.72 17.03 4 Nyaungthonbin Hand dug 7.53 60 30 12 23 4 2.4 2.4 8.8 5 Natsingon Hand dug 6.16 50 30 14 19 1.68 4.8 0.96 5.23 3 6 Okkyin Hand dug 8.68 2300 1600 8 20 720 12 19.23 24.96 263 2.09 7 Aungthukha Hand dug 7.23 620 400 22 170 32 46.49 9.6 39.4 0.34 8 Daragah Hand dug 6.78 430 280 12 77 10 15.23 8.64 16.1 Dried in summer 9 Thanpigon Hand dug 6.71 350 220 18 92 4 8.01 6.24 29.8 10 Pegusu Hand dug 6.13 280 180 12 77 4 8.01 4.32 24.7 11 Myothit Hand dug 5.21 100 60 12 23 6 12.02 2.4 2.45 12 Western ward Hand dug 5.76 130 80 18 34 6 6.4 5.28 9 Sometimes dried in summer 13 Sanchcinhmi Hand dug 8.32 550 350 8 18 130 30 23.24 40.8 3.8 14 Singon Hand dug 6.03 140 90 14 41 4 4 2.88 14.85 15 Kyaukyedwin Hand dug 6.89 60 40 16 15 3 5.61 2.88 3.1 0.6 16 Chanmyeithaga Hand dug 6.9 130 80 16 41 4 6.41 4.56 12.6 0.7 17 Aungdnantha Hand dug 6.31 140 90 14 42 3 5.61 4.32 12.2 0.3 18 Shegon Hand dug 8.04 70 45 12 12 2.6 5.61 2.64 5.1 0.8 Dried in summer 19 Kyaukyedwin Hand dug 8.48 40 26 4 12 12 2 4.8 0.96 7.5 0.9 20 Lehyetsang Hand dug 6.17 60 36 14 14 2.14 4.8 1.44 10 0.6 21 Pyindaunggyaung Hand dug 6.55 40 24 12 12 1.68 4 0.48 6.9 22 Kyaukyedwin Hand dug 7.73 45 30 10 10 2.14 4.8 0.48 5.3 1.5 Dried in summer 23 Ale ywa Hand dug 7.31 130 84 14 22 8 12.02 0.48 5.4 24 Kyaungkan Hand dug 7.21 40 26 12 22 3.42 4.8 1.67 8.5 Dried in summer 25 Myayayo Hand dug 7.19 140 96 12 40 3.62 6.41 3.36 11.9 26 Shanzu Hand dug 8.03 50 32 14 19 2.12 5.61 0.48 6.6 27 Alat ywa Hand dug 8.43 80 50 10 28 3.21 7.21 2.85 7.5 Dried in summer 28 Nyaungwaung Hand dug 8.72 80 50 12 27 2.26 6.41 1.44 8.1 2 29 Banbwegon Hand dug 7.93 70 45 12 32 3.12 5.61 2.54 11.8 Dried in summer 30 Shwebyauk Hand dug 7.72 110 70 10 32 1.84 4.8 2.88 7.6 2.08 Dried in summer 31 Kuaikkamau Hand dug 6.72 60 36 12 30 2.42 4 3.36 5 0.75 32 Pdanpetaya Hand dug 6.69 60 36 12 22 1.22 5.61 1.92 5.1 0.65 33 Aduttaw Hand dug 6.55 100 60 10 34 1.48 4.8 1.92 11 34 Padagyi Hand dug 5.2 60 36 8 26 1.44 4 1.92 5.1 1.34 35 Glas factory Hand dug 6.35 120 70 10 37 4.24 6.41 5.28 6.9 2.62 36 Shwegon Tube well 6.49 250 150 16 50 28 4.01 5.28 20.6 5 well no. 2/6378 37 Singam Tube well 6.58 100 50 40 24 16.8 2.4 8.16 12.4 0.5 well no. 4/6379 38 Shwegon Tube well 6.83 220 140 26 40 23.84 16.08 2.88 11.8 4.5 well no. 42/6380 39 Shwegon Tube well 6.75 200 130 20 40 49.92 4.8 2.88 27 3.09 well no. 5/6381 40 Shwegon Tube well 7.27 180 100 20 17 12 4.81 3.36 47 6 well no. 7/6383 41 Shwegon Tube well 6.75 250 150 16 46 26 8.81 8.64 11 5 well no. 9/6385 42 Hospital Tube well 6.29 120 70 10 20 16 4.008 3.89 9.1 2.54 well no. 10/6386 43 Regiment(90) Tube well 6.15 130 100 12 100 20 4.81 5.76 37.2 4.25 well no. 13/6389 44 Police station Tube well 7.59 350 220 22 120 32 14.42 12 36 4.5 well no. 15/6391

3-19 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Dug Well Tube Well Data source: Win Naing el al.(1991) Graph redrawn by JICA study team, Figure 3-2-2-7 Tri-linear Diagram of Main Ions of Well Water near Thanlyin-Kyuaktan Ridge

800 7 Dug Well Tube Well y = 4E‐05x2 + 0.2063x + 7.9143 700 6

600 5 (mg/l) (mg/l)

500 4 400 3 300 Concentration

Concentration 2

‐ 200 Fe Cl 100 1 0 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537394143 EC (μS/cm) Sample No.

Data source: Win Naing el al.(1991) Data source: ditto.

Figure 3-2-2-9 Relationship between Electric Figure 3-2-2-8 Iron Concentration of Well Water Conductivity and Chloride Concentration

3-2-3 Well Inventory Survey

3-2-3-1 Outline

The well inventory survey, that is, a well survey (including ponds) based on existing inventories, was carried out over a period of four months from Oct. 2012 to Jan. 2013. The work was entrusted to the National Engineering and Planning Services Co., Limited (NEPS). The survey purposed to infer the ability of an aquifer around Thilawa's Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and the adjacent area through grasping the present groundwater use in the areas, as well as to obtain basic information for estimating groundwater development potential around SEZ in future. The outline of the survey is as follows.

3-20 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

(1) Target Area

The target area consists of 92 village groups in 4 townships: Thanlyin, Kyauktan, Kayan and Thongwa. Figure 3-2-3-1 shows the location of the village groups.

Thanlywin Township (29 village groups) Kyauktan Township (25 village groups) Kayan Township (17 village groups) Thongwa Township (21 village groups9

(2) Procedure and Time of Survey

The survey first picked up fundamental information of wells from existing inventories and input it onto a questionnaire shown in Table 3-2-3-1. Then the field survey was carried out on all the wells to obtain data lacking on the questionnaire. It was completed at the end of December 2012, so the information collected represents that as of the end of 2012. Finally, the information was input into a database.

Procedure of Inventory Survey Collection and check of existing inventories Input of fundamental information to questionnaire Field survey of facilities on the inventory Input of survey results to database

(3) Field Survey and Number of Facilities

The field survey was carried out by teams from the first week of October, after the rainy season had just ended, and continued until the end of December. The registration information of facilities was collected from existing inventories in each township, and then the surveyors visited all the facilities and conducted hearings with the owners, making necessary measurements. Among the registered 15,252 facilities, approx. 4% could not be found due to maybe having been abandoned or collapsed, but 14, 691 facilities were identified and confirmed as still being used. Table 3-2-3-2 shows the number of facilities by township, and Figure 3-2-3-2 shows their location. Many wells, as many as 90%, distribute in Thanlyin and Kyauktan where many houses are constructed whereas approx. only 6% distribute in Kayan and Thongwa where paddy fields dominate. Such distribution of wells meets almost all the needs of the population of the villages.

3-21 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-1 Target Village Group

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Table 3-2-3-1 Questionnaire

Table 3-2-3-2 Number of Facilities Surveyed Number of Number of Facilities Number of Facilities Township Village Registered on Identified in Field Groups Inventory Survey Thanlyin 29 10,849 10,786 ( 73%) Kyauktan 25 3,028 3,025 ( 21%) Kayan 17 1,146 651 ( 4%) Tho ngwa 21 229 229 ( 2%) SUM 92 15,252 14,691 (100%)

3-23 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Existing Facilities

Figure 3-2-3-2 Location of Facilities

(4) Type and Use of Facilities

Dug wells, tube wells and ponds are found as water source facilities. Dug and tube wells are used for domestic and water supply, whereas ponds are multi-purpose, such as for fishery, domestic and water supply as well as being used partly for agriculture. Figure 3-2-3-3 shows examples of the facilities. At the public facilities, a submergible or air lift pump is used. Pumped water is often delivered through a pipe system. At domestic wells, a bucket, hand pump, or airlift pump is used. At ponds, water is used often by gravity flow in the wet season but mainly by

3-24 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

pumping in the late dry season because of the much-decreased water level.

Dug well with bucket Dug well with hand pump (Thanlyin) (Thanlyin)

Tube well with airlift pump Pond (Thanlyin) (Thongwa, taking water with bucket for domestic use）

Figure 3-2-3-3 Example of Facilities

(5) Well Selection for Areal Observation Well and Pumping Test Well

1) Areal Observation (Monitoring) Well Among about 12,000 wells in the investigation area, each 100 of the shallow and deep wells were selected for areal monitoring on groundwater quality. Here it is defined that a “shallow well” is one shallower than approx. 30 m, and a “deep well” is one deeper than approx. 30 m. The condition of selection is: Selected wells should distribute uniformly in the whole investigation area Water can be sampled and, if possible, the water level can be measured as well.

All wells were classified as either shallow or deep wells, and the candidates were selected in each village group. The results are shown in Figure 3-2-3-4 (right).

3-25 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

2) Pumping Test Well Pumping tests at existing wells were planned in order to widely grasp hydraulic parameters of aquifers in the investigation area. Twenty (20) candidate wells for the test were selected as shown in Figure 3-2-3-4 (left) from among the above-mentioned monitoring wells, considering a selection condition that pumping for the test would be allowed by the owner. The selected wells are concentrated in the urbanized area of the Thanlyin and Kyauktan townships. This spatial imbalance is not avoidable because a tube well is generally closed, making it difficult to measure the water level, and a dug well distributes in a limited area. After confirmation of the sites and facility conditions by visiting them, three wells were finally selected, and the tests were carried out (see “2-13 Pumping Test at Existing Wells”).

Figure 3-2-3-4 Location of Candidate Wells for Monitoring and Pumping Test

3-2-3-2 Detailed Survey Results

(1) Distribution of Water Source Facilities and Water Use Amount by Township

1) Well Wells in the investigation area are classified into two kinds: “Tube Well” and “Dug Well”. The tube well is drilled by a boring machine, and screen and casing with small diameter are installed. The dug well is excavated manually with digging tools and cased with nothing or lithic material like brick and stone. Figure 3-2-3-5 and Table 3-2-3-3 show number and estimated discharge of these wells by

3-26 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

township. Figure 3-2-3-7 and Figure 3-2-3-8 show spatial distribution of the wells. There are 8,028 tube wells, among which, 90% are in Thanlyin, 8 % in Kyauktan and 1% in Thongwa and Kayan. There are 4,381 dug wells, among which, 75% are in Thanlyin and 25% in Kyauktan. No working dug well is present in Thongwa or Kayan. As understood with the distribution maps, most wells are located at the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and its nearby area, and in the eastern plain, only tube wells are scattered. The discharge was estimated as follows: the first, daily discharge of a well was calculated as the well capacity multiplied by the daily pumping hours. The daily discharge was summed up for all data-known wells. In the end, the sum was corrected with the ratio of data-known wells to all wells. The estimated total discharge in the area is approx. 17,000 m3/day, in which, Thanlyin gives 81% (approx. 13,500 m3/day) and Kyauktan, 15% (approx. 2,500 m3/day). Thongwa and Kayan discharge only 1% (215 m3/day) and 3% (586 m3/day) respectively. Most discharge of groundwater is made at the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and its nearby area. In the eastern plain, the discharge is estimated to be approx. 1,800 m3/day (11%).

9,000 14,000 8,028 12,397 8,000 7,256 12,000 7,000 10,447 10,000 (m3/d)

6,000 Wells

8,000 5,000 4,381 of Tube Well Tube Well

4,000 Discharge 3,307 Dug Well 6,000 Dug Well 4494

Number 3,000 4,000 3191 2,000 1,073 Estimated 2,000 1,148 1,000 630 586 63 1079 1303215 0 0 0 0 Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole Area Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole Area Figure 3-2-3-5 Number and Discharge of Wells in the Survey Area

2) Pond As shown in Figure 3-2-3-6 and Table 3-2-3-4, there are 2,280 ponds in the investigation area, and most of them are located in the plain as shown in Figure 3-2-3-9. The total capacity is 13.5 MCM. Kayan has a larger capacity of ponds. Kyauktan has a large number of ponds, but this is due to including small ponds which were not targeted in the other Townships.

Number of Ponds Total Capacity of Ponds 8,000 1,500 1,322 6,483 Total =2,280 Total =13,482 (x103 m3) 6,000 1,000 (1,000m3)

572 4,000 3,046 1,885 2,068 Number 500 221 165 2,000

0 Capacity 0 Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan

Figure 3-2-3-6 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area

3-27 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Table 3-2-3-3 Number and Estimated Discharge in the Survey Area

Kind of Well Item Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole Area In use 7,113 551 59 70 7,793 Out of use 143 79 4 9 235 Number of wells 7,256 630 63 79 8,028 Total 90% 8% 1% 1% 100% Data Count 6,212 398 53 70 6,733 3 Tube Well DataTotal (m /day) 9,124 829 193 586 10,733 Max. (m3/day) 72.0 29.7 40.8 24.8 72 Discharge Min. (m3/day) 0.01 0.01 0.50 0.60 0.01 Average (m3/day) 1.46 2.08 3.65 8.37 1.59 Estimated Total 10,447 1,148 215 586 12,397 Dschrage (m3/day) 84% 9% 2% 5% 100% In use 3,178 1,029 0 0 4,207 Out of use 129 44 1 0 174 Number of wells 3,307 1,073 1 0 4,381 Total 75% 24% 0% 0% 100% Data Count 1,530 47 0 0 1,577 3 Dug Well DataTotal (m /day) 1,536 60 0 0 1,596 Max. (m3/day) 64.8 19.2 0 0 65 Discharge Min. (m3/day) 0.00384 0.03 0 0 0.00 Average (m3/day) 1.00 1.27 0 0 1.01 Estimated Total 3191 1303 0 0 4494 Dschrage (m3/day) 71% 29% 0% 0% 100% In use 10,291 1,580 59 70 12,000 Out of use 272 123 5 9 409 Number of wells 10,563 1,703 64 79 12,409 All Wells Total 85% 14% 1% 1% 100% Estimated Total 13,639 2,451 215 586 16,891 Diacharge Dschrage (m3/day) 81% 15% 1% 3% 100% Note: The target area of Kyauktan, Thongwa and Kayan limited to the groundwater investigation area. Source: Inventory survey by JICA Survey Team. Table 3-2-3-4 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area

3-28 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-7 Distribution of Tube Wells in the Survey Area

3-29 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-8 Distribution of Dug Wells in the Survey Area

3-30 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-9 Distribution of Ponds in the Survey Area

3-31 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

(2) Attributes of Tube Well

1) Installation Year As shown in Figure 3-2-3-10, the tube wells increased their number after 1995. 1,501 wells were installed during 2011 and 2012 mostly in the Thanlyin Township. They must be increasing even now.

2) Depth Figure 3-2-3-11 and Figure 3-2-3-16 to Figure 3-2-3-19 show the value and spatial distribution of depth of the tube wells. The depth differs much between Thanlyin and Kyauktan which have hills and in Thongwa and Kayan which are located in the plain. In the former townships, the depth value has a peak frequency at 30~40 m intervals and distributes continuously to a hundred and a few tens of meters decreasing in number. On the contrary, in the latter townships, the depth value distributes less than 20m and greater than 100~110 m, but does not distribute between these ranges. This implies that there is no available aquifer between 20 m and 110 m underground in the plain. It is notable that one smaller frequency peak is found at around 100 m in Thanlyin and Kyauktan.

3) Diameter As shown in Figure 3-2-3-12, the diameter of the tube well is mostly 2” (0.05 m). A well with over 4” (0.10 m) diameter distributes only in Thanlyin.

4) Daily Pumping Hours As shown in Figure 3-2-3-13, the daily pumping hours of the tube well are mostly less than one hour and rarely exceed three hours. In Kayan, a well is used longer. This may be because it is used mainly for public water supply, and its capacity is relatively small compared with the requirement.

5) Capacity As shown in Figure 3-2-3-14, the capacity of the tube well has peaks of frequency around intervals of 20~40 l/min, 60~70 l/min and 200~300 l/min. In Kayan, it ranges completely in and below 20~30 l/min. In other townships, there are also found larger capacity values such as 200~400 l/min.

6) Daily Discharge As shown in Figure 3-2-3-15, the daily discharge of the tube well has a large frequency less than one (1) m3 and is mostly less than a few m3/day. The average is 1.5 m3/day in Thanlyin, 2.1 m3/day in Kyauktan, 3.7 m3/day in Thongwa and 8.4 m3/day in Kayan. A reason why the value is larger in Thongwa and Kayan may be because the water is mainly used for public supply.

3-32 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Thanlyin Thongwa

2331 2500 25 22 20 2000 20 Earliest=1896 1545 Earliest=1902 1500 1284 1350 15

1000 10 9 Frequency 468 Frequency 5 500 5 4 154 1 11 4 3316710 24 38 000000 0 0 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1945 1945 >2010 >2010 ～ ～ Installation Year of Tube Well Installation Year of Tube Well

Kyauktan Kayan 140 132 35 29 120 112 30 28 Earliest=1946 Earliest=1912 100 85 25 80 68 20 15 60 15 Frequency Frequency 40 23 23 10 20 9 5 3 2 0 2 003344 000001 001 0 0 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1945 1945 >2010 >2010 ～ ～ Installation Year of Tube Well Installation Year of Tube Well)

Figure 3-2-3-10 Installation Year of Tube Well (as of Dec., 2012)

Thanlyin Thongwa 3500 40 38 2904 3000 35 2500 30 25 2000 20 1500 1206 15 15 Frequency 1000 813 Frequency 575 566 10 321 260 3 4 500 191 118 5 27 75 36 77 20 22 19 7 12 5100 0 000000001 000 1 0001 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 10 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 ～ ～ Depth of Tube Well (m) Depth of Tube Well (m)

Kyauktan Kayan 19 140 20 18 116 120 100 15 11 80 70 68 10 10 63 59 63 10 60

Frequency 36 33 Frequency 5 40 26 25 24 5 3 15 16 20 1 1 1 3 2 2 1110 11 000000000 000 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 10 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 ～ ～ Depth of Tube Well (m) Depth of Tube Well (m)

Figure 3-2-3-11 Depth of Tube Well

3-33 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Thanlyin Thongwa

6000 60 55 5066 5000 50 4000 40 3000 30 2135 Maybe wrongly

Frequency 2000 reported Frequency 20 8 1000 10 26 4101011 7 5 000000000 0 0 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.05 0.05 >0.50 >0.50 ～ ～ Diameter of Tube Well (m) Diameter of Tube Well (m)

Kyauktan Kayan 700 90 598 79 600 80 70 500 60 400 50 300 40

Frequency Frequency 30 200 20 100 28 000000000 10 0000000000 0 0 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.05 0.05 >0.50 >0.50 ～ ～ Diameter of Tube Well (m) Diameter of Tube Well (m)

Figure 3-2-3-12 Diameter of Tube Well

Figure 3-2-3-13 Daily Pumping Hours of Tube Well

3-34 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Thanlyin Thongwa

3000 2736 35 33 2500 30 Max=240 liter/min Max=469 liter/min 25 2000 1448 20 1500 1322 15 15

Frequency 1000 Frequency 10 5 3 500 147 219 233 5 72 52 9 2 10 2 4 000 00 000 0 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 10 100 200 300 100 200 300 >300 >300 ～ ～ Pumping Rate of Tube Well (liter/min) Pumping Rate of Tube Well (liter/min)

Kyauktan Kayan 140 60 57 118 120 106 50 Max=420 liter/min 100 Max=30 liter/min 40 80 30 60 51 40 Frequency Frequency 20 40 13 25 21 13 20 7 9 10 331 3 0 0000000000 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 10 100 200 300 100 200 300 >300 >300 ～ ～ Pumping Rate of Tube Well (liter/min) Pumping Rate of Tube Well (liter/min)

Figure 3-2-3-14 Capacity of Tube Well

Thanlyin Thongwa

4000 3623 30 25 3500 25 3000 Max=40.8 m3/d 20 2500 Max=72.0 m3/d 2000 1672 15 11 1500 Frequency Frequency 10 1000 4 395 3 5 22 500 216145 1 1 1 1 11 35 16 30 17 16 7 17 7 0 10 2132.04 10 0000 0 0 000 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >20 >20 ～ ～ Daily Discharge (m3/d) Daily Discharge (m3/d)

Kyauktan Kayan 250 234 12 10 200 10 9 8 Max=24.8 liter/min Max=29.7 m3/d 8 7 150 6 6 5 100 4 4 4 4

Frequency 64 Frequency 4 2 2 2 50 30 23 2 1 1 1 15 9 4 1 3 4 0003 001 001 6 0 0 000 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >20 >20 ～ ～ Daily Discharge (m3/d) Daily Discharge (m3/d)

Figure 3-2-3-15 Daily Discharge of Tube Well

3-35 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-16 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (Whole Area)

3-36 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-17 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (in and near the Hill)

3-37 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-18 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100m (Whole Area)

3-38 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-19 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100 m (in and near the Hill)

3-39 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

(3) Attributes of Dug Well

1) Construction Year As shown in Figure 3-2-3-20, the dug wells also much increased their number after 1995 and they must be increasing even now.

2) Depth Figure 3-2-3-21, Figure 3-2-3-27 and Figure 3-2-3-28 show value and spatial distribution of depth of dug wells. They distribute only in the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and its nearby area. Their depth is mostly less than 10 m. Some wells with depths greater than 15m are found in the hill.

3) Diameter As shown in Figure 3-2-3-22, the diameter of the dug well is mostly 0.75 to 2 m.

4) Daily Pumping Hours As shown in Figure 3-2-3-23, the daily pumping hours are mostly less one (1) hour. 50% of the wells have no data. They may use a bucket to take water.

5) Capacity As shown in Figure 3-2-3-24, the pump capacity of the dug well is mainly 10 to 30 l/min.

6) Daily Discharge As shown in Figure 3-2-3-25, the daily discharge of the dug well mainly distributes in less than one (1) m3/day and mostly falls in less than a few m3/day. A well without the data provably discharges less than one (1) m3/day, because water is taken with a bucket.

7) Groundwater Table Depth A well could be dug down to a few meters below the groundwater table. As shown in Figure 3-2-3-26, the water table depth in the dug well falls mostly within 8 m.

Thanlyin Kyauktan 700 200 603 170 177 600 Earliest=1321 496 Earliest=1563 462 150 500 119 400 102 100 300 259 255 67 208 63 199 179 Frequency 149 Frequency 42 200 143 120 41 50 27 26 71 67 16 100 42 29 11 11 8 15 0 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1945 1945 >2010 >2010 ～ ～ Installation Year of Dug Well Installation Year of Dug Well

Figure 3-2-3-20 Installation Year of Dug Well

3-40 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Thanlyin Kyauktan 1400 450 397 1200 1144 400 361 350 1000 898 300 800 Some data maybe 250 602 wrongly reported 200 600 142

Frequency Frequency 150 119 400 319 100 144 138 200 20 5 23 1 10 2 0 6 3 1 7 50 11 12 4 000001 00 0 0 4 6 8 4 6 8 2 2 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 >30 >30 ～ ～ Depth of Dug Well (m) Depth of Dug Well (m)

Figure 3-2-3-21 Depth of Dug Well

Thanlyin Kyauktan

1314 1400 45 40 1200 40 35 1000 Other wells (96%) Other wells (49%) 30 mostly use a bucket. 800 mostly use a bucket. 25 600 20

Frequency Frequency 15 400 166 10 6 200 32 12 11 22001002 5 1 0000000000 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 10 11 12 10 11 12 >12 >12 ～ ～ Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well (hr) Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well (hr)

Figure 3-2-3-22 Diameter of Dug Well

Thanlyin Kyauktan

1600 1435 350 297 302 1400 300 1110 1200 250 223 1000 200 800 150 124 600 448 Frequency Frequency 400 100 174 39 50 26 24 22 200 44 14 39 23 4 0 12 7 5 0 0 0 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 0.75 0.75 >3.00 >3.00 ～ ～ Diameter of Dug Well (m) Diameter of Dug Well (m)

Figure 3-2-3-23 Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well

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Thanlyin Kyauktan 900 851 35 33 800 30 700 25 600 Other wells (49%) Other wells (96%) 500 444 mostly use a bucket. 20 mostly use a bucket. 400 15

Frequency 300 Frequency 10 8 200 122 102 5 3 100 995 2 00100 1 0 1 0 00001 0 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 10 100 200 300 100 200 300 >300 >300 ～ ～ Pumping Rate of Dug Well (liter/min) Pumping Rate of Dug Well (liter/min)

Figure 3-2-3-24 Pumping Capacity of Dug Well

Figure 3-2-3-25 Daily Discharge of Dug Well

Thanlyin Kyauktan

1600 1500 700 650 1400 600 1133 1200 500 1000 Maybe wrongly reported 400 333 800 data included. 300 600 Frequency 393 Frequency 400 200 204 200 100 62 25 2 1 2 0 2422002 16 110000000000 0 0 4 6 8 4 6 8 2 2 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 >30 >30 ～ ～ Water Table Depth of Dug Well (m) Water Table Depth of Dug Well (m)

Figure 3-2-3-26 Groundwater Table Depth of Dug Well

3-42 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

Figure 3-2-3-27 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth (In and near the Hill)

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Figure 3-2-3-28 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth greater than 10 m (In and near the Hill)

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(4) Pond

1) Construction Year As shown in Figure 3-2-3-29, the pond was constructed years ago, and it is understood that the pond was a main water source facility in the region. In Kayan, many ponds were added in the 1980’s and 1990’s.

2) Length and Width A pond has a rectangular or square configuration in the plan. As shown in Figure 3-2-3-30 and Figure 3-2-3-31, the length and width of the pond ranges mostly from 20 to 80 m. In Kyauktan, ponds smaller than 20 m long/wide dominate. However, in the other three townships, such small-scaled ones are probably not included in the inventory as shown in Figure 3-2-3-35. In Kayan and Thongwa, large-scaled ponds greater than 100 m are found. Such large ones are rarely found in Kyauktan.

3) Depth As shown in Figure 3-2-3-32, the depth of the pond is about 1 to 5 m. The average is 2.3 m as shown above in Table 3-2-3-4. In Thongwa, it is 3.4 m and deeper than in the other townships.

4) Capacity As shown in Figure 3-2-3-33, the capacity of the pond mainly varies from a few to 15 thousand m3. In Kyauktan, the dominant capacity is less than 1,000 m3. As shown in Figure 3-2-3-34, a large capacity pond is found more in Kayan and Thongwa.

Thanlyin Kayan

25 200 182 21 Unknown for 60% ponds Unknown for 1 pond 20 143 150

15 12 11 100 8 10 7 62

Frequency 66 Frequency 5 5 37 4 50 35 28 5 19 21 2 2 11 14 10 1 7 2 0 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1900 1900 >2010 >2010 ～ ～ Construction Year of Pond Construction Year of Pond

Kyauktan Thongwa

30 60 54 Unknown for 93% ponds 26 25 No unknown ponds 25 50 20 40 37

15 30 24 11 8 9 Frequency Frequency 10 20 13 10 4 10 66 5 5 2 3 4 2 1 0 000 1 1 0 0 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1900 1900 >2010 >2010 ～ ～ Construction Year of Pond Construction Year of Pond

Figure 3-2-3-29 Installation Year of Pond

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Thanlyin Kayan 120 120 104 96 100 93 100 81 78 80 80 60 60 45 46 42 41 36 Frequency 40 Frequency 40 32 24 18 20 6 8 20 8 9 7 2 00110 1 00000000 5 3 1 0 1 0 11.02 0 0 40 60 80 40 60 80 20 20 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 >400 >400 ～ ～ Length of Pond (m) Length of Pond (m))

Kyauktan Thongwa 800 741 120 700 100 600 500 455 80 400 60 42 300 34 Frequency Frequency 40 28 200 18 78 14 15 39 20 100 5 0000000000000000 3 4 220001 0001100 0 0 40 60 80 40 60 80 20 20 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 >400 >400 ～ ～ Length of Pond (m) Length of Pond (m)

Figure 3-2-3-30 Length of Pond

Thanlyin Kayan 180 180 159154 160 160 140 140 120 101 120 100 100 84 75 80 80 65

Frequency 60 Frequency 60 40 43 40 40 15 21 14 20 7 1 000000000000001 20 7 3 2 1 000000000.00 0 0 40 60 80 40 60 80 20 20 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 >400 >400 ～ ～ Width of Pond (m) Width of Pond (m))

Kyauktan Thongwa

900 799 180 800 160 700 140 600 120 500 432 100 400 80 52 Frequency 300 Frequency 60 41 35 200 40 62 9 10 8 100 22 1 0 1 00000000000000 20 7 1100001 0000000 0 0 40 60 80 40 60 80 20 20 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 >400 >400 ～ ～ Width of Pond (m) Width of Pond (m)

Figure 3-2-3-31 Width of Pond

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Thanlyin Kayan 80 75 400 375 70 65 350 60 53 300 50 250 40 200 30 150 Frequency Frequency 104 17 20 100 80 10 6 50 2 2 1 000 0 12 0 1 0000 0 0 ～1 2345678910～11 ～1 2345678910～11 Water Depth (m) Water Depth (m)

Kyauktan Thongwa

700 620 90 83 600 80 70 500 446 60 400 50 40 300 29 Frequency 170 Frequency 30 200 19 20 20 11 100 31 16 13 7 9 3 4 1 10 0 2 1 000 0 0 ～1 2345678910～11 ～1 2345678910～11 Water Depth (m) Water Depth (m)

Figure 3-2-3-32 Depth of Pond

Thanlyin Kayan 200 200 182 180 180 161 160 160 140 140 120 99 120 95 100 75 100 80 80

Frequency 60 Frequency 60 46 25 34 40 13 40 17 11 11 20 220 1 0011000000002 20 2221 3 4 0000001 0 0 5,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 100,000 100,000 ～ ～ >100,000 >100,000 Capacity of Pond (m3) Capacity of Pond (m3)

Kyauktan Thongwa

1000 867 200 900 180 800 160 700 140 600 120 500 100 400 80 Frequency 60 43 Frequency 218 39 300 40 28 200 81 12 8 5 6 3 4 6 5 2 2 34 31 20 1 00 0 1 00 0 100 13 18 9 884 5534002224 0 0 5,000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,000 95,000 1000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 100,000 ～ >20000 ～ >100,000 Capacity of Pond (m3) Capacity of Pond (m3)

Figure 3-2-3-33 Capacity of Pond

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Figure 3-2-3-34 Spatial Distribution of Capacity of Pond

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Figure 3-2-3-35 Example of Pond Distribution in Thongwa Township

3-2-4 Geophysical Survey

A geophysical survey was made with two types of surveys aiming at 1) the confirmation of seawater intrusion and 2) clarifying the spatial geological structure. The details of the survey result are described below.

3-2-4-1 Confirmation Survey for Seawater Intrusion

Seawater intrusion was confirmed by a (quasi-) 2D survey with the TDEM (Time Domain Electro-Magnetic) method. The survey line is located in SEZ, settling the SEZ western border to 1.7 km inland (eastside) of the middle of SEZ. On the survey line, 85 measuring points are placed at 20 meter intervals with 100 meters of detective depth. In addition, the 1D survey was also made at the proposed drilling point planned by another JICA survey (Preparatory Study of Thilawa SEZ Infrastructure Development). As a result of the survey (refer to Figure 3-2-4-1)1, the conductive layer (low resistivity) was found on the western side (Yangon River) and traced inland (Thilawa Reservoir) with the form of wedging into the deeper horizon. Since the conductive layer shows as very low, less than 10 ohm-m, it is correlative with the saline

1 Figure 3-2-4-1 shows 10Ω‐m of resistivity with heavy line. It can correspond to 1,000 μS/cm of EC and plunges the deeper horizon to the east.

3-49 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential f or Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas blackish aquifer or clay layer. This layer extends nearly all the western half of SEZ.

Figure 3-2-4-1 Summary of Survey for Seawater Intrusion Intrusion of Survey for Seawater Summary 3-2-4-1 Figure

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3-2-4-2 Structural Survey

Aquifer structure was detected by two methods of Electrical Survey (Vertical Electrical Sounding: VES) and TDEM. On the field, VES points are placed on a vacant space able to maintain the necessary distance of a measurement line to avoid obstacles of roads and houses. As for TDEM, the points are settled on the (electro-magnetic) noise-free spaces far from power line, transformers and conductive circuit (iron fences, bars, pipes, etc.). Finally, 43 points of VES and 60 points of TDEM are measured as shown in Figure 3-2-1-1 (presented above).

(1) Measurement and Analysis

As mentioned above, the VES and TDEM survey are applied for the structural survey. By checking the Electro-magnetic noise on the field, VES was carried out on the B-B’ Line crossing the populated area which has a high intensity of noise while TDEM was made on the A-A’ Line running in the rural area under a low noise condition. The process of analysis is as follows:

1) VES Survey A VES Survey was carried out with a Schlumberger array, using 500m and 1000m of survey line, which is capable to detect 150 m and 300 m deep. The survey result was arranged into ρ-a curve (apparent resistivity-depth curve) for conforming the data reliability and providing smooth inversion analysis. Taking specific resistivity of 15 to 20 layers by the smooth inversion, the layered analysis was followed to fix the resistivity layered models. The analytical result of drilling points (D-2, D-5) are shown in Figure 3-2-4-2.

Figure 3-2-4-2 Analytical Result of VES

2) TEDM Survey Since the SEZ is covered by conductive soils so the induced eddy current is rapidly consumed within the shallow horizon, it is hard to penetrate the deeper necessary horizons. To meet the planned

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depth, the loop size is change to the larger and coil is used in the more sensitive configuration2. For the analysis, the same as the VES procedure, a series of ρ-a curve, smooth inversion and layered analysis were carried out to recognize the aquifer positions and their structure. The analytical result of the drilling point (D-4) and well pints (D-3, 4) are shown below. 1e3 D-1 Drilling: Resistivity contrast is D-1(TDEM A-6) Smooth スムース・ インバージョンInversuin not so clear, but relatively high and low Analysis 1e2 解析

Resistivity ρ-t 曲線 (ohm-m)

ρ‐t Curve Depth resistivity repeatedly appeared. High (m)

Layered resistive layers are found at several Resisitivity比抵抗層 1 1e Analysis構造解析 horizons of 40 m to 60 m, around 100 m and below 170 m. These are all 1e0 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1 10 100 1000 indicated as about 50 ohm-m which can Time（sec) Resistivity (ohm-m) 1e3 be considered as an aquifer. As for low Smoothスムース・ インバージョンInversuin D-3(TDEM A-18) Analysis解析 resistivity, the saline condition indicated 1e2 by several ohm-m or less was not Resistivity (ohm-m)

ρ-t 曲線 ρ‐t Curve Layered detected in all the layers. At least, up to Resisitivity比抵抗層 Analysis構造解析 1e1 300m deep, the aquifer is supposed to be filled by freshwater.

1e0 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1 10 100 1000 D-3 Test well: The low resistivity Time（sec) Resistivity (ohm-m) layer less than 10 ohm-m is detected up

3 1e to 120 m deep. In particular, a D-4(TDEM A-28) Smoothスムース・ インバージョン Inversuin 解析 Analysis superficial zone shallower than 20 m 1e2 Resistivity

(ohm-m) ρ‐ρ-tt Curve曲線 Layered contains very low resistivity of 1 ohm-m Resisitivity比抵抗層 構造解析 Analysis to be co-related to the saline layer. The 1e1 aquifer is expected below 150 m deep. D-4 Test well Point: The resistivity is 1e0 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1 10 100 1000 Time（sec) Resistivity low as it is less than 10 ohm-m in the (ohm-m)

Figure 3-2-4-3 Result of TDEM Survey (e.g.) section of 20m to 100 m deep. For the deeper section than the 100 m, the resistivity turns into an increase and is correlated to sandy formation. Especially at 150 m deep, the aquifer is expected to have fresh water.

2 TDEM survey is carried out with the following instruments and specification. TDEM System: ABEM WalkTEM, Transmitter Loop:200m x 200m,Observation Configuration: Central Loop (place censor set at the center of Tx loop),Censor coil: :RC-5(Area=5m2, LM/IM Mode) /Rc-200(Area=200m2, HM mode),Transmitter Output: I=0.8A (LM Coil used), I=5.8A (HM Coil used), Turn-off time: 3.1μsec (LM Mode, IM Mode), 18.0μsec (HM Mode)

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(2) Resistivity Profile

The resistivity survey, either VES or TEDM, aims to estimate the geological structure by the measurement of the earth’s “resistivity”. Along with this purpose, the 1-D (vertical) survey was conducted for obtaining the specific resistivity at 103 points made up of 60 TDEM points and 43 VES points. These results were then arranged in the A-A’ line (East-West line, 40 TDEM points) and B-B’ line (South-North Line, 41 points), and used for delineating the resistivity profiles. In the interpretation for them, the resistivity continuities (or discontinuities) are traced in the profiles and are correlated with the geological boundaries and faulting systems (refer to Figure 3-2-4-4 and Figure 3-2-4-5). The interpretation for resistivity profiles are described below.

A-A' Profile (Section): The line was arranged in the east-west direction and was 33 km long. Its western margin (A) was set at the center of SEZ and the eastern end (A’) was placed at the center of Thongwa T/S. The resistivity values measured show the wide range from 1 ohm-m (> 1,000 μS/cm) to several 100 ohm-m (< 10 μS/cm) and their resistivity structure is traced in the horizontal (east-west) direction especially in the upper horizon. The conductive layer, indicating the less than 5 ohm-m, lies on the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill and extends over 25 km to the east with the increment of its depth. So, the layer thickness is thinner at the western side and became thicker towards the east by which the maximum thickness of 100 meters is at the eastern end of line. In addition, the very low resistivity layer indicated as a saline layer is also in place inter-bedded at the superficial zone. With the comparative interpretation between the resistivity pattern and geologic structure, this conductive layer is correlative with the alluvial layer mainly composed of the clayey deposits with the saline sands. The lower layer below the Alluvial layer is relatively resistive and is divided into four (4) layers of: (1) Slightly Low (5-10 ohm-m); (2) Medium (10-50 ohm-m); (3) Slightly High (50-100 ohm-m); and (4) High (over 100 ohm-m). In comparison with the theoretical standard, if an unknown effect from pore-water is eliminating, they are respectively correlative with: (1)Mudstone; (2) Muddy Alternation; (3) Alternation; (4) Sandy Alternation; and (5)Sandstone. The Sandstone is observed at Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill (4km-6km section) and the western border of Thongwa T/S (14 km-22 km section). On the other hand, Mudstone is detected at the eastern border of Thongwa T/S (30 km-33 km section). At the eastern end of the A-A’ line, there is a dissentious zone which is close to the assumable position of the (concealed) Sagaing Faults.

B-B' Profile (Section): The line lies in the east-west direction and is 26 km long. Its southern end (B) is at the Hmaw Wun River of SEZ while the northern end (B’) reaches the Bago River. The resistivity has a range from the several ohm-m (several 1,000 μS/cm) to the several 100 ohm-m (around 10 μS/cm) and generally shows higher resistivity than that of the A-A’ section. The horizontal (north-south) continuity is clear as the high resistivity zone (>100 ohm-m) at the cross-point with the A-A’ section. It extends toward the north with the increases of its depth up to 200 meters max. With the comparison to

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the surface geologic structure, the zone can be corresponded to the Irrawaddy Group. The lower horizon overlain by the Irrawaddy Group is characterized by medium resistivity (10-50 ohm-m) and can correlate to the Pegu Group. The boundary between Irrawaddy and the Pegu Group has in general the gentle undulation dipping as low as 1 to 2 degree of the apparent dipping, even though it partly involves a structural disturbance being a steep or even reverse angle. At the Thanlyin T/S, located at the northern end of the line, the high resistivity (assuming as the Irrawaddy Group) is traced with a thick zone, while the low resistivity exits at the other end of the line near the Hmaw Wun River. At this riverside, very low resistivity is observed and traced vertically to the deeper horizon. Its resistivity contrast may be derived from the existence of faulting systems (at 2 km and 9 km of section).

As a result of the analysis for the resistivity classification of the A-A’ and B-B’ sections, both the Medium resistivity (10-50 ohm-m showing as ‘Yellowish Green’ in Figure 3-2-4-4 and Figure 3-2-4-5) and Slightly High resistivity (50-100 ohm-m showing as ‘Yellow’ in Figure 3-2-4-4 and Figure 3-2-4-5) are correlative with a productive aquifers.

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Line) Profile (A Resistivity 3-2-4-4 Figure

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Profile (B Line) Resistivity 3-2-4-5 Figure

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