Office of The National Committee for Central Planning Regional Planning Office for Northwestern Ethiopia
A REGIONAL ATLAS OF NORTH-WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Physical Planning Department Bahar Dar 1985
h."Ut,y
Office of The National Committee for Central Planning Regional Planning Office for North-Western Ethiopia
A REGIONAL ATLAS OF NORTH-WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Physical Planning Department Bahar Dar 1985
_
FORWARD
This Regional Atlas of North Western Ethiopia is intended to present
readers with general information on the physical , social and economic aspects
of the planning region. The Atlas is prepared in the hope that it will be
of use to institutions and individuals engaged in development work, parti-,
cularly, planners, research workers and educators.
In the preparation of this Atlas, much information was drawn from the
published works of the Ethiopian Mapping Agency., the Central Statistical
Office, National Metrological Services Agency and the Land use Planning and
Regulatory Department of the Ministry of Agriculture. The , main source of
reference is given under each map.
Acknowledgement is due to the institutions mentioned above, the Provin¬
cial Statistical Offices and the Planning Offices of Gojam and Gonder
Administrative Regions for providing much of the data used in the preparation
of the Atlas. The cooperation of the branch offices of the various ministri¬
es and agencies in the region, which are too many to name here, is also very
much appreciated.
The difficult task of preparing this Atlas was under - taken by the staff
of the physical Planning Department of the Regional Planning Office. Their
dedicated effort in compiling and preparing the Atlas is highly commendable.
Finally, as this is our first effort, the atlas may have its own short
comings. We, therefore, welcome any suggestions and constructive criticisms
regarding any aspect of the Atlas.
Gebre Admassu
With the rank of Comissioner,
Bahir Dar Head of the Regional Planning
April , 1985 Office for North-Western Ethiopia
t iL
INTRODUCTION
One of the major functions of Regional Planning offices is to collect analyse and document dation the natural resources, social, economic and technological potential of the different regions in order to facilitate the preparation of development plans. It is our firm belief that the pre¬ liminary attempt at compiling this Regional Atlas goes some way towards ful¬ filling this function.
This Regional Atlas is divided into four major sections. The first part dealing with the physical background, attempts to portary the geology, soil, relief, drainage, water resources and the climatic patterns of the
Region in a generalized and simplified form.
The second part deals with population and settlement. Included in this are: the distribution of the population, age composition, sex ratio, house¬ hold size, health, education and urbanization.
In the third part the economic aspects of the Region, including agri- o culture and industry are presented. Much of the Atlas is infact devoted to agriculture, the economic sector that provides livelihood for 90% of the Region's population. The maps included in this section show the distri¬ bution of farmers' organizations, production regions for different crops
(both actual and potential) as well as livestock numbers and distribution.
The distribution of the few light industries in the Region is also shown on a map.
The various aspects of the social and economic services in the Region are presented in the fourth part of the Atlas. The major services shown here are water supply, electricity, transport, communication, banks and ILL
insurance as well as the distribution of the major Government trading orga¬ nizations.
Much of the information used in the preparation of this Regional Atlas was obtained from published works of various institutions, but wherever
possible attempts have been made to update the information by contacting
the concerned Government Ministries or Agencies. The map numbering units
used in the first and second parts of the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) and the Land Use Planning and Regulatory Depart¬
ment of the Ministry of Agriculture.
The dates used in thisAtlas are in Gregorian Calendar unless otherwise
specified. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1. Forward .. .. i 2. Introduction _ _ ii 3. The Planning Regions of Ethiopia 1 4. Adminstrative Divisions 2
5. Geology 3
6. Mineral Deposits 4
7. Relief 5
8. Main Rivers and River Basins 6
9. Water Resources 7
10. Soil 8
11. Temperature Zones 9 12. Mean Seasonal Temperature (Bega) 10 13. Mean Seasonal Temperature (Belg) 11 14. Mean Seasonal Temperature (Kirmet) 12 15. Mean Seasonal Rainfall (Bega) 13 16. Mean Seasonal Rainfall (Belg) 14 17. Mean Seasonal RainfalI (Kirmet) 15
18. Mean Annual Rainfall 16
19. Length of Growing Period 17 20. Climatic Regions 18
21. Agro-ecological zone 19
22. Desertification 20
23. Present Land use/Cover Type 21 24. Grass Cover 22
25. Forestry 23
26. Wild Life 24
27. Density of Population by Awrajas 25 28. Average Rural House Hold Size 26
29. Average Urban House Hold Size 27
30. Sex Ratio 28
31. Rural Population Pyramid 29 32. Urban Population Pyramid 30
33. Health institutions 31
* 34. Distribution of Clinics 31B
35. Malaria Control Service 32
36. Secondary Schools and Higher 33 37. Distribution of Schools 33b
38. Hierarchy of Towns 34 39. Urban Dwellers Association 35 40. Farmers' Association 36 41. Land Area Under Different Crops 37 42. Land Utilisation 38 43. Agricultural Regions 39 44. Production Regions,Teff 40 45. Production Regions, Sorghum 41 46. Production Regions, Maize 42 47. Production Regions, Barley 43 48. Production Regions, Wheat 44 49. Production Regions, Finger Millet 45 50. Production Regions, Noug 46 51. Production Regions Horse Beans 47 52. Production Regions, Chick Peas 48 53. Production Regions, Peas 49 54. Production Regions, Lentiles 50 55. Production Regions, Linseed and Cotton 52
56. Production Regions - Forests, cultivation and Pastoral Areas 53 57. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 1, Food Barley 54 58. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 2, Bread Wheat 55 59. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 3, Teff .' 5 6 60. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 4, Enset 5 7 61. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 5, Highland Sorghum 5 8 62. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 6, Coffee 5 9 63. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 7, Banana 60 64. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 8, Lowland Maize 61 65. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 9, {Tinger Millet 62 66. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 10, Groundnut 6 3 67. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 11, Cotton 64 68. Land Suitability for Crop Combination
12, Paddy Rice -. 65 69. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 14, Malting Barley 66 70. Land Suitability for Crop Combination
15 , Pyrethrum 67 71. Land Suitability for Crop Combination
16 , Tea 68 72. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 17 , Soya Bean .. 69 73. Land Suitability for Crop Combination 18 , Tobacco ; 70 74. Land Suitability for Crop Combination
19 , Chick Peas 7Î 75. Land Suitability for Crop Combination
2.0 , Noug 72 76. Land Suitability for Livestock Production Ti¬ ll. Tsetse Fly Distribution 74 78. Cattle Distribution 75 79. Sheep Distribution 76 80. Goat Distribution 77 81. Horse Distribution 78 82. Mule Distribution 79 83. Donkey Distribution 80 84. Poult ry Distribution 81 85. Livestock Population 82 86. Agricultural Marketing Corporation 83 87. Ethiopian Oil Seeds and Pulses Exporting Corporation 84 88. Distribution of Industries 85 89. Distribution of Ethiopian Domestic Distribution Corporation 86 90. Road Network 87 91. Fuel Services and Filling Stations 88 92. Water Way Transport 89 93. Banks and Insurances 90 94. Water Supply Points 91 95. Electrical Services 92 96. Postal Services 93 97. Telecommunication Services 94 98. Historical Places and Ancient Churches 95 '
/ M
'
-• - • - 1 - . ' ' -s . .
-
...... : ' THE PLANNING REGIONS OF ETHIOPIA
LEGEND
0 Regional capital Regional boundary
Administrative region boundary! ERITREA
asmera
tigray
WELEGA SHEWA
V central / ilubabor REGION nazretW^ ; arsi eastern region
harerge sol/thern
sidamo
SCALE M2,500.000
,p y '0 20 3^0 Km
1 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
The North-western Planning Region, comprising the Administrative Regions of Gojam and Gonder has an area of 137,900 sq.km. accounting for 11.3% of the country's land area. It ranks fifth in terms of area after the Southern, Eastern, Western and Northern Planning Regions.
The Administrative Regions of Gojam and Gonder have areas of 64,500 sq.km and 73,400 sq. km, respectively. Go/am Adminstrative Region has 7 awrajas and 35 woredas, while Gonder has 7 awrajas and 29 woredas. Metekelj$the largest awraja in the Region, With an area of 32,200 sq. km; it makes up roughly 50% of Gojam and 23% of the Region's area. Biçhena Awraja, with an area of 2600 sq. km is the smallest awraja in the Region accounting for 4% of Gojam and 1.9% of the Region's area. The awrajas located on the central plateaus and eastern highlands tend to be smaller in size but are densely settled. On the other hand awrajas which are found along the Ethio-Sudanese border tend to be larger and thinly populated. T £ NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
LEGEND
—. ___ International boundary
__ Regional boundary
-Jii Administrative region boundary
Awraja boundary
Wereda boundary DIB BAHIR TELEMT WELKAYIT
DEBARK
TACH ARMACHIHO
:LAY ARMACHIHO DABAT
JANAMORA
METEMA 'GONDAR
CHILGA ■ 2URIYA MATEBIYA CH f L 6 A (dembiya
QUARA IBNAT ALEFÄ KEMEKEM
LAY OAYINT FARTA
DANOUR
BAHIR DAR
B A H M R/D A RV SIMADA
NMECHA V'YILMA3 D-StSA ■HULET EJ 7s BANJA \ > \ <^QUARIT ' ilNESE .- 'GONCHA 7~í
SISO INESE . * \ MANDURA ANKÁSH 5N ÚNEBSE 1 MOÍA /sarmidirI
/ BURE . UABITEHlNAN'; nEGA \ ! > GWANGWA SHIKUDAD ' ' ^nAucn \ ^ \ I K O à Ai D E"S A: WEMBERA DIBATE °y?L ^...in^inawga^ J „ J. DEMBBCHA" • SINAN , R M '/"'Li C
.. _-^A6USA D A M s / .. y ^ 1 j C,NEHMA^ \ WEMBERIMA / • \D03AYTILAT Gil / L r jo E B/RE /anedéd Mutilât gii V .-SHEBEÍ; — iSXJBEN SCALE I : 2 500 000 AWABEL SOURCE: Central Statistical Office ( 197G E.C. ) 2 =§=|=Q=L=Q=!? = Y The oldest types of rocks underlying all others are the precambrian Rocks (also known as Basement complex) that date back 600 million years. The Basement Complex consists of variably metamorphosed rocks like Schists and Gheisses. In areas where strong erosive forces had removed the overlying rocks, the old Basement Complex belonging to different ages is exposed to the surface. Rocks belonging to such periods as the proteroz.oic as well as Synctectonic Granitoids and Post-Tectonic Granitoids are found in the South-Western part of the Region. Similarly, Basement complex of the Archean age is found in the Abay Gorge, Lower Beles Basin and Western Metekel. The Basement Complex is rich in metalic min rals of which gold is the major one. The Mesozoic transgression of the Indian Ocean from the south¬ east to the north-west of Ethiopia due to the sinking of the Horn of Africa was accompanied by the deposition of marine sediments uncomfortably on the Precambrian Rocks in the absence of any dipositional material dating to the Pallezoic Era. Of the marine sediments, the Adigrat Sandstones in particular,exposed to the surface in the Abay Gorge, Tekezze Valley and in Western Metekei, where the relatively recent deposits of Trappean Lava had been eroded away. The greater part of North-Western Ethiopia (more than 70%) owes its present outer shape to the geologic event of the Tertiary period particularly the Trap Series. The Trap Series are also known as Plateau Volcanics of Trappean Lava. During the Teriary Period large quantities of thick lava poured to the surface through several traps and covered the Mesozoic Marine Sediments and Precambrian Rocks. The highest mountain ranges in the country, the Simien Mountains are formed as a result of thick. Trappean Lavã. deposits. The most important geologic event of the Quaternary Period was the volcanic activity commonly known as the Quaternary Volcanics or Aden Series. Large amounts of Basaltic lava (of lesser magnitude than the Tertiary Volcanics) erupted from several small craters. The Quaternary Volcanics of Ethiopa are also al terna ii veiy .../ ï r~ J- 38° NORTH -WESTERN ETHIOPIA GEOLOGY LEGEND Quaternary sediments Basaltic flows and related spatter cones Alkaline Granite and — Syenite I« Trap series Upper Palaeozoic Post Tectonic Granitoids Syntectonic Granitoids Upper Proterozoic Lower Complex Archaean SOURCE.' Ministry of Mines / Energy & Water Resources ( 1973 E.C. ) known as the Bahir Dar-Giorgis Lava*. Lake Tana owes its formation to the accumulation of the Bahir Dar Girogis lava on the southern part of the preosting structural basin. Volcanic rocks of the Quaternary period are also found in the southern parts of the Region in the valleys of Birr, Fetam)Zingi n, and Dura Rivers. Sedimentary deposits of the Quaternary Period are found in Western Gonder and around Lake Tana. The sediments on the area north-west of Lake Tana, consist of clay, Water-lain ash beds, sandstone and lignite, :Min rals of economic importance that are knon to exist in the Region include gold, iron Ore, Lignite, Gypsum, Bentonite, Marble, Limestone and others. However, since little work has been done so far to assess the exact reserve and quality of deposits their potential for commercial exploitation have not yet been determined conclusively. The only activity being carried out at present is the sporadic panning for gold by local people- using primitive methods and tfcr d mûrTng Marble Industries, which has only recentl Prospecting for rç-jn rals on a wider scale is under way in Guba Woreda, Metek.êl Awraja, which will eventually be extedned lüde chilga Awraja. G-rabham G.W. and Black R.P. Report of the Mission to Lake Tana, 1920-1921 Ministry of Public Works, Egypt. Gov. Press, Cairo, 1925. Land and Water Resources of the Blue Nile Basin 1964 RELIE F The North-western Region is roughly divided into two major Topographic divisions namely the Eastern Highlands and the Western Lowlands. The Eastern Highlands which occupy about 57% of the Region's land area in the central and estern parts of the Region, are further sub divided into the massifs and the plateaus. The: massifs, which form the western part of the North Central Massifs of Ethiopia, are the dominating relief features in the eastern part of the Region. They are characterized by very lofty mountains, deep river gorges and irregular brok.en surfaces. These features have genera 11 y been a hinderance to the development of surface transport, communication and other infrastructure. The massifs have an average elevation of 2500 to 3000m above Sea level. The three groups of massifs to be found in the Region are the Semien Massif, the Debre Tabor Massif and the Choke Massif. The most prominent peaks in this eroup are Ras Dejen (4550m, Semien Massif), Guna (4231m, Debre Tabor Massif) and Birhan (4153m,Choke Massif). The Plateaus with an average elevation of 1500-2500m above sea level occupy the greater portion of the central and eastern parts of the Region. The gently undulating topography makes the Plateaus suitable for arable farming and road construction. There is a sharp drop in elevation from the Plateaus to the lowlands. Prominent relief features within the Plateaus include Mt. Aratmekerakir (3577m), Mt. Amedamit (3619m), Mt.Liga (3296m) and Mt. Kanichi (3500m). The western Lowlands have elevation -ranging between 700m and 1000m. The flat topography makes these areas ideal for the develop¬ ment of mechnaized farms and in the future with development of irrigation the area can be made very productive. At present, becausi of the low rainfall, high temperatures and prevalences of pests and diseases the Lawlands are sparsely settled and very little farming is carried out. The Imposing relief features in the Lawlands are Mt. Belya (2731m) and Mt. Dangur (2488m)., 5 Drainage and Water Résources The North-western Region is roughly divided into Z drainage basins, namely the Abbay (Blue Nile) Drainage Basin and the Tekeze Drainage Basin. The Abbay Drainage Basin, by far the bigger of the two, drains together with its tributaries, the southern and central parts of the Region. The major tributaries of the Abbay river within this area are Bales, Birr, Geray, Dura, Fettam and Temcha rivers. The Northern part of the region falls within the drainage basin of the Tekeze river. Some of the major tributaries are Belegez, Sheha? Mana and Kwalisa rivers. Rivers such as Rahad and Dinder flow out of the country to join the Blue Nile River in the Sudan? While Atbara and Angereb Rivers join the- Tekeze and eventually the Nile. At present very little use is being made of the vast irrigation and hydroelectric potential of these rivers. In fact, these rivers carry, in suspension, large quantities of soil out of the country every' year at a great loss to the nation. The Abbay, Tekeze, Atbara, and Dindir Rivers as well as their tributaries have enormous hydroelectric potential which not only would meet the country's growing power requirment but also provide surplus electricity for export to neighbouring countries. Earlier studies show that there is a potential for generating more than 6.600MW of electricity in the Region. There is at present a small hydroelctric powerstation at Tis Isat Falls which has the capacity for generating 8MW of electricity. This power station is being upgraded to 12MW level by the construction of a regulating dam at the outlet of Lake Tana and by installing an additional turbine. Although most of the rivers in the Region flow through deep gorges in their upper courses, which makes them suitable for generating electricity, their potential for irrigation development is limited. The situation, however, changes towards the western Lowlands where stream gradients are flater and flows are gentler thereby making them suitable for irrigation. Detailed studies conducted twenty years ago on the Blue Nile Drainage , Basiri show that some 350 ,000ha of land can be developed for irrigation.* Lake Tana, the largest lake in the country is found Within the Regien and has a surface area of about 3000 sc^-.km/ The vast fisheries potential of the Lake is hardly being- touched at present except for small scale fishing carried out by local fishermen using traditional methods to meet the local demand. It is estimated that there is a potential for producing 10,000 tonnes of fish from Lake Tana annually. »USDI, Bureau of Reclamation, Land and Water Resources of the Blue Nile Basin : Appendices I - VII. Washington D.C., 1964. T" 36° 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA WATER RESOURCES LEGEND <£ Hydroelectric powerplant t Substation —W- Transmission line ( dou. cir. ) Transmission line ( sin. cir. ) Beyond initial development (dou. cir.) Beyond initial development (sin. cir.) Canals & Laterals Tunnel Diversion or storage dams Pumping plant Project land Reservoir MEGECH DAM >RAHAD PROJECT ppccpv/niR WEST MEGECH EAST ^PUMP PROJECT, MEGECH PUMP PROJECT\ NORTH-EAST TANA PUMP JGALEGU PROJECT PROJECT Junction dam & powerptant . RIBB PROJECT JINDIR PROJECT "XL diversionLak* !"tunnel^l" A RIBB DAM t RESERVOIR I2°- -12* DINDIR DAM li ALEFA POWER ua GUMÁRA \L2=SS/e RESERVOIR UPPER BELES^ GUMARA DAM I -PROJECT PROJECT RESERVOIR 'REGULATING STRUCTURE) MIDDLE BELES PROJECT, IKOGA TANK BORDER DAM I, / PCWERPLANT / iKER QUOS-i QUAM RES. SAWESA MARtAMRESERVOIR "'DEBEKAN MARYAMRES.I 1 UMBRI MARYAM RESERVOIR -sL DANGURI UPPER BIRR PROJECT I. POWERPLAN DEBOHILA EBOHILA UPPER BIRR DAM PROJECT \DAM A RES. ^ 4 RESERVOIR LOWER BIRR ' MENDAIA DAM t PROJECT MABIL DAM & POWERPLANT POWERPLANT KARADOBI DAM^"' 3/ PCWERPLANT IP ASQSA2 SCALE 1 : 2500000 10 - -10 25 0 ' 25 50 75 100 >36° source: Land and Water Resources of the Blue Nile Basin 1964 SOIL" The soils of the Northewestern Region are largely developed on parent materials of volcanic origin, predominantly basalt. In certain parts soils developed on basement materials, alluvial materials, limestone and sandstone are also present. The soils of eastern and central Gojam and some parts of central Gonder are predominantly nitosols. These red clay soils have deep profiles that allow easy root penatration and combine good moisture retention with free drainage. In general, they have high organic matter content and potassium, bufare low in available phosphorus. The surface PH of these soils approaches 5.5. The dominant soil types in most of the highlands of Gonder are cambi- sols. Although, these soils are chemically quite similar to the nitosols furthure south, they are generally shallow and stony to varying degrees. The soils of the Blue Nile Gorge show wide variation and are in general very shallow and extremely stony. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA SOIL LEGEND Haplic Xerosols Eutric Regosols Dystric Cambisols ' ///Arenosols Eutric Cambisols Nitosols p77 'lit Humic Cambisols W m Chromic Vertisols 000 0001 Eutric Fluvisots SOURCE.' FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World and other sources 8 TEM PERATURE ZONES Altitude is the single most important factor influencing the climate of the Region. In this Region, as well as the whole country at large, three major vertically stratified trmprature zones are recognized. These are the 'Kola' 'Woina Dega1 and 'Dega' aones. A fourth one, the 'Kur' or 'Wirch' is relatively insignificant since it occupies high mountin peaks barely ammounting to 0.6% of the Region's area. The 'Kola' .zone, which lies .below 1 500m altitude is found mainly in the western part of the Region. It covers 42.5% of the Region's area. It is hot for most of the year with average temperatures ranging from 20-25°c. The annual rainfall is between 700mm and 1000mm. This zone is sparsely settled as a result of the prevalence of various human and livestock diseases. With the use of irrigation, the potential for agricultural production is high in this zone. However, because of lack of finance and local expertise, it hasn't been possible to develop this area. A wider range of tropical crops such as cotton, sesame, sorghum and maize are adapted to this zone. The 'Soina Dega' zone is intermediate between the 'Kola' and 'Dega' zones and is found between 1500m and 2500m. Average temperatures range between 15°C and 20°C, while the annual rain¬ fall is between 1200mm and 1400mm. The 'Woina Dega1 zone which is free from most of the tropical diseases of both humans and animals is much prefered for settlement. It is the most productive area agriculturally with teff, barley, wheat, oil crops and pulses being the major crops grown. Land within the 'Woina Dega' aone makes up 45.3% of the RegionV area. The 'Dega' zone occupies ithe area between 2500m and 3500m altitude and accounts for 11.6% of the area of the Region» Average temperatures are between 10°C and 15°C while annual rainfall exceeds 1500mm. The cool temperatures and the occurrence of frost at any time of the year limit the types of crops grown in this zone. Barkey, wheat, potatos, oats, highland oil crops and pulses are the main crops grown here. 1 I I" T 3 6° 38° NORTH-WESTERN ETHIOPIA MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL IN mm. & RAINFALL PATTERN FOR SELECTED STATIONS y 12 — SOURCE". Ethiopian Metrological Service ( 1976 E.C. ) mBÊÊÊÊÊ^BÊÊÊ 1 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD LEGEND SOURCE: Ministry of Agriculture LU PR D 1983 17 ■ . ' ï I r 36° 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA CLIMATIC REGIONS LEGEND A . TROPICAL CLIMATES ( coldest month above 18°c ( 6A.6 "F ) Aw - winter dry season "I4°B . ARID CLIMATES ran 0_g Bs - Steppe-Bunch grass scatterd short trees C . TROPICAL HIGHLANDS - coldest month 18*c to 3'c (64.4"F to 26.6"F) ■W' / '/i Cw- winter dry season Nil Cm- short dry season (X) main stations SOURCE: Ethiopian Mapping Agency (1971 E.C.) I • , ■ ' ' -- y» NORTH -WESTERN ETHIOPIA LEGEND AGRO ECOLOGICAL MAP ^ 0o°]Cd COLD AFROALPINE ZONE o oo ''.V2.V MOIST SUBAFROALPIE ZONE ZO COOL & HUMID HIGHLAND ZONE 7 25 WARM 4 HUMID MIDHIGHLAND ZONE XI0<1 WARM 4 HUMID LOWLAND ZONE |ti| WARM 4 SUBHUMID LOWLAND ZONE WITHI INTERMEDIATE GROWING SEASON '////' ',12// WARM & SUBHUMID LOWLAND ZONE WITH SHORT GROWING SEASON HOT & HUMID LOWLAND ZONE HOT 4 SUBHUMID LOWLAND ZONE SOURCE: Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD 1983 DESERTIFICATION LEGEND Degree of Desertification Hazards, High Moderate < Ss Vulneiability to Desertification AT 1uivial or residual surfaces subject to stripping of top soil O o o O o o o o o o o o o o o Arid o o o o o o o o o o ÃÃ2 Sem*, - Arid AAA aaa Sub - Humid Mostly desertification free zone MM NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA38" DESERTIFICATION SOURCE! Ethiopian Mapping Agency ( 1981 ) ■ NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LEGEND PRESENT LAND USE / COVER TYPE ^ State farms Intensively cultivated land Moderately cultivated land Afro alpine and sub afro alpine vegetation Distributed high fores* Dense wood land Wood land Eucalyptus wood lano Riparian wood land or bush land Bush land Dense shrub land Shrub land Grass land Bushed/ shrubed grass land Wooded grass land Perennial marsh Seasonal mars' Moderately cultivated land / Grass land Moderately cultivated land / wood land Moderately cultivated land / bush land Moderately cultivated land / shrub Land Grass land / bushed/shrubed grass land 3,6° SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD 1982 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA GRASS COVER LEGEND Sorghum associated with savana Aristida associated with steppe Setaria associated with wood land Pennisetum associated with wood land m Hyparrhenia associated with savapa SOURCES Ethiopian Mapping Agency { 1981 ) NAT,URAL VEGETATION Thousands of years of indiscriminate forest clearing had left the highland parts of this Region practically barren of natural vegetatative cover and had exposed the soil to unprecedented levels of soil erosion and denundation. At present, barely 4% of the Region is estimated to be forested fTsol ated patches of the original climax vegetati on ar«. found mainly around monastries, church yards and very inacces¬ sible mountain sides and gorges. The vegetation types in the Region can roughly be classi¬ fied into lowland and highland types. In the lowlands various types of acacia, 'Sesa1 (ATbezzia gumiferra), 'Acat' Phoenix reclinata) , bamboo (Oxythentra abyssinica) and gum trees _ ■ ■—•—•—•—■—•—-—.... ï. ■ . ■——- v (Boswellia spp . ) are dominant. The highland forests are dominated by ' Tid 1 (j uni perus ■procera), 'Zigba' (Podocarpus graci1ior), 'Wanza' (Cordia africana), 'Koso' (hagenia abyssinca) and 'Woira1 (01ea africana). Eucalyptus species which were introduced during ±. ï- the time of Menelik II, late in the 19 century, are now widespread in the Region and are commonly used for fire wood and building material. Above 3500m, afro-alpine vegetation such as giant lobelia, red hot poker and giant heather are predominant. The collection and proccessing of natural gum in the Region is carried out by the Natural Gum Processing and Marketing Corporation which started commercial production in 1972 (E.C). The Corporation handles the collecting, processing and marketing of Gum Olibanum (frankinscence) and Gum Karaya. In 1976 (E.C), 15,373 quintals of natural gum (15,266 quintals of Gum Olibanim and 167 quintals of gum Karaya) were collected and processed through the two branch offices of the Coporation located at Chagni and Debark. WILD ANIMALS The North-western Region is historically known to have an abundance of various wild animals and birds. However, indiscriminate hunting and destruction of their natural habitats have put most of the animals on the brinks of extinction or forced them to move into remote and inacces¬ sible areas. The Semien National Park, within the Semien Mountain Range, provides sanctuaries for some of the rarest animals and birds in theworld, such as the Semien Fox,. Walia Ibex, Gela da baboon and the Lammergeyer. The open woodland and savanna grasslands in the western lowland parts of the Region suports various wild animals like the elephant, lion, leopard, giraffe and gazzele. Other wild animals to be found in the Region include the hayena, jackal, antelope, bush„and numerous species of birds including the Wattled Ibis, the Thick Billed Raven and the Fish Eagle. ~ 36°" 38° bsíoubnoo au an s NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA ~ WILD LIFE ri J "f o H 1 o ;fi o LESEND.. * f ^ Sinken ^ 1 d r ri w ( S 8 8 « ß T 2 Walia Ibex j n n 9 J - o w - il 1 3 Gelada Baboon ; y i .1 n u o.') o H it 4 Elephant u. 5 Thick-Billed Raven i 0 r D 9$ 3 f| j I 0 6 Hippopotamus 7 Bush Buck 8 Harte Beest 9 Giraffe 10 Leopard 11 ; Porcupine 12 Lion 13 Water Buck no ! P 9 H 9 f o ri W 1 0 T £ , no riß fuqoq Fslol s ri ; nr e s r s ru 9 T 9TJ5 io T0SeTa(0çE isrll. mß'roä ni 9fßrn9T00t T^oT 66 p n r 9 ci 99 srll • e son en rrnob f t .) "f i 0 ri 1 bFnow 9 rit 9 >1 f J S F wofsd quotg sgß 5 \ jjm. x- ß.toi 9ri,t V *r * • v 9\i j lu *>•" 1 0 ■- u10b LMlb ■ ; j feiii i i ! I y I 0 U j ri j i l noi Je F uqoq To no r tj^ilnsonoo rigrri & sr Sisrll^Kaa.Bear k ïfioiqoVj bswT 9 S q t n 9 m 9 F J J s: ' f £ tui s ri T V^Srij 9 ri t Jó ib rionq bj b vfc£y í r aetem ri o r ri w ab eèt s;>a ted il o 9 r..' ,2 91.1 J n 0 c] g n 6/1 ^ I ZJ'rnu Jnsine 1IjVc - f ßub rv rbn r oi asorv/sõ p n r v MO" r Tßnorlßn Ifta# 9 rblcíàfe nst nsTHTs^n gt sibj/siIT 2s , O 25 , 5Q 75 100 —J 9rit gnrrnno Wspfl n 'i s J cSiT^ i : «wM 9 r! T ri í soioaçp wfir&Bif i" T 9 ri J 9bu r on r às rir Fßno ri ßn is ri 10 .qucing liigtè í 24 e ßls T M «trißinr)! ^ßriaßn'rriS t FsTno>l ,olj'oW e $ rnnO Éiài1ffT®^ , ornonO bn s rt T r ^ n®ri3 P O P U"L A T I 0 N The nation-wide population and Housing Census conducted for the first time in 1984, puts the population of North¬ western Ethiopia at 6,150,244 (Gonder 2,905,362 and Gojam 3,244,882) which accounts for 14.6% of the country's population. North-western Ethiopia is the second most populous region in the country after the Central Planning region. Just over 8% of the Region's population live in 49 urban centers .of 2000 people and above. The average popualtion density within the Region is 44.5 persons per sq.km. However the density varies from 129 persons per sq.km in the densety populated Debre Tabor Awraja to less than 10 persons per sq.km in the sparsely settled Metekel Awraja. The average house-hold size for whole Region is 4.1. Of the total population, 3,093,037 or 50.3% are male and 3,057,207 or 49.7% are female, in that there are 102.5 males for 100females. In Gojam there seems to be a well balanced sex ratio with slight female dominance, there being 99.9 male for 100 female. Like in other developing par.ts of the world the Region's population is predominantly young. The age group below 15 accounts for 47.6%of the population. The age groups between 15 and 59 and over 60 consititute 47,4%and 5.0% of the total population respectively. Because of the cooler climate and absence of many of the tropical diseases, there is a high concentration of population on the plateaus. The rural settlement pattern is characterized by scattered homesteads which makes it very difficult to provide transport facilities, clean water supply, electricity and other services to individual- settlement units. There are more than ten different nationalities living in the North-western Region with the Amharas forming the largest group. Other nationalities include the Tigrai, Agew, Felasha, Gumiz, Woito, Konfel , Shinasha, Kimant, Fileta, Shankila and Oromo. I 1 1 36° 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA DENSITY OF POPULATION BY AWRAJAS legend ( PER Km2 ) Less the 10 persons 10 - 29 persons 30 - 59 persons 60 - 89 persons 90 - 119 persons Above 1 0 persons DEMSEOJi SCALE I : 2 500000 SOURCE.' Central Statistical Office ( 1976 E.C.) Area and Rural-Urban Population by Awrajas (in'OOO) Population Awraja/Adminstrative Area in Region sq km Rural Urban Total 3244.8 Gojam 64.4 2981 .5 263.3 Bahir Dar 7.7 612.5 79.2 691.8 Motta 3.9 339.1 25.0 364.1 Bichana 2.6 306.4 20.6 326.7 Debre Markos 5.4 551 .1 61 .6 612.8 686.6 Kola Dega Damot 7.9 648.0 38.7 334.1 Agew Mi dir 4.7 316.1 18.0 Metekel 32.2 208.2 20.3 228.5 Gonder 73.4 2681.8 223.5 2905.4 Gayint 5.8 344.6 9.4 354.1 Debre Tabor 5.5 666.3 42.3 708.7 Gonder 11.7 397.1 108.0 505.1 Libo 6.2 334.0 18.4 352.4 Chilga 16.9 327.1 11.2 338.3 361.3 Wegera 18.8 335.6 25.7 Simein 8.5 277.4 8.4 285.4 Region 137.8 5663.3 487.0 6150.2 SOURCE: Office of the Population and Housing Census Commission, Population and Housing Census;Preliminery Report Addis Ababa, September 1984. ~t 1 r 36° 38° NORTH-WESTERN ETHIOPIA AVERAGE RURAL HOUSEHOLD SIZE LEGEND SOURCE! Central Statistical Office ('1976 E.C. ) 26 NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA^ AVERAGE URBAN HOUSEHOLD SIZE LEGEND SOURCE! Central Statistical Office ( 1977 E.C. ) 27 NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA RURAL POPULATION PYRAMID 75 AND ABOVE 70 - 74 H 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 MALE FEMALE 50 - 54 TOTAL 2901.9 TOTAL 2781.5 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5-9 0 4 500 400 300 200 100 100 200 300 400 500 NUMBER OF PERSONS ('000 SOURCE." Central Statistical Office ( 1976 E.C. ) 29 III . H E A L T H The geographical spread of the health infrastructure in the Region reflects the priority given to rural areas. The development of the health service has been accelerated in the past ten years, and thus at present, there are 6 hospitals, 21 health centres, 204 clinics and 12 malaria control stations. With regard to health personnel, there are at present 16 doctors, 9 health officers, 137 nurses and 819 various kinds of health workers serving in these establishments. This gives a ratio of a doctor for 384,390 persons, 1 health offices for 683,360 persons and 1 hospital .Hurse for 46, 953 persons. Health education is provided to the masses on such topics as environmental sanitation, personal hygiene and general disease preventive methods. Training is also being provided to community midwives and kebele health attendants. Encouraging results have also been obtained in the field of mother and child care and the vaccination of infants. ' i i . ■ ü 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA MALARIA CONTROL SERVICE LEGEND Non - malarious areas Malarious areas Operational areas Zone office Operational sector 'Debark ! GONDAR «Adis Zemen ■Debre Tabor Bahir Dar Dangla .Finote Selam Bichena •DEBRE -- MARKOS: SCALE 1 : 2 500 000 SOURCE.' Ministry of Public Health — Malaria Control Service ( 1977 E.C. ) 32 EDUCATION The considerable emphasis given to education in the post-revolutionary period has resulted in anincrease in the number of schools,, teachers as well as pupils. Much has also been achieved in bringing about balanced geographical spread of educational infrastructure by constructing schools in areas that never had them before. At present, there are 1,102 elementary as well as 108 junior and senior secondary schools in the Region, The primary school enrolment in 1984 was 252,541 and that of secondary schools. In the same period, the number of reachers was 6,077 in elementary schools and 1,353 in secondary schools. Institutuion s for higher education that are found in the Region include a college of medical science, a teachers college, a teacher training and a polytechnic institute. A rapid increase in the number of kindergardens has also been achieved and at present there are 81 kindergartens which cater for 7,300 infants. Some 1.4 million adults have become literate in the Region during the past 9 rounds of the literacy campaign. Other educational support units in the Region consist of 14 awraja pedagogical centres, 58 adult educational training centres and 2 educational mass media centres. 3 6° 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA SECONDARY SCHOOLS & HIGHER INSTITUTIONS .egend ■ High schools Teachers training institute m Humera -ti°® Medical college O Teachers college ▲ Polytechnic E DEBARK g] DABAT GONDAR AYKEL (J ßAzezo «J Kola Diba Gor< ADIS ZEMEN I~1 El Ibnat 12«- A Werota E DEBRE TABOR D NEFAS-1 BAHIR DAR I MEWCHA Estie Merawi e (Mekane Yesus) D c DANGLA Wegeda EM°TA Echagni E Gimja Bet Eßure ITIFINOTESELAM BFeres Bet E Dembecha E DEBRE MARKOS Eciejen SCALE 1 : 2 500 000 25 0 .25 50 75 100 Km 36° 38° I SOURCE." Provincial Educatinal Offices for Gojam & Gondar ( 1977 E.C.) 33 HBB| ■ II NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA DISTRIBUTION OF SCHOOLS LEGEND Kindergarten Elementary schools Junior secondary schools SOURCE! Same as map on page 33 33 B URBANIZATION North-western Ethiopia was the centre of Ethiopian power politics in the 18th and 19th centuries, with Gonder as its capital city. The town of Gonder, besides being the seat of the Gonder rulers, also served as the major converging point for traders from the Sudan and the' 4- U 4. L- Red Sea coastal areas. During the 18 and early 19 centuries several active towns emerged, of which the most notable were Deber Tabor, Zegie, Infrz, Metema, and Debre Markos. At the t.ime some of these towns used to support larger populations than they do now. The civil wars that were fought among the major protagonists of the country during the Era of Princes and the Dervish attack on Gonder in 1887 were the major causes for the decline and fall of many of these towns. th Although modern urban development dates from late 19 century, it was much accelerated during the Italian occupation of 1935 - 1940. To date, there are 49 urban centers with a total population of 486^949 amounting to 8.4% of the Region's population. Twenty six of these towns, which make up 53.06% of the total number of towns in the Region, are found in the lowest urban hierarchy of 2000-4999 people; accounting for only 19.9? of the Region's urban population. Sixteen towns which make up 32.6% of the total number of towns and 27.2% of the total urban population are found in the 5000-9999 catagory. Three towns are found in the 10,000-14,999 range constituting 8% of the urban population. Similarly, one town is found in each of the population categories of 15,000-15,999, 20,000-49,999, 50,000- 69,999 and 70,000-100,000. The three largest towns in the Region, Gonder (pop. 80,886). Bahir Dar (pop. 54,800) and Debre Markos (pop. 39,808) account for 19.02% 12.88% and 9.36% of the urban population respectively. With the exception of Humera, Chagni and Mentawiha all other towns are located on the cooler highlands in the eastern part of the Region. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA38 HIERARCHY OF TOWNS (BY POPULATION SIZE ) LEGEND 2000 - A 999 <3> HUMERA O 5000 - 9 999 —14* 10 000 - 19 999 20000 - A9 999 50000 - 69 999 (more than 70 000 DEBARK Awraja capital , Provincial capital Regional capital • AMBAGIORGIS gqndai AYKEL MAKSEGNIT GORGORA DELGI •, im»/ N |a5is zemenX OWER0TA ^DEBRE TABOR • HAMUSIT Q \ NEFA9*r ^BAÜIRDARq ( mewchaV • MERAWI ÎLjisabay MEKANEYESUS 'durbete OadetV / / DANGILA® •ADIS- • keranio KIDAME GIM JA BBT • TiLiLi • MERTULE MARYAM FINOTE-\ iUNDE WOIN O BURE FÉLEGI BIRHAN • MENTA WIHA (^vELAM DEBRE WERK • SHENDI (^.DEMBECHA f «AMANUEL Obichena • YEID WEHA Clumame DEBRE ELIAS DEJEN( • YEJUBE SCALE 1 : 2 500000 SOURCE." Central Statistical Office ( 1977 E.C. ) . S •, m - ||M|||; ^B9Mm 'M —r~ 36° 36° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA URBAN DWELLERS ASSOCIATIONS LEGEND %J) City council urban dwellers associations XI Higher urban dwellers associations 1X1 Humera wis Kebele dwellers associations w- O Towns having no Urban dwellers associations ÍS Maytsemri ^ Adi Arkay DEBARK FT! DABAT Tikit Dingay ÁS ÁS Amba Giorgis © GONDAR Maksegnit Infraz X ADIS ZEMEN 12°- Werota qq DEBRE TABOR 'is Hamusit [J] » NEFAS L5J MÈWCHA Estie iíyMerawi ÕMbbay( Dekane Yesus) |Adet^\. is Wegeda mota xl U Keranio CHAGNI® Gim ja Bet is QtíIÍIÍ I^QMertule Gunde Wein Bure ® Of) MaryaiW O Debre Zeit fgRNRNOTE SELAM 0Men'°W|Jha Jiga ^Felege JSirhan lü Debre Work Shendi O Dembecha XI ^Amanuel X Olflwuha BICHENA . DEBRE MARKOS© ^ LumameO Eliyas ÜJDejen is 10°- -10* SCALE 1 : 2 500 000 Yejube 25 0 25 50 75 100 36° 38° SOURCE.' Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Gojam & Gondar Provinces ( 1977 E.C.) 35 AGRICULTURE FARMERS * 'COOPERATIVES The Land Reform Proclammation of 1967(E.C.), which is one of the major gains of the revolution, not only gave- the rural masses ownership over their land but also the opportunity to organize themselves into Farmers' Associations and Producers' Cooperatives. The Regions farmers having taken advantage of this fact have thus, by the end of 1976 (E.C) organized themselves into 2,805 Farmers Associations with a membership of 853,450, that included nearly all the families in the rural areas. Similarly a total of 2,265 Farmers' Associations have organized them¬ selves into 645 Farmers' Service Cooperatives (FSC), which ena-ble than to sale their produce and purchse agricultural inputs as well as consumer goods cooperatively. These F.S.C had at the end of 1 976 E.C. a total capital of Birr14,927 ,000. Much progress has also been made in the setting up of Farmers' Producers' Cooperatives (FPC) which are believed to be the primary means through which the socialist transforma¬ tion of the agricultural sector will be achieved. Thus at present, there are'263 FPC with a membership of 17,050 that cultivate a total of 61,710 ha of land. In the years to come, the setting up of FPC is expected to accelerate so as to include a greater proportion of rural families. The total capital of the FPC at the end of 1976 (E.C.) stood at Birr9,372,600. I — 1 1— 36° 3g° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA FARMERS ASSOCIATIONS LEGEND SOURCE. Ministry of Agriculture Gojam & Gondar Representative Offices 36 AGRICULTURE CROP PRODUCTION Agriculture which is the main economic activity of the region provides livelihood for 90% of the population. Out of an estimated 5,659,690 ha of land cultivated throughout the country during the 1974/75 (E.C.) cropping season, some 1,457,734 ha or 25.8% were cultivated in the North-western Planning Region.* In the same survey, it was shown that out of the estimat¬ ed 72.8 million quintals of different kinds of grain produced in the country in 1975 (E.C.) 16.9 million quintals or 23% were produced in this Region. Of the total land area under annual crops approximately 77% is occupied by cereals, 15% by pulses and 8% by oil seeds, cereals make up 81% of the grain production in the region followed by pulses (16.5%), oil crops (2.3%) and miscellaneous other crops (0.2%). Among the cereals, teff is predominant in that it covers some 40% of the area under cereals and accounts for nearly 46% of the cereal production. The Region is also we'll known for its produc¬ tion of oil seeds. According to the C.S.O. survey quoted above, about 30% of the total oil seeds production in the country comes from this Region. Despite the Region being one of the most important grain producing, areas, agricultural production is still carried out using traditional methods and unimproved implements. Pairs of wxen are the main source of traction power for cultivation. Incertain locatities horses are used instead of oxen. Vf Central Statistical Office. Agricultural sample survey (1975 E.C.) preliminary results on area, production and yield of major crops for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa. July, 1983. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS LAND USE SOURT" Ministry of Agriculture ( 1976 E.C.) 37 The Ministry of Agricultural provides various services in an effort to modernize the agricultural sector. Farmers are supplied with improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides while extension agents provide avdice and train farmers in the use of modern cultural practies. The use of agricultural inputs by the Region's farmers has been increas¬ ing steadily over the years. During the 1976/77 (E.C.) 52,950 quintals of fertilizers and over 460 quintals of pesticides were distributed to the Region's farmers. With the use of such inputs it has been estimated that, on average, yields of cereals will increase by 50 to 100%. Side by side with the setting up of Farmers' Producers Cooperatives, the socialist transformation of agriculture is being carried out through the establishment of state farms. There are at present 4 state farms culti¬ vated a total of 18,223 ha and produced 183,838 quintals of various crops. The major crops that are being cultivated on these farms include maize, sorghum, sesame and kenaf (a fibre crop). Nearly the whole of the grain production is concentrated on the Woina Dega and Dega zones of the Region, above 1500m altitude. These areas, which had remained under cultivation for centuries have been subjected to serious soil erosion and degradation; caused by dense population, over stocking, deforestation and improper land use. A start has been made to overcome these problems by implementating soil and water conservation programmes, affo¬ restation schemes and introducing improved cultural practices. The area below 1500m (the Kola zone) is at present under - utilized, despite the great potential of these areas for the production of a wide range of tropical crops using irrigation. With the development of infra¬ structures for irrigation transportation, health and other services, these areas van be made to support large poupulations and can contribute a great deal to the agricultural economy of the country. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND UTILIZATION SOURCE.' SIDAReport by SIDA Mission to Gojam & Gondar (PADEP I) December, 1982 38 IS » ! 1 r 36° SB- NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA AGRICULTURAL REGIONS LEGEND Highland, no other crops but barley Forest & Woodlands including Bamboo Mostly nomadic herding Coffee o o D-i Plantation agriculture ( including cotton, sugar-cane & sisal ) raiyX*! Mixed farming ( grain crops & livestock ) Oil seeds TANA - Fishing SOURCE : Ministry of Agriculture and Settlement ( 1971 E.C. ) . ■ * ■ - ï r- 36° ~ 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA PRODUCTION REGIONS ^ LEGEND TEFF Major producing area Minor producing area Other cultivated land -14° No significant sedentary rainfed cultivation SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD 1982 NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA38" PRODUCTION REGIONS LEGEND SORGHUM Major producing area Minor producing area Other cultivated land No significant sedentary cultivation SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD 1982 , ! r 36° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA38" PRODUCTION REGIONS LEGEND MAIZE Major producing area Minor producing area Other cultivated land Mil No significant sedentary rainted cultivation SOURCE; Ministry of Agriculture L U P R D 1982 A2 "■-Vi ■■■ v.- #v:ft 'Çt mi ï ï r NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA8" PRODUCTION REGIONS LEGEND BARLEY Major producing area Minor producing area Other cultivated land -lil No significant sedentary cultivation SOURCE.' Ministry of Agriculture LU PR D Síf- ' ; " ■'., : ' ' •'■'■ ■ ■' mÈÈÊBÊBm 3 6 30» NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA PRODUCTION REGIONS LEGEND WHEAT Major producing area Minor producing area Other cultivated land No significant sedentary cultivation SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture L U P R D MB NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA PRODUCTION REGIONS LEGEND FINGER MILLET (M) & SESAME SEED ( SE Major producing area Minor producing area Other producing land No significant sedentary rainfed cultivation SOURCE? Ministry ot Agriculture LUPRD ^■1 , , 3 60 NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA PRODUCTION REGIONS LEGEND PEAS Minor producing area Other cultivated land No significant sedentary rainfed cultivation SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture LU PR D 1982 £9 . , ! __ NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA38" PRODUCTION REGIONS LINSEED (L) AND IRRIGATED COTTON (C) LEGEND Major producing area Minor producing area Other cultivated land No significant sedentary d cultivation SOURCE! Ministry ot Agriculture L U P R D 1982 BARLEY Crop Environmental Requirements Altitude The most suitable altitude range for barley is between 2000 and 3000m above sea level (a.s.l.). However, areas with altitudes below this range (1500 - 2000m) and above (3000 - 3800) are moderately suitable with low • to medium levels of input. Temperature The optimum mean temperature for the growing period is between 12.5° and 17.5°c. Temperature as low as 7.5°c and as high as 22.5°c can be toi erat ed by the crop. Length of growing period (LGP) The LGP for food barley is between 120 and 180 days, while that of malting barley is from 150 to 180 days. In marginally suitable areas, the LGP is 90 - 120 days and 120 - 150 days for food and malting barley respect¬ ively. Moisture requirement Best results are obtained in areas that have rainfall ranging from 400 to 800mm during the growing period. Rainfall of 200 to 400mm and 800 to 1,200mm range during the growing period are considered to be marginal. Soil Barley can be grown on a wide range of soils, with the most suitable soils being well drained red sandy clay soils of PH ranging from 5.5 to 7.3. Source: UNDP/FAO. Assistance to land-use planning - Ethiopia. Land evaluation, Part Three: crop environmental requirements. Rome, 1984. AG: DP/ETH/78/003 Technical Report. WHEAT Crop Environmental Requirements AT titude Altitude ranges between 2000 and 2600mm are highly suitable for bread wheat, while for durum wheat the optimum range is between 1800 and 2300m. Areas that are moderately suitable for bread wheat are those from 1500 - 2000m and 2600 - 3000m. For durum wheat, marginal areas range from 1500 - 1800m and 2300 - 2800m. Temperature Mean temperatures of 15° - 20°c and 17.5° - 20°c are considered to be suitable for bread wheat and durum wheat respectively. Marginal tempera¬ tures on the lower side are 12.5° - 15°c for bread wheat and 12.5° to 17.5°c for durum wheat. On the high side they are between 20° - 22.5°c for both types of wheat. Length of growing period (L.G.P.) In highly suitable areas the LGP is from 120 - 150 days, while in margi¬ nal 1 y suitable areas it is between 20 and 120 days for both types of wheat. Moisture requirement The rainfall requirement for optimum growth during the growing period is 500 - 800mm for bread wheat and 400 - 800mm for durum wheat. Rainfall during the growing period of 400 - 500mm and 800 - 1200mm is considered marginal for bread wheat. In the case of durum wheat it ranges between 300 and 400mm, on the lower side, and between 800 and 1200mm, on the higher side. Soil Wheat can be grown on a variety of soils, with the main requirement being good drainage and PH ranging between 5.5 - 8.0 (bread wheat) and 6.7 7.3 (durum wheat). Crop combination 2 also includes sugar beet. T 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND SUITABILITY FOR CROP COMBINATION 2 LEGEND BREAD WHEAT Suitability Classes by Input level Durum wheat — _ beet Low / Medium Sugar Highly suitable Moderately / marginally suitable Htt<- Not suitable 10° SOURCE! Ministry ot Agriculture LU PR D í$83 T E F F Altitude Although teff is grown in different altitudinal ranges, it performs best between 1700 and 2400m. Land between 1000 and 1700m as well as bet¬ ween 2400 and 2800 of elevation are moderately to marginally suitable for teff by low to medium input level. Temperature The mean temperature of 15° - 20°c during the growing period is consi¬ dered to be ideal. Moderately suitable temperatures for teff are those in the range of 12.5° - 15°c and 20° - 25°c. Length of growing period (LGP) Although teff is grown in areas with the LGP between 45 and 90 days, best results are obtained where the LGP is between 90 and 120 days. Moisture requirements A total amount of 400 - 600mm of rainfall during the growing season is necessary for obtaining high yields. The performance of teff is marginal to moderate in areas where the rainfall is 200 - 400mm and 600 - 800mm. Soil Teff is grown on a wide variety of soils. However, teff grown on well drained red or black soils of PH 5.5 - 8.0 gives better results. Poor yields can be expected on soils of PH 4.5 - 5.5 or PH 3.0 -8.5. Highland Sorghum Crop Environmental Requirements Altitude Areas found between 1500m and 2000m of elevation are highly suitable for highland sorghum. Marginally to moderately suitable areas are those from 1200 - 1500m and also from 2200 - 2400m. Temperature The best temperature for sorghum is between 17.5° and 22°c. Moderately suitable temperatures for this crop are between 15 and 17.5°c or between 22.5° and 27°c. Moisture requirements Sorghum fares best in areas having 800 - 1000mm of rainfall well dis¬ tributed throughout the growing period. Rainfall amounting to 1000 - 1200mm is considered marginally suitable. Sorghum requires much water in the first 15-20 days after sowing and from flowering to seed formation. Though it can tolerate temporary water logging in the early stages of growth, exccess water in later stages may result in lodging and poor yield. Soil Highland sorghum thrives best on light sandy or clay soils of PH 5.5 - 8.0. Soils of PH 5.0 - 5.5 or 8.0 - 8.5 are marginally suitable. Besides highland sorghum, crop combination 5 consists of highland maize and grape. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND SUITABILITY FOR CROP COMBINATION 5 LEGEND HIGH LAND SORGHUM Suitability Classes by Input level Highland maize Highly suitable Moderately / marginally suitable Not suitable SC4LE t :2 500 000 SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture LU PR D 1983 COFFEE Crop Environmental Requirement Altitude The most suitable areas for coffee are those found at 1500 to 1800m altitude, nevertheless, altitudes as low as 1100m or as high as 2200m can be moderately to marginally suitable. Temperature Coffee can be grown in areas having an average annual temperature of between 17.5° and 25°c, with the most suitable range being 20 - 22.5°c. Extremes of temperatures affect the growth of the plant while frosts and cold winds may cause damage. Length of Growing Period (lGP) In areas that are well suited for the crop some 240 to 300 days of growing period will be available. In marginal areas the LGP will be much shorter amounting to 180 - 240 days. v Moisture requirement Rainfall during the growing period of 1300 to 1600mm is about the best, but coffee can be successfully grown with rainfall amounts as low as 900mm or as high as 2000 mm. Soil The best soils for coffee growing are fertile, red, volcanic loams that are deep and of good texture. Soils with impeded drainage or that are light and sandy are generally unsuitable. The optimum PH range is 5.0 - 5.5, while a range of 4.5 - 6.7 can be marginally suitable. LOWLAND MAIZE Crop Enivronmental Requirements Altitude Lowland maize performs best in areas found between 400m and 1400m. The altitudinal ranges from sea level to 400m and also from 1400 - 1800m are marginally to moderately suitable. Temperature Mean temperature of 22.5° - 30°c during the growing season is highly suitable for lowland maize. In marginally to moderately suitable conditions the temperature ranges are 20 - 22.5°c and 30 - 32.5°c. Length of growing period (LGP) A growing period of 120 - 150 days is considered ideal , while tin LGP of 90 - 120 days is marginal. Moisture requirements An average of 600 - 900mm of rainfall during the growing period gives best results for maize production. Areas with rainfall of 400 - 600mm or 900 - 1200mm are only marginally to moderately suitable for maize. Soil Maize grows best on well drained and well structured sandy loam soils of PH 5.5 - 6.7. Soils of PH 5.0 - 5.5 or 6.7 - 8.0 are considered margin¬ al for maize. Crop combination 8 also consists of lowland sorghum and Lima Bean. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA" LAND SU1TABLITY FOR CROP COMBINATION 8 LEGEND LOWLAND MAIZE Suitability Classes by Input level Lowland Sorghum Lima Bean Low/Medium Highly suitable Moderately / marginally suitable Not suitable SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD 1983 FINGER MILLET Crop Environmental Requirement Altitude Finger Millet can be profitably produced between 1000 and 1800m of elevations. Marginally to moderately suitable areas are from 500 - 1000m or 1800 - 2200m. Temperature The mean temperature of 20-25°c during the growing period is best for finger millet. Marginally to moderately suitable temperature ranges are 17.5° - 20°c and 25.0° - 27.5°c. Moisture requirements For best results finger millet requires well distributed rainfall during the growing period averaging from 500 - 900mm. Less suitable areas are those with average rainfall of 300 -500mm or 900 - 1500mm during the growing period. Soi 1 Finger millet does not tolerate excess water and therefore grows only on well drained soils, that have PH 5.6 - 6.7. Soils of PH 4.5 - 5.5 or 6.7 - 7.3 are moderately suitable. 1 GROUNDNUT Crop Environmental Requirements AItitude The most suitable altitude range is 0 - 1000m. Areas that are bet¬ ween 1000 and 1,600m are mariginally suitable. Temperature The optimum mean temperature for the growing period is 25° - 32.5°c. Temperature ranges of 20° - 25°c are considered marginal. Length of growing period (LGP) The LGP fcr groundnut in highly suitable areas is between 120 and 150 days, while in marginally suitable areas it is from 90 - 120 days. Moisture requirement A rainfall regime of 500 - 700mm during the growing period is highly suitable, while that of 400 - 500mm or 700 - 1200mm is marginally suitable. Soil Groundnut prefers well drained light sandy loam soil for the easy penetration of the pegs. Heavy soils with poor drainage give very poor results. The optimum soil PH is 5.5 - 7.3. Soils of PH 5.0 - 5.5 or 7.3- 8.0 are marginal for the crop. Crop combination 10 also includes sesame. COTTON Crop Environmental Requirements • Altitude Highly suitable areas are those within 500 and 1300m altitude. Margi¬ nal altitudes are from sea level up to 500m and 1300 to 1800m. Above 1500m cotton is grown on slopes rather than on valley bottom.s to avoid damage due to frost. Temperature The crop grows best at temperatures of 22.5° - 27.5°c. Marginal tem¬ peratures are 20° - 22.5°c or 27.5° - 32.5°c. Length of growing period (LGP) In highly suitabl®,areas the LGP is from 150 - 180 days. In marginally suitable areas it is 120 - 150 days. Moisture requirement Cotton requires 600 - 900mm of rainfall during the growing period. For best growth sufficient moisture must be available untill the boll deve¬ lopment stage is reached. Rainfall of 450 - 600mm or 900 - 1500mm during the growing period results in moderate yields. Soil Cotton is best grown on well drained soil. Flooding or waterlogging for any length of time is detrimental to the crop. The optimum PH range is 6.7 - 7.3, while PH of 5.5 - 6.7 or 7.3 -8.2 is marginal. PADDY RICE Crop Environmental Requirements Altitude Areas with elevations from sea level up to 1500m are highly suitable, while those found between 1500 and 2000m are marginally to moderately suit¬ able. Temperature The optimum temperature range for paddy rice is 22.5° - 32.5°c. Ave¬ rage temperatures during the growing period of 17.5° - 22.5°c are marginally suitable. Length of growing period(LGP) The LGP in highly suitable areas is from 180 - 365 days. In marginally suitable areas, the LGP is from 150 to 180 days. Moisture requirement Paddy rice is grown under flooded conditions where the depth of water must at least be 10 cm during the first three quarters of the growing period. Soil Paddy rice is tolerant of a wide range of PH values. In general, how¬ ever, under the extended period of flooding most soils tend to develop PH values of 6.5 - 7.2. Crop combination 12 also includes Taro. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND SUITABILITY FOR CROP COMBINATION U LEGEND MALTING BARELY Suitability Classes by Input level Rape Seed Low/Medium Moderately / marginally suitable Not suitable SOURCE.' Ministry of Agriculture LU PR D 1983 V. : ■;^H " SES ...fi if"' ill ■ nÜ»l ' ' ■ ■ ■ ■- y::;y v'V^- - ■ " " - V-'. .. ." : : H ■ . . • • - ':-> •• - ".' .: :: NORTH-WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND SUITABILITY FOR CROP COMBINATION LEGEND PYRETHRUM Suitability Classes by Input level SOURCE : Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD SOYA BEAN Crop Environment Requirements Altitude Soya bean is one of the lowland oil crops which grows best at altitudes of 900 - 1800m. Areas below this range (400 - 900m) and above (1800 - 2200m) are moderately to marginally suitable for the crop. Temperature The crop performs well under average temperatures of 20° - 27.5°c, while reduced yields are obtained in areas with average temperatures of 17.5° - 20°c or 27.5° - 32.5°c. Length of growing period (LGP) In highly suitable areas the LGP is from 120 to 150 days, being reduc¬ ed to 90 - 120 days in marginally suitable areas. Moisture requirement Soya bean requires rainfall of 600 - 1000mm during the growing period for best performance. Rainfall amounts outside this range of as low as 500mm or as high as 1200mm during the growing period are marginally suitable. Soil The crop can be grown on most types of soils expect those that are sandy. It is, however, necessary to avoid waterlogged soils since these hamper the proper development of the crop. The optimum PH range is 6.0 - 6.6. Crops such as cow peas, chilli pepper and kenaf are also included in crop combination 17. NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND SUITABILITY FOR CROP COMBINATION 17 LEGEND SOYA BEAN Suitability Classes by Input level Cow pea Low/Medium - J V Chllli PePPer Kenaf Highly suitable Moderately / marginally suitable Not suitable -10' -L. SOURCE: Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD 1983 TOBACCO Crop Environmental Requirements Altitude Tobacco can be successfully grown at altitudes between 700 and 1900m, with the optimum range being 1000 - 1500m. Temperature The optimum average temperature during the growing period is 20 - 25°c. It can also be grown at temperatures outside this range (17.5 - 20°c or 25 - 27.5°c), on marginal basis. Length of growing period (LGP) The LGP in highly suitable areas is 150 - 180 days, while it is 120 - 150 days in marginally suitable areas. Moisture requirement The total rainfall requirement during the growing period is 400 - 800mm for optimum production. Continual rain may result in the spread of diseases and waterlogging can cause damage to the plant. Soil Optimum soil conditions for tobacco are well drained, moderately fertile soils with PH of 5.0 - 6.5. Crop- combination 18 also includes sweet potato and sisal. CHICK PEA Crop Environmental Requirements Altitude Chick pea grows best at altitudes of 1800 - 2400m, with marginal areas being found at altitudes ranging from 1200 - 1800m or 2400 - 2800m. Temperature The average temperatures should be within the 15 - 20°c range for best performance. The crop can withstand higher temperatures during the maturity stage and can tolerate temperatures as low 12.5°c. Length of growing period (LGP) The LGP in highly suitable and in marginally suitable areas are 120 - 150 days and 90 - 120 days, respectively. Moisture requirement Rainfall during the growing period of 650 - 750mm is optimal while rain¬ fall amounts outside this range of 550 - 650mm or 750 - 1000mm are considered marginal for the crop. In general, chick pea is drought tolerant and is commonly grown on residual moisture in the soil at the end of the rainy sea¬ son. Soil Chick pea can grow on light well- aerated soils as well as on heavy clay soils. However, waterlogged soils must be avoided. The optimum PH range is 6.7 - 8.0. Crop combination 19 also includes grass pea, lentil and field pea. NORTH-WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND SUITABILITY FOR CROP COMBINATION 19 LEGEND CHICK PEA Suitability Classes by Input level Grass pea Low/Medium Lentil Field pea Highly suitable Moderately / marginally suitable Not suitable SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture LUPRD 1983 N 0 U G Altitude The altitude range that is highly suitable for the production^ioug is between 1500 and 2000m. Marginally suitable areas are found between 1100 and 1500m or between 2000m and 2400m. Temperature Noug can be grown in a wide range of temperatures, with the average optimum temperature being from 17.5° - 22.5°c. Length of growing period (LGP) In areas considered to be highly suitable for the crop the LGP is from 120 to 150 days. In moderately to marginally suitable areas the LGP is from 90 to 120 days. Moisture requirement Evenly distributed rainfall of 800 - 1100mm during the growing period is necessary for the best performance of the crop. Rainfall amounts of 600 • 800mm or 1100 - 1500mm are considered marginal. Soil Noug can be grown on a wide range of soils with the minimum of cultiva¬ tion. The best soils are loamy clay soils, but it can also be successfully grown on heavy clay soils, since it can tolerate some degree of waterlogg¬ ing. Crop combination 20 also includes safflower and sunflower. NORTH-WESTERN ETHIOPIA LAND SUITABILITY FOR CROP COMBINATION 20 ïcrcwn NQUQ Safflower Suitability Classes by Input level Sunflower Low/Medium Highly suitable Moderately / marginally suitable Not suitable SOURCE". Ministry of Agriculture LU PR D 1983 - - .. . - . . I 1 ï 38° NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA TSETSE FLY DISTRIBUTION LEGEND Glossina Morsitans Vgandensis 6 Glossina Tachinoides u°— ■'■•.'■I Glossina Bervipalpis SOURCE: Animal and Fishery Resources Development Authority (veterinary department 1971 E.C. LIVESTOCK According to the Ministry of Agriculture survey published in 1984, the Region's livestock population consists of 3,355 ,200 cattle, 1 ,006,820 sheep, 631,353 goats, 372,970 donkeys, 246,600 horses, 58,200 mules, 45,000 camels * and approximately 2.8 million poultry . Together, these make up 20/ of the livestock population in the country. The major types of cattle in the Region include thé Fogera, the Abyssinian Zebu, the Horro, and the Barka. At present research is being carried out to up-grade the Fogera type of cattle at Andassa and Maraki cattle improvement stations. Some progress has also been made in the introduction of cross-bred cattle to help increase the productivity of milk. The livestock population is mainly concentrated on the 'Dega1 and 'Woina Dega' zones, where nearly all the agricultural activity is also con¬ centrated. Despite livestock numbers being large, their productivity is generally very low. The inadequate supply of feed and the prevalence of diseases combined with poor management are the major factors contributing to low productivity. Oxen play a significant role in the Region's agriculture providing the greater part of the draught power for cultivation. In certain parts of the Region, particularly in Agew Midir Awraja horses are also used for pulling the plough (Maresha). Planning and Programming Department. 1984. General Agricultural Survey. Preliminary Report 1983/84 (1976 E.C.) Vol. II: Gojam and Gonder. Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa- MiMflTT - - - • • - - ..... - - . . . .V . . . „ ... m -p , r NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA 3a° SHEEP DISTRIBUTION LEGEND 10000 - 20000 20 001 - 50 000 50 001 - 100 000 100 001 and above 10 o- SOURCE.' Ministry of Agriculture ( 1976 E.C. ) I t; NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA38" GOAT DISTRIBUTION LEGEND SOURCE." Ministry of Agriculture ( 1976 E.C. ) 77 ■ # . . ' IifA>• I I ~T~ ~r" 3 6° 38° NORTH - WESTERN ÊTHIOPIA DONKEY DISTRIBUTION LEGEND 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA POULTRY DISTRIBUTION u- LEGEN D 90000 - 200 000 200 001 - 300 000 M 300 001 - 500 000 500 001 and above SOURCE! Ministry of Agriculture ( 1976 E.C. ) 81 NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA LIVESTOCK POPULATION REGIONAL The Agricultural Marketing Corporation and The Ethiopian Oil Seeds and Pulses Exporting Corporation The Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC) is active in the Region in purchasing, stockpiling and distribution of various kinds of grain. It purchases grain from Farmers' service Cooperatives, state farms and private merchants. The corporation has one regional office, four branch offices, 28 purchasing centers. It has also 43 grain stores with a total capacity of 635,000 quintals. In 1984 the corporation purchased 1,200,000 quintals of different kinds of grain. Similarly, the Ethiopian oilseeds and pulses Export Corporation (EOPEC) handles the purchasing of oilseeds, pulses and spices, for export, through its two branch offices and a number of collecting points. The total quan¬ tity purchased by this corporation in 1984 amounted to 96,332 quintals. SOURCE.' Ethiopian Oil Seeds and Pulses Exporting Corpration Gondar & Gojam branch offices (1976 E C.) 0^ INDUSTRY There are six factories in the Region located at Bahir Dar and Gonder. The Bahir Dar textile mill having 3000 workers is the bigest employer and produces annually over 20 million sq meters of various fabrics and 670,000 kg of yarn. The factory is at present running below capacity because of erratic power supply and the shortage of raw materials. Efforts are being made to overcome these problems and at the same time there is a plan to re - equip the factory through replacement and renovation of antiquated machinery at the cost of Birr 34 million. The Bahir Dar Edible Oil Factory, commissioned in August 1984, has the capacity for proccessing 500 quintals of oil seeds per day. The ginnery at Gonder has been out of commission for the last 5 years due to the shortage of raw cotton. When operational, it has the capacity for ginning 75,000 to 100,000 quintals of seed cotton annualy. The meat proccessing plant at Gonder has a slaughtering capacity of 150 heads of cattle daily. This factory prepares canned and frozen meat for export. For most of 1984 there was a substantial fall in the number of cattle slaughtered because of the lose of external markets. The soft drinks bottling plant and the printing press both of which.are found in Gonder use very old machinery. There is a need to replace the machinery in order to increase production. The industrial sector provides employenent for less than 1% of the Region1 « working population. Its share in the Region's domestic product is, however, not known because of lack of reliable data. In 1984 the industrial output was valued at Birr 37.05 million which was 2.5% of the country's industrial pro¬ duction. 85 SOURCE: Ethiopian Domestic Distribution Corporation Gondar & Gojam branch offices (1977 E C.) 86 Road Networks The North-western Region was one of the most neglected parts of' Ethiopia in the pre-revolutionary period with respect to road construction. The total route length of roads in the Region before the outbreak of the revolution was only 958 km; 95% of which was accounted for by the Addis Ababa- Debre Markos - Gonder-Asmara road, which crosses the Region approximately from south to north. The only other gravel surfaced road was the 35 km long Bahir Dar-Tis Abay road. Since the some 1602 km of revolution, all weather roads have been con¬ structed, bringing the total route length to 2500 kms. This gives a Regional road density of 1 km of all weather road for 55.2 sq km of surface area. Of the total route length of all weather roads, 115 km or 4.6% are asphalted, 1678 km or 67.2% are gravel surfaced (secondary and feeder roads) and 707 or 28.3% are minor gravel surfaced (rural roads). Similarly some 288 kms of motorable road and 890 kms of trails give limited services in the dry season. These will be upgraded to the minor gravel surfaced road level within the Ten Years Plan Period. The movement of passengers and goods has increased several folds within the Region over the past ten years. —r ! 36° 38° NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA ROAD NETWORK LEGEND ALL WEATHER ROADS Main Asphalt surfaced ( primary ) Gravel surfaced ( secondary & feeder) B Minor Gravel surfaced ( rural ) DRY WEATHER ROADS 7may tsemre fädi arkay Motorable i chew ber zarema. [DEBARK twekin 5anja IDABAT 7gedebge yamba giorgis GONDAR azezo ímaksegnit i infraz 12°- 'ADIS ZfMEN 3EBRE TABOR "werota hamusit NEFAS-X jkunzila MEWCHA SAHIR DAR t^MESHEfj bis abay durbet^^- tier- awi adet mambuk TDANGLA jnjibara n^keranyo CHAGNI kosober esa^o sekela jneoarta / gimjabet-çj, ) maryam sítilili mertuleyfaryam / .. / ,q. Fl NOTE -r) QUAR|T íginde woin. / bure feresq ^^elay^ idebre w^rk 4 / ^Odibate /• / JIGAVÍjîSF* "li*bet-v 1 ! dima shende -7 X kuyi O " / HTbir jenbecha debre zeyit »mukasan amanuel ÍbicheIia )gumer ( wembera) zebich DEBRE- hoga , MARKOS J „nc,m lumame godahacjoejen_ u mikael yejube scale 1:2 500 000 -10° 25 0 25 50 75 100 36° Km 38° I SOURCE) Ethiopian Transport Construction Authority ( 1977 E.C.) 87 I 36° 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA FUEL SERVICE & FILLING STATIONS LEGEND ^ Shell stations © Mobil stations 0 Total stations t° O Agip stations Under construction 88 37' NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA WATER - WAY TRANSPORT BAHIR DAR SCALE 1 : 500000 5 0 5 10 75 20 I I I ~i I ^ Km _J SOURCE." Tana Transport Service Office QQ WATER SUPPLY Gonder, Debre Markos, Bahir Dar and Debre Tabor were the only towns which had clean water supply in the pre-revolutionary period. The Regional Office of the Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authouity has been doing very commendable work regarding the supply of clean water to urban centers, Farmers' Producers Cooperatives, and other rural settlements. Since the establishement of this office, numerous deep and hand-dug wells have been sunk and springs developed such that today 34 towns and rural settlements have a reliable supply of clean water. I ï 36° 38° NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA WATER SUPPLY POINTS LEGEND A Deep wells L Humera ® Spring ir- •u.c Hand dug wells ® Lake reservoir Maksegnit Infraz k -Albnat 12— ADIS ZEMEN LWerota J^DEBRE TABOR Kimir Dingay© ©A Gobgob NEFAS-^ MEWCHA^ BAHIR DAR®\ _ ©Meshentf" DurbeteA wMerawi AAdet A^uba A^angla ®Adis Kidame A MOTA ACHAGNI ^Gimja Bet Bure © Debre Workj FINOTE SELAM< ADEBRE MARKOS A>-umame AOjen io°- SCALE 1 ■ 2 500 000 25 0 ^£5 50 75 100 36° 38° L_ SOURCE.' Ethiopian Water Works Construction North Western Regional Offices 91 Central Statistical Office , branch offices for Gondar & Gojam (1977 E.C.) ELECTRICITY During the fallen Feudo-Bourgeois period only 4 towns in the Region namely Gonder, Debre Markos, Bahir Dar and Debre Tabor had electricity. One aspect of development given top priority after the revolution was the electrification of towns, and rural settlements such that today 30 towns out of 49 have electrical services. The Region's largest hydroelectric plant found at Tis Isat Falls on the Abay river generates up to 8 MW of electricity. The power from this station meets the demand of 4 towns fully and 9 other towns partially (the difference being supplied by stand-by generators that are used in the drier seasons (March to May) when the power supply from Tis Isat becomes highly erratic). Seventeen other towns totally rely on diesel powered generators. The shortfall in power supply during the dry season forces nearly all the factories in the Region to operate below capacity. To offset this pro¬ blem there is a plan to connect existing power lines to the Finchaa Hydro Electric Power Station. When these lines are fully commissioned reliable power supply to the Region will be ensured. ~r -T" 36° 38° NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA ELECTRICAL SERVICES LEGEND O Under EELPA /\ Hydroelectric |-u° A Diesel & Hydroelectric À\ Diesel ( under municipal control ) SOURCE! Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority ( 1977 E.C. ) I I ~i 1 r NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA 38° POSTAL SERVICES LEGEND A Post offices ^Humera © Sub-post, offices -H° O Courier ©Maytsemri ©Adi Arkai ^© Zarima ©DEBARK ©DABAT © Gedebge Tikil Dingay© ©Amba Giorgis ▲ GONDAR AYKEL © A Azezo Kola Diba£) ©Teda Chiwahjt|j^; Maksegnit ( Gorgora Nj)lnfraz Dclgi ©f I Ç\ CYlbnat Dengel Ber© OKunzila çJn BAHIR DAR _ , . ©Merawi Durbete© ©Wegeda DANGLA © OWashera OAdis Kidame ©MOTA ©Injibara CHAGNI © Shendi O Debre- Ealyas SOURCE: Ethiopian Fbstal Services (1977 E.C. ) TELECOMMUNICATION The regions' telephone network consists of 60 manual telephone exchange centers and two automatic exchanges (at Gonder and Bahir Dar) that are linked to the national microwave network. Although the building that will house the Debre Markos automatic exchange is completed a year ago it has not yet become operational. The total numbers of customers in the region has neared 400. This gives an average of 1 telephone per 1438 persons. POSTAL SERVICES The region's postal services is facilitated through 6 branch post offices, 57 postal agents and about 16 postal couriers. SOURCE! Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority ( 1977 E.C.) -Us ilillS NORTH - WESTERN ETHIOPIA HISTORICAL PLACES & ANCIENT CHURCHES Si men national park I (Walia Ibex) Castles of Gondar DersgiX Maryam church/ Debre Birhan I ; Selassie church' Dek Island churches, & Zeghie peninsula lekane lyesus church \Debre Tabor), Blue Ni le falls at Tississàl \( water that smok^sX. Mertule Maryam A church \ .Debne Work \ church SCALE 1 2 500 000 /'i-„/'■<■';'*' ~'5'/•. -,VV'- fs.,mmmmm:. mmm aaa» h» ÊÊÊÊÈtákmW^m-ãÊíÊiiSSm