CONTENTS 1

Medical sciences Article FACTOR MODEL OF TORCH INFECTION EFFECT ON THE NEWBORNS’ VIABILITY Agzamova Sh.A., Akhmedova D.I., Daminov T.O. 4 ACTIVITY STATE OF NITROGEN OXIDE SYSTEM IN BLOOD OF NEONATES WITH INCREASED PERINATAL RISK Gafarova F.М. 8 THEORY OF THE MECHANICAL ACTIVITY OF THE LUNGS IS A NEW HORIZON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Tetenev F.F., Tetenev K.F. 14 Materials of Conferences HYGIENIC PECULARITIES OF FORMING OF CRITICAL INTESTINAL INFECTIONS IN SOTHERN KAZAKHSTAN Kuadykova A.K. 18 THE CHILDREN LIFE QUALITY ANALYSIS WITH THEIR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED POSSIBILITIES Kuandykov E.K., Abdrakhmanov Zh.S., Ospanova Zh.A. 18 RECOMBINATORY MORPHOGENESIS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN PRENETAL ONTOGENESIS OF HUMAN Petrenko V.M. 19 MULTI-LEVEL SEGMENTARY ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHATIC BED Petrenko V.M. 19 CORRELATION BETWEEN NATURAL GROWTH AND FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN (for the 90th anniversary of Ch. Child’s hypothesis) Shchurov V.A., Mogeladze N.O., Safonova A.V. 20 Short Report COMPLEX DIAGNOSTICS IN PATIENTS WITH COLONIC POLYPS AND POLYPOSIS Navruzov S.N., Sapaev D.A., Mamatkulov Sh.M., Sapaeva Sh.A. 24 Biological sciences Article THE PECULIARITIES OF FORMING TIPES OF CUTTING DOWNS AFTER COMMON FELLS OF MAIN USING Savchenkova V. A. 31 Materials of Conferences PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPETIES OF NEW DERIVATIVE GABA Grazhdanceva N.N., Samotrueva M.A., Turenkov I.N., Hlebcova E.B., Ogyanesyan E.T., Codonidi I.P. 35 THE INFLUENCE OF SULFUR-CONTAINING GAS ON MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVEL IN WHITE RATS BLOOD PLASM Teply D.L., Mazhitova M.V., Trizno N.N. 35 Psychological sciences Article INDIVIDUAL RESOURCE OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS A NECESSARY CONDITION OF BECOMING OF PROFESSIONALISM Druzhilov S.A. 37 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 2 CONTENTS

PSYCHOLOGICALLY-PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF FORMING THE PERSONALITY PREPARATION TO THE CREATIVE INTERACTION OF TEACHER AND STUDENTS AT MODERN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS Yakovlev B.P., Povzun V.D. 41 Materials of Conferences SPEECH PATHOLOGY AS INDICATOR OF BIOLOGICALLY DEFECTIVE GROUND OF CHILD’S INDIVIDUAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES FORMATION Cherepkova N.V. 45 Technical sciences Article RK INNOVATION STRATEGY Sakhanova G. 47 Materials of Conferences THE LOADING – TRANSPORT COMPLEXES FOR THE UPLAND OPEN CUTS OPTIMAL AND EFFICIENT TYPES CHOICE Volkov E.C., Plyutov Yu.A. 51 THE NEW WAY OF DIRECION OF THE COMPLETES OF REVERSIBLE GATED TRANSFORMER Magazinnik L.T. 51 OVERALL INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS Matyukhin P.V., Markov V.O., Rabunets P.V. 53 Economic sciences Article THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPORT OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES AT THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION Kazarin B.V. 54 Ecology and Rational Wildlife Management Materials of Conferences THE WATER ECOSISTEMS IN THE KUBAN RIVER BASIN (MIDDLE AND LOWER FLOW) Nikitina T.A., Belan E.V. 59 Short Report KAZAKHSTAN’S ROLE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE Akimbaeva A.M., Mamraev B.B. 60 Medical and Biological sciences Materials of Conferences CHEMILUMINESCENCE DIAGNOSTICS AND ANTIOXYDANT CORRECTION OF THE HEALTH DEVIATIONS CAUSED BY OXYDATION STRESS Lesovskaya M.I. 63 THE EXAMINATION OF INFLUENCE OF SOLUTION OF ASTRAKHAN BRINE TO THE ACTIVITY OF CATALASE AT THE BRAIN OF MALE RATS Mukhamedove N.A., Kondratenko E.I., Stepanova E.F., Vetkasova N.V., Igeysinov N.G. 64 Geographical sciences Materials of Conferences MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE WEST ILMEN-HUMMOCKY LANDSCAPE OF ASTRAKHAN REGION Bystrova I.V., Karabaeva A.Z., Karabaeva O.G. 65

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 CONTENTS 3

Pedagogical sciences Materials of Conferences SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL FORMATION STUDENT (some results of the study) Shilova V.S. 67 THEORETICAL PREMISES OF THE DEFINING INTEGER AND PROBLEMS SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL FORMATION STUDENT Shilova V.S. 69 Philosophy sciences Materials of Conferences THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECISIONS AND KNOWLEDGE Askerov Sh.G. 72 Historical sciences Materials of Conferences SELFIDENTIFICATION OF THE MORDVINS BASED ON THE POLL OF 2007 Abramov V.K. 74 Sociological sciences Materials of Conferences PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TWO-LEVEL HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA Bogolyubova S., Bogolyubov V. 75 Physical-mathematical sciences Materials of Conferences TIME LINES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN EDUCATION Dobrynina N.F. 76 Ecology technologies Materials of Conferences LONG-TERM ASPECT OF THE KAMA RESERVOIR WATER BALANCE Kitaev A.B. 78

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 4 Medical sciences

FACTOR MODEL OF TORCH INFECTION EFFECT ON THE NEWBORNS’ VIABILITY Agzamova Sh.A., Akhmedova D.I., Daminov T.O. Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent

Analysis of all-up examination of 419 deliveries in women with chronic latent TORCH infections with etiological verifi cation of intrauterine infection of newborns has been conducted. A model of TORCH infections effect on the newborns viability allowed setting aside 10 most signifi cant factors. Study on correlations of morpho-functional status of newborns allowed setting aside statistically signifi cant relationships existing upon TORCH infections. Keywords: intrauterine infection, newborns, TORCH-infection

Introduction ti-IgM and IgG) antibodies to TORCH patho- Today intrauterine infections by infec- gens was performed by means of test systems tious matters of TORCH complex constitute (“Vector-Best” Closed Joint-Stock Company, the most urgent and debating point of modern Novosibirsk, Russian Federation). To differ- pediatrics. Recently structure of infectious entiate intrauterine infection IgG antibodies morbidity of a pregnant woman, a fetus and a avidity index was used (IEA – anti-G-avidity, newborn has changed. Role of pathogens of “Diagnostic systems” Scientifi c-Production sexually transmitted diseases (STD), such as, Association, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Fed- chlamydial and micoplasmal, viral infections, eration). Testing and interpretation of fi nd- such as, herpes simples virus and cytomega- ings was performed at the “Immunogentest” lovirus, anaerobic infection and fungi has center, Institute of Immunology, Uzbekistan acutely increased. Wide spread of TORCH- Academy of Sciences. General clinical ex- infection among women of reproductive age amination of pregnant women and newborns allows setting aside a problem of intrauterine was conducted in compliance with the stan- infection and viability of newborns as one dard methods. All results were registered in of the most urgent [1-9]. The study aimed at information cards specially developed for the setting the most signifi cant factors affecting study. To process the results MS Excel-XP viability of newborns in association with in- and Statistica 6.0 [10] programs were used. trauterine TORCH infection aside. Correlation analysis was performed by Ken- Materials and methods dall’s method (Rk). To formulate a model and Analysis of all-up examination of 419 perform a factor analysis we used a method deliveries in women with chronic latent of principal components, “Varimax normal- TORCH infections constitutes the basis of ized” factor space rotation method. the study. Etiological verifi cation of intra- Results and discussion uterine infection of newborns was performed Screening IEA-diagnostics of 419 by 5 pathogens, such as, Herpes simplex pregnant women helped detecting mark- virus (type 1/2 HSV), Cytomegalovirus ers of TORCH pathogens, the highest per- (CMV), Chlamidia trachomatis (Ch), Toxo- cent of IEA positive results being found plasma gondii (T) and Ureaplasma urealyti- for CMV and 1/2 type HSV markers in 288 cum (U) by means of immunoenzymatic as- pregnant women (68.7%, CI 64.1-73.1) say and PCR in the samples of umbilical cord to comply with the data about high degree and venous blood, urine and epipharyngeal of population infection with these viruses [1- scrapping. Gene diagnostics was conducted 9]. Large majority (77.3%, CI 72.0-81.7) at the functional genomics laboratory, Insti- of the patients suffered mixed infection, tute of Genetics and Experimental Biology of such as, “CMV+1/2 type HSV” (52.3%, CI Plants, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences. Im- 47.5-57.1), “CMV+1/2 type HSV +Ch” (6/7, munoenzymatic assay (IEA) for specifi c (an- CI 4.3-9.1), “CMV+HSV+1/2 T” (6%, CI

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 5

3.6-8.4), “CMV+Ch” (4.5%, CI 2.5-6.5), be noted that IgGs of low avidity were reg- “CMV+U” (1.9%), etc. CMV monoinfection istered in the infants. Detection of IgGs of was registered in 9.8% (CI 6.8-12.8) of cases, low avidity in blood can be the evidence for 1/2 type HSV in 6.7% (CI 4.3-8.4). In 100% primary infection, the fact clinically con- latent, persistent (asymptomic) form of infec- fi rmed [11, 12]. tion verifi ed by the presence of IgG–antibod- Thus, assessment of clinical data of the ies to TORCH markers (4-fold and more titer infected infants showed presence of residu- increase). Considerable percent of monoviral al and subclinical infection forms in 30.2% infection [7.1% (CMV – 48.3%, CI 43.5- 69.8%, respectively, residual one being as- 53.1, 1/2 type HSV – 23.3%, CI 19.1-27.5) sociated with high degree of stigmatization should be noted, total sum of mixed infec- and anomalies in development of osteocar- tions in various combinations being 16.4% tilaginous tissue and urogenital system. As- (CI 12.8-20.0). In total three perinatal losses sessment of clinical and paraclinical data of (2.6%) were registered, in two cases caused the infected newborns showed intrauterine by infection with toxoplasma and presence of development retardation in 35.5% of them multiple combined fatal malformations and (respectively, 6%, 22.5% and 12.5% of hypo- in one case by presence of a positive HSV trophic, hypoplastic and dysplastic types). As marker and congenital cardiac failure (mitral to Apgar score, 27.6% of the infants scored stenosis with left ventricular hypoplasia). 6-7, 24.1% of newborns having 5-6. Given noticeable achievements in the Factor analysis allowed setting aside prevention of intrauterine infections, a num- 10 general factors determining structure of ber of issues remain open. To name these, factor effect on the viability of the newborns taking into account teratogenic effect of in TORCH infection. The factors with the toxoplasma and 1/2 type HSV in primary 73.1% of factorization completeness deter- infection during pregnancy it is impossible mined character of casual effect, insignifi - to ascertain risk of onset and progression of cant and non-identifi ed factors in the model the complications above on the basis of some brought together into so-called “zero” fac- previous confi dently described cases [8, 9]. tor (F-0: 26.9%). Newborns’ viability factor In all examinees IEA showed absence of (F-1: 15.6%) determined somatotypical pa- IgM-antibodies to CMV and type 1/2 HSV. rameters, such as, body mass and length, Absence of IgM cannot serve as the grounds head and chest circumference as well as inte- for clinical diagnosis elimination, since IgM gral assessment by Apgar score. presence can be masked by high concentra- The second factor set aside (F-2: 9.7%) tion of IgG [5-9]. In other cases IgG level was found associated with conditions of re- in infants was lower than the one in their alization of vertical mechanism for infec- mothers. Signifi cant increase of IgG anti- tion with CMV, HSV and toxoplasma. Of bodies titer took place in 83 infants (7.16%). interest, the effect of chlamydial infection on At birth neither clinical signs of intrauterine newborns’ viability was represented by sepa- infection nor pathologic course of early ad- rate factor (F3: 8.2%). Newborn sex factor in aptation could be registered in all newborn the model of viability (F4: 7.8%) infl uenced examinees to perform planned vaccination body mass and length being associated with a and to discharge them from the maternity birthing mother’s blood group. Ureaplasmat- house. On 20-35 days of life clinical picture ic infection was set aside as a separate factor of intrauterine infection was observed in 35 too (F-5: 6.6%). Clinical ultrasound results infants (30.2%), manifesting in central ner- of “uterus-placenta-fetus” system examina- vous system injury, hepatomegalia, icteric tion and fetometric parameters were part of viral hepatitis syndrome and pneumonia the 6th factor (F-6: 6.5%) and were associated and necessitating their hospitalization at the not only with the vascular abnormalities, but newborns’ pathology department. It should also with the type of delivery. The 7th factor

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 6 Medical sciences

(F-7: 5.1%) infl uencing the newborns’ vi- Thus, we have found positive correla- ability was determined by birthing mothers’ tion with type of delivery and chlamydio- age and was associated with the amniorrhea sis markers in the epipharyngeal scrapping term, newborns’ body length and presence and urine samples (Rk=+0.342, p<0.001, of toxoplasmosis markers in the umbilical Rk=+0.511, p<0.001, respectively), between blood. Complications in the recent and late term and type of delivery a tendency for ex- pregnancy were set aside as a separate factor istence of negative relationship (Rk=-0.338, (F-9: 4.4%) associated with the women’s p<0.04) being observed. Similar character blood groups as well as with the presence of of correlation between recent pregnancy mixed IEA-markers of CMV and toxoplas- complications and parameters of newborns’ mosis. The 10th factor of newborns’ viability head circumference (Rk=-0.361, p=0.004), upon TORCH infection in the birthing moth- presence of late pregnancy complications ers (F-10: 4.3%) was determined by intra- (Rk=-0.339, p=0.004) and IEA markers uterine infection with CMV and HSV being of Ch in the birthing mothers (Rk=-0.417, associated with early amniorrhea. p<0.001). Thus, IEA markers of chlamydio- Relatively high risk of intrauterine fetal sis negatively correlated with signs of car- infection upon TORCH infections in preg- dio-vascular abnormalities in “uterus-pla- nant women was confi rmed by results of non- centa-fetus” system as per clinical ultrasound parametric correlation analysis. Upon com- fi ndings (Rk=-0.516, p<0.0010). Of interest parison of the pregnant women’s blood IEA is the fact that recent pregnancy complica- results with those of PCR in the newborns tions were found to positively correlate with direct dependence between presence of in- IEA markers of toxoplasmosis (Rk=+0.419, fection in the birthing mothers and their new- p<0.001). Late pregnancy complications had borns was determined for HSV (Rk=+0.415, a negative correlation with the newborn’s sex p<0.001), Ch (Rk=+0.579, p<0.001), (Rk=-0.302, p=0.015) and Apgar score as- T (Rk=+0.422, p<0.001) and U (Rk=+0.648, sessment (Rk=-0.38, p=0.009). IEA markers p<0.001). Of interest was determination of of CMV in the pregnant patients positively statistically confi dent tendency in the pres- correlated with HSV fi ndings (Rk=+0.270, ence of negative correlation relationship p=0.001), implying high frequency of mixed between the newborn’s body mass and forms. CMV infection in the pregnant pa- presence of positive PCR result for HSV tients has a statistically confi dent associa- in venous blood (Rk=-0.316, p=0.009). tion with the fetus’s viability (Rk=+0.341, Apgar score assessment showed negative p=0.004) as well as with the newborns’ head correlation with PCR markers for HSV in circumference (Rk=-0.302, p=0.015) and the newborns (Rk=-0.432, p<0.001).Re- positive PCR fi ndings of CMV in the um- verse character of the relationship is deter- bilical blood (Rk=+0.487, p=0.001) confi rm- mined for IEA markers for toxoplasmosis ing the fact of intrauterine infection. Stati- and ureaplasmosis in the pregnant women cally confi dent positive correlation between (Rk=-0.433, p<0.001) indicating low prob- blood circulation disorders in the fetopla- ability of their combination in mixed infec- centa complex found by means of clinical tion. Presence of IEA marker for T in the ultrasound and positive response to CMV in pregnant women showed negative correla- a newborn (Rk=+0.415, p=0.009). Viability tion with positive results for CMV in the of both a fetus and a newborn positively cor- newborns (Rk=-0.561, p<0.001) and HSV related with the newborns’ head circumfer- Rk=-0.419, p=0.008). Defi nite antagonism ence (Rk=+0.316, p=0.009) and Apgar score or manifestation of a protective effect in assessment (Rk=+0.462, p<0.001), viability toxoplasmosis for viral infections is implied index negatively correlating with the mani- by that naturally requiring more detailed festation extent of cardiac abnormalities in study and confi rmation. fetoplacenta complex (Rk=-0.380, p=0.001). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 7

Conclusion dren with congenital cytomegalovirus infection // Model for TORCH infection effect on Congenit Anom (Kyoto). – 2002. Sep. – № 42(3). – the newborns’ viability allowed setting aside P. 181-186. 5. Madden C., Woley S, Schleiss M., Benton C. 10 most signifi cant factors, associating with et al. Audimetric, clinical and educational outcomes in peculiarities of birthing mothers, course of a pediatric symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus pregnancy, intrauterine infection risk, patho- (CMV) population with sensorineural hearing loss // gen’s type and somatotypic parameters of Journal Pediatr Othrhinolaryngol. – 2005. Sep. – the newborns. Determination of statistically № 69 (9). – P. 1191-8. signifi cant regularities and phenomena of in- 6. Boppana S.B., Folwer K.B., Pass R.F., Ri- vera L.B. et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: terrelation between TORCH infection mark- association between virus burden in infancy and hear- ers in birthing mothers and newborns allow ing loss // Journal Pediatr. – 2005. Jun. – № 146(6). – speaking of high intrauterine infection risk P. 817-8. upon HSV and chlamydiosis. Study on corre- 7. Pass R.F., Fowler K.B., Boppana S.B., lations of newborns’ morpho-functional sta- Britt W.J., Stagno S. Congenital cytometalovirus in- tus makes possible setting aside statistically fection following fi rst trimester maternal infection: symptoms at birth and outcome // Journal Clin Virol. – signifi cant interrelations existing in TORCH 2006. Feb. – № 35(2). – P. 216-20. infection. As the result, new approaches to 8. Kimberlin D.W., Whitley R.J. Neonatal her- development of methods for prevention and pes: what have we learned? // Journal Semin Pediatr prognosis of pregnancy and delivery out- Infect Dis. – 2005. – Vol. 16. – P. 7-16. comes are possible. 9. Morris S.R., Bauer H.M., Samuel M.C. et References al. Neonatal herpes morbidity and mortality in Cali- 1. Schendel D.E. Infection in pregnancy and ce- fornia, 1995-2003 // Journal Sex. Transm. Dis. – rebral palsy. Am Med Womens Assoc. – 2001. Sum- 2008. – Vol. 35(1). – P. 14-18. mer. – № 56(3). – P. 105-108. 10. Borovikov V.P., Borovikov I.P. “Statis- 2. Dammann O., Allred E.N., Genser D.R. et al. tica” – statistic analysis and data processing in Win- New aspects of perinatal infections // Pediatr Perinat dows medium. Moscow: Filin, 199710. Epidemiol. – 2003. – № 17. – P. 49-57. 11. Erbalidze L.K., Vedunova S.L., Maltse- 3. Process of infection. Methodical manual. va N.N., Lavrov V.F. et al. Enzyme immunoassay sys- Saratov State Medical University. Academya estest- tem for the detection of low-avid IgG antibodies to voznaniya, 2006. human cytomegalovirus (“CMV-diagnost) // Journal 3. Gaytant M.A., Rours G.I., Steegers E.A., Virosol. – 2005. Nov-Dec. – № 50(6). – P. 41-4. Galama J.M., Semmekrot B.A. Congenital cytomeg- 12. Pultoo A., Jankee H., Meetoo G., alovirus infection after recurrent: case reports and Pyndian M.N. et al. Detection of cytomegalo- review of the literature // Europian Joutnal Pediatr. – virus in urine of hearing-impaired and mentally 2003. Apr. – № 162(4). – P. 248-53. retarded children by PCR and cell culture // 4. Numazaki K., Fujikawa T., Asanuma H. Im- Journal Commun Dis. – 2000. Jun. – № 32(2). – munological evaluation and clinical aspects of chil- P. 101-8.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 8 Medical sciences

ACTIVITY STATE OF NITROGEN OXIDE SYSTEM IN BLOOD OF NEONATES WITH INCREASED PERINATAL RISK Gafarova F.М. Tashkent Medical Academy

Evaluation of activity state of nitrogen oxide system in blood of neonates with increased perinatal risk was stud- ied. An increase in NO production should be considered as compensatory-adaptive reaction aimed at preservation of microcirculation hemodynamics processes in organs and systems of neonates. Degree of interrelation and interconditionality of disorders between NO level, activity of enzymes NOS, - - НР, О2 , ОNOO and SOD formed a single pathogenetic mechanism of severity and progression of damage of vital important organs and systems and related features of clinical symptomatic in mature and immature ne- onates with PR. Key words: mature and immature neonates, perinatal factors, endothelial system, nitrogen oxide.

One of the key places in discussion of tion of activity of antioxidants’ enzymes of therapy problems in modern neonatology superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione takes search for an non-selective effect of peroxidase [5]. Free radicals, cytokins, tumor therapeutic remedies on different regulation necrosis factor (TNFα), interferon gamma links of synthesis isoforms of nitrogen oxide (iFN-γ), in their turn, activate transcription (NOS) [14, 23]. It is caused by that hyperpro- factor NF-kB that presents a key link of gene duction of nitrogen oxide (NO) in the brain expression iNOS [6, 7]. The data available of in response to hypoxia effect has selective possibility of an increase in content of NO character – it is increasing in structures of in hypoxia irrespective of NO-synthase due neuronal tissue preferable due to expression to formation of NO from nitrates and nitrites of neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS) and induc- during nitri-nitrat-reductases’ reactions [11] ible one (iNOS) and decrease in content of or during non-fermentative chemical trans- endothelial NOS (еNOS) [9]. Immunohis- formations from ammonia [10, 11]. Hyper- tochemistry investigations exhibited that an excretion of NO may have a damaged effect intensive expression of iNOS occurs not only on cells due to direct and intermittent mecha- in neurons themselves but also in astrocytes nisms. But the most important mechanism of and microglial cells [24, 25]. An increase of an intermittent damaged effect of excess of production of induced iNOS-NO in cerebral NO considers to be an interplay between NO - cells provokes their damage and death [10]. and superoxide anion (О2 ), formation of per- At the same time, a decrease of production of oxinitrite (ONOO-) [7, 12]. endothelial NO also leads to vasoconstriction Peroxinitrite easy permeates lipid bi- and, therefore, makes diffi cult passage of ox- layer of membrane, inhibites proteins of ygen to the brain. Data available indicate that mitochondrial respiratory chain that leads an effect of neurotropic therapeutic remedies to reduction in production of ATP (adenos- in conditions of reduced activity of еNOS ine triphosphate) and damage of calcium may result in no protection from hypoxia, homeostasis: they inhibite antioxidant en- in contrast, in reinforcement of damaged ef- zymes and, therefore, reinforce formation of - fect on the brain [2]. An effective neuropro- О2 [13]. Peroxinitrite is modifi ed and breaks tective effect is reached by selective inhibi- DNA, simultaneously inhibites DNA-syn- tion of nNOS that has neurotoxic effect and thase, and, therefore, contributes to process stimulation of еNOS [3, 4]. It is considered of an accelerated apoptosis and cellular ne- that the main stimulus of iNOS expression crosis [6, 8]. It is supposed that hyperproduc- is activation of free radicals’ processes that tion of NO, ONOO- has main contribution to is related in hypoxia with activation of cy- development of damage of cerebral tissue, tokins’ synthesis [8], as well as with inhibi- disturbance of cerebral hemodynamics, an EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 9 increase of vascular permeability and edema ity of SOD was estimated by inhibition grade of cerebral tissues [3, 4]. of restoration of nitro-blue tetrazol in pres- Defi cit of information noted to be to ence of phenosine metasulfate [19]. present day in home literature about state Statistical treatment of the fi ndings was of metabolism of endogen NO, formation made by means of the licenced program of ONOO-, an activity level of systems re- package Statistica (version 5.1. Stat Soft). – sponsible for О2 generation and its detoxi- Reliability of differences between compar- fi cation in organism of newborns in an early ing indices was determined by criterion of postnatal period. It remains unclear mecha- Student in case of a normal distribution and nisms in which result a role of molecule of homogeneous dispersiveness and criterion of NO changes from protective to damaged, Mann-Witney, its analogue, for non-paramet- data absence about interrelation of a level ric distributions. Correlation was established of production of NO, nitrit-nitrate-reductase by Pearson. Differences were considered re- and NADPH-oxidase reactions, activities of liable in Р<0.05. superoxide dismutase and their role in devel- Results and discussion opment and progression of perinatal risk in Studies carried out exhibited substantial neonates (PR). differences in the studying indices in cord and In this connection our work is aimed at venous blood of neonates in control group. evaluation of activity state of system of ni- Activities of еNOS and NO in venous blood trogen oxide in blood of newborns with in- were higher, and activity of NR, content of - - creased perinatal risk. ONOO and velocity of generation О2 – were Material and methods reliably lower than indices in cord blood of Cord and venous blood of 123 neonates newborns (Table). Difference in NO-system with perinatal risk (PR) on the day 3 has been is likely to determine the further compen- studied. The groups of neonates were di- satory-adaptive reactions to environmental vided in accordance with recommendations changes and nutrition, because cord blood of of Ju.I. Baryshev [1]. Forty eight newborns neonates refl ects state of feto-placental com- with low PR (1st gr.) including 25 mature and plex and intrauterine development of fetus. 23 immature into investigation were includ- Venous blood refl ects functional-metabolic ed. Into investigation were also included 40 state of newborn. Metabolic activity and newborns with increased PR (2nd gr.) includ- blood supply of vital important organs and ing 20 mature and 20 immature as well as 35 systems in an early postnatal period of ne- neonates with high PR (3rd gr.) of them 18 onates in the future depends upon an initial mature and 17 immature. level of NO-system. The fi ndings of cord and venous blood Similar updates in a level of concentra- on day 3 received from 20 neonates with nor- tion of NO, activity of NOS, NR, concen- - - mal development and born from mothers with tration of ONOO , velocity of growth of О2 physiologic pregnancies and labors served as compared with the data of control group were controls. Endogen level of NO by its general noted in mature and immature neonates with - - stable metabolites (NO2 и NO3 ) by using perinatal risk. These changes were aggravat- of Griss reagent [20], activity of eNOS – by ing especially in immature neonates with the changes in NO production from L-arginine growing grade of perinatal risk. Content of (10 mkg/ml) in presence of NADPH [15], main stable NO products in cord and venous activity of NADPH-dependent nitrate reduc- blood of mature neonates with the 1st grade tase (NR) [22], level of ONOO- – by velocity of perinatal risk (PR) were preserved in lim- of hydroxidation [21] in whole blood were its of estimates of control group, in newborns - nd determined. Velocity of generation of О2 was with the 2 grade reliably exceeded them by determined by quantity of inhibited SOD in 37.3 and 27.8% (Р<0.001 and Р<0.01); with restoration of cytochrome С [18], and activ- the 3rd grade – by 79.5 and 40.2% (Р<0.001

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 10 Medical sciences

и Р<0.01). At the same time this index in neonates (Table). Changes in activity of en- immature neonates with the 1st grade of PR zyme SOD [10] may be considered among - exceeded by 28.9 and 27.8% (Р<0.001 and causes of an increase of formation О2 . In nd - Р<0.01); with the 2 grade – by 67.5 and presence of enzyme SOD a level of О2 was 62.9% (Р<0.001 and Р<0.01); with the 3rd underwent transformations in molecular grade – by 150.6 and 90.7% (Р<0.001 and О2 in a way ˙О2 + ˙О2 +2Н+ →Н2О2 + О2 Р<0.01) respectively. [26]. Studying SOD activity in cord blood Activity of NOS in cord blood of mature of mature neonates with the 1st and 2nd grade newborns with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade of PR of PR showed its reliable increase by 51.7 was reduced by 9.6 (Р>0.05), 19.2 and 29.6% (Р<0.001) and 20.0% (Р<0.05) as compared (Р<0.05 and Р<0.01), in immature ones – by with control babies, and 3rd grade PR by only 21.6 (Р<0.01), 34.4 and 49.6% (Р<0.001 and 6.0% (Р<0.05), in immature neonates with Р<0.01). Such a situation of updates in NOS the 1st grade – by 22.0% (Р<0.05), the 2nd activity noted to be in venous blood on the one – by 12.0% (Р<0.05), and with the 3rd day 3 of life of newborns. one, in contrast, reduced by 17.7% (Р<0.05). Activity of neonatal risk (NR) in cord Similar situation in updates in SOD activity blood was increasing proportional to a grade of mature and immature neonates with PR of perinatal risk (PR) both in mature (by was observed in venous blood. It exceeded 2.0% (Р<0.1), 52.1 and 79.2% (Р<0.001 control data in mature neonates with PR of and Р<0.01)), and in immature neonates (by the 1st grade by 26.9% (Р<0.01), with the 2nd 45.8; 91.7 and 191.7% (Р<0.001 , Р<0.001 one – by 10.7% (Р≥0.05), and with the 3rd and Р<0.001)), and in venous blood – by one was reduced by 19.3% (Р<0.05); SOD 4.5 (Р≥0.1), 13.6 (Р≥0.05) and 100% activity in immature neonates with the 1st (Р<0.001) – in immature – by 40.9, 72.3 and grade of PR exceeded by 16.9% (Р<0.05), 200% (Р<0.001, Р<0.001 and Р<0.001) – in and with the 2nd and 3rd grades was lower by immature newborns to a grade of PR respec- 6.4% (Р<0.05) and 31.0% (Р<0.05) com- tively. pared with controls. In connection with the revealed increase In this connection it may be supposed - of activity of PR it may be supposed that a that high content of О2 in cord and venous high level of NO in cord and venous blood of blood of mature and immature neonates was mature and immature neonates was caused by caused by an insuffi cient potential capacity this enzyme. That was evidenced by a growth of enzymatic activity of SOD to compensate of correlation between NO index and NR excess of О2 in blood. In these cases a high - activity depending on PR grade. Thus, cor- content of О2 , how show the literature data relation statistically markedly increasing in [6,7,8], in presence of hyperexpression NO its determination by indices of cord blood of has biochemical reactions with formation mature newborns with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd PR of ОNOO-. It was confi rmed by our stud- - grade accounted for r=+0.56 (Р<0.05), +0.68 ies. An increased quantity of О2 and NO in and 0.77 (Р<0.01), in immature – r=+0.69 cord and venous blood in mature and imma- (Р<0.01), +0.79 and 0.84 (Р<0.01) in in- ture neonates with PR is coincided with an vestigation of venous blood. Respectively increased concentration of ONOO- in them. r=+0.48 (Р<0.05), 0.70 and 0.86 (Р<0.001) So, a level of ОNOO- in cord blood of mature and 0.54 (Р<0.05), 0.66 and 0.81 (Р<0.001). newborns with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade of PR Against a background of an increase exceeded control data by 25.0% (Р<0.01), in NO content in cord and venous blood 50 and 91.7% (Р<0.001), in immature – by of neonates was fi xed a high velocity of 41.7; 91.7 and 208.3% (Р<0.001); in venous - formation of О2 , which dynamic of an in- blood – by 11.2%(Р≥0.05), 125.0; 321.5% crease of intensity corresponded to a grade (Р<0.001 and Р<0.001) and by 100.0; 312.5 of perinatal risk and term of delivery of and 512.5% (Р<0.001) respectively. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 11

Thus, results of studies obtained showed of possible mechanisms of formation in PR that in cord and venous blood of both mature neonates with involvement of NO-system. and immature newborns depending on PR It is given from the fi gure presented that grade were increasing disorders in NO-sys- inhibition of eNOS in cord and venous blood tem. An increase in NO level how follows and development of endothelial dysfunc- from data obtained occurs due to activation tion (ED) are important factors in formation of NR reaction that contributes to preserva- of clinical manifestations in neonates with tion of state of cellular membranes on stable PR. This, in its turn, leads to generalized level [11]. At the same time, an increase in disorders in microcirculation and hemody- NR activity and a level in cord and venous namics processes in a system mother-fetus, blood in mature and immature neonates with and, as consequence, to hypoxia of new- PR NO we consider as its adaptive reaction born [16, 27]. to decrease in functional activity of enzyme As response to hypoxia a cycle NO with еNOS. In conditions of prolonged hypoxic involvement of NR enzyme and NADPH-ox- state occurs NO production from precursor idase was activated [17]. Content of NO and О - in cord and venous blood were increasing of L-arginine, because this reaction with par- 2 ticipation of еNOS may occur in presence that served important factors of stimulating of suffi cient quantity of oxygen [5, 9] and reaction of their interplay with formatting - a more ancient mechanism was activated – stable, cytotoxic compound ONOO pro- cycle of nitrogen oxide with involvement of longed preserving in tissues. Together with ONOO- and О - these compounds have toxic nitrite nitrate reductases’ enzymes that trans- 2 effect on organs’ and systems’ tissues. Toxic form NO - and NO - into NO 100-1000 times 2 3 effect of О - and, it may be supposed, ONOO- more than its formation with articip of en- 2 , is determined by tension of enzyme of anti- zyme NOS [11]. In conditions of hypoxia a oxidant system SOD. process of О - [6,8] formation was stimu- 2 If hyperexpression of О - in cord and lated which restraining factor is SOD acti- 2 venous blood would be compensated by a vation [9, 10]. The increase in SOD activity high activity of SOD in mature and imma- in mature and immature neonates with the st st nd ture neonates will be developed the 1 or the 1 and 2 PR grade is likely to be adequate 2nd grade of PR, and in non-compensated (in- to this process aimed at defense and main- hibited) activity of SOD enzyme in mature is tenance of membranes’ stability, metabolic developed the 3rd grade of PR and in imma- systems in organism tissues from oxidative ture – the 2nd and the 3rd grade of PR. destruction of O - or singlet oxygen (˙О -) 2 2 CONCLUSION [26]. At the same time, a high level of О - may 2 Thus, studies carried out showed that be one of the important factors of inhibition an increase in NO production should be con- and modifi cation of membrane-dependent sidered as compensatory-adaptive reaction enzymatic systems including SOD [12, 13] aimed at preservation of microcirculation as consequence of spontaneous activation hemodynamics processes in organs and sys- of free-radicals’ reactions and processes of tems of neonates that was demonstrated in lipid peroxidation [10]. In this connection cord and venous blood of neonates born from it may be considered that reduction in SOD mothers with normal physiologic pregnancy activity in mature with the 3rd grade and im- and delivery. NO level in control was in- mature neonates with the 2nd and 3rd grade creasing due to increasing of еNOS activity. of PR in cord and venous blood is related But in conditions of hypoxia, development of - with hyperexpression of О2 as well as for- intra- and perinatal pathology the cytoprotec- mation of high reactive cytotoxic compound tive effect by growing NO concentration in ONOO-. Taking into consideration an impor- cord and venous blood was giving place to tance of disorders revealed by us a scheme cytotoxic effect. In this mechanism an impor- EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 12 Medical sciences

- 6. Manukhina E.B., Dauni H.F., Malley R.T., tant role plays hyperexpression of НР, О2 , as well as ОNOО-. SOD activity incompensated Malyshev I.Yu. Protective and damaged effects of pe- to this process contributed to increasing level ripheric hypoxia: role of nitrogen oxide // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. – 2007. – of О -. Degree of interconnection and inter- 2 № 2. – P. 25-33. conditionality between NO level and activity 7. Pokrovsky V.I., Vinogradov N.A. Nitrogen - - of enzymes еNOS, НР, О2 , ОNOO and SOD oxide, its ohysiologic and pathophysiologic features // formed a single pathogenetic mechanism of Therapeutic archives. – 2005. – № 1. – P. 82-87. severity and progression of damage of vital 8. Vanin A.F. Nitrogen oxide – regulator of cel- important organs and systems and related lular metabolism // Soros Education Journal. – 2001. – Vol. 7, № 11. – P. 7-12. features of clinical symptomatic in mature 9. Malyshev I.Yu., Monastyrskaya E.A., Smi- and immature neonates with PR. rin B.V., Manukhina E.B. Hypoxia and nitrogen ox- Conclusions ide // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical 1. It was revealed a unilateral increase in Sciences. – 2000. – № 9. – P. 44-48. NO level, inhibition of enzymeMOS, stimu- 10. Viktorov I.V. Role of nitrogen oxide and oth- - er free radicals in ischemic cerebral pathology // Bul- lation of HP activity, hyperexpression of О2 - letin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. – and ОNOO in cord blood of mature and im- 2000. – № 4. – P. 5-10. st nd mature neonates with PR with the 1 and 2 11. Reutov V.P., Sorokina E.G., Kositsin N.S., grade and in venous blood of neonates with Okhotin V.E. Problem of nitrogen oxide in biology the 1st grade of PR and depression of its ac- and medicine in a principle of cyclic recurrence (retro- tivity in venous blood in mature newborns spective analysis of ideas, principles and concepts) // with the 4rd grade of PR and in immature Europ. J. G.G. – 2003. – 96 p. rd 12. Lukjanova L.D. Role of bioenergic disorders ones with the 3 grade of PR in cord blood. in pathogenesis of hypoxia // Path. Physiol. – 2004. – 2. Progression of PR grade in mature № 2. – P. 2-11. and immature neonates was associated 13. Lukjanova L.D., Dudchenko А.М., Tsy- with growth dynamic in a level NR activ- bina Т.А., Germanova E..L. Regulation role of mito- ity in cord and venous blood, velocity of chondrial dysfunction in hypoxia and its interrelation - with transcription activity // Bulletin of the Russian О2 formation, concentration of peroxinitrite - Academy of Medical Sciences. – 2007. – № 2. – (ОNOO ) and NO. P. 2-11. 3. Disorders in NO-system activities in 14. Kharlamova N.V., Chasha T.V., Shilo- cord and venous blood are important patho- va N.A., Kuzmenko G.N. Studying content nitrates genetic factors of formation and progression and molecules of mean mass in females with chronic of pathologic process in mature and imma- intrauterine hypoxia of fetus in the 3rd trimester of ture neonates with PR. pregnancy for prediction of posthypoxia cardiopathy References in neonates // Clin. lab. diagnosis. – 2005. – № 7. – 1. Barashnev Yu.I. Hypoxic-ischemic encepha- P. 11-14. lopathy of neonates: contribution of perinatal factors, 15. Julio D.J.L., Cude N.M., King R.L. Char- pathogenetic characteristic and prediction // Rus. Bul- acterization of three inhibitors of endothelial nitric letin of Perinatology & Pediatrics. – 1996. – Vol. 41, oxide synthase in blood // Reproduct Development. – № 2. – P. 29-35. 1995. – Vol. 7, № 7. – Р. 1505-1508. 2. Salimova N.R. To question of role of nitrogen 16. Avrutskaya V.V., Orlov V.I., Ponomareva А. oxide in functioning central nervous system // Neurol- Yu et al. Changes in endothelial system of vessels in ogy. – 2005. – № 2 (26). – P. 63-66. pregnant women in gestosis // Russ. Bulletin of Ob- 3. Raevsky K.S., Bashkatova V.G., Vanin A.F. stetrics & Gynaecology. – 2007. – № 1. – P. 4-7. Role of nitrogen oxide in glutamate-ergic pathology of 17. Kamyshnikov V.S. Reference book on the brain // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medi- clinico-biochemical laboratory diagnosis: in 2 vol- nd cal Sciences. – 2000. – № 4. – P. 11-15. umes / 2 edition. – Minsk: Belarus, 2002. – Vol. 2. – 4. Gorbachev V.I., Kovalev V.V. Role of nitro- 463 p. gen oxide in pathogenesis of disorders of central nerv- 18. Gerasimov А.М., Gudoshnikov L.V., Mah- ous system // Insult. – 2002. – № 7. – P. 9-15. son N.E., Urazgildiev Z.I. Feature of polymorpho- 5. Kurgalyuk N.N. Nitrogen oxide as factor of nuclear blood leucocytes to product superoxide in adaptation protection in hypoxia // Advances of physi- osteomyelitis // Questions of medical chemistry. – ol. sciences. – 2002. – Vol. 33, № 4. – P. 65-79. 1986. – № 5. – P. 103.-106. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 13

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 14 Medical sciences

THEORY OF THE MECHANICAL ACTIVITY OF THE LUNGS IS A NEW HORIZON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Tetenev F.F.1, Tetenev K.F.2 1 The Department of Propedeutics into Internal Diseases, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia 2 Vermont Pulmonary Center, Medical College of Vermont University, Burlington, the USA

The paper deals with the main paradoxical facts, which are revealed in the investigation of respiratory mechan- ics in, practically, normal humans and patients with diseases of internal organs as well as in the experiment on animals. The investigation results are evaluated from the viewpoint of the requirements of the 1st thermodynamics law, which supports the fact that the lungs possess the property of independent mechanical activity. Keywords: transpulmonary pressure, transpulmonary pressure plateau, general pulmonary hysteresis, elastic hysteresis, negative general pulmonary hysteresis, negative elastic pulmonary hysteresis.

Despite the considerable success of the ising trends of the development of respiratory methods of the functional diagnostics of the physiology, and so it has a real claim to play ventilation apparatus introduced into clinical the role of a new paradigm [1, 4]. Since most practice, in clinical respiratory physiology researchers continue to study micromechanics there has clearly appeared a need to examine and tissue mechanics within the scope of the the most important theoretical points of respi- old paradigm [5]. The purpose of this paper is ratory mechanics in a new way. The conven- to explain the most important complex prob- tional Donders theory considers the lungs to lems using the new theory. be a passive elastic organ whose respiratory In the 50ies a safe method was devel- movement is caused only by the activity of oped to measure transpulmonary pressure the respiratory muscles. The theory was de- (TPP) taking into account the difference in veloped in 1853, and since then it has been pressure in the esophagus and the mouth. affecting the style of thinking in clinical respi- Simultaneous recording of the TPP and the ratory physiology [1]. The above theory was airfl ow allowed investigating respiratory me- suffi cient for the solution of pragmatic tasks, chanics [3]. Since then clinical respiratory so in the middle of the 20th century a complex physiology began to accumulate data on the of devices was developed intended for clini- elastance of the lungs of healthy humans, pa- cal diagnostics of disorders in the different tients with various forms of pathology and pulmonary functions of the lungs. However, animals in experiment. At the same time, the the results of the investigation into respiratory researchers started to fi nd some phenomena mechanics did not agree completely with the that could not be interpreted in terms of the Donders theory. In the 70ies the researchers generally accepted knowledge. However, the tried to explain the complicated manifestation old paradigm was so stable that they either of the mechanical properties of the lungs with- considered the unusual phenomena artifacts in the scope of the Donders theory [2]. Those or, as a rule, failed to notice them at all. attempts, however, were unsuccessful, which The most complicated issue was how to could be considered a sign of the crisis of the assess the state of the lung elastance. Under old paradigm and a reason for putting forward spontaneous breathing the lung compliance a theory of the mechanical activity of the lungs is determined by the relation of the respi- [3]. The new theory equipped with new meth- ratory volume to the TPP difference at the ods of investigation has proposed some prom- beginning and the end of inspiration. The EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 15 above index, however, proved unstable: even tive increase in the elastance to counteract in healthy individuals the lung compliance the valve obstruction of the bronchus and alters with changing speed of the airfl ow. ensure spontaneous respiratory mechanics With obstructive pulmonary emphysema it [8]. Comparison of the values of the dynamic is lower, which implies a higher elastance. compliance of the lungs and their general A decrease in the lung elastance in the case compliance (the relation of the total lung ca- of emphysema is evident. The above para- pacity (TLC) to their maximal elastic recoil) dox was accounted for by the fact that at the allowed calculating the functional coeffi cient end of inspiration the alveolar pressure fails of the lung elastance [9]. The use of the tech- to level, so the dynamic component is added nique of interruption of the airfl ow for 0.2 s to the static elastic pressure. Due to that the allowed revealing the possibility to separately lung compliance measured in such a way was measure the operation of the intrapulmonary referred to as dynamic. In order to eliminate and extrapulmonary sources of the mechani- the above component, it was suggested that cal energy of spontaneous breathing [10, 11]. the static elastic compliance be measured us- Webb et al. [12] were the fi rst to de- ing the technique of interruption of the air- scribe predominance of the amplitude of the fl ow for 0.5 s [6], although it was found to be respiratory variations of the pressure in the both higher and lower than the dynamic one. wedged bronchus over that of the intrapleu- Then the researchers stopped paying atten- ral pressure and show the photocopies of the tion to such paradoxes and began to measure pressure curves [12]. However, they attrib- the lung elastance in quasistatic conditions at uted the above phenomenon to the effect of a slow deep inspiration in the linear part of the perialveolar pressure, which contradicted the pressure-volume diagram [7]. The above the 1st fundamental thermodynamics law. A method suited the obstructive theory of dis- similar methodological mistake was made by order in respiratory mechanics, whereas the the researchers that proposed a speculative question on assessing the lung elastance in theory on alveole interdependence, which ex- spontaneous breathing remained unsolved. plains the predominance of the negative pres- According to the theory of the mechani- sure in the alveoles as compared to the intra- cal activity of the lungs, there is a source pleural pressure [13, 14, 15]. Later Macklem of mechanical energy in the lung structure. P., who seemed to understand the unsteady Its operation is related in a complex way to theoretical position, put forward an idea of a the work of the respiratory muscles both in promising possibility of search for the con- healthy humans and patients. It can either de- tracting elements in the lung structures [2]. crease the work of the respiratory muscles to Taking into account the universal char- various extent or, on the contrary, increase it, acter of the 1st thermodynamics law there is which explains the absence of strict specifi city no need to look for additional proof to see that in the indices of the respiratory mechanics in the predominance of the pressure amplitude the diagnostics of higher or lower values of in- in the brunchus over that inside the pleura is trapulmonary resistance under pathology. Be- the manifestation of the regional mechanical sides, this function explains the mechanism of activity of the lungs in the case the brunchus appearance of some paradoxical phenomena. is wedged. The above phenomenon was sup- Levelling of the pressure at the end of ported by the experimental studies. It was inspiration in healthy humans and patients found that it was defi nitely missing in the occurs instantaneously. Therefore, changes isolated lungs [16, 17], which means that the in the dynamic compliance of the lungs with lungs show independent mechanical activity increasing airfl ow are caused by the changes only in the living organism under conditions in the lung elastance. With the obstructive of integrity of the ventilation apparatus. disorders of the ventilation function during Pressure in the bronchus was recorded spontaneous breathing there occurs an ac- to study the elastic hysteresis in the lungs and

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 16 Medical sciences the nature of the distortion of the TPP plateau. Explanation of the mechanism of the The elastic hysteresis was found in patients formation of the negative elastic hysteresis with obstructive pulmonary emphysema [3]. deserves special attention. The method of in- A respiratory loop was built for the respiratory terrupting the airfl ow was suggested to ensure cycle of a depth close to the total lung capacity. a more accurate division of the TPP into the The airfl ow was interrupted several times for static and dynamic components, which was 0.5 s during inspiration and expiration to mea- an axiom in the Donders theory on respiratory sure static elastic pressure at various levels of mechanics. The distortion of TPP plateau dur- the respiratory volume. The TPP was divided ing inspiration was mistakenly accounted for into dynamic (alveolar pressure) and static by levelling of the alveolar pressure exponen- (elastic pressure) components. The respiratory tially. The plateau distortion toward the nega- loop area was numerically equal to the work tive pressure during expiration was attributed of overcoming the total inelastic resistance of to the collapse of the epiglottis, and a greater the lungs (TIR), which includes the aerody- increase in the mouth pressure as compared namic (bronchial) resistance (AR), tissue fric- to the imtrathoracic pressure was explained tion (TF) and inertial resistance (IR). The TF by the contraction of the mouth muscles [6]. and IR values are usually neglected not only However, the above explanations were not because they are small but also because they supported in further research [3]. are hard to measure. The values of the elastic The distortion of the TPP plateau during pressure inside the respiratory loop were mea- inspiration was studied clinically and experi- sured using the method of interruption of the mentally on animals as well as in the isolated airfl ow for 0.5 s, and the curves of the static human and animal lungs [3, 17, 18]. At the elastic pressure during inspiration and expira- interruption of the airfl ow during inspiration tion were also obtained. In patients with pul- there appears a plateau in the spirogram. The monary emphysema the static elastic pressure TPP curve also shows a plateau whose posi- curve during inspiration was located in the tion and shape, however, are not exactly what zone of more negative pressure as compared to should be expected from the Donders theory. that corresponding to expiration. Thus, inside The intrathoracic pressure and the pressure the respiratory loop another hysteresis loop in the mouth are joined on both sides of the was obtained. The mismatch of the curves of membrane of the differential pressure sensor. the static elastic pressure during inspiration When the airfl ow is interrupted the alveolar and expiration was called elastic hysteresis. It pressure instantaneously levels along with was quite logical to explain this phenomenon the pressure in the mouth. Since the nega- by the work of breathing needed to overcome tive value of the alveolar pressure is higher the TF. However, in healthy humans we found than that of the intrathoracic pressure, the a paradox, which lay in the fact that the static sensor membrane is shifted towards the posi- elastic pressure curve during inspiration was tive pressure. During expiration the alveolar partly or completely located in the zone of less pressure increases to a greater extent than the negative pressure compared to that of expira- intrathoracic pressure. As a result, the TPP tion. This phenomenon was called the negative plateau is shifted towards the negative pres- elastic hysteresis [1, 3, 4] and it was explained sure. Besides, at the interruption of the air- by the manifestation of the mechanical activity fl ow the sucking effect of the lungs during of the lungs based on the requirements of the 1st inspiration and contraction during expiration thermodynamics law. That was how the theory increase, with the plateau in the plot being on the mechanical activity of the lungs came distorted. During inspiration it looks like a into being. It was supported by the experimen- spike directed toward the positive zone. Dis- tal studies, which unambiguously showed the placement and distortion of the TPP plateau absence of the negative elastic hysteresis in the refl ect graphically the lung inspiratory and isolated lungs. expiratory action. In the isolated human and EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 17 animal lungs the above manifestations of the 6. Stead W., Fry D., Ebert R. The elastic prop- lung mechanical activity are not observed. erties of the lung in normal men and in patients with In studying the integral respiratory me- emphysema // J. Lab. Clin. Med. – 1952. – № 40. – P. 674-681. chanics, in rare instances inversion of the 7. Zeilhofer R. Die Differentialdiagnose von general pulmonary hysteresis was observed Störungen der Atemmechanik an Hand des statischen in patients with obstructive pathology rather und dynamischen Volumen – Druck- Koeffi zienten // than with pneumonia and myopathy [4]. Dur- Klin. Wschr. – 1960. – Vol. 38. – S. 1013-1025. ing investigation of the regional respiratory 8. Tetenev K.F. Respiratory biomechanics in mechanics a general negative hysteresis was bronchial asthma, author’s abstract, cand. of med. sci- ences. – Tomsk, 1998. revealed much more often suggesting the 9. Patent № 2295286 Russia, Way of assessment regional mechanical activity of the lungs, of the functional state of the lung tissue / Tetenev F.F., which was clearly pronounced in the lung up- Tetenev K.F., Bodrova T.N. Bull. of discoveries and per zones [19, 20]. inventions. – 2007. – № 8. Thus, the theory of the mechanical activi- 10. Patent № 2364330 Russia. Way of assessment ty of the lungs allowed clarifying the numerous of the value of the work of breathing of the intrapulmo- nary source of mechanical energy during spontaneous paradoxes, which earlier seemed unaccountable breathing / Tetenev K.F., Tetenev F.F., Bodrova T.N. et and, namely, 1) a decrease in the dynamic com- al. Bull. of discoveries and inventions. – 2009. – № 23. pliance of the lungs at emphysema when their 11. Patent № 2364331 Russia. Way of determin- elastic ability is low; 2) distortion of the trans- ing the value of the total work of breathing of the intra- pulmonary pressure plateau at the interruption pulmonary and extrapulmonary sources of mechanical of the airfl ow; 3) negative elastic and general energy during spontaneous breathing / Tetenev K.F., Tetenev F.F., Bodrova T.N. et al. Bull. of discoveries hysteresis of the lungs; 4) predominance of the and inventions. – 2009. – № 23. amplitude of the respiratory variation of the 12. Webb W., Smith J., Campbell G. Peri-alveo- alveolar pressure over that of the intrathoracic lar pressure // Annals of Surgery. – 1961. – Vol. 153, pressure; 5) the reason for nonspecifi city of № 5. – P. 650-657. the conventional indices of the respiratory me- 13. Menkes H., Gamsu D., Schröter R, Mackl- chanics for diagnostics of the functional disor- em P. Interdependency of lung units in isolated dog lungs // J. Appl. Physiol. – 1972. – Vol. 32, № 5. – ders of the ventilation apparatus in pathologi- P. 675-680. cal states. It has allowed increasing knowledge 14. Menkes H., Lindsay D., Wood L. et. al. // J. of clinical respiratory physiology as well as de- Appl. Physiol. – 1972. – Vol. 32, № 5. – P. 681-688. termining promising trends of its further devel- 15. Macklem P., Murphy., Christie R. The work opment, e.g. studying the morphology and the of breathing in Health and Desease // The Amer. J. of functions of the source of the lung mechanical Med. – 1974. – Vol. 57, № 10. – P. 371-377. 16. Tetenev F.F. Pressure in the wedged bron- energy, the development of the method of in- chus at experimental emphesema // Bull. of exper. vestigating the respiratory mechanics suitable biol. – 1976. – № 1. – P. 30-32. for clinical practice. 17. Tetenev F.F., Bodrova T.N. Does pleura de- References termine paradoxical phenomena in respiratory me- 1. Tetenev F.F. New theories into the 21st cen- chanics? // Bull. of exper. biol. – 1997. – Vol. 124, tury. 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. – Tomsk: № 10. – P. 384-387. Tomsk Univ. Publishing House, 2003. 18. Tetenev F.F. Distortion of the transpulmo- 2. Macklem P. Respiratory mechanics // Ann. nary pressure plateau at experimental emphysema // Rev. Physiol. Palo. Alto. Calif. – 1978. – Vol. 40. – Bull. of exper. biol. – 1978. – № 9. – P. 264-267. P. 157-184. 19. Tetenev F.F., Levchenko A.V., Ageeva T.S. et. 3. Tetenev F.F. Respiratory biomechanics. – al. Negative regional pulmonary hysteresis in the norm Tomsk: Tomsk Univ. Publishing House, 1981. and disease of the broncho-pulmonary system // Fun- 4. Tetenev F.F. Obstructive theory of abnormali- damental investigations. – 2007. – № 11. – P. 112-113. ties in external breathing. State-of-the art, prospects 20. Patent № 2328970 Russia. Way of deter- of development // Bulletin of Siberian medicine. – mination of the regional mechanical lung activity / 2005. – № 4. – P. 14-26. Tetenev F.F., Levchenko A.V., Bodrova T.N. et. al. // 5. Respiratory Mechanics. European respiratory Bull. of discoveries and inventions. – 2008. – № 20. Monograph (edit. G. Milic Emili). – 1999. – № 12.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 18 Medical sciences

Materials of Conferences

HYGIENIC PECULARITIES and to promote the decrease of the morbidity of OF FORMING OF CRITICAL critical intestinal infections in the southern region of INTESTINAL INFECTIONS Kazakhstan. The work was submitted to the scientifi c all- IN SOTHERN KAZAKHSTAN Russian conference “Perspectives of development Kuadykova A.K. of HEI’s science”, Sochi, 22-25 of September, 2010. MKTU under Yasavi Turkestan, Came to the editorial offi ce 14.06.2010. Kazakhstan

One of the serious medically-social problems of public health is high morbidity of critical intestinal THE CHILDREN LIFE QUALITY infections (CII), which is registered in the majority ANALYSIS WITH THEIR of countries in the world. The aim of our research is PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED the carrying out of analysis of dynamic of morbidity POSSIBILITIES among the population of southern Kazakhstan of many Kuandykov E.K., Abdrakhmanov Zh.S., years and single out the peculiarities of forming and conformities of revealing of epidemic process while Ospanova Zh.A. critical intestinal infections. The MKTU after A. Yasavy, the STU RCDI During the period from 1985 to 2008 years the Turkestan city, Kazakhstan the morbidity of CII at the territory of southern Kazakhstan is 380,74 to the 100 thousands of The Abstract. The children medical and social population. The dynamic of morbidity of CII was rehabilitation (MSR) global challenge with their characterized by the growth from the middle of physically challenged possibilities is the child normal eighties, the pick of morbidity in 1989-1991 years life quality (LQ) preservation. So, it is much necessary with the second tendency to lowering. The most high the LQ index examination and the following study showing was registered in 1990 (613,3 to the 100 000 for the children rehabilitation arrangements more of population) and reliably exceeded in 1,5 times the effi cient conducing with their physically challenged indicator by the republic. possibilities. Thus, the life quality (LQ), by the WHO There was stated the correlative dependence defi nition, – this is the physical, the psychological, the between some factors of environment and forming of emotional, and the social functioning characteristic, high level of morbidity: having based on his subjective perception. between the morbidity of population of CII The children LQ indices dynamics examination and the quantity of inadequate tests of water by the and the study with their physically challenged bacteriological showings (r = 0,62, n = 19); possibilities, against the background of the MCR monthly morbidity of CII correlated with the academic course passing by them, has been the study quality of milk production by the bacteriological and the research target. showings (r = 0,62, n = 19); The Materials and the Methods. The 54 between the morbidity of children and teenagers children with their physically challenged possibilities of southern region of republic with sanitary-hygienic and their physical challenged capacities and their and technical level of infant and teenage objects corresponding powers, having been specially (r = 0,51, n = 19); registered, and, having passed the MCR academic between the morbidity of CII of all population course, which is being acted in the structure of «The with the condition of morbidity of organs of digestion Rehabilitation Center for the Physically Disabled (r = 0,72, n = 19); Children» the STM of the Turkestan city of the South- between the morbidity of CII among the total Kazakhstan Region, have been thoroughly examined. population and with unsatisfactory technical condition The children LQ estimation at the age of 8-12 years of nutritional objects (r = 0,69, n = 19). has been carried out by the «PedsQL» special form, Received results of research will be used the version 4.0, having described the physical by us while the development and realization functioning (PF), the emotional functioning (EF), of preventive activities, including hygienic, the social functioning (SF), and also the life at the medically-organizational, informatively-explanatory school (LS). work and hygienic education of population. The We have already received a number of the sig- introduction of the complex of preventive activities nifi cant differences, at the given research and the will allow to optimize the quality of environment study stage. So, the PF under-aged children with EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 19 their physically challenged possibilities just before (magistrals) and lymphatic chinks with tributaries the MCR academic course and through the month (collaterals) after this anlage lymphatic sacs and have been authentically much better (e.g. 59,3±2,4), primary vessels in the result of interactions of than just before the MCR academic course 52,2±2,5 arteries with primary veins; (e.g. р=0,039). The EF under-aged children with 2) transformatory morphogenesis of primary their physically challenged possibilities just af- lymphatic bed – its conversion into secondary ter the medical treatment have been authentically lymphatic bed, when are passed anlage of lymph much better (e.g. 69,5±1,8), than just before their nodes in the result of interactions of arteries and veins rehabilitation 55,1±2,1(e.g. р≤0,001). So, the differ- with primary lymphatic vessels; ence between the SF under-aged children with their 3) modifi catory morphogenesis of secondary physically challenged possibilities at the beginning lymphatic bed – its modifi cation by means of uneven of the medical treatment (e.g. 48,8±1,9) and through growth and deformation of its walls with various the month (e.g. 54,3±1,7) has also been authentic appearence of valves and intervalvar segments, (e.g. р=0,016). The LS under-aged children with their smooth myocyties. For instance pressure of aorta physically challenged possibilities has been consider- and its branches on some parts of thoracic duct ably improved from 49,7±1,7 up to 52,3±1,6 just after causes increased formation of valves and smooth the MCR academic course fi nishing, in the com- myocyties in these parts – they limit reverse lymph parison with the given indices just before academic fl ow and support direct lymph fl ow. These processes course beginning indices (e.g. р≤0,001). can pass consecutivelly as stages of lymphatic Thus, according to the secondary school system morphogenesis or parallelly and even in (SS) or the high school (HS) scale data, by the intimal relation especially last two processes. children themselves valuation, their LQ has Thus morphogenesis of lymphatic system passes already been improved with the time, against as process of recombination of arteries and veins the background of the MCR academic course and then lymphatic vessels, is manifestation of passing. autodifferentiation of cardiovascular system when So, the medical and social rehabilitation (MSR) its parts enter into reinteraction including after their academic course is making positively its direct transformation. infl uence upon the under-aged children with their The work was submitted to international physically challenged possibilities the vital functions scientifi c conference «Fundamental and applied and the vital activity physical, the emotional, and the research in medicine», France (Paris), 15-22 October, social sides, that is being revealed in all the scales 2010, came to the editorial offi ce on indices further improvement, having characterized 12.08.2010. their LQ. The paper has been presented for the «The Prospects For The Univrsity Science Development» All-Russian Scientifi c Conference, Sochi, September, MULTI-LEVEL SEGMENTARY 22-25, 2010. Came to the editorial offi ce 28.06.2010. ORGANIZATION OF THE LYMPHATIC BED Petrenko V.M. St.-Petersburg State Medical Academy RECOMBINATORY named after I.I. Mechnikov, MORPHOGENESIS OF LYMPHATIC St.-Petersburg, Russia SYSTEM IN PRENETAL ONTOGENESIS OF HUMAN Petrenko V.M. Lymphatic bed (LB) is the part of whole St.-Petersburg State Medical Academy cardiovascular system but has specifi c construction. LB consists of different segments which organize fl ow named after I.I. Mechnikov, St.-Petersburg, out of surplus of tissue fl uid as lymph in conditions of Russia defi cite of lymph fl ow energy. Multi-level segmentary organization of the LB includes its (kwazy)segmentary Morphogenesis of lymphatic system is the result connection with arteries in the nerve-vascular bundles of interactions of different uneven increasing vessels, of different organs and regions of human body and its forms change such as structure and topography of fold construction of LB walls. Segments of LB can vessels and their combinations: divide on general or intersystem (LB and blood bed) 1) differential morphogenesis of primary and special or intrasystem (intervalvar), general venous bed – its division on secondary veins segments – on regional or periarterial, organic or

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 20 Medical sciences perinodal, root or interarteriolar. In the periarterial The work was submitted to international segment lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes take place scientifi c conference «Fundamental and applied about extraorganic arteries. In the perinodal segment research in medicine», Sochi, 22-25 September lymphatic vessels from LB of this organ or its part end 2010, came to the editorial offi ce on 30.08.2010. into the neighbouring lymph node. The root segment takes place in microcirculatory bed district: terminal arteriolae and collective venules, their branches and CORRELATION BETWEEN NATURAL roots “cut” lymphatic capillaries network on parts, GROWTH AND FUNCTIONAL usually from them the lymphatic postcapillaries go DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN out and accompany terminal arteriolae and collective venules but don t always. On each level of general, (for the 90th anniversary paraarterial segmentation LB divides on intervalvar of Ch. Child’s hypothesis) segments with different construction of the walls Shchurov V.A., Mogeladze N.O., accordingly fl uctuate character of lymph fl ow, Safonova A.V. tissue metabolism, functional activity of organs – Federal State Institution endothelial wall of lymphatic capillaries with mobile contacts between cells (intrawall valves) supplements «Russian Ilizarov Scientifi c Center then its folds with connective tissue in lymphatic “Restorative Traumatology postcapillaries (true, intraluminal valves), smooth and Orthopaedics” myocyties in lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissue of Russian Medical Technologies» in lymph nodes. Morphogenesis of general segments of LB is determinated by infl uence of arteries and growing organs (over arteries) on primary venous On the basis of examination data of 3500 and lymphatic paths. In early embryos branches of newborns for 20 years of observation it has been aorta connect with somites which determine their revealed that in case of prolonged worsening of segmentary direction. Arteries break up primary population quality of life the decrease of body sizes venous bed that leads to anlage of primary lymphatic occurs both in women in labor and in newborns, as collectors along aorta and its branches – venous well as the fall of functional maturity value of the pockets, lymphatic chinks and sacs with their latters. However, when economic situation stabilizes tributaries, including the intraorganic. Anlage of the birth rate coeffi cient rises and newborns’ lymph nodes takes place along arteries too by means of development increases selectively. The revealed their invaginations into lymphatic sacs and vessels – phenomenon of brain development rate maintenance thus arteries break up primary LB. Segmentation in for body growth rate deceleration confi rms Ch. anatomic organization of primary vascular system Child’s hypothesis of the craniocaudal gradient of partily loses later in result moving of organs from their fetal development. anlage places, secondary fussions of peritoneum and Natural longitudinal growth of body in children anothers processes, reaching to a far greater extent and adolescents is implied by the conception of in the walls of LB (intervalvar segments). Growing «growth», when the question concerns human beings. of some organs into mesenteries of another organs Under these conditions the increase of body sizes in embryos and secondary fussions of peritoneum and development can’t be contrasted. And, although in fetuses, grow of microstructures in organs and growth is a simultaneous result of development, at lymph nodes, inconstancy of blood and lymph fl ow some stages of life the development itself can be a lead to approach and association of existent paths growth derivative (V.V. Kupriyanov, 1974). As far as and formation of new, more short, including abberant body height increased, associated with development paths of lymph fl ow from organs, beginning from acceleration in children in the last century, continuous root segments of LB. Morphogenesis of the root renewal of the best achievements in sport was observed segments are determined by special features of tissue (G.S. Tumanian et al., 1976). metabolism, lymphproduction as main moving force Quality of life worsening of Russia population of lymph fl ow in roots of LB. Arteries thanks to more at the end of the last century has led to the delay of blood pressure in them dominate in interactions with children growth rate, the decrease of the values of veins and LB, contact (dividing of embryonal vessels newborn functional maturity and that of the index of and massage of defi nitive vessels) and remote (over schoolchildren intellectuality [V.A. Shchurov et al., blood fl ow and tissue metabolism). As origin of blood 2008]. supply for all organs arteries exert determinative According to Ch. Child’s hypothesis [1], infl uence on tissue metabolism, grow of organs, the diffi culties arising in the course of pregnancy lymphproduction and lymph fl ow, morphogenesis of (circulation worsening, intoxication) can have not LB intervalvar and general segments. only an overall negative effect on fetal growth, but

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 21 a differentiated one as well, under which the brain Study Results and their Discussion is impaired to a lesser degree. What is more, under In spite of the fact that before birth a fetus has these conditions the brain can receive an additional growth craniocaudal gradient [Shevtsov V.I. et al., impulse for accelerated development. The mechanism 2003], due to which the proportion of body and head of adaptation mentioned forms the basis of developing longitudinal sizes gradually decreases, comparative a thinking type of constitution which is remarkable for analysis of the longitudinal sizes of body (L, cm) small body sizes and well developed brain, increased and circumference of head (О, cm) in premature and ability of environmental adaptation. mature newborns has demonstrated that there is lin- According to Arndt-Schulz law, such stress ear correlation between them: О = 0.715*L – 1.86; effects as trauma and hunger should depress growth r =0.992. rate, however, at some stages of development the In postnatal period the rate of head size increase non-specifi c component of exogenous exposure is becomes relatively less. In newborns the measures able to accelerate getting through some phases of of functional maturity by Apgar-1 and Apgar-2 scale development [B.A.Nikitiuk, 1978; I.V.Shchurov et al., increase, as far as head circumference increases up 2006]. As for the purpose of our study, we attempted to optimal values (34-36 cm). Further increase of to substantiate the scopes for selective development head sizes is of pathological character and doesn’t of intellectual abilities during retardation of body lead to adequate increment of functional maturity growth processes. value (Fig. 1). Method of Study After 1988 the social-and-fi nancial position of The values of newborn functional maturity the population in the majority regions of Russia has (Apgar-1 and Apgar-2), the tests of intellectuality been worsened. The delay of women’s body growth index determination and the values of school progress (Fig. 2), the decrease of their pelvis sizes, body sizes have been used to assess the degree of the brain of newborns, and 4-7% reduction of the values of development in children. their functional maturity – all this has become a result 3500 mature infants, born in Kurgan, have been of such worsening of life quality. There was formed examined in complex within the period from 1988 a tendency towards the improvement of economic to 2009 (every year not more than 100 persons, born measures in the population life in the last decade. in June). In addition, 95 premature infants (22-37 Besides, the coeffi cient of birth rate increased from week of pregnancy) have been examined, as well as 9%о to 11.6%, the percentage of pregnancy loss 245 normal children of school age, and 30 children, decreased from 7.6±0.5 to 3.8%±0.2 (р≤0.05). whose mothers are professional sportswomen. In the presence of this background the Anthropometric data, developmental values and increase has been revealed concerning Apgar-1 family’s fi nancial position were analyzed. Moreover, andApgar-2 values of functional maturity in newborns of 54 practically normal infants at the age of 17-72 Kurgan; in 1998 these values amounted to 7.21 ±0.09 and weeks have been examined, and 67 children with 8.35 ±0.07 points, respectively, and in 2009 they growth and developmental deviations, associated with reached 7.35 ±0.07 and 8.63±0.06 (р≤0.01). This the pathology of pregnancy, delivery, with hereditary increment occurred through continuing deceleration diseases, and being educated at infant’s home. of children body growth rate (Fig. 3). That is to say,

Fig. 1. The plot of Apgar-1 value against head circumference in normal newborns

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 22 Medical sciences

Fig. 2. The dynamics of longitudinal sizes of women-in-labor’ body on a basis of 18-year-old age achievement

Fig. 3. The dynamics of head circumference decrease and recovery of Apgar-2 value in children with respect to the level of 1988 the increase of birth rate and development rate took in the group of mothers, who were not sportswomen, place at the expense of body growth deceleration. was 35.2±0.07 cm on the average, in women going in Hence, the decrease of body sizes is a form of for sport – 34.4±0.3 cm (р£0.05). However, children adaptation under the conditions of nutrition quality in sportswomen are born with higher Apgar-1 value worsening, which contributes to the recovery of (7.6±0.05 and 8.2±0.11 points, respectively, (р£0.001). functional development level in children and to that The level of school progress of sportswomen’ children of population reproductive potential. in the fi rst form was 13% higher. This advantage in We tried to analyze the cases of differently development rates was gradually lost by the end of directed dynamics of head growth rate and brain primary education. development. Gender-related differences represent In children with CNS pathology, who were the fi rst exception. In girls head size is 1.3% less, and abandoned by their parents, after birth longitudinal Apgar-1 and Apgar-2 values are unreliably higher sizes and body mass were decreased in comparison (1.3% and 2.3% higher, respectively). with normal children of the same age. Normally the The second exception is represented by height of a 3-years-old child is 91.7 ±0.8 cm and body professional sportswomen. In sportswomen body mass – 13.6±0.2 kg, while in case of developmental mass is relatively less (Quetelet index is 0.37 and 0.44, retardation it is 82±0.9 cm (89%, р<0.001) respectively). Probably, a motor dominant is able to and 10.6±0.2 kg (78%, p<0.001), respectively. have a negative effect on a gestational one, to lead Myocardium mass in control and experimental groups to limitations in meeting fetal needs, to deceleration was 37±1 g and 34.4±1 g, respectively. At the same of its growth rate. Head circumference of newborns time, myocardium mass correlated with body mass

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 23

Fig. 4. Age-related dynamics of heart relative mass of the subjects examined in control (open circles) and experimental (full circles) groups was higher in the subjects examined in experimental References group with growth and development retardation 1. Kupriyanov V.V. A contribution to dialectical (Fig. 4). Such a dynamics makes it possible to hope determination of «growth» conception (in Russian) // that in children of experimental group making up for Vestn. AN SSSR. – 1974. – № 5.– P. 34-41. growth rate may occur provided timely creation of 2. Nikitiuk B.A. The factors of organism growth favourable conditions. and morphofunctional maturation (in Russian). – M.: Тhus, when quality of life moves up to another Nauka, 1978. – 144 p. level under the conditions of economic crisis, dragged 3. Tumanian G.S., Martirosov E.G. Consti- on for many years, the restoration of women’s tution and sport (in Russian). – M.: FiS, 1976. – reproductive function and newborns’ functional 239 p. maturity is realized at the expense of adaptation, 4. Shchurov V.A., Kuznetsov A.P., Kholod- connected with the decrease of organism metabolic kov V.A. The infl uence of well-being on growth, de- needs by decreasing its growth rates, thereby resulting velopment of children and on health of population in body mass reduction. That kind of process direction (in Russian). – Kurgan: Izd-vo Kurgan. universiteta, stands in opposition to the tendency towards perishing 2008. – 170 p. the population of country regions. The regularity 5. Child Ch.M. The origin and development of revealed (birth rate rise through body size decrease the nervous system from a physiological new point. – for protein-calorifi c defi cient diet) refl ects general Chicago, 1921. biological principle of species preservation in 6. Shevtsov V.I., Shchurov V.A. Gradient cra- stabilization of unfavourable external factors of life. nio-caudal des resources de regeneration des mem- Conclusion bers inferieurs // Rev. Chir. Orthop. – 2003. – Vol. 89, The tendency towards restoration of women’s № 10. – S. 43. reproductive function in the last century is not so much connected with changes in life quality of The work was submitted to international population as with the population’s adaptation to scientifi c conference «Fundamental and applied the social-and-economic conditions created, which research in medicine», France (Paris), 15-22 has specifi cally manifested itself in deceleration of October 2010, came to the editorial offi ce on natural longitudinal body growth. 12.08.2010.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 24 Medical sciences

Short Report

COMPLEX DIAGNOSTICS V.P.Rivkin, 2006 and based on morphological analysis IN PATIENTS WITH COLONIC of biopsy specimens of colonic mucosa. POLYPS AND POLYPOSIS For diagnostic purposes all examined patients undergone complex clinical-instrumental examination, Navruzov S.N., Sapaev D.A., which included endoscopy, X-ray examination, Mamatkulov Sh.M., Sapaeva Sh.A. including virtual colonoscopy (VC) multispiral Republican Coloproctology Research computed tomography (MSCT) using the device of Center, Tashkent Medical Academy PHILIPS. There were also performed clinical blood and urine tests, as well as biochemical blood assay. Genetic part of the survey has been done in 64 Diagnostics and treatment of colonic polyps patients with different forms of polyps and polyposis and polyposis are the issue of today due to steady and in 20 healthy volunteers with unburdened genetic growth of the number of new cases. Most of background. researchers adhere to the opinion, that polyps are Genetic research has been done in collaboration precancerous condition and tumors go through long with the Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics stage of adenomatous polyp and 95% of malignant at the Institute of Genetics and Embryology of tumors develop from adenomatous polyps, and their Uzbek Academy of Sciences. DNA from the tissue removal is the way to prevent cancer [3, 9, 10, 13, specimens has been isolated using Wizard Genomic 15, 19]. At the same time, regardless to surgical and DNA Purifi cation Kit (Promega, США) following conservative treatment the recurrences of the disease, the producer instructions. For PCR-amplifi cation of complications leading to severe suffering of patients fragments of the genes being analyzed the appropriate and hesitance in curability of it are quite frequent primers have been used. [1, 4, 11, 18, 20, 25, 28]. This is related to different Results factors, amongst which the genetic predisposition to The age of patients ranged from 14 до 78. There development of colonic polyps and polyposis (CPP) were 111 (60.7%) males and 72 (39.3%) females and colonic cancer is believed to be one of the most (Table 1). Ratio of males and females made 1.54:1. important [5, 6, 8, 14, 26, 27]. Duration of disease varied in wide range. In the context of the modern diagnostics of Duration from 1 month to 1 year was in 36 (16,7±2,9%) colonic polyposis, prognostication of malignization patients, from 1 to 2 years – in 65 (35,5±3,5%), from 2 of polyps and choice of adequate surgical tactics, to 3 years – in 32 (17,5±2,8%), more than 5 years – in and issues of complex diagnostics of the disease 34 (18,6±2,9%) patients. Duration of the disease up to on different levels of health care system, including 1 year was mainly in patients with solitary polyps and rational use of modern diagnostic methods are juvenile form of diffuse polyposis, from 1 to 2 years – important issues. in patients with hyperplastic form, 2-5 years – with Objective adenomatous and adenopapillomatous form. Development of diagnostic and prognostic Solitary polyps are found in 52 (28,4±3,3%), criteria of severity of the disease and the risk of multiples – in 45 (24,6±3,2%), diffuse colonic malignization of colonic polyps for health care polyposis – in 71 (38,8±3,6%) patients, out of them institutions of different levels, using modern diagnostic Peuta-Jeghers syndrome was found in 13 (7,1±1,9%); methods (virtual colonoscopy, methods of molecular in 15 (8,2±2,0) patients malignant polyposis of colon genetics). has been found. Materials and methods By the level of dissemination of polyps the There are analyzed the diagnostic and treatment patients are distributed as follows: distal lesions in outcomes of 183 patients with colonic polyps and 135 (73,8±3,3%), left part of colon in 18 (9,8±2,2%), polyposis treated at the Republican Coloproctology subtotal in 7 (3,8±1,4%), total in 23 (12,6±2,5%) Research Center (RCPRC) and Republican Oncology patients. Mild cases were found in 62 (33,9±3,5%) Research Center (RORC) of the Ministry of Health of patients, moderate – in 78 (42,6±3,7%), severe – in 43 Uzbekistan in 1998-2008. (23,5±3,1%). The diagnosis of colonic polyps and polyposis Distribution of patients by forms and stages has been made based on the outcomes of clinical- of diffuse polyposis of colon: proliferating diffuse instrumental and laboratory tests based on the polyposis has been found in 35 (19,1±2,9%) classifi cation of V.D. Fedorov, 1983. patients, out of them I (hyperplastic) stage – in Forms and stages of the diffuse colonic polyposis 25 (13,7±2,5%) patients, adenomatous – in 78 were differentiated in line with recommendations of (42,6±3,7%), adenopapillomatous polyposis – in 54 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 25

Table 1 Distribution of patients by sex and age, n=183

Males Females Total Age of patients, years abs. % abs. % abs. % Under 20 5 2,7 4 2,2 9 4,9 20-29 26 14,2 20 11,0 46 25,2 30-39 15 8,2 4 2,2 19 10,4 40-49 21 11,5 21 11,5 42 23,0 50-59 24 13,1 20 11,0 44 24,1 60 and older 20 11,0 3 1,5 23 12,5 Total 111 60,7 72 39,3 183 100,0 Average age 43,7±1,45 39,7±1,56 42,2±1,08

(29,5±3,4%). According to publications data while gastric manifestations (Table 2). The most frequent making biopsy it is important to pay attention to symptoms were: melena (65,6±3,5%), general the technique of sampling and histological sections weakness (59,6±3,6%), abdominal pains (28,4±3,3%), preparation [1, 7, 15, 18, 21, 31]. While biopsy weight loss (24,6±3,2%), anal pains (16,4±2,7%). sampling during colonofi berscopy, it is important to Amongst the complications the most frequent make electroscission at polyps peduncle with minimal ones were hemorrhages (36.6±3.6%), hemorrhagic traumatizing of its rest parts. While taking a sample anemia (29,0±3,4%), abdominal pain syndrome the excisions has to include the end, peduncle and base (27.9±3.3%) (Table 3). of the polyp. The main clinical features of polyposis Molecular-genetic research helped to fi nd included symptoms of intoxication, extraintestinal and out, that the diffuse colonic polyposis syndrome is

Table 2 Main clinical manifestations of colonic polyps and polyposis, n=183

Number of patients Claims абс.% Intestinal manifestations: – melena 120 65,6±3,5 – abdominal pains 52 28,4±3,3 – bleeding 67 36,6±3,6 – presence of pus and mucus 16 8,7±2,1 – tenesmus 11 6,0±1,8 – meteorism 8 4,4±1,5 – diarrhea 2 1,1±0,8 – constipation 2 1,1±0,8 Intoxication symptoms: – general weakness 109 59,6±3,6 – weight loss 45 24,6±3,2 – dizziness 17 9,3±2,1 – dry mouth 2 1,1±0,8 Extraintestinal manifestations: – anal pains 30 16,4±2,7 – prolapse of polyps during defecation act 9 4,9±1,6 – availability of formation in anal part 4 2,2±1,1 – liquid stools and gas incontinence 3 1,6±0,9 Gastric manifestations: – appetite loss 8 4,4±1,5 – nausea 2 1,1±0,8 – vomiting 2 1,1±0,8

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 26 Medical sciences

Table 3 Complications of the underlying disease in patients with colonic polyps and polyposis, n =183 Number of patients Complications Abs. % Bleeding 67 36.6±3.6 Hemorrhagic anemia 53 29.0±3.4 Abdominal pains symdrom 51 27.9±3.3 Chronic colonic obstruction 18 9.8±2.2 Malignization 15 8.2±2.0 Cachexy 9 49±1.6 Strictures 9 4.9±1.6 Acute colonic obstruction 8 4.4±1.5 Pericolic abscesses 5 2.7±1.2 Perforations 2 1.1±0.5 Paraproctitis 1 0.5±0.5 caused by germinal mutation of the suppressor gene and total affection of colon – mutations were found in of the tumor – APC (Adenomatous polyposis coli). all examined patients (100.0±0.0%). Also if in absence Besides, APC has the oncogene function, because of mutations there were mainly affected distal parts of some mutant forms of APC not only lose their normal colon, polyps were of small size and no complications function, but become able to fi x and inactivate normal of the underlying disease were found, in patients with APC protein. Occurrence of the somatic mutation in a mutations there was found subtotal and total affection normal allele leads to inactivation of both alleles and of colon, with polyps in shape of “bunch of grape”, big occurrence of sporadic colorectal cancer cases [5, 6, size polyps on the fl at base. In patients with mutations 8, 14, 16]. in APC gene, especially those with Peuts-Jeghers Out of 64 genetically tested patients mutation syndrome, there was found total affection of colon in APC gene has been found in 51 (79.7±5.0%), in with development of constrictions, malignization, such a case, the frequency of its occurrence depended polyps in shape of “bunch of grape”. Quite frequently on the form of the disease. In 5 patients there were there was noted cachexy, posthaemorrhagic anemia. solitary, in 15 – multiple and in 44 – diffuse polyps, All the abovementioned indicate that molecular- and out of the latter the Peuts-Jeghers syndrome was genetic testing has to be included to the compulsory found in 11. In 16 patients there were found distal, in diagnostic complex of testing in cases of colic polyps 8 – left side, in 6 – subtotal and in 34 – total affection and polyposis. It will allow to improve the results of colon. Status of 10 patients was qualifi ed as light, of surgical treatment, facilitating choice of adequate 20 patients – moderate, and in 34 patients as severe. operative tactics. In patients with mutations in APC 27 patients have undergone different operations on gene (mainly in cases of Peuts-Jeghers syndrome) the occasion of multiple polyps and polyposis. In there was also found affection of upper parts of gastro- 27 patients there were found concomitant diseases intestinal tract and gallbladder with polyps. (cardiovascular, lung, liver, gastro-intestinal tract and According to results of ultrasound scanning in 2 endocrine system). In 9 patients there was revealed out of 11 patients with Peuts-Jeghers syndrome there malignant polyposis. were found polyps of gallbladder (Picture). Availability of mutations of АРС gene made During colonofi berscopy and irrigography in signifi cant infl uence on the course of the pathologic patients without mutations in he gene there were process. Thus, there were no mutations of APC gene found mainly lesions of distal parts of colon, while in found in patients with light course of disease. In patients with mutations in the APC gene there were patients with moderate and severe course the frequency found the signs of toxic dilatation, stricture, fi lling of mutations made 85.0±8.0% and 100.0±0.0% defects and “bovine eye” syndrome. accordingly. There is also revealed the connection Thus, in patients with multiple and diffuse between the frequency of mutations and the extent of polyposis, especially those with family polyposis the pathologic process: in cases with distal and left and Peuts-Jeghers syndrome the APC gene mutations side spread of polyps the frequency of mutations was are found with high frequency (up to 100%) There is 56.3±12.4 и 75.0±15.3%, whereas in cases of subtotal defi nite connection between availability of mutations EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 27

in APC gene and inherited predisposition, course of and diagnostic preciseness – 53,6; 70,3 и 80,7%, in the pathologic process, its extent of spread, clinical cases of size of polyps up to 1 mm, 1-7 mm, 8 mm and manifestations and complications. higher – accordingly. The method of course requires Discussion of the results and justifi cation of thorough preparation of the patient, full cleaning of the complex diagnostic’s algorithm colon. Quite often there are noted false-positive results The main screening principles are based on 3 and impossibility of morphological diagnostics. One principles: while making decision on the method and can speak about successful colonofi berscopy only time of starting the screening the family and individual in case of reaching by the device to head of blind risk factors have to be evaluated; physician has to colon. However if there is a stricture and colon recommend the further examination in case of positive deformation, the diagnostic possibilities and value of results of screening; patient has to be informed about the method are signifi cantly reduced. At the same both positive and negative sides of each test, in order time colonofi berscopy does not provide information to make informed choice. about the internal structure of polypoid formations One of the most accessible screening methods and does allow identifying the depth of invasion of is occult blood feces analysis. However, according to the malignant tumor to the colic wall, its invasion to literature [2, 3, 4, 15, 16, 19], its sensitivity in patients neighboring organs, as well as about the condition of with colic polyps and polyposis does not exceed 50%. regional lymphatic nodes. According to our data it is between 0 and 17.6%, Since 1994 for diagnostics of colonic lesions depending on the size of polyps: 0-1% in polyps there is successfully used non-invasive method VC, up to 1 mm, 8-17% – in polyps from1 to 7 mm, and based on analysis of multiple sections, obtained using 17.6% – when the diameter of polyp is more than 8 CT scan [22, 23, 27, 30, 31, 33, 32, 34, 35, 36]. Our mm. Besides the specifi city of this method, according results have shown, that in cases with polyps size less to our data, is 7.2% in polyps with diameter of 1-7 than 1, 1-7 mm, 8 mm and more the sensitivity of VC mm, and 11.3% in cases when diameter iss 8 mm and makes respectively 75-80, 100 and 100%, specifi city – bigger. The diagnostic accuracy is 1% in diameter of 85,1; 98,6 and 100%, diagnostic accuracy – 95,3; 100 the polyp up to 1 mm; 3% if diameter is 1-7 mm, and and 100%. At the same time, this method cannot allow 9% if diameter is 8 mm and higher. to receive biopsy material from lesion focus and make The other widely used method - sigmoidoscopy, morphological investigation. exceeds in its sensitivity the previous one. In polyp While developing the algorithm of the complex sizes up to 1 mm, 1-7 mm, 8 mm and more it constitutes diagnostic of polyps and polyposis we proceeded from accordingly 3-8, 18-31 and 58,2%, specifi city of this the following principal requirements: method is – 2,1; 22,4 and 61,5%, and diagnostic value – 1. All levels of the health care system have to be 4, 18 and 31%. From the other side sigmoidoscopy involved to the complex diagnostic process – primary in cases of big polyps and strictures does not allow health care (GPs at rural doctor’s stations and city examining the small intestine and colon fully, besides family polyclinics), secondary care facilities (central it is quite painful procedure, which frightens patients. rural and town polyclinics and hospitals), tertiary care Colonofi beroscopy is the third by its information (regional and republican specialized coloproctology value instrumental method. [12, 15, 20, 24, 28, 29]. centers). According to our data sensitivity of this method makes 2. Available diagnostic methods have to be 28-42, 60-70 и 87,5%, specifi city – 58,3; 64,5 и 90,1%, applied taking into account both the level and

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 28 Medical sciences possibilities at health care facilities, as well as the disease severity and colic polyp’s malignization risk individual patient’s condition. levels. We developed the complex of diagnostic and 3. Complex diagnostics has to help to divide prognostic criteria for evaluation of severity of disease patients into groups, according to severity and and malignization risk for different level health care spreading of the process, which identify the tactics facilities (Table 4). of surgical and rehabilitation treatment. In this aspect While developing the complex we identifi ed at the identifi cation and forecasting of malignization of fi rst the 4 risk groups for malignization – minimal, polyps is crucial. moderate, signifi cant and high, based on the need Based on the results of our long-term observation to apply different surgical tactics in each of them. and analysis of global experience, as well as taking There were developed main clinical criteria for into account the abovementioned requirements, identifi cation with special focus on number and size we divided the patients into 4 groups, based on the of polyps, as well as their minute structure.

Table 4 Complex of diagnostic and prognostic criteria to identify the severity of disease and malignization risk of colic polyps Number and sizes Clinical criteria Histology Diagnostic methods of polyps 1 group – minimal risk of malignization Clinical signs: blood in feces, Solitary polyps with Adenomatous and Primary health care facili- anemia, possibly tenesmus size no more than villous polyps are ties: «hemoccult test», and dropping out polyps 5-8 mm, prevailing Secondary health care facili- during defecation act, family up to 10 units, ties (surgical depatrments): anamnesis, general symptoms rectum is affected + oesophagogastrodude- (anemia, weight loss, abdomi- more frequently nofi beroscopy, anoscopy, nal pain, anal pain etc.) rectoscopy, biopsy 2 group – moderate risk of malignization Pathologic discharge and Multiple polyps with Proliferation, hy- Secondary and tertiary frequent liquid bloody stools, size no bigger than perplastic stage of health care facilities (proc- in combination with abdomi- 15 мм, up to 50-100 polyposis tology units): Oesophago- nal pain and meteorism, post units, more frequent- gastroduodenofi beroscopy, hemorrhagic anemia, possibly ly rectum and distal colonofi beroscopy, biopsy, tenesmus and drop-outs of part of sigmoid preferably virtual colonos- polyps during defecation act colon is involved copy 3 group – signifi cant risk of malignization Pathologic discharges, Diffuse polypo- Adenopapillo- Republican coloproctol- frequent fl uid bloody stools, sis, initial stages matous stage of ogy and oncology centers: combined with abdominal of Peuts-Jeghers, diffuse polyposis oesophagogastroduode- pain, meteorism, post hemor- Trucot, Gardner with proliferation nofi beroscopy, colonofi - rhagic anemia, and cachexia syndromes, polyps and dysplasia foci beroscopy, biopsy, virtual no bigger than 15-30 in epithelium of colonoscopy, preferably mm, 100-500 units, polyps with vari- molecular-genetic research affection of rectum ous manifestation (APC, PCR) and colon degrees 4 group – high risk of malignization Young age, family predispo- Total diffuse colic Peuts-Jeghers Republican proctology and sition, presence of pigment polyposis, intestinal polyps with oncology departments and and lentiginosis spots on the polyposis (Peuts- malignization or centers, oesophagogastrodu- red border and hand fi ngers, Jeghers, Trucot, transformation of odenofi beroscopy, colono- enteric manifestations, anemia Gardner syndromes) carcinoma in situ fi beroscopy, biopsy, virtual and cachexy into adenocarcino- colonoscopy, oncomarkers: ma within mucosa carcinoempryonal antigen, and myenteron molecular-genetic tests (АРС, PCR)

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical sciences 29

For each risk group there were identifi ed ina E.L. et. al. // Medical Genetics. – 2005. – № 6. – diagnostic methods, relevant to the specifi c health P. 263. care facility to ensure continuity in the process of 6. Anichkov N.M., Kvetnoy I.M., Kon- examination of patients on all levels – from primary ovalov S.S. Biology of neoplastic growth (molecular- up to tertiary one. It facilitates timely send patients medical aspects). – Sanct-Petersburg, Prime Euro- to the relevant facility – starting from family doctors Sign, 2004. and ending by the level of specialized proctology and 7. Aruin L.I., Kapuller L.L., Isakov V.A. Mor- oncology centers. Special emphasis has been done phological diagnostics of diseases of stomach and in- in the groups of moderate and especially high risk testine. – Мedicine, 1998. – P. 412-450. groups for use of the most up-to-date methods – virtual 8. Babin V.A., Mushkin O.N., Dubinin A.V. Mo- colonoscopy (VC) and PCR. 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Is it possible to reduce colorec- of patients with colic polyps and polyposis requires tal cancer morbidity // Attending doctor. – 2003. – improvement of screening and diagnostics system № 2. – P. 31-34. on all levels of health care system – starting from 12. Pobedinskiy A.A. The role of colonos- GPs and ending by coloproctologist and oncologists copy in diagnostics and treatment of colonic pol- working at republican specialized centers – through yps // Adaptation-compensation mechanisms of identifi cation of risk groups on the basis of both regulation of body functions in the modern environ- severity and malignization risk criteria. ment conditions: International conference. – Gomel, 2. In order to make effi cient choice of the best 2000. surgical tactics in patients with colic polyps and 13. Portnoy L.M. 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Diagnostics of precancerous diseases and can be recommended for wide implementation in initial forms of colic cancer at pre-admission stage // health care facilities of all levels. Problems of Coloproctology. – Мedicine, 2002. – References P. 502-507. 1. Abdullakhodjaeva M.S. Modern approaches 16. Adler G., Fiocchi C., Vorobiev G.J., Laseb- in research of pathology and pathogenesis of the main nik L.B. Infl ammatory Bowel Disease-Diagnostic disease of human: Commencement address. – Tash- and Therapevtic Stratigies // Falk Symposium 154. – kent, 2007. – P. 6-8. 2007. – P. 237. 2. Agapov M.Y., Khamoshin A.V. Screening 17. Akemi Ito. Indications and limitations of en- of colorectal cancer: Methodic elaboration for physi- doscopic surgery on colorectal tumors Digestive En- cians. – Vladivostok, 2002. – 28 p. doscopy. – 2000. – Vol. 12. – P. 16. 3. Axel E.M., Davydov M.I., Ushakova T.I. 18. Belous Т.А. Pathomorphology of precancer- Malignant neoplasms of gastro-intestinal tract: ous conditions of colon // Russian J. Of Gastroenter- main statistical indicators and trends // Modern ology, Hepathology and Coloproctology. – 2002. – oncology. – 2001. – № 4. – P. 141-145. № 4.0. – P. 50-56. 4. An V.K., Rivkin V.L. Urgent proctology. – 19. Bond J.H. Polyp Guideline: diagnosis, treat- Medicine, 2002. ment, and surveillance for patients with colorectal 5. Analysis of somatic K-ras mutations in colon- polyps // Amer. J. Gastroenterol. – 2000. – Vol. 95, ic polyps // Sazonova M.A., Vaganov Y.E., Korchag- № 11. – P. 46-54.

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20. Bories E., Pesenti C., Monges G., Lelong B., polypoid neoplasma // Ann. J. Gastroenterol. – 2005. – Moutardier V., Delpero J.R., Giovannini M. Endo- Vol. 100. – P. 2174-2179. scopic mucosal resection for advanced sessile ad- 29. Endoscopic mucosal resection for colonic enoma and early-stage colorectal carcinoma // Endos- non-polypoid neoplasms / Ning-Yao Su, Chen-Ming copy. – 2006. – № 38. – P. 231-235. Hsu, Yu-Pin Ho et al. // Amer J. Gastroenterol. – 21. Cherkasov M.F. Opportunities of screening 2005. – Vol. 100. – P. 2174-2179. method in colorectal cancer case fi nding// Actual is- 30. Nakajima T. Problem of total colonoscopy sues of Coloproctology. M.: Medicine, 2006. for mass screening of colorectal cancer // Dis. Colon. 22. CT colonography predictably overestimates Rectum. – 2004. – Vol. 47. – P. 1052. colonic length and distance to polyps compared with 31. Pickhard P.J. Computed tomographic vir- optical colonoscopy / Duncan J.E., McNally M.P., tual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in Sweeney W.B. et al // AJR Am J. Roentgenol. – asymptomatic adults // New Engl. J. Med. – 2003. – 2009. – Vol. 193, № 5. – P. 1291-5. Vol. 349. – P. 2191-2200. 23. CT colonography: accuracy of initial inter- 32. Portielje J.E.A. IL-12: a promising adjuvant pretation by radiographers in routine clinical practice / for cancer vaccination // Cancer Immunol. Immuno- Burling D., Wylie P., Gupta A. et al // Clin Radiol. – ther. – 2003. – Vol. 52. – P. 133-144. 2010. – Vol. 65, № 2. – P. 126-32. 33. Rivera M. Virtual colonoscopy // Gastroen- 24. Endoscopic mucosal resection for colonic terology. – 2003. – Vol. 3. – P. 284-287. non-polypoid neoplasms / Ning-Yao Su, Chen-Ming 34. Rubito C.A. Classifi cation of Colorectal Pol- Hsu, Yu-Pin Ho et al. // Amer J. Gastroenterol. – yps: Guidelines for the Endoscopist // Endoscopy. – 2005. – Vol. 100. – P. 2174-2179. 2002. – Vol. 112. – P. 226-236. 25. Greenhalh T. Basics of Evidence Based 35. Suuzuk K., Rockey D.C., Dachman A.H. CT Medicine / Transl. from Engl. – M.: Geotar-Med, colonography: advanced computer-aided detection 2004. – 240 p. scheme utilizing MTANNs for detection of “missed” 26. Identifi cation of a chromosome 18q gene polyps in a multicenter clinical trial // Med Phys. – which is altered in colorectal cancer / Fearon E.R., 2010. – Vol. 37, № 1. – P. 12-21. Cho K.R., Nigro J.M. et al. // Science. – 1990. – 36. Thornton E., Morrin M.M., Yee J. Cur- Vol. 247. – P. 49-56. rent status of MR colonography // Radiographics. – 27. Khomoutova E.Y., Ignatiev Y.T. Multispiral 2010. – Vol. 30, № 1. – P. 201-18. computed virtual colonoscopy in diagnostics of colon- 37. Virtual colonoscopy: procedure / Kho- ic pathology (Review) // Med. Visulisation. – 2008. – moutova E.U., Ignatieva Y.T., Skripkin D.A., Philli- № 5. – P. 73. pova Y.G. // Radiology – Practice. – 2009. – № 2. – 28. Ming-Yao Su, Chen-Ming Hsu, Yu-Pin Ho P. 21-27. et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection for colonie non-

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Biological sciences 31

THE PECULIARITIES OF FORMING TIPES OF CUTTING DOWNS AFTER COMMON FELLS OF MAIN USING Savchenkova V.A. Bratsk State University Bratsk Russia

In this article discussed the problems of infl uence alive soil coveres for forming of growth after common cut- tings. Marked the groups of buch and grass planting. Received the mathematical models, which describe the dependence a planting coating of forest types of grass plants group of types cutting down. Keywords: growth, alive soil coveres, types of grass plants, natural restocking, forests types, deforestation types.

Field layer infl uences initial stages of Cladonia sylvatia, bearberry Arctostaphylos forming the forest. There have been made uva-ursi L.Spreng, Antenaria dioica L. etc. research at constant and temporary sample are common. plots to learn the dynamics of fi eld layer For the second group Aconitum volu- changes on different types of slashes. The bile Pallas ex Koelle, Calamagrostis obtusata research was carried out with the help of Trim, Crepis sibirica L., Lathyrus sylvestris standard methods with descriptions of fru- L., Maianthemum bifolium, Ramischia se- ticulose-herbascent and mossy-lichen plants, cunda (L.) Garcke, Linnaea borealis L., Pleu- their projective cover, abundance, species rozinm schreberi, Hylocomium splendens, vitality, distributional pattern. In accordance Dicranum polysetum etc. are common. with the fi ndings there’ve been made a com- A group of pratal xerophytes and hylo- parative analysis. phytes was formed in accordance with the Annual observations allow fi nding out classifi cation of A.P.Shennikov (1938) and the dynamics of slash coverage of a group taking into account L.I.Namokonov’s sug- of plants, determine the reproduction prin- gestions (1959). ciples connected with the dominant species In grass canopy of pratal xerophytes and of herbaceous vegetation all plants may de hylophytes there’s a great number of plants assembled in ecological groups. Lashchin- typical to wood and woodside communities. sky N.N. separated groups (elements) based The group of pratal xerophytes and hy- on the structure of pinery fl ora, orient- lophytes in herbal wood formations is pre- ing at phytocenotic behavior, development sented by 45-50 species of higher plants. Ba- rhythm, vitality of a specie in coordination sically their dispersal is connected with the of mainly within Western and Central Sybe- human business activity. ria and with account of pine and birch range. In the group of brook hygrophyte Caca- On the basis of the materials of analysis lia hastate L., Trolius asiaticus L., Impatiens of sample plots there have been separated noli-tangere L., Scrophularia nodosa L., Lili- 6 groups of fruticulose-herbascent vegeta- um pensylvanicum Ker-Gawler, Carex cespi- tion, volume ratio of which refl ects the con- tosa, C. Media R.Br., C. Riparia Curtis and dition of life soil mantle forests of Central etc. are dominated. Angara region: A group of swamp hygrophyte is present- 1 group – forest xerophytes, ed by Spiraea salicifolia L., S. Media, Carex 2 group – forest hylophytes, paucifl ora L., C. Dioica L., Calla palustris, 3 group – pratal xerophytes, Senecio congestus, Parnassia palustris, dif- 4 group – pratal hylophytes, ferent types of Sphagnum and etc. 5 group – brook hygrophyte, Human business activity conduces 6 group – swamp hygrophyte. to meadow vegetation penetration into For the fi rst group such species of her- wood grass formations and also to bascent vegetation as Peltigera aphthosa, temporary disappearance of wood grass veg- EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 32 Biological sciences etation. Human activity doesn’t infl uence Changes of projective cover of forest hand-reared and swamp communities as herbaceous plants at willow herb, grass and they all are mostly poor stand in which tree reedgrass slashes at the age up to 10 years is felling is carried out. In connection with this presented in picture 1. a close research of the fi rst four communi- In pic. 1 we can see sudden fall of ties on different types of slashes has been forest herbaceous plants quantity after fi nal carried out. cuttings at willow herb type of slash (projec-

Pic. 1. Change dynamic of projective cover of forest herbaceous plants at willow herb, grass and reedgrass slashes at the age up to 10 years tive cover up to 1-2%) and complete die-off young stock of willow type of slashes dif- at grass (up to 25% of the total area of fers from reedgrass and grass by less cover- research slashes) and reedgrass type of age and gramineous plant frequency. slash (up to 70% of the total area of re- Approximating data by biquadrate poly- search slashes). nominal gives formula: According to fl oristic composition and – for willow-herb type of slash storied construction ground vegetation in (R2=0,9312) Y = 0,0867·X4 – 2,1901·X3 + 19,718·X2 – 73,922·X + 97,328 ; (1) for herb type of slash (R2=0,9442)

Y = 0,0741·X4 – 1,9292·X3 + 17,856·X2 – 69,51·X + 98,246 . (2)

Coeffi cient of determination allows grass and reedgrass types of slashes up to 10 coming to a conclusion that at willow-herb, years old biological projective cover with EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Biological sciences 33 forest plants 92-94% depends on type and At the age of 10 years gradual recovery age of a slash and 6-8% on other factors, im- of forest types of grass vegetation is seen. pact of which is insignifi cant. The research Green moss is recovered under the canopy showed that it is connected with the increase of meadow grass and tall grass vegetation. of light level after weeding main canopy at Changes of projective cover of forest one go as forest herbaceous plants, growing herbaceous plants at willow herb, grass and under forest stand canopy, are in different ex- reedgrass slashes at the age over 10 years are tent skiophilous. presented in picture 2.

Pic.2 Change dynamic of projective cover of forest herbaceous plants at willow herb, grass and reedgrass slashes at the age over 10 years

It is seen in picture 2 that at willow- in grass- fruticulose story of reedgrass slash- herb, grass and reedgreen slashes forest spe- es 16 years after the cutting. cies recover very slowly. The processes are The projective cover of slashes with the almost the same. Reedgrass types of slashes forest herbaceous plants is up to 20% con- recover with valuable species the most pro- cerning the cover under canopy of cut trees tractedly and weakly – less than 1,0 thous/ at 28 year-old slashes. It is the maximum age ha. It is connected with a strong ramping of of the research, as it’s the period when timber soil level. stockpiling started in the region of Angar. As the research shows reedgrass nega- The obtained math models, describing tively responds to the tree species shading the relation between projective cover with whereupon at the age of 15-18 years its quan- forest herbaceous plants and the age of a tity is falling. There’s no grass vegetation slash, we can get the following formula: growth. A species composition and storied – for willow-herb type of slash construction typical to the slashes remained (R2=0,649) Y = –0,0013·X4 + 0,99·X3 – 2,7554·X2 + 33,036·X – 137,35 . (3) EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 34 Biological sciences

– for herb type of slash (R2=0,8812)

Y = –0,0006·X4 + 0,0413·X3 – 1,0256·X2 + 11,522·X – 47,25 . (4)

– for reedgrass type of slash (R2=0,6638)

Y = –2E – 0,5·X4 – 0,0011·X3 + 0,0822·X2 + 0,6671·X – 0,0783 . (5)

Coeffi cient of determination allows of a slash and 34-36% on other factors. The coming to a conclusion that at grass types of research showed that durable soil ramping slashes up to 10 years old biological projec- infl uences the recovery process. And we tive cover with forest plants 88% depends come to a conclusion that to reduce period on type and age of a slash and 12% on other of growing of economically valuable spe- factors, impact of which is insignifi cant. cies at willow-herb and reedgrass types of And at willow-herb and reedgrass types of slashes additional action is needed for forest slashes – 64-66% depends on type and age recreation.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Biological sciences 35

Materials of Conferences

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPETIES GABA while the intraperitoneal introduction at the OF NEW DERIVATIVE GABA dose of 35 mg/kg during 3 days takes simulated at Grazhdanceva N.N.1, Samotrueva M.A.1, the relations of cell and hymoral immune reactiv- 2 1 ity: the index RHST and titre of antibodies in RPHA Turenkov I.N. , Hlebcova E.B. , raise the indicators of control group more than by Ogyanesyan E.T.3, Codonidi I.P.3 35%. It was revealed the stimulating action of PDЕ- State educational institution of higher GABA to the proliferative process at the organs of professional education “Astrakhan state immune system: the mass of spleen and thymus ex- medical academy”1, Astrakhan, Russia ceeds the control meanings more than by 20%, the number of splenocyte and thymocites more by 60%. State educational institution Therefore, received during the experiment of higher professional education results testify to the presence in new derivative “Volgograd state medical university”2, GABA – PDЕ-GABA – immune stimulating be- Volgograd, Russia haviors, what indicates to the currency of further State educational institution of higher researches by the studying of immune modulating actions of substance. professional education “Pyatigorsk state The work was submitted to the scientifi c in- pharmaceutical academy” 3, terational conference “Fundamental researches”, Is- Pyatigorsk, Russia rael, 10-17 April, 2010. Came to the editorial offi ce 18.03.2010. Nowadays by immune physiologists there was proved the most important role of neuroimmune connections in normal and pathological homeostasis THE INFLUENCE of organism. The obvious interest is caused by per- OF SULFUR-CONTAINING GAS spective direction by the creation of new substances ON MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVEL at the base of structural analogues γ-aminobatyric IN WHITE RATS BLOOD PLASM acid, which have neuroimmunetropic behaviors. In Teply D.L.1, Mazhitova M.V1., this work there are represented results of text tests of 2 immune pharmacological behaviours of new deriva- Trizno N.N. 1 tive γ-aminobatyric acid PDЕ-GABA Astrakhan State University The experiment was carried out at the 48 mous- 2Astrakhan State Medical Academy es of line СВА at the age of 3-4 months. Animals were divided into following groups: control – ani- In organisms during all evolution there were pro- mals, which receive physiological solution and ex- duced protective systems, which are summon to safe periment – animals, which receive PDЕ-GABA at optimal level of self-radical processes, which changes the dose of 35 mg/kg intraperitoneally during three while different interactions. Astrakhan gas processing days. The infl uence of PDЕ-GABA to the cell and complex (AGPC) takes special place among the indus- humoral links of immune answer there were exam- trial enterprises of region. From the sulfur-containing ined at the reactions of hypersensivity of slow type discharges of AGPC, the biggest danger for health of (RHST) and passive hemagglutination (RPHA) ac- population has hydrogen sulfi de, which has expressed cordingly. There also was assessed the infl uence of toxic action to the whole organism. In spite of that fact examined substance to the mass and cellularity of that hydrogen sulfi de has a restoration activity, during immune competent organs. At the series with the its transformation, in the organism there formed ac- RHST and RPHA the examined substance was in- tive oxygen metabolites and there are strengthen the teracted simultaneously with the immunization with processes of peroxide oxidation. red blood cells of sheep, and also with an interval in The aim of our research was to defi ne the one day before and after immunization. Experimen- content of fi nal product of peroxide oxidation of tal work was carried out with the taking into account lipids (POL) malondialdehyde, and also spontaneous of International principles of declaration of Helsinki. ascorbatedepending speed of POL at the plasma of While the comparison of indicators of experiment blood of white rats after chronic inhaler infl uence with and control groups there was used a method of varia- sulfur-containing gas of Astrakhan deposit. tive statistic. Theresearch was carried out at the fall-winter During the experiment there was stated that period of 40 animals of different sex, with the aver- examined substance under the laboratory code PDЕ- age mass of 180 g, which were contained in standard

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 36 Biological sciences conditions of vivarium. The inhalation with sulfur- 63%). The speed of spontaneous and ascorbate de- containing gas at the dose of 150 mg/m3 was car- pending POL became reliably higher at the phone ried out during one and a half of month fi ve days of infl uence independently from the gender of ani- a week 4 hours a day. POL at the plasma of blood mal. Thereby, the results of our research indicate was defi ned spectrophotometrically by the method the breach of balance at the system pre- and antioxi- which is based on the reaction of malondialdehyde dants in animals, what testifi es that one of the dam- with thiobarbithuric acid with the forming of tinc- aging organisms of hydrogen sulfi de is strengthening tured trimethadione complex. of link self-radical oxidation of different structures The analysis of changing the level of malo- of cell membranes and subcellular formations. ndialdehyde showed the increase of contents The work was submitted to the International of this product both in males (Р < 0,001), and females Scientifi c Conference «Fundamental research», Israel, (Р < 0,001). But males have more sharp increase Tel Aviv, 10-17 April, 2010, came to the editorial of level of MDA (by 200%), then females (≈ by offi ce on 18.03.2010.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Psychological sciences 37

INDIVIDUAL RESOURCE OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS A NECESSARY CONDITION OF BECOMING OF PROFESSIONALISM Druzhilov S.A. The Siberian state industrial university, Novokuznetsk, Russia

There is carrying out the analysis of contents of notions, which are used for description of the process and result of becoming and development of individual professionalism. Professional becoming is connected with the de- velopment of personality of human-personality. The development of personality isn’t stop while the mastering of profession by human and while him becoming a specialist. The progressive development of personality is connected with the solving of inside antagonisms and is accompanied by its conversion to more high degree of self-consciousness, which is peculiar to professional. It is possible only while human has the presence of neces- sary individual resource of professional development (IRPD). At the composition of IRPD there are included not only behaviors that guarantees the triad “knowledge-skills-abilities”, but also vital valuable that defi nes inside “picture of World” of human-professional. Keywords: professionalism, professional becoming, development of the person, individual resource of profes- sional development (IRPD).

Professionalism is considered by us as common – of his individual, personality, sub- the behavior of people to carry out complicat- jective qualities, formation of individuality. ed (professional) activity with high effective- The most meaningful here are highest levels ness and quality while different conditions of human – personality and subject. [4]. Carrying out of activity at unfavourable The term “formation” is opened as conditions requires involvement of human’s category that expresses the changeability of existed potential possibilities – resources and things and phenomena – their continuous reserves, which are directed to the compensa- transition into something other, as the notion, tion of unfavourable factors of environment, which characterizes transition condition. and also to the getting of positive result. Pro- While the psychological study of profession- fessionalism reveals not only at achievement alism of human at the category “becoming” of human high production indicators, but also we would single out procedural and resultant at the peculiarities of his motivation, sence of aspects, which are dialectically connected. labour, system of aspirations, value orienta- Procedural aspect is characterized by dyna- tions, relations with the World. mism, constant incompleteness. Becoming Professional becoming can be repre- (as the result) is considered as something sented at the view of two base lines: a) as already appeared, but still very far from the development of activity – of its structure, completion. Let’s make it clear: something totality of ways and means, order of move- that appeared at the base of something and ment of which has target determination; b) it’s developing. While the consideration of as the process of development of human as any line of professional becoming (develop- a professional. At the article there is an ac- ment of activity or human) there is suggested cent to the theoretical analysis of becoming that for such development there is a base – professional by human-personality. Human reached earlier levels of activity, or existent is a biological individual, personality, subject behavior of human. From this there is follow (of labour and life in common) and individu- that becoming of professionalism is possible ality. While the professional becoming there only at the base of human’s existing inside are brought into play all its levels, but degree resources. of their “participation” changes depending At psychological literature the profes- on concrete phases. Professionalization is sional becoming is considered as integral accompanied by the changing of human in phenomenon, which includes not only objec-

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 38 Psychological sciences tive (prestigiousness of profession, its social decrease of such possibilities, which is ac- competitiveness and other social conditions) companied by comparative simplifi cation of factors, but also subjective factors (attitude system’s structure, by increase of irregularity of human to the profession, to himself as to at connections between its elements. The the professional, professional ideals etc). development is guaranteed to each element At the conception of professional becoming of any system and to systems of any kind. (T.V.Kudryavcev, A.V.Suharev) the result Changes occur spontaneously, because while of professionalization is considered as fi nd- the defi nite condition of system (appearance ing by human of professional and social of inside and outside oppositions) they have maturity. Procedural aspect is expressed at no way not to happen. Development is not the comprehension of professional becom- only quantitative changes, but also quality ing as integrate continuous process, which transformations. Therefore regress (to which is the part of life trip of human. Let’s accent belong not only professional deformations, that continuity of this process doesn’t mean but also destructive carrying out of activity) its monotony what was repeatedly noted by cannot be considered simplifi ed as the researchers (heterogeneity of professional process of return to the previous phases of way – E.A.Klimov, V.D.Shadrikov and oth- development. ers; “intermittent” phases – at the transfor- Changes of human occur inevitably, log- mational theory of professional studying – ical, involuntarily at that moment, when at the V.F.Venda). system “human – profession – World” there We consider professional becoming as form antagonisms between requirements of the process and result of interiorization by hu- professional activity and professional soci- man of psychological models profession and ety, on the one hand, and possibilities, abili- professional activity. Psychological model ties, style of activity and communication, ex- of profession includes following submodels: perience of human – on the other hand. While a) model of professional environment; b) the the considered like this professional develop- conceptual model of professional activity; ment changes of human-personality are not c) the model of specialist as of subject of ac- planned by him “events in life”, and they not tivity (totality of images, which refl ect the depend on his will. system of behavior and attitudes of human as Professional development are insepara- member of professional community) [2]. The bly connected with personality one. We share becoming of professionalism of human we U.P.Povarenkov’s viewpoint, according to connect with development of personality at which professional development is continu- the base of his existed individual resources. ation of whole development of human, but at Development (at the scientifi c meaning) the frames of new specifi c situation of devel- is a process of motion from the lowest (easy) opment [5]. And this situation, in our opinion, to the highest (complicated), which realizes is set not only by contents and conditions of inside tendencies and essence of phenomena professional activity, but also by profession that leads to the appearance of new. At phi- in whole as a social institute. losophy the development is considered as ir- It’s common knowledge that individual reversible, directed, logical change of matter characteristics of human (installations, de- and consciousness; at the result of develop- gree of pretension, peculiarities of intellect ment there arises new condition of system – etcю) can not only promote becoming of pro- its composition or structure. There are sin- fessional mastering and creative approach gled out two lines of development: ascending to the labour activity, but also impede it. We (progress) and descending (regress). At fi rst consider that only those characteristics that case there occur expansion and arising of sys- promote forming of his professional mas- tem’s possibilities, complication of its inside tering and are accompanied by progressive and outward connections; at second case – changes in his personality can be put into the EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Psychological sciences 39 earlier singled out by us individual resource isting in this world. First of them – is life, of professional development (IRPD) [1]. The which doesn’t go out the spontaneous con- presence of necessary IRPD promotes hu- nections, in which human lives. In that case man’s professionalization. The shortage of at the system of relations of human there IRPD not only complicates professional be- dominant his attitude to certain phenomena coming of human but also leads to the profes- of reality, but not to the life in common. Sec- sional deformations, destructive carrying out ond way help human out of the frames of par- of activity and to the premature professional ticular; it’s connected with the recognition of aging [3]. value-sense categories. L.M.Mitina orienting Progressive should be considered such at these types of human’s existing describes development of personality, while which two models of development: a) model of pro- happens progressive removal of miscoordi- fessional functioning – adaptation; b) model nations between its separate behavior (and of professional development – creativity and levels), and “generalization” of the system of personality growth [6]. We consider that relations of this personality (using of word these models can be considered at the dy- of V.S.Merlin in respect to “integral individu- namic as the phases (levels) of professional ality”). It’s hard to agree with wide opinion, development. which connects (or indentifi es) professional Professional functioning as adaptation development of personality with professional is determined with oppositions, which oc- self-determination. Self-determination is the cur at the system of “requirements of pro- act of assertion of one’s own position at the fession – possibilities and needs of human”. problem situation. The process of self-deter- Adaptation is considered widely: this is not mination, realization of oneself at the activity only accommodation of human-personality, occurs while any professional way. But the but also accommodation (transformation) achievement by human of professional self- of professional environment that means it’s determination it’s not surely the result of pro- changing according to the requirements of gressive development that leads a personality human-personality. In that case human acts to the opening of its possibilities, to compli- like a subject of labour, emergent to the level cation of its connections with the World. of specialist. Examined level of professional Professional becoming, at the result of functioning doesn’t require withdrawal from which personality becomes the subject of the “frames of peculiar”. The dynamics of labour, characterizes the progressive line of professional life by this model is adaptation, professional development. This is the level becoming and stagnation. on which human has mastered the profes- Professional self-development of per- sional activity and has become specialist at sonality (according to second model of de- his professional sphere. But professional de- velopment) is determined by oppositions velopment of personality doesn’t stop while between “Me-working”, “Me-refl ected” and this. We defend the position, according to “Me-creative”. While the behavior of profes- which for the progress by human the top of sional self-development, human is character- professionalism is not enough the appear- ized by the ability to go out the frames of the ance of subjectivity at professional activity. current of peculiar. This allows to accept in- The necessary (and fundamental) condition side, to realize and value hardships and oppo- of progressive development, reaching of pro- sitions of different sides of professional ac- fessionalism, is conversion of personality to tivity, independently and constructively solve the higher level of self-consciousness. them according to one’s value orientations. The problem of self-consciousness, by We consider that this model of professional S.L. Rubinshtein is the problem of defi nition self-development is oriented to the active of one’s own way of life. S.L.Rubinshtein use of human’s existed individual resource (1940) singled out two ways of human’s ex- (IRPD). The ascent of human by singled out EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 40 Psychological sciences by L.M.Mitina stages of this model (self-de- References termination, self-expression, self-realization) 1. Druzhilov S.A. Individual resource of profes- characterizes the progressive line of profes- sional development // Actual problems of moderm sci- ence. – 2002. – № 4 (7). – P. 269-272. sional development of personality. The result 2. Druzhilov S.A. Becoming of professionalism of such development is becoming of human- of human as realization of individual resource of pro- personality as the subject of life, and his be- fessional development. – Novokuznetsk: Publisher IPK, havior at profession and professional activity 2002. – 242 p. not only become part of his life, but also are 3. Druzhilov S.A. Professional defomations defi ned by the system of his vital values, in- and destructions as the consequence of psychological models of profession and activity // Magazine of ap- side “picture of the World”. plied psychology. – 2004. – № 2. – P. 56-62. If profession stops to put human into 4. Druzhilov S.A. Psychology of professional- the situations that require solving of opposi- ism of the labour’s subject: conceptual bases // In- tions then he should fi nd the senses for his telligence of Russian state pedagogical university of further self-development as the professional A.I.Gercena: Issue 6: Psychologically-pedagogical by himself. The source of self-development sciences. – 2005. – № 5 (12). – P. 30-43. 5. Povarenkov U.P. Psychological contents of is IRPD; it defi nes the vector of personality’s professional becoming of human. – M.: Publisher development or the realization of its poten- URAO, 2002. – 160 p. tials. Professionalism doesn’t except human- 6. Mitina L.M. Psychology of development of ity, and self-development appear itself the competitive personality. – M.: Publishing of Mos- way of reaching and comprehension of hu- cow psychology-social institute; Voronezh: Publisher manity by specialist. “MODEK”, 2002. – 400 p.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Psychological sciences 41

PSYCHOLOGICALLY-PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF FORMING THE PERSONALITY PREPARATION TO THE CREATIVE INTERACTION OF TEACHER AND STUDENTS AT MODERN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS Yakovlev B.P., Povzun V.D. State Educational Institution of Higher professional Training “Surgut state university of Khanty-Mansiinsk autonomus district – Yugra”, city of Surgut, Russia

In the article there are represented the peculiarities of forming the personal readiness to creative interaction of teacher and pupils in modern educational process at the base of personal-oriented approach. There is observed the methodological contents of personal-oriented approach, peculiarities of personality readiness, basic psychologi- cally-pedagogical conditions of forming of personal readiness at the system of education of students. Personality readiness to the creative interaction, the specifi c type of readiness, which doesn’t suppose some special activity, but is a base level for readiness to any type of activity, particularly to the professional activity of teacher, to dif- ferent specifi c types of this activity (cognitive, scientifi cally-research). The analysis of theoretic and methodical literature allowed us to single out the psychologically-pedagogical conditions of forming of personality readiness to the creative interaction of students and pedagogues. Their creative interaction and supplementing of each other will promote the effective self-realization of professional actions and personality manifestations of students at lessons. This will be expressed in that, while the organization of whole complex of conditions the educational process will be carried out more qualitative and effectiveness. Keywords: modern educational process, personality preparation, teacher, student.

In conditions of increasing requirements while creative participation, interaction to the quality of general education school with teacher. should guarantee not only the digestion by Today teacher decides himself what students of defi ned sum of knowledge, but program to follow, what educational me- also development of personality of student. thodical complex to chose. The choice of For this, in the opinion of V.V.Serikov [4], organized forms and methods of education it’s necessary to ensure intellectual develop- is also given to the teacher. Therefore, there ment and personal growth, developing the becomes more actual the necessity in teach- abilities to the strategic activity, creativity, er, who, orienting in the wide educational criticality, meaning of creativity, the system space and different theoretical directions, of needs and motives, ability to self-determi- technologies, could not only take a part at nation, self-development, positive concep- innovative process, but also independently tion I etc. project his pedagogical activity, effectively Nowadays there is more spreading using achievements of such sciences as psy- the conviction that narrowly tactical chology and pedagogy. “subject-oriented or technological ap- Personality-oriented approach in mod- proach” in education should give way ern educational process predetermines to more wide and strategic “personal-orient- double position of teacher – to be simultane- ed or humanistic approach”. Modern school ously teacher of school subject and psychol- needs humanization of educational pro- ogist [3]. From the moment teacher could cess. From then, the reasonability of use in make an educational process psychological, the practice of education and upbringing open origin cognitive possibilities of each of students of personality-oriented student and in correspondence with it build approach, by which one understand for him individual educational trajectory self-development of personality of child of self-development, the effectiveness

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 42 Psychological sciences of educational activity will rise, it will diver- formation of personal readiness to creative sify the educational process, make it more interaction will be: interesting, comfortable, and in the fi nal 1. Readiness of pedagogue for the real- analysis will promote the quality of educa- ization of personal-oriented approach. Per- tion and satisfaction of teacher by his own sonal readiness of pedagogue requires the labour [1, 2]. actualization of development of his psycho- In this connection the big meaning is logical abilities (communicative, organizing, gain by personal readiness of pedagogue gnostic, constructive, refl exive): for creative interaction with students, which – during the communication with pupils is realized in his professionalism and is ex- to accent the attention at the subject of activ- pressed in creative search of new, more ef- ity or relations; fective ways of solving of pedagogical prob- – to instrument the recognition of pupil lems, in ability to adapt to the new types and pedagogue to the difference in opinions, “subject-subject relations”, in aspiration for judgments, tastes, abilities – then commu- self-realization and self-improvement at the nication with children becomes interesting, process of his professional career. spiritually rich; Carried out analysis of researches – not to resort to direct and open assess- allows to make a conclusion that the prob- ment of pupil, while the estimation to use the lem of forming of personal readiness to trick “me-message”, then there is strength- creative interaction is rather actual and is ened the confi dence of student, there is risen examined in different directions, and each his activity and self-appraisal; new round in the development of modern – the appearance of empathic under- education requires the new trying to under- standing of students, respect, benevolence, stand of this problem and of new approach- expression of sympathy for his vital func- es of its solving. tions, to empathize his successes and failures; Accordingly to personal-oriented ap- – to accentuate the uniqueness of his proach, so that student be a full subject of personality’s “I” – then there is risen the sta- educational-cognitive activity, it may be im- tus and self-control of this pupil in the group. portant to realize defi ned psychologically- 2. The transfer of student from the posi- pedagogical conditions at the process of his tion of object of upbringing and education to creative interaction with teacher. While these the subject of self-development. conditions, through the system “subject-sub- This condition will be realized if: ject relations” there is formed active-person- – there is guaranteed the subject-subject al readiness to the self-development [5]. interaction of all participants of educational By the personal readiness to the cre- process. ative interaction of teacher and students we – the creation at the lessons the situation understand psychologically-pedagogical di- of success at the educational activity, which rection, mood for constructive activity, mo- creates the conditions for guaranteeing to the bilization of abilities to the combined active student the positive experience of growing and reasonable skills, which condition the before the group and pedagogue, what stimu- quality of education and effectiveness of lates further self-cultivation of personality educational activity. and is a source of self-development, self- Essential meaning while this will has the education; readiness of scientifi c paradigm about what – interpersonal relations, which suppose place will occupy the personal readiness for the creation at the lessons the mutual under- creative interaction at the educational pro- standing, benevolence and openness. Peda- cess, professional activity. gogue should become true advisor-facilitator, The most important psychologically- who has an authority and respect among the pedagogical conditions that testify to the students. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Psychological sciences 43

3. The creation of situations of person- ment of secret sides of personality. Therefore ality self-development and mutual “creative personal contact of student with high-qual- enrichment” ingenuously at educational les- ifi ed specialist psychologist-pedagogue can sons. This condition provides for: be irreplaceable mean of individual support – the contact between the pedagogue of pupil, if he has a necessity in this support and students through the dialogue, which and has realized that. supposes the equality of psychological posi- 5. The important condition of forming tions of two interacting sides. The situation of personal readiness is control and self-con- of two-side interaction means the active role trol, which plays a role of opposite connec- of all enabled sides. Dialogic interaction tion in the development of personality. The supposes: effective diagnosis of personality should be – reorientation of space of education to based at the information about revealing of the personality sphere of students; personality not in some one, comparatively – “playing and creative” form for the narrow type of educationally-subject activ- creation of situations of personality develop- ity, but in the vital functions, that means to ment with active use of methods of mutual have system-style character. Nowadays the education, mutual control, change of role po- technology of psychologically-pedagogical sitions; control as the system of psychological sup- – the use of means and methods for port begins to work in modern school. The forming of motivation of studying. Educa- base problem consists in scientifi cally-re- tional process is directed to the forming of search skill of teacher to professionally use positive motivation, in its replenishment by received facts for educationally-upbringing the mean of activity of personality itself; process. – the use of problem methods of educa- Proceeding from information stated by tion in the digesting of results of scientifi c us on can say, that the interest to the research cognition, system of knowledge, process of of psychologically-pedagogical conditions getting of results, forming of cognitive inde- of forming the personal readiness to the cre- pendence and development of creative abili- ative interaction in conditions of modern ties of student. educational process testifi es to the actuality 4. One of the conditions of realization of this range of problems. And with it there of personal-oriented education at school can are still not enough examined the specifi c become the organization of psychological components of personal readiness to creative preparation of students and pedagogues. interaction of teacher and pupils to the com- As principle directions of prepara- bined in conditions of educational activity. tion for activity of teachers and students in There have need of renewing the methods of school should be examined and realized the selective formation of psychological readi- methods of psychological support, psycho- ness of future teachers of a school subjects prophylaxis, psychodiagnosis, psychocor- to the creative interaction even during HEI’s rection, psychological consultation, psycho- preparation. logical enlightenment and other methods. Nowadays there is no less important Positive meaning has the generalizing of the problem of diagnostic, development of experience of psychological, professional criterions, means and methods of condition consulting, for example, through the dialog; of personal readiness to creative interaction, carrying out of subject-refl exive trainings; what is necessary for the creation of theory, giving of individual consultative help to pu- and for practical aims – the control and di- pil. The fact is the prevail at the school group rection of readinessm prediction, projecting, forms of lessons, including group games, assessment in the decision of creative tasks, group trainings etc, are more suitable for the situations of subject-subject interaction, spe- training of thinking but not for the develop- cial psychological preparation, guaranteeing

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 44 Psychological sciences the effectiveness and success of educational 3. Selevko G.K. Modern educational technolo- activity and psychical health. gies: Educational manual for pedagogues of HEIs and This whole complex of problems re- institutes of rise of qualifi cation / G.K.Selevko. – M.: National education, 1990. – 256 p. quires further efforts for its solving. 4. Serikov G.N. Education: he aspects of system References refl ection / G.N.Serikov. – Kurgan: publishing offi ce 1. Klaryn M.V. Pedagogical technology in edu- “Zauralie”, 1997. – 464 p. ca1.tional process. The analysis of foreign experi- 5. Yakovlev B.P. Psychic load in modern edu- ence / M.V.Klaryn. – M.: Knowledge, 1989. – 80 p. cational process / B.P.Yakovlev, O.G.Litovchenko // 2. Levites D.G. The school for professionals, or Psychological science and education. – 2007. – № 4. – Seven lessons for those, who teach / D.G.Levites. – P. 16-22. M.: MPSI; Voroneg: MODEK, 2001. – 256 p.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Psychological sciences 45

Materials of Conferences

SPEECH PATHOLOGY Connected with consciousness as a whole, AS INDICATOR OF BIOLOGICALLY speech of person is incorporated with certain mutual DEFECTIVE GROUND OF CHILD’S relation between all mental processes; but the basic and determining for speech is its connection with thinking. INDIVIDUAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL A priori, i.e. without special proofs, it is obvious that FEATURES FORMATION language and thinking are connected with each other. Cherepkova N.V. However correlation of thinking and speech – is a diffi cult enough problem. Its offered solutions were different – from admission of independence and full The concept of mental as process division of thinking and speech to so unequivocal (S.L. Rubinshtejn) is a methodological basis of their identifi cation. Now prevails the compromise understanding and research of mentality’s succession point of view according to which thinking and speech and continuity (continuality) as a whole and it’s any are closely interconnected although in genesis and traditionally selected component (I.M.Sechenov, functioning they are independent realities. S.L.Rubinshtejn, A.N.Leontiev, A.V.Brushlinsky). Specifi c features of children’s with speech Being mediated system of language signs which pathology intellectual development are caused by named (by L.S.Vygotsky) – mental implements, mechanism and structure of speech defect. speech reconstructs all mental processes of person, According to number of authors (R.I.Martynova, reached conscious functioning level. Connected 1973 etc.) in preschool age children with dyslalia are with consciousness as a whole, speech of person is observed to have hypererethism or, on the contrary, incorporated into certain mutual relation with all sluggishness; frequently they have insignifi cant mental processes. general development retardation. Children with Any mental function which represents diffi cult defects of articulation are less active in collective, conscious form of mental activity has certain structural ashamed of speech defect. Their speech frequently and dynamic characteristics. causes sneers of the same age children and critical All mental processes of child – perception, remarks of adults – all this depresses them even memory, attention, imagination, thinking, and more and results secondary changes in character. purposeful behaviour – are formed and develop Irritability, tearfulness, sensitivity of such children with direct participation of speech (L.S.Vygotsky, can be early developed. They cannot cope with bad A.R.Lurija, S.L.Rubinshtejn, A.N.Leontiev). speech independently and, suffering from that, react As L.S.Vygotsky’s, A.N.Leontiev’s, A.R.Lurija’s by aggressive behaviour. and other scientists works have shown, human forms Patients with rhinolalia (cleft palate, cleft lip) are of behaviour, speech, mental functions and abilities observed to have features of emotional experiences are not given to child from birth. They are formed associated with position of such children in collective under decisive infl uence of purposeful perception and or preschool institution. All this easily smooths out training, his life in society conditions. in family by reasonable enough and love treatment Studying human consciousness and emphasizing of surrounding people. Among patients after surgery its connection with activity, in which it’s not just of cleft palate there are people which have graduated appears, but also formed, it is impossible to digress from high schools with honours, entered the postgraduate that person – is a social creature, his activity is social studies, capable workers of different specialities. and consciousness is social too. The consciousness At motor alalia, aphasia, dysarthria – speech of person is formed during communication between defects which have arisen because of central nervous people by speech means (L.S.Rubinshtejn). system organic lesion, – disorders of any thinking N.I.Zhinkin (1966) interpreted speech as one processes are more expressed, than at stuttering of of activity kinds, incorporated in person’s general organic genesis. Specifi ed heavy speech defects activity system. change children’s ways of communication, socially – L.S.Vygotsky (1995) wrote: “All higher mental psychological adaptation, break means and ways of functions – logic memory, voluntary attention, intercourse, reducing intellectual development general thinking, speech – have common mental basis…“ level. Children with expressed speech disorders are “…Central role in higher mental functions construction frequently observed to have mental retardation which as researches displays, plays speech and speech characterized by delayed rate of reception and quality thinking, undoubtedly those specifi c human functions of information processing, that also worsens adaptable which should be, seemingly, indoubtedly labeled as and communication abilities of child. This group products of human historical development”. of children have undeveloped skill of purposeful

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 46 Psychological sciences conditions analyzing of cogitative task, or situation in Therefore, constitutional conditionality of which they are in real life, in its essential elements, organic insuffi ciency of brain allows to defi ne a its important elements sorting out, generalization, belonging to concrete psychic type, concerning to abstraction, control realization and adequately concrete range of psycho-typological continuum. estimation of activity results. There are arise practical Constitutional-typological insuffi ciency of higher diffi culties in planning and adequate choice of problems nervous activity and personality results (under solution, and also during consecutive realization of infl uence of adverse factors) fast intensifi cation and those operations which child will seize, particularly in stabilization of abnormal personality variability “step-by-step” own activity control realization. These of children with speech pathology, from character diffi culties are combined with stability and disorder accentuations to range of borderline abnormal of attention switching that results not only numerous personality up to psychopathy. Thus speech is one of mistakes, but also pseudoneurotic symptomatology as the basic parameters of constitutional – continuous irritability, inactivity, emotional lability etc. personality variability. Our observations and experimental – References psychological researches have shown, that moderately 1. Ahverdova O.A., Boev I.V., Voloskova N.N. expressed constitutional-typological insuffi ciency of Personal and behavioural frustration at children and higher nervous activity and personality, cooperating teenagers with organic insuffi ciency of a brain: the with adverse external factors (social, ecological), Manual. – Stavropol, 2000. promotes negative drift of psycho-typological features 2. Bakunova I.V., Makadej L.I., Pogozheva O.V., from range of norm aside limit of borderline abnormal Cherepkova N.V. Psychological health of children in personality range of organic nature. the conditions of socially-psychological stress. – Stav- Representatives of borderline abnormal ropol, 2009. – 399 with. personality display a low level of compensatory 3. Cherepkova N.V. Psychological diagnostics brain abilities. Quickly formed pathological speech and forecasting of konstitutsionalno-typological in- functional system depresses protective mechanisms suffi ciency at children at preschool age. – Stavropol, and adaptable forms of nervous system reorganization 2004. that promotes development of pathological process and The work was submitted to international further disintegration of central nervous system activity scientifi c conference «Fundamental and applied as a whole. It is shown in chronifi cation of speech research in medicine», France (Paris), 15-22 October frustration and all nervous system as a whole and, as a 2010, came to the editorial offi ce on 15.09.2010. consequence, appears emotional experience of defect, psychological problems of personality character.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Technical sciences 47

RK INNOVATION STRATEGY Sakhanova G.

Under present-day conditions, innovation is a factor that essentially infl uences on the national competitive strength development. A major focus of interest of scientists is paid on the issues to develop science, innovation and structural trans- formations in industry, ensure systematic interrelation of these processes based on measures, state policy and economic adjustment mechanism. Keywords: innovation, strategy, technology.

Kazakhstan became the fi rst country in processes based on measures, state policy CIS, which established a regulatory-legal and economic adjustment mechanism. framework to develop industrial parks net- Japan changed its strategy from the be- works. Starting point for industrial parks ginning of 70th, by commencing developing development is approval of the “Strategy own R&D (research and development) inten- of industrial-innovative development of the sively, focusing on acceleration in the rates Republic of Kazakhstan within 2003-2015” and minimization of expenses on updating of by the Decree of the President N. Nazarbaev. products, modernization of technologies at Industrial parks in Kazakhstan are created all stages of products manufacture. to the benefi t of domestic sales market and A number of countries’ experience (Sin- have clear topical, branch and regional orien- gapore, South Korea, Finland, China, Israel, tation. Industrial parks must solve issues on India etc.) testifi es that accelerated transition creation of informational technologies meet- to innovative model not only possible, but ing international standards, and shall con- can be very successful. For example in Chi- tribute to fullest utilization of scientifi c and na there is a program for R&D support and intellectual potential of the country. Virtually development, which has been functioning all the industrial parks around the world are since 1991 and provides for concentration established under standard scheme adopted of efforts on the set of knowledge-intensive all over the globe, under higher educational industries (microeconomics and computer institutions. However, the scheme poorly science, fi ber-optic communication, genetic takes into account the peculiarities of native engineering and biotechnology etc.) and cre- innovative activities, as the basic mass of ation of new technologies development zones scientifi c and technical work was performed in industrial parks. rather at the branch institutes than at the uni- As to the aggregate index of innova- versities. The present specifi c character must tions, Finland and Sweden became the lead- be considered fully when creating social and ers. Achievements of these two countries are organizational forms of science and produc- above average for EC almost by all six groups tion integration. of particular innovation indicators used to Innovative development of Kazakh- calculate total innovative index (overall, 25 stan private parameters are applied in the Euro- Under present-day conditions, innovation pean innovation monitoring system «Trend is a factor that essentially infl uences on the na- Chart»). Sweden has been holding the fi rst tional competitive strength development. place since 2003. Sweden and Finland are A major focus of interest of scientists is behind EC only by two criteria: university paid on the issues to develop science, innova- R&D fi nancing on a part of private compa- tion and structural transformations in indus- nies, besides, Finland is behind by innova- try, ensure systematic interrelation of these tive activity of small enterprises, and as for EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 48 Technical sciences

Sweden–by dynamics of science intensive ing international standards, and shall con- export. tribute to fullest utilization of scientifi c and Awareness of scientifi c-technological intellectual potential of the country. Virtually progress meaning in ensuring of economic all the industrial parks around the world are growth by the political leadership of these established under standard scheme adopted two countries enhanced this factor in eco- all over the globe, under higher educational nomic policy, which sequentially expressed institutions. However, the scheme poorly in transition from scientifi c and technical to takes into account the peculiarities of native technological and then to innovative policy. innovative activities, as the basic mass of If the government does not make ac- scientifi c and technical work was performed tive stimulating effect on the process, de- rather at the branch institutes than at the uni- velopment of innovative technology is in- versities. The present specifi c character must conceivable. Ruling circles of all developed be considered fully when creating social and countries realized it fully. More than 2% of organizational forms of science and produc- GDP (gross domestic product) is spent on tion integration. R&D in all western countries, and in coun- Kazakhstan enters entirely new stage tries advanced in this fi eld best of all (USA, of its development and there is a great chal- Germany, France, Great Britain, Switzerland, lenge – to create new Kazakhstan in new Japan) the percentage reaches around 4%. world. We need to create a model of econo- Expenses of largest concerns (TNC (transna- my that worldwide leaders are approaching tional corporations)) on R&D, especially in to. The experience of developed countries electrotechnical and electronic, chemical and shows that 70 to 85% of GDP growth falls on automobile industry, as a rule reach 8-12% of new and advanced technology. For this rea- their turnover and 15-20% of their aggregate son, there is an issue of our country’s transi- costs (expenses). tion to the “knowledge-based economy” on Innovation process needs investments the agenda. “It is the only means for Kazakh- at an early state when only idea itself and stan to be far from “gallery”, not to get stuck experiments are fi nanced. If in developed in back rows. We have all the things needed countries this function is assumed by private to be bracketed with leading states, achieve enterprises that participate in R&D and intro- high living standards for our people” [1]. duce innovation into production, then in de- High technologies are the powerful in- veloping countries an entrepreneurial activ- strument thanks to which many countries not ity is not so high. Therefore, a state support only overcome economic recession, but also is specially needed at the initial state to cre- achieve a competitive strength of the country ate small innovative infrastructures (research by fi lling the market with various upgraded centers, industrial parks, incubators). innovative products. That is why manufac- Kazakhstan became the fi rst country in tures are focusing their main effort rather on CIS, which established a regulatory-legal proposing new goods to a consumer than sei- framework to develop industrial parks net- zure of old goods markets and exclusion of works. Starting point for industrial parks competitors out of them. Novelty of goods development is approval of the “Strategy serves as a determinant factor of struggling of industrial-innovative development of the for domestic and foreign market. Both new Republic of Kazakhstan within 2003-2015” and upgraded, improved variants act as new by the Decree of the President N. Nazarbaev. goods at the market. Industrial parks in Kazakhstan are created A basic engine for industrial-innovative to the benefi t of domestic sales market and development must become a private sector, have clear topical, branch and regional orien- a government shall act as an accelerator and tation. Industrial parks must solve issues on initiator in issues concerning economy com- creation of informational technologies meet- petitive recovery and contribution to creation EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Technical sciences 49 and modernization of small and medium en- • a project is commercially attractive terprises by involving them into innovation (particularly an innovation has a potential to processes. grow market niche); There is preserved an imbalance be- • strategic investor existence. tween scientifi c-research and engineering In addition, the Fund provides grants for development in Kazakhstan. A portion of research and development work (RDW), fo- the Research Institute among the research cused to perform research and development, structures reach approximately 45% in our experimental work, ensuring transfer of ap- country, and only 6.4% fall on design and plied research scientifi c work (RSW) results engineering organizations. As to the quantity into production and focused at receipt of of specialists, there are 4 designers and 25 product (pilot sample) with feature of novel- scientists per one pilot-production employee. ty, inventiveness, originality and commercial Everything is vice versa in foreign countries. application [3]. There are 2 designers and 4 pilot-production To improve a public administration sys- employees per one scientist. A portion of fi - tem in the sphere of industrial and innovation nancing (up to 70%) is spent on the applied development and create favorable conditions research in our country and only 8% fall on to ensure economic growth of the state there research and development work. was established a “Fund of sustainable devel- For a while, we have few innova- opment “Kazyna” by the Decree of the Re- tions, we are developing few new fi nished public of Kazakhstan President. products. Rather knowledge, intellect, informa- In the eye of National Innovation tion, innovation that currently is turning into Fund a fi nancial support of Development real factors and standalone products of man- Institutes, transfer of world modern tech- ufacture and services is becoming the most nologies and products of the given branch important assets being formed in the world shall serve as another impulse for further of high technology, informative-network development of food industry. In this re- economy than the materials resources that we spect, a food industry has been defi ned as used to see in former times. one of the priority directions for the Fund’s The National Innovation Fund is estab- fi nancing [2]. lished to increase general innovative activity To increase technologic competitive in the country and to contribute to develop- strength of the native production the Innova- ment of high technology and science absorb- tion Fund makes investments into new and ing industry. existing companies at the initial stage of in- The mission is being implemented novation commercialization (start fi nancing through creation of venture funds, industrial stage) and into companies that need addition- parks and business – incubators, fi nancing of al investments to expand volumes of innova- innovative projects and providing of grants tive products (works, services) and get to the for RDW. international markets (stage of initial and/or As well, the Fund is investing high-tech- quick expansion). nology start-up companies abroad and orga- Principal conditions for investment are: nizing measures raising innovative activity in • investment project meets the priorities Kazakhstan. of industrial and innovative policy of the Re- As early as in 2003 there was declared public of Kazakhstan; a guideline to transfer from raw stuff-based • a project is focused on creation of economy direction to innovation economy a new type of science intensive products with adoption a strategy of industrial-innova- (works, serves), or on increasing of engineer- tive development for the period until 2015. ing level, introduction of new and improve- Such directions as scientifi c potential devel- ment of used technologies; opment, formation of fi nancial instruments EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 50 Technical sciences cluster in terms of venture capital, establish- Weatherford International Company pur- ment of innovative activities entities in form chased 75% portion of WLS (including 25% of industrial parks and business incubators as of shares owned by NIF) due to which the well as development of innovation entrepre- state cleared a profi t amounting to 96.4 mil- neurship have been determined as four basic lion tenge [4]. elements. Thus, innovation process is a powerful If we talk of the priority investment instrument thanks to which we are to over- sectors, then currently up to 60% of Fund come economic recession, ensure its struc- total funds is invested into such directions tural reorganization and fi ll the market with as information technology, technology for various competitive products with high value food industry, oil and gas sector, biotechnol- added. Innovation process is appealed to en- ogy and pharmaceutics as well as alternative sure increasing of country’s gross domestic power energy. In this connection, their being product due to launching the production of in demand at the market and commercial re- brand new types of products and technolo- turn act as projects selection criteria and such gies and development of domestic goods kind of approach has already brought a tangi- sales market based on the same. ble fi nancial result. So, in 2007 the NIF with- References drew from the project focused on manufac- 1. Message from the President of Kazakhstan. ture of innovative log recorders “Geoscan”, «New Kazakhstan in the new world» // Offi cial Ga- zette. Astana. – 2007. – № 1. which was implemented by it together with 2.www.academy.kz. “Well log survey” Company” JSC (WLS) 3. www.nif.kz. in Aktyube oblast. In spring of last year, the 4. http://investkz.com/journals/55/547.html.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Technical sciences 51

Materials of Conferences

THE LOADING – TRANSPORT Contemporary Challenges», Moscow, 16-18 February, COMPLEXES FOR THE UPLAND 2010. Came to the editorial offi ce 14.12.2009. OPEN CUTS OPTIMAL AND EFFICIENT TYPES CHOICE THE NEW WAY OF DIRECION Volkov E.C., Plyutov Yu.A. OF THE COMPLETES The Siberian Federal University OF REVERSIBLE GATED TRANSFORMER Magazinnik L.T. At present, the road transport in complex with the Ulianovsk state technical university excavators or the bucket loaders are being used mainly on the world’s upland open cuts. Its exploitation is Ulianovsk, Russia being characterized by the high level energy content (e.g. by the large fuel consumption), by the cargo Nowadays the way of combined direction of transportation considerable prime cost, by the diffi cult gated completes of m-phase reversible transformers routes, and by the environmental pollution. The aerial at the IGBT, MOSFET transistors and thyristors cable – aerostat transport systems, which will be with an artifi cial commutation is widely used at the able to be provided the complete energy autonomy transforming technics. The realization of idea of of the work by the shortest way over the surface, combined conformed direction is possible without are suggested to be used by us, as the alternative. revealing of not only average, but also momentary For all this, the high work standards and the good components of tension and current at the equalizing performance by the energy effi ciency and the transport circuit, which includes the necessity at the equalizing works ecology will be achieved. reactors both in statistic and dynamic modes of The existing and the suggested upland open cuts’ working of transformer. But it should be recognized transport systems comparison is being carried out by that this result is observed only in condition of the effi ciency measures and the performance criteria, momentary commutation of phase currents. At the which are being defi ned during the mathematical – real schemes of transformers of such type owing economically modeling on the PC. The cargo to fi nal duration of commutations at the equalizing transportation prime cost, the energy specifi c circuits there can develop commutative equalizing consumption, the effi ciency, the reliability indices currents, the limitation of which requires saving at and also the ecological qualities and characteristics the mentioned circuits the current-limiting reactors, are being related to all these criteria. The already but with rather less inductance. Therefore, the developed mathematical – economically model is carrying out of these transformers at the general being provided, as the optimal (e.g. by one effi ciency case can be carried out not only by counter-parallel, criterion), well as the rational (e.g. by effi ciency but also by other known schemes of connection of measures and the performance criteria aggregate) gated completes, which are used while the combined versions. So, the preliminary calculations and the direction for decrease of quantity of mentioned pre-designs have been shown, that the aerial cable – reactors. aerostat transport plants, in comparison with the motor And with it at the transformers of this type for transport have, in general, less its prime cost and the improvement of dynamic and energetic indicators energy specifi c consumption, but and they have less more often use there are ways of regulation at the effi ciency, and also the low level technical availability base of high-frequency methods of modulation with for the service coeffi cient. The loading – transport repeated switching of each valve at the period of complex with the aerial cable – aerostat gravitational network tension begun to receive. While this, the plant (e.g. the cargo transportation distance has been carrying out of two-completed transformer is possible varied from 1,5 up to 8 km in the different transport not only by counter-parallel, but also by cross and as schemes) is the effi cient one for the upland open cuts, it’s called N-scheme of straightening [1]. Therefore it’s having had the annual production rate from 0,2 up to reasonable to spread the idea of combined direction of 2,5 mln. tons and the transported cargoes apparent gated completes without equalizing currents at the rest density from 1,5 up to 2,5 t/m3. The upland open cuts’ of known variants of carrying out of two-completed effi cient transport scheme choice methods are being reversible transformers at two-operating valves developed on the basis of the received and the fi nal independently from the force scheme and accepted results. law of modulation. The work was submitted to the scientifi c all- For it at the general case there is supposed Russian conference «The Science and Education simultaneous giving of unlocking impulses to next

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 52 Technical sciences valves of both of completes, switching of which leads counter-parallel connection of two valve completes, to the connection of the circuit of load with the same one of which has depending on accepted scheme of phases of circuit or repeated winding of strengthening straightening one or several cathodic or anodic valve conforming transformer in the sequence, which is groups, which let go pass the current of load at the pos- depend on accepted ways of modulation while the itive direction, and other complete has equal number regulation and number of switching the valve at the of antiphased to the mentioned valve groups, which let period of line voltage. go pass the current of load at the negative direction. The realization of this way is possible only in The way is differ by its simultaneous independent three variants, subject to the connection of valve com- from the direction of the current load giving of unlock pletes at the strength scheme of reversible transformer impulses to the next valves of fi rst complete and an- (picture). tiphased to the mentioned valves of second complete, The fi rst variant is intended for the use at the which are connected to the same phases of net of sec- transformers, which were carried out at the base of ond winding of two-winding conforming transformer.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Technical sciences 53

The second variant is intended for the use at 21-28 February, 2010, came to the editorial offi ce оn the reversible transformers, which were carried out 07.03.2010. by the cross scheme of connecting of two valve completes, every of which consist in valve groups, which let go pass the current of load at one direction OVERALL INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT with the use of three-winding matching transformer, EFFECTIVENESS which contains two repeated windings, voltage in Matyukhin P.V., Markov V.O., Rabunets P.V. which depending on direction of winding can be at the phase of at the antiphase to each other. This way Belgorod state technological university is differ by simultaneous giving of unlock impulses by V.G. Shukhov Belgorod, Russia to next valves in composition of valve groups of fi rst complete, which are connected to the lead of one Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is one of the repeated winding, and also depending on the of the most important indices refl ecting a degree of scheme of connection of repeated windings of trans- equipment maintenance effectiveness in industrial former or to the antiphased to the mentioned valve enterprises. groups of second complete, which are connected to Most industrial enterprises despite of a character the leads of other repeated winding of transformer, of their production have a problem of low effectiveness the voltages in which change in phase to the men- of equipment operation. The problem is characterized tioned or at the of the same name of mentioned valve by occurrence of everyday losses resulting from groups of second complete, which are connected downtime and unforeseen stoppages of equipment, to the leads of other repeated winding, voltages in speed decrease of product treatment and faulty units which change in antiphase to the voltage of men- manufacture. tioned winding. There is a technique of overall equipment Third variant is invented for use in N-scheme, effectiveness assessment which is considering the which contains three-winding transformer with com- infl uence of the above mentioned losses and allowing bined with the help of reactor average points of two to fully analyze equipment operation both at particular similar repeated windings and two valve completes, procedures and within a framework of the whole the half of valve group of each of which is connect- production cycle [1]. ed to the leads of one, and other half to the lead of The overall equipment effectiveness is calculated other of mentioned windings. This way is differ by by the following technique: simultaneous giving of unlock impulses to the next OEE= readiness × output × quality × 100%, valves in the composition of dissimilar valve groups where: readiness – is a ratio of net production time of of fi rst complete, which are connected to the leads of the item by an equipment to a total time of production different repeated windings, and also to the valves of cycle; second complete, which are in the composition of an- output – is a ratio of actual output to a scheduled tiphase to the mentioned valve groups, which are con- production output; nected into a parallel to the same repeated windings quality – is a ratio of number of quality products of transformers. to a total quantity of manufactured goods. Therefore, offered way of direction in all The analysis of overall equipment effectiveness mentioned variants of carrying out of strength scheme assumes that factory personnel are involved in a leads to the similar positive result – the full removal in permanent monitoring and registration of indices which conditions of momentary commutation of equalizing refl ect current equipment condition and production voltage and current in static and dynamical modes of process. Overall equipment effectiveness is a balanced work of transformer. This behavior allows to guarantee index which allows to optimize production process the combination of qualities of combined and separate resulting in optimal output capacity of the equipment direction, and more exactly to except from the and high quality of the manufactured goods that is, to composition of transformer the equalizing reactors our opinion, of necessity to many industrial enterprises. while the saving of momentary readiness to the change References of mode of work, which removes the possibility of 1. Overall equipment effectiveness: Translation appearance the interrupted current of load. from English; edited by V.Boltrukevich. – M.: Insti- References tute of complex strategic investigations, 2007. – 120 p. 1. Patent of RF N 2173929. The way of direc- The work was submitted to international tion of completes of two-operational valves of revers- scientifi c conference «Prospects for the development ible transformers / Magazinnik L.T., Sidorov S.N. – of university science», Sochi, 22-25 September 2010, 2001. – Published in № 26. – 12 p. came to the editorial offi ce on 17.08.2010. The work was submitted to international scien- tifi c conference «Modern High Technologies», Egypt,

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 54 Economic sciences

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPORT OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES AT THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION Kazarin B.V. Kuban state medical university, (Russia, Krasnodar)

The analysis of almost twenty years’ period of job of educational institution with 50-year-old traditions of job on training of foreign citizens during rather drama period of development of the Russian Federation - in transition from a planned economy to economy market is carried out. Pricing process at training of foreign pupils and its interrelation with process of formation of a contingent of foreign pupils in an educational institution of the higher vocational training is studied. The received materials have allowed to estimate market behaviour of educational institution in the conditions of the competitive environment and to estimate effi ciency of its activity on export of educational services and a role of this kind of job of high school in maintenance of its economic stability. Keywords: higher school economy, market behaviour of educational institutions, cost of educational services, export of educational services, the academic mobility, monitoring of the prices, a professional training for foreign countries.

Nowadays the more and more currency This work correspond itself further de- is gain by the problem of widening the export velopment of published earlier works [1, 2] of educational services of Russian higher about pricing at the HEI (at the example of school as a real contribution to the modern- Kuban state medical institute – academy – ization component of economy. university), and concerns more long period With it, in the opinion of of observing – from 1991 till 2009 year. A.V.Rozhdestvenski, “…one of the global As one see from the table 1, the ap- aims of internationalization of higher edu- proaches to the pricing at the Kuban state cation provides for getting an income. At medical university during the period from its frames the educational services are sup- 1990 year and up to present changed spe- posed at the fully paid base without conces- cifi cally. The initial price of education of sion of state subsidies. Foreign students give foreign citizens in our university there was an opportunity of attraction of extra sources found a price of 1000 of dollars in a year for of fi nancing, and thereby they stimulate uni- one student. versities to realize enterprise strategy at the An aspiration for increase of the contin- international educational market [5]”. gent of contractual foreign students makes

Table 1 The base price of education of foreign students in Kuban state medical university (earlier institute – academy) and some peculiarities of enrolment Year Base price Num- of (of US PECULIARITIES OF ENROLMENT ber enrol- dollars) ment 12 3 4 1 1990 1000 No 2 1991 1300 No Dispersion of prices: 800 $ in a year /Rosintermed/; 945 $ in a year for the citizens of India, Pakistan; tenth “bonus” contract for mediators; specially 3 1992 1300 favourable price 1090 $ for the company MBSU + fi rstly introduced dis- count for the cancellation of dormitory Dispersion of prices: 1090 $ for the company MBSU; tenth “bonus” con- 4 1993 1500 tract for all mediators; the number of special prices 1395-1360 $ for some mediators EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Economic sciences 55

The table 1 termination Year Base price Num- of (of US PECULIARITIES OF ENROLMENT ber enrol- dollars) ment 5 1994 1600 Tenth “bonus” contract for all mediators 6 1995 1700 Tenth “bonus” contract for all mediators 7 1996 1700 Full denial of the discounts to the mediators 8 1997 1700 The same The same + cancellation of discounts for the cancellation of dormitory, 9 1998 1965 separation of living at the dormitory to the independent price, which is added to the price of education 10 1999 1800 The same + separation of living at the dormitory to the independent price 11 2000 1600 The same + separation of living at the dormitory to the independent price 12 2001 1600 Without changes, imposition of 10% of payment of services of mediators 13 2002 1600 Without changes, use of 10% of payment of services of mediators 14 2003 1600 Without changes, use of 10% of payment of services of mediators 15 2004 1715,54 Without changes, use of 10% of payment of services of mediators 16 2005 1808,31 Without changes, use of 10% of payment of services of mediators 17 2006 2088,02 Without changes, use of 10% of payment of services of mediators 18 2007 2473,94 Without changes, use of 10% of payment of services of mediators 19 2008 2736,81 Without changes, use of 10% of payment of services of mediators The cancellation of settling with mediators, concession of a right to inde- 20 2009 2312,42 pendently levy sums from the student The cancellation of settling with mediators, concession of a right to inde- 21 2010 3172,14 pendently levy sums from the student, liquidation of some discounts the HEI to widen the network of mediatory At the table 2 there are represented facts, structures, which work by the enrolment of which characterize annual resumes of enrol- foreign citizens for studying at the commer- ment of contract foreign students in 1990- cial base, simultaneously with it such dis- 2009 years. counts as the discount for the cancellation of The facts at the table 2 are represented in dormitory and “bonus” contract (per se “bar- a form of relative quantities, and at the col- ter” settling for the services of mediator in umns 2, 3 and 4 the results of enrolment in percents) become being permanent. Al this 1998 year are taken in the form of 100 per- allowed in 1993 year to get under way of in- cents, and a column 5 is calculated with re- crease of price of education. gard to the contingent in corresponding to the 1993-1995 years side by side with uni- school year. fi cation of discounts for mediators and their As one see from the given facts, starting decrease, are characterized by the increase from 1990 and till 1992 year there is observed of the price of education. Starting from “explosive” increase of enrolment of contract 1996 year, the university fully renounces the foreign students, and to the 1993/94 school discounts for mediatory structures. There year there is due the maximal number of stu- become effective the principle: “the media- dents, which were admitted to the fi rst course tor is independently levies pay that is due of academy, in the 1994 year the enrolment to him, in the excess of the sum that is due decreases to the indicators of 1992 year and to HEI, and the HEI doesn’t meddle in the remains rather stable till 1996 year, when fi nancial relations between the student and there begins the decrease of this quantity that mediator” [3]. strengthens to the 1998 and further years.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 56 Economic sciences

Table 2 Some resumes of enrolment of foreign student to the fi rst course (1990-2009 years) at the base of contracts The number of Real price General sum that Specifi c weight of con- students, which were of one contract was received tract students among the School admitted to the fi rst at the fi rst by the contracts fi rst-year-students (in % to year course in % to the en- course in % of fi rst course in % all number of fi rst-year- rolment of 1998 year to the 1998 year to the 1998 year students) 12 3 4 5 1990/1991 4,11 61,02 2,51 3,00 1991/1992 31,51 83,84 26,42 40,00 1992/1993 205,48 74,22 152,50 69,00 1993/1994 378,08 67,40 254,81 98,35 1994/1995 212,33 86,58 183,84 97,44 1995/1996 219,18 85,51 187,41 96,99 1996/1997 180,82 99,22 179,41 95,18 1997/1998 156,16 97,42 152,13 98,00 1998/1999 100,00 100,00 100,00 94,83 1999/2000 106,90 98,44 84,76 98,39 2000/2001 106,90 83,16 71,59 96,77 2001/2002 91,38 85,39 62,84 90,57 2002/2003 143,10 80,85 93,17 90,36 2003/2004 110,34 92,03 88,86 92,19 2004/2005 144,83 106,46 114,23 88,10 2005/2006 136,21 128,49 98,08 86,08 2006/2007 139,66 135,15 96,52 85,19 2007/2008 208,62 151,79 153,70 90,91 2008/2009 134,48 116,88 103,86 82,05

The real price (in contrast to base price 2004 there are observed the increase of this is the actual price of contract after the ex- indicator. tension of discounts) of one contract, which The facts, which were given in the ta- was concluded with foreign students that ble 3, characterize the dynamic of changes were admitted to the fi rst course slowly, of all contingent of contract foreign students except the leap in the 1991 year, increases. of Kuban state medical academy and con- During nine years it grew approximately in nected with this some economic indicators 1,6 times, reached in 1998 year some mini- in 1990-2009 years. By its composition it’s mum, then decreased, and from the 2004 analogous to the table 3. At the columns 2, year continued to grow again. 3, and 4 there given the facts relatively to Other character has the change of their quantity in 1998 year, which is taken general sum that was received by HEI by the form of 100 percents. From the table 3 the contracts, which were concluded with one see, that the contingent of contract for- fi rst-year-students. From 1990 till 1994 eign students of academy, starting from 1990 year this sum increases, reaching in the and till 1997 year increases, from the 1994 1998 year the intermediate quantity be- the rate of increase decreases, in 1998 year tween 1991 and 1992 years. In following there is observed the decrease of number of period (1999-2004) the takings of means contract foreign students, and this decrease decreased, and only from the enrolment of continues in the period after default. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Economic sciences 57

Table 3 The contingent of foreign students of contract education in 1990-2009 years and some fi nancial indicators

The number of students, Actual price of one The sum that was received which are taught at the contract by academy by contracts School year academy, in % to the general in general in % by academy in general in % number of them in 1998 year to the 1998 year to the 1998 year. 12 3 4 1990/1991 0,46 70,13 0,32 1991/1992 3,98 96,97 3,85 1992/1993 36,54 85,64 31,3 1993/1994 73,85 77,15 56,98 1994/1995 72,78 93,2 67,83 1995/1996 88,53 91,23 80,76 1996/1997 111,93 94,66 105,95 1997/1998 118,96 93,97 111,78 1998/1999 100 100 100 1999/2000 88,30 100,05 88,34 2000/2001 83,33 90,68 75,53 2001/2002 70,51 96,87 68,27 2002/2003 64,26 91,11 58,52 2003/2004 61,38 92,28 52,80 2004/2005 62,98 102,46 57,07 2005/2006 62,50 140,32 87,66 2006/2007 61,54 142,81 87,84 2007/2008 63,46 158,53 100,55 2008/2009 62,82 135,12 84,84

Thereby, comparing the facts of tables attention the opposite dependence between 1, 2, and 3 one can conclude that the increase these quantities. of the cost of education of contract foreign Represented in this work facts, which students in Kuban medical academy and the characterize the price policy of Kuban state liquidation of discounts for mediatory struc- medical university, show that sharp changes tures leaded to the negative changes of indi- at the sphere of pricing, for the reason of cators of enrolment of corresponding school which there was carried out an enrolment, year and all contingent of contract students can lead not only to decrease of the number in general. While this the decrease of indica- of fi rst-year-students, but also of the all con- tors was found as slow and began to improve tingent of foreign students. The essential part only in 2004-2007 years, but the liquidation while this is acted by stability of contractual of discounts for the mediators in 2008/2009 obligations between the HEI and mediatory and following years leaded to the decrease of structure, which does the recruiting of for- number of foreign students of HEI again. eign students. The diagram 1 clearly illustrates the The questioning of students showed connection between the number of contract that many of them as the negative moment foreign students, which are annually admit- call instability of cost of the contract, which ted to the academy, and real cost of education is noted not only as a change of the price for the corresponding year. There attracts out of enrolment but also as introduced right of

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 58 Economic sciences

the HEI to index the cost of education uni- Informative reference materials by the questions of laterally. This is confi rmed in the work of education of foreign citizens in Russian Federation. S.M.Smolski [4] from the rather successful Goskomvus of RF. – M., 1996. – P. 98-102. 4. Smolski S.M. The experience of Moscow en- Moscow energy institute, at which there is ergy institute by the forming of contract price for the stated the situation of “special importance education of foreign students and by the distribution of saving the base price during the number of means inside the HEI // Educational services of of years, what promotes the improvement of Russian higher school. Marketing. New forms. – M., marketing situation for the HEI”. 1995. – P. 23-25. References 5. Rozhdestvenski A.V. The internationaliza- 1. Kazarin B.V. The teaching of foreign citizens tion of Russian system of higher professional educa- at the commercial base. – Krasnodar, 1993. – 82 p. tion: problems and perspectives // The conference- 2. Kazarin B.V. Questions of pricing while the seminar of pro-rectors by the international activity studying of contract foreign students // Kuban scien- of higher educational institutions of Russian Federa- tifi c medical herald. – 1999. – № 11. – P. 20-25. tion. – M., 2009. 3. Exemplary contract by the activity of selec- tion, direction and education of foreign citizens //

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Ecology and Rational Wildlife Management 59

Materials of Conferences

THE WATER ECOSISTEMS 2002; L.T.Gorbacheva et al., 2006; T.A.Nikitina, IN THE KUBAN RIVER BASIN O.I.Akselev, 2007). (MIDDLE AND LOWER FLOW) The biogenesis of the Azov-Black Sea Basin is exposed to a number of negative factors: Nikitina T.A. – insuffi cient water supply of the natural Кuban Social-Economic Institute – КSEI spawning areas; Belan E.V. – the main rivers of the Azov-Black Sea Basin The Кuban Basin Water Government are overregulated; of Federal Agency for Water Resources – – rivers and seas are contaminated with petrochemicals, heavy metals and other substances; КBWG, Krasnodar, Russia – occurrence of abnormal natural disasters (storms, hail, hurricanes, fl oods and etc). Climate and hydrologic conditions of the Kuban The water ecosystems also largely affected by river basin often lead to fl oods, water loggings, snowmelt and rain water, carrying harmful substances landslides and river erosion. from the residential areas. Wastewater is discharged The largest water loggings in the region affect by dilution directly from the sewers into the surface not only agricultural lands, but also residential areas. water, causing its pollution. Water probes taken from Water logging due to natural and anthropogenic the rivers below the cities of Maikop and Krasnodar, factors leads to saturation of soil by water, and exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations causes disastrous changes in its physical, mechanical, of substances that have an obviously anthropogenic agrophysical and agrochemical properties, as well as origin. Due to that fact, construction of sewage in the vegetation. cleansing facilities is a vital problem for many big The river beds and the coasts of the Black and cities in the Kuban region. the Azov seas are exposed to wave abrasion and Floods on rivers Belaya, Laba, Fars and degradation. Yearly, the sea washes away about 100- Kurjips, which occur at any time of the year, 120 thousand tones of soil landscape; the total loss have also a negative impact on the water ecosystems, of the high-grade Kuban black earth is estimated at as they constantly change the stream beds, lead to river hundreds of hectares. bank collapse and new alluvial formations, which get More than 20% of Kuban’s annual fl ow is overgrown with tree and shrubbery vegetation. irretrievable water consumption, which causes Longstanding hydrochemical studies on insuffi cient water supply of spawning areas in the the water quality revealed a higher content of Kuban lagoons and worsens the hydrochemical phenols, petrochemicals and iron in the rivers. The conditions, already affected by considerable discharge organic content rises from the river’s source to its of polluted waters from the rice fi elds. mouth, due to the developing side erosion in the plain Water conservation zones in the rural areas part as well as the human activities. The main sources are often involved in the crop rotation with the use of river contamination are housing and utility facilities, of herbicide and pesticide weed control, which which discharge about 95% of all polluted sewage. suppresses the aquatic and semi-aquatic fl ora and The contamination degree of the river fl ow can fauna. be evaluated generally as «moderately contaminated Analyzing the data on the catch of migratory and waters». semi-migrating fi sh species in the last ten years, we The work was submitted to international can see that depletion of commercial fi sh stock has not scientifi c conference «Ecological monitoring», Turkey ceased, moreover, a steady trend of further reduction (Antalia), 16-23 August 2010, came to the editorial is being observed (Yu.I.Zaidiner, L.V.Popova, 1997, offi ce on 29.06.2010.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 60 Ecology and Rational Wildlife Management

Short Report

KAZAKHSTAN’S ROLE IN THE of the UN FCCC Kazakhstan declared its wishes to FIGHT AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE take an active part in the fi ght against climate change. Akimbaeva A.M., Mamraev B.B. And in 2000, the Foreign Ministry sent a note to the UN General Secretary, informing of Kazakhstan’s S. Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State intention to undertake voluntary obligations to reduce University, Oskemen, Kazakhstan its greenhouse gas emissions. At the 7th Conference of the Parties of the UN The problem of global climate changes is Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2001, the topic of many international top-level meetings. following complex negotiations on Kazakhstan’s The issue was fi rst stated at the 1st World Climate status, it was decided that Kazakhstan will become an Conference, which was held in 1979. In the 80-ies, the Annex 1 Party under the Protocol, after ratifying the United Nations Environment Program and the World Kyoto Protocol and its entering into force, according Meteorological Organization (WMO) held a number to Article 1, paragraph 7 of the Protocol. on international scientifi c seminars and identifi ed the Since 2000 an inventory of the greenhouse problem using a scientifi c approach. Responding to gas emissions has been yearly carried out in the the growing public interest to the ecology, the series Republic of Kazakhstan, on demand of the Ministry of international conferences led to creation of an of Environment Protection. It should be mentioned Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that Kazakhstan is the only country in Central Asia by WMO and UNEP (United Nations Environment that conducts the greenhouse gas inventory regularly. Program) in 1988. In 2006 in Nairobi, at the 12th Conference of the Kazakhstan’s attendance of the World Summit in Parties of the UN FCCC and the 2nd Meeting of the Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992, gave a kick-start to country’s Kyoto Protocol Members, the year 1992 was set as a participation in all main international environmental base year for Kazakhstan. In 2008, at the Conference agreements: the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Parties in Poland, Kazakhstan declared of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on that it undertakes voluntary obligations to cut its Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the UN greenhouse gas emissions. This step has signalized to Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN the international community that Kazakhstan aims to FCCC), the UN Convention on Biological Diversity reduce the impact of climate change and wants to join and the UN Convention to Combat Desertifi cation. the countries with quantitative obligations on reduction Certainly, signing international conventions and of greenhouse gas emissions. Kazakhstan has informed agreements does not mean an immediate integration the UN FCCC Secretariat that it wishes to discuss a in the world community of global ecological, possible amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol economic or energy security. A real integration during the next Conference of the Parties, which is to requires many further changes in the foreign policy, add Kazakhstan and its quantitative obligations. as well as in internal issues, such as authorities, civil Signing of the Kyoto Protocol and its society, legislative harmonization and development, consequences were a matter of discussion in the infrastructure. Kazakhstan is currently at the republic. In April 2005, this issue was considered by beginning of the second stage of its integration into the Commission for Stabilization of Environmental the international community. Quality chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister of Climate change is one of the global problems that the Republic of Kazakhstan. The commission has causes concerns of many country leaders, scientists, instructed the Ministry of Economic Affairs and politicians and society. Kazakhstan has been a party Budget Planning to explore the possibilities of meeting of the UN FCCC since 1995. On 12 April, 1999, by Kazakhstan its quantitative targets for greenhouse Kazakhstan signed the Kyoto Protocol and ten years gas emission reduction, and report the results to the later, ratifi ed it in March 2009. Since 1994 Kazakhstan Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has been discharging its commitment towards UN Protection. FCCC. In 1998, the First National Communication In February 2006, the Kazakh parliament was prepared with foreign fi nancial support, and discussed the environmental, economic and political presented at the 4th Conference of the Parties of the aspects of the ratifi cation of the Kyoto Protocol to UN FCCC in Buenos-Aires (Argentina). In 2009, the the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Second National Communication, sponsored by the The ratifi cation of the Kyoto Protocol was estimated United Nations Development Program and the Global positively and recommended by the parliament Environment Facility (UNDP/GEF), was prepared and members. On 26 March, 2009, Kazakh President presented. In 1998, at the 4th Conference of the Parties Nursultan Nazarbaev signed the law «On ratifi cation of

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Ecology and Rational Wildlife Management 61

Диаграмма, характеризующая отношение удельных объемов выбросов ПГ от сжигания топлива и ВВП, на человека

Correlation of specifi c fi re emissions of greenhouse gases and GDP per capita. (Source: data – International energy agency, concept – Climate Change Coordination Center) the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention time high level of greenhouse gas emission. These are on Climate Change» mostly primary producers and oil-exporting countries. A number of Kyoto Protocol projects have The existing heterogeneity in the group of already been carried out in Kazakhstan, including leaders is caused mainly by different emission levels. utilization of the associated gases, increasing energy Countries, which in the recent decades invested a effi ciency, construction and reconstruction of small lot in renewable energy sources and energy-saving hydropower stations. Their results have defi nitely policy (such as Europe and Japan), differ considerably contributed, though moderately, to the reduction of the from the states that continue to run the old energy world greenhouse gas emissions and prevention of the policy in the name of their economic targets (the global warming. USA, Australia, Canada). The red circle is a knot of The Ministry of Environment Protection has problems, often caused by an unfavorable prehistory. begun a preliminary registration of emission reduction These are the transition economies, which try to projects in Kazakhstan, in other words, the Designated strike outside the red line, as well as some hopeless National Authority has been established. outsiders, which continue their endless fi ght against In our opinion, the following diagram describes poverty. The red circle also embraces future giants of the qualitative distribution of economic goods the world economy: China, Russia, Brazil, India and among citizens in different countries and the price other. of these goods in terms of the impact on the global The republic of Kazakhstan is marked with blue environment and climate (according to public fond squares on this diagram, describing the country’s “Climate Change Coordination Center, Astana, 2009). development in different time periods. Comparative The diagram below shows the correlation between analysis of facts between 1992 and 2004 shows the the GDP per capita and environmental stress, i.e. economy’s low and its sustainable growth beginning greenhouse gas emissions per capita, in different from 2000. Nevertheless, fi re emissions of greenhouse countries. gases tend to grow proportionally. The last square, All countries can be divided into three groups: which migrates into the black circle, represents The fi rst group (green ellipse) is represented by the forecast – the target values under condition of the leaders – developed countries with high GDP per industrial development and innovations. capita and relatively high per capita CO2 emissions. If the blue line is the limit of sustainable The second and the largest group (red circle) development in industrial countries, then we can observe is formed of the countries, which economies lag a trend in Kazakhstan’s development towards it. But behind the developed ones due to different reasons. even by 2015, Kazakhstan will reach the black ellipse This group also includes the former socialist countries. at best, i.e. will join the countries that eat away their The last group (black ellipse) includes the resources. Taking into account the topic of this report, countries with high living standards and at the same we would like to focus your attention on this conclusion.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 62 Ecology and Rational Wildlife Management

In this respect, we feel it urgent to address the decision- excluded from the scenario of world development or making authorities and remind them that it is essential predicted temperature dynamics on the Earth. Some to consider the international development trends and people and countries react to external effects stronger the actions of world economic leaders when developing than the others, they have different abilities to adapt any long-term strategies. It should be mentioned that and cope with the constantly growing risks of climate in the last few years, many energy-exporting countries change. Dissimilar abilities to cope with these risks went for the economic diversifi cation. They provided a sharpens the inequality of their chances. As climate considerable fl ow of investments in the tourism sector, change becomes stronger, it will interact with the transport and its infrastructure, high technologies, IT existing structures causing further controversies and and communications. disadvantages. The climate change is a global issue. However, its Materials are based on the foresight research. infl uence on the human society cannot be automatically

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Medical and Biological sciences 63

Materials of Conferences

CHEMILUMINESCENCE (luminol), which dies out due to the antioxidant DIAGNOSTICS AND ANTIOXYDANT activity or becomes stronger under the infl uence of CORRECTION OF THE HEALTH pro-oxidants in test. This let estimate an initial level of FRO compensatory mechanisms in organism, as DEVIATIONS CAUSED well as antioxidant/pro-oxidant potential of nutrients BY OXYDATION STRESS and xenobiotics. Lesovskaya M.I. An express, objective and РС-compatible Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University analysis can be carried out using 36-cuvet bio- chemiluminoscent analyzer «BHL-3606-М» (Special Design-engineering Department “Nauka” of the Oxidation stress as a misbalance between Krasnoyarsk Science Centre, the Siberian branch of production and elimination of free radicals in the Russian Academy of Science). FRO assessment is organism is one of the strongest factors reducing based on parameters Imax (peak height, imp/sec), Tmax body’s adaptive potential. The oxidation stress can be (peak access time, min), S(t) (area under kinetic curve initiated by different external determinants such as: or full light sum, million imp), а=Sbas/(Sact) – basal- • Lack of antioxidants in food; activated light sum index; tgа – maximal slope of • Side pro-oxidant effects of medications and the curve to the time axis (parameters are calculated cosmetics; automatically). • Inadequate doses of physiotherapeutic This approach can be widely used (in human measures (magnet-, UV- and ozone therapy); ecology, physiology, clinical and rehabilitation • unfavorable working conditions; medicine, food and pharmacy industries, education • artifi cial desynchronosis (adjustment to in natural science) and has technical and economic daylight saving and standard time). advantages. The ratio of basal to stimulated Effective protection against environmental risks CL-activity of the cells let range the adaptive means a reliable control over the dynamics of the free reserves of the organism, distinguish and prevent radical oxidation (FRO) in the oxygen-transporting critical conditions, which can lead to pathologies. tissues. Such control can be provided by means of The method is clear, quick and cost effi cient. It measuring the induced chemiluminescence (CL) in allows to reduce several times the input of time and blood cells. materials when measuring the nonspecifi c adaptive Luminescence as a diagnostic method has been reactions of human body under the unfavorable used successfully for a long time. For example, bio- conditions. luminescence (enzyme-dependant fl uorescence) The following results speak in favor of is being used for environmental monitoring. the effectiveness of this approach. Antioxidant Chemiluminescence (fl uorescence resulting of a activity of more than 70 biologically active additives chemical reaction) is used in medicine to diagnose was tested; the amount of antioxidants in different and prognosticate immune, cardio-vascular and food substances (fruit and vegetable juices, milk, other diseases. At the same time, mass evaluation milk products and etc) was determined; the range of healthy people’s resistance to the environmental of the phagocyte functional activity in human risks with the help of this method, is currently not blood was defi ned; the risk of FRO because of available despite its obvious advantages for effective desynchronosis, emotional, physiological and prevention and timely (i.e. early) diagnostics of professional stress was evaluated; safe mode health deviations. of magnet therapy was determined; the side pro- It is proved that the level of CL-response oxidant effects of medications were revealed. of activated in vitro phagocytes of the whole blood Currently, a scientifi c verifi cation of essential oil equally refl ects the adaptive potential of an apparently use, based on their antioxidant potential, is under healthy person (Lesovskaya, 2004). The risk development using standardized chemical and of misbalance between production and elimination physiological models. of biogenic free radicals under the infl uence The work was submitted to the International of different aliments, medications, allergens and Scientifi c Conference «Environment and development etc, can be estimated using the Fenton models of the person», Irkutsk, 5-7 July, 2010, came to the 2+ 2+ (Н2О2+Fe or Н2О2+Fe + RH, lipids). Catalytic editorial offi ce on 20.05.2010. decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of Fe2+ leads to formation of reactive oxygen species, initiating FRO processes. Chemiluminescence occurs in the presence of a luminescent sound

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 64 Medical and Biological sciences

THE EXAMINATION OF INFLUENCE Astrakhan brine (per os, 1,7% solution, dose 3 OF SOLUTION OF ASTRAKHAN milliliter/kg, once a day, 10 days); the group of BRINE TO THE ACTIVITY competition (Volgograd bischofi te at the equivalent concentration) and controle (0,9% solution). The OF CATALASE AT THE BRAIN activity of catalase was defi ned by the methodic of OF MALE RATS M.A.Korolyka and others (1988). Mukhamedove N.A.1, The function of catalase consists at the Kondratenko E.I.1, Stepanova E.F.2, decomposition of peroxide of hydrogen and Vetkasova N.V.3, Igeysinov N.G.3 protection of biochemical systems of cell from its 1 toxic infl uence. In the course of experiment there Astrakhan state university , was established that the activity of catalase at the 2 Pyatigorsk state pharmaceutical academy , brain of rats reliable increased at the groups of gotten Astrakhan state medical academy3 the solution of Astrakhan brine and the solution of Volgograd bischofi te more than in 2 times. The Nowadays there is no doubt that free radical re- activity of cataase at the homogenate of the tissues of actions take a part at the initiation and formation of brain while the endogastric introduction of chloride pathophysiological processes that lead at the base of sodium (controle) was 56,38 ± 9,8 nmol/l, then that a great number of diseases. The toxicity of free radi- in groups of animals that were gotten solutions of cal compound, including supertoxic radical, hydro- Astrakhan brine and Volgograde bischofi te 135,3 peroxide of hydrogen and hydroxyl radical, in a great ±6,2 nmol/l (p<0,05) and 115,6 ± 9,1 nmol/l (p<0,05) measure is conditioned by their possibility to affect accordingly. biomembranes. The aim of our work was to value the Thereby received facts testify to the presence of infl uence of bischofi te comprising brine of Astrakhan antioxidant behavior of Astrakhan brine, that indicates salty lake to the activity of antioxidant ferment of cat- to the necessity of further deep researches. alase at the brain of rats. The work was submitted to the International The experiment was carrying out at 30 white Scientifi c Conference «Fundamental research», Israel, pedigreeless rats with the mass of 300-350 gram. Rats Tel Aviv, 10-17 April, 2010, came to the editorial were divided into 3 groups (n = 10): experience – offi ce on 21.03.2010.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Geographical sciences 65

Materials of Conferences

MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE in their composition organic and inorganic debris. OF THE WEST ILMEN-HUMMOCKY First are represented by scanty small debris of shells LANDSCAPE OF ASTRAKHAN of sea mollusks, second are represented by the debris REGION of gypsum, pellet of metamorphic rocks, inclusions of manganese and effl orescences of different readily Bystrova I.V., Karabaeva A.Z., soluble salts. For occurring layers there is character Karabaeva O.G. the fast change as by vertical line, thus by horizontal Astrakhan state university, line. The soil at the limits of this type of holes is brown, Astrakhan, Russia they are poor of humus and mineral compound. Between the separate holes there are no clear Since olden times the vital functions of popu- border observed. The passage to the between the hum- lation of lands near Caspian Sea is connected with mocks depression and ilmens is gradual and smooth. water, that’s why study of water resources is actual At the limits of holes of hummocks one single nowadays – at the century of high technologies. The out three types of facies: northern slope of hummock, development of society leaded to the considerable top of hummock, southern slope of hummock. changes of nature of Volga lower reaches, what is Fcies in the composition of hummocks’ hole conditioned by the number of factors. But the most have identical geological, lithologic, mineral and or- important is the increase of anthropogenic load to all ganic compound. components of natural landscape of West ilmen-hum- The holes of other type are between the hum- mocky district, what is base reason for carrying out by mocks depressions or between the hummocks the authors the complex researches. holes. Absolute marks of bottoms are from mi- West ilmen-hummocky district is a unique natu- nus 25 m to minus 27m. They are oriented as ral complex, which combines interesting hydrologi- the hummocks in sublatitudinal direction. The cal and geomorphologic objects, which are the object width of between the hummock holes varies from of research, situated at the territory of Narimanovsk 0,3-0,6 km to 2-25 km. Their bottoms in the plan and Ikryaninsk administrative districts of Astrakhan are slightly cured, rarer they are fl at. In the percent region. correlation the square of researched lot of between During last decades, as our researches, which the hummock depression (not occupied by ilmens) is were carried out at this territory, showed, that the about 17-19% from the square of West ilmen-hum- majority of the elements of the landscape ilmen-hum- mocky district. mocky district are in unsatisfactory ecological condi- The holes of between the hummock depressions tion. It’s conditioned by the intensive development are formed by the rocks of sedimentary origin and ex- of economic activity and number of natural factors. ceeded by modern lake-liman sedimentations. At the Meanwhile the scales of anthropogenic infl uence are lithologic approach they are represented by sandy- so, that they lead to the breach of the integrity of sep- loam or loamy differences. arate components of landscapes, weakening of their The soil at the limits of these holes are ilmen- potential possibilities to the self-repair, and also here meadow, well moistened with the developed humic and there to their full disappearance (separate ilmens, horizont with the facility till 20 sm. Here and there hummocks, erics etc). there are met salted places. The type of vegetation The object of research is landscapes of West il- depends from the degree of their salinization and men-hummocky district of Astrakhan region. moisturizing. The aim of out researches is complex studying of Between the hummocks depressions full of separate components of landscape of this region. water are called ilmens (local name). Holes At the territory of studying district there clearly of ilmens are oriented as the hummocks in single out three types of holes [1]: eluvial-hummocky, between the hummocks and ilmen. sublatitudinal direction. The confi guration All eluvial-hummocky holes are oriented in of ilmens in the plan is sinuous. It’s length is the sublatitudinal direction. Their absolute marks 0,7-2,0 km, width 25-250 m, relative depth vary from the minus 3,8 m to minus 15,8 m. The 0,5-1,5 m. Bottoms are fl at or slightly con- confi guration of holes of this type is clear in the plan caved, slopes are gentle. The square, which slightly sinuous. Relative height reaches 5-15 m, square varies at limit from 46 to 150 m. is occupied by holes of this type at the These holes of hummocks were formed by the limits of researched lot, is 34-36% from the different-age rocks of sedimentary origin. Rocks have general square of district. The character of

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 66 Geographical sciences the borders of ilmens is clear and observed 2) circulation of atmosphere; by the decrease of moisturizing of the soil, 3) relief of territory; change of their colour, compound, change of 4) nearness of water sources; 5) character of underlying surface; the character of vegetable cover. 6) type and moistening of soil. At the limits of holes of this type we single out Thereby, even at the limits of researched lot, two facies: mirror of the water and near ilmen. comparatively small by its square, we can observe Facies – the mirror of the water or ilmen itself how by the infl uence of some or other factors occur are situated in the dished pricks. The water in them different changes in nature of holes and facies of the is fresh or slightly salt. The degree of its saltness de- same type, what can lead to the transformation of pends on the presence or absence of connections of landscape in whole. facies of this type between each other or Volga river References and the character of their connections. 1. Volynkin I.N. Natural landscapes of Astra- This facies is sharply (on the waterside line) pass chan region / I.N.Volynkin // Scientifi c notes. Vol. XI. to the next one – near ilmen. Such facies more often Issue 2. Some question of geography of Astrakhan re- broadens with the facies of the slopes of hummock gion. – Astrakhan, 1967. – P. 60-85. and the mirror of the water. The passing to the second 2. Natural peculiarities and assessment of con- type of facies will be sharp, and to the facies of fi rst dition of ilmens of west ilmen-hummocky plain / type – depending on exposition of slopes, their steep- I.V.Bystrova, A.Z.Karabayeva // Natural sciences. – ness and width of near ilmen part. 2008. – № 2. – P. 7-10. Morphological structure of landscapes is in The work was submitted to the all-Russian sci- dependence on many natural conditions: entifi c conference “Perspectives of development of 1) quantity of solar radiation, which is got to the HEI’s science”, Sochi, 22-25 of September 2010. unity of square; Came to the editorial offi ce 28.06.2010.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Pedagogical sciences 67

Materials of Conferences

OCIAL-ECOLOGICAL contents of social-ecological education of students, FORMATION STUDENT which was formulated by us at 1999. We should re- (some results of the study) mind that at the general appearance it consists fi rst- ly at the system of knowledge about the interaction Shilova V.S. of society and human with the natural environment; Belgorod State University Belgorod, Russia about the means of this interaction that allow to form the integral picture of the world surrounding the hu- It’s clearly that as the most important element man and to master the system of methods of cognition of pedagogical process at the institute of higher of real social-ecological reality and practical activity education there singles out the contents of education. in it. At this system there is included the knowledge Just it is a necessary mean of progress of the different of principal objects of the environment: nature, so- level goals of education and training and it also is ciety, human and technology. Secondly the contents a program of corresponding activity. The category includes the system of such intellectual and practical “the contents of education” reveal by different ways: skills and abilities that promote the establishment of pedagogically adapted system of knowledge, skills real connections with all the elements of the environ- and abilities, experience of creative activity and ment and that then became the base of further activ- emotional-volitional relations, which guarantees the ity in it. Thirdly the cumulative experience of creative forming of comprehensively developed personality activity that conditioned by the variety of real world that was prepared to the reproduction and development and by the necessity of peculiar approaches to its mas- of the society’s culture (I.J. Lerner, M.N. Skatkin and tering, assistance to further development. Fourthly the others); the contents of education consists in the bases experience of emotional-valuation, volitional attitude of sciences, educational standards, social science to the social-ecological reality, to its each element, to knowledge, intellectual, labour and other skills and oneself. This will guarantee the formation of psycho- abilities, different types of cognitive activity, the logical readiness of personality to the optimal connec- phenomenon of culture, spontaneous participation tion with the natural environment, to the conviction at different kinds of labour, sporting, social, of its obligatory saving, to restoration and renewal, to political and entertaining measures (B.T.Lykhachev, digesting of system of social-ecological values [4]. V.A.Slastenin) [1]. But formulated defi nition develops principle The object of this work required the defi nition regulations of the educational contents, which of mean of social-ecological education of students then are concretized according to the conditions of (SEES), and while taking into account the principles educational establishment. At the system of higher that were formed at the main normative documents; professional education, in opinion of many specialists the achievements of pedagogical science at the sphere (N.F.Talysyna, I.A.Volodarskaya, S.D.Smirnov and of ecological and social-ecological education. In con- others), at the process of development of the contents nection with this it should be necessary noted that the of the courses it’s necessary to take into consideration problem of contents of whole ecological education following factors: “output” and intermediate aims is actively developed nowadays by N.M.Mamedov, of university’s education; the presence of three (as S.N.Glazachevym, I.T.Suraveginoy and by other the minimum) invariable components of contents: scientists [2]. But as the researches show if the ne- object, logical, psychological, that means special and cessity of ecological education at different degree of nonspecial blocks of knowledge, skills, abilities. As education is undeniable that from the other side by the most important condition of selection of contents the fair remark of N.M.Mamedov, there are revealed of higher education N.F.Talysina calls the necessity of a lot of uncertainties at the object fi eld, composition separation of fundamental, invariant knowledge. It, in of ecological disciplines as obligatory at the school’s the author’s opinion, allows to draw other particular and university’s education. Is very much to the point cases according to singled out factors and main strategy his other remark about that the considerable part of aim of preparation of specialist at modern conditions – ecological education should be allocated to the social- formation of human ecological, professional, able to educational [3]. All this allowed us to formulate the assist to the further steady development of the society; number of concrete tasks, which concern the contents and also the tendencies of ecologization of contents of social-ecological education of students: the devel- of all degrees of education; construction of the main opment of its essence, object fi eld, structure, norma- blocks of contents of social-ecological education tive realization. of students. In compliance with the viewpoint of At the defi nition of the essence of the SEES con- Talysina N.F., Smirnov S.D. at our research there tents as the initial position singled out the essence of are remain obligatory blocks: object, logical,

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 68 Pedagogical sciences psychological [5]. Other researchers, particularly is conditioned by the objectively existed system Deryabo S.D., Yasvin V.A., substantiated single out “nature-society” (or “nature-human-technic-society”) fi ve substantial blocks at the system of professional (N.M.Mamedov, A.D.Ursul, V.D.Komarov and preparation of pedagogues to the realization of main others)(7). ecological education: ecology-theoretical, ecology- In consideration of the opinion of N.F.Talysina, humanist, naturalistic, psychology-pedagogical and who fairly insists on the the necessity of separation methodical [6]. of fundamental obligatory knowledge, the place It should be noted that the idea of ecologization of content of SEES at the contents of higher and pedagogization nowadays is realized at the education stands at the system of interdisciplinary contents of higher education. The analysis of active (various) blocks, at the composition of which educational plans of different specialties, which there are included: ecological and pedagogical was carried out by us, showed the degree of such blocks, and at the same time at the composition of realization. It was established that at the educational basic (invariant) components there are included: plan there is widely presented professional block logical, psychological and object blocks. All blocks that refl ects the specifi c of contents of separate (invariant and variant) are connected together, that specialities, which opens at some educational is conditioned in the fi nal by the objective law of disciplines; logical and psychological blocks are the universal connection of objects, processes and represented by philosophical and psychological phenomenon of actual reality and by their refl ection disciplines. What concerns social-ecological block it at different forms of social mind. is refl ected unevenly (by its volume) at the structure And with it there arises the necessity of solving of educational plans. At the biggest degree there the other task at the context of the problem of the are ecologizated the educational plans of geology- contents of social-ecological education of students – geography faculty, that is connected with the specifi c the defi nition of the corresponded object fi eld. On of the studying object; at the smallest degree – the the assumption of that SEES refl ects objectively educational plans of humanities. With regard to the existed elements of social-ecological system – pedagogical block there is similar tendency: teacher “nature-haman-technic-society”, that it’s logically specialities are more pedagogizated, that can be to suppose that object fi eld should be consisted with said about other specialities, for example juridical. science disciplines that refl ect tis elements. As such But recently there is clearly single out the necessity disciplines we label: naturally-scientifi c, which of the fi lling of contents of higher education with open nature at all its variety (geology, geography, pedagogical disciplines. The example can be the physic, chemistry, biology, mathematics and other); introduction of some of them into contents, for anthropological (biology, medicine, physiology of example, medical, geographical, economic education. human and other); technical (technic and technic There were developed by the workers of the cathedra of production and other); sociological (philosophy, of the pedagogy of Belgorod State University sociology, history and other); objects of psychology- pedagogical courses that are adapted for different pedagogical cycle. Each of disciplines singles out spesialities and that connect some profession with as the source of the development of complicated the peculiarities of interaction with the people at integrated social-ecological contents that opens at the the frames of chosen speciality (for example, base of the connection between blocks. the system “doctor – patient”, “administrator – That is to say the contents of SEES includes subordinate” etc). natural-science, anthropological, technically- Formulated earlier defi nition of the essence of technological, sociological, psychologically- social-ecological education of students opens, as it pedagogical blocks, the possibility of integration of was already mentioned, the most general regulations, which is presented at the course of social ecology, oter which then should be concretized in compliance integrated courses. It should be noted that the presence with the conditions of educational system. The of these blocks at the contents of modern higher analysis of works of Arkhangeskyi S.I., Talysina N.F., education is refl ected at the active educational plans of Smirnova S.D. and other scientists allowed to single different specialities. Their analysis showed that each out typical for the university conditions and to defi ne of blocks separately is rather fully presented almost at the essence of the contents of social-ecological every speciality, except some philological, juridical, education of students. This essence is probably social-psychological. And with it each of blocks consists in the system of knowledge, skills, abilities, present itself rather independent discipline, almost creative and emotional-valuable attitude that refl ect isn’t connected to other blocks. It does not allow to naturally-scientifi c, anthropological, technically- solve problems of formation of complicated social- technological, social and psychologically-pedagogical ecological knowledge, skills and abilities, experience aspects of the interaction of personality with the of creative and emotional-volitional attitude to nature natural environment. Singled out system of contents that require integrative base. From here appear the

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Pedagogical sciences 69 necessity of further search of conditions that promote mulating and specifi cation of the content of the aims, not only development of complicated contents SEES, defi nition of their levels. The most important forma- but also its formation at the university. tion is this case singles out, fi rstly, the essence of cat- References egory of the aim, which is defi ned in modern scientifi c 1. Lerner I.J., Skatkin M.N. Theoretic bases of knowledge. the contents of general education. – M., 1983; Lykh- Philosophers, for example aim, defi ne as the an- achev B.T. Pedagogy. – M., 1993; Slastenin V.A., ticipation in the in the consciousness of result, to the Myshenko A.I. The integral pedagogical process as reaching of which there is directed the action; as the the object of professional activity of teacher. – M., motive the aim direct and regulates the action, pierce 1997 etc. the practice as the inside law, to which person subordi- 2. Mamedov N.M. Ecology, culture, educa- nates to his will. Aim defi nes the active side of human tion. – M., 1996; Glazachev S.N. and others. Ecolog- consciousness, should be in accordance with objective iccal culture and education: sketches of social ecol- laws, real possibilities of environment and the subject ogy. – M., 1999; Syravegina I.T. To the teacher about itself (I.T.Frolov). The aim is one of the elements of ecological education. – M., 1999. behavior and conscious activity of person, transforma- 3. Mamedov N.M. The problems of the contents tion of environment. It’s objectively conditioned; it’s of ecological education: global and regional aspects. connected with objective necessities, due to which it Materials of All-Russian scientifi cally-practical con- singles out as ideal, inherently made motive of pro- ference. – M., 1998. duction, defi nes not only law, but way and type of 4. Shilova V.S. Socially-ecological education actions of person. The aim is the way of integration of students: theory and practice: monograph. – M. – of different actions of person to some succession or Belgorod, 1999; Ibid, Pedagogical bases of socially- system, the stimulus to the building of the project of ecological education of students. – Belgorod, 2008. action, which defi nes the character and system orderli- 5. Talysina N.F. The direction of the process of ness of different acts and operations (D.M.Gvishyani, knowledge digesting. – M., 1984; Volodarskaya I.A. N.I.Lapin). Modern western philosophers defi ne the and others. Problems of the aims of education at the aim through the reasonability; target explanation take modern pedagogy. – M., 1989; Smirnov S.D. Peda- the action out of its aim, his goal; target explanation gogy and psychology of higher education: from ac- tells us “why” there is occurs the event (D.Julia) [1]. tivity to personality. – M., 2006; Arkhangelskyi S.I. At the psychological scientifi c literature the cat- Educational process at high school, its regular bases egory of aim is opened roughly in one channel. Thus, and methods. – M., 1980. Rubinshtein S.L. connects the aim with the result and 6.Deryabo S.D., Yasvin V.A. Ecological peda- motive of activity, separate action; notes that the direct gogy and psychology. – Rostov-on-Don, 1996. aim of socially organized person’s activity is carrying 7. Mamedov N.M. Ecology, cculture, educa- out of defi ned social function. Leontiev A.N. names the tion. – Moscow, 1996; Komarov V.D. Social ecol- aim as main forming activity or actions, distinguishing ogy. – Leningrad, 1990. while this the aims of outer practical activity and outer The work is submitted to Scientifi c Conference activity; the mean of aim A.N.Leontiev corresponds “The Problems of International Integration of with the mean of action, at the same time when the Educational Standards”, England (London) – France mean of motive with the action in whole; aims and (Paris), 23 April - 1 May, 2010. Came to the editorial motives in activity should not coincide: one motive offi ce on 06.04.2010. can cause different aims and from then different ac- tions. While this, A.N.Leontiev noted the objective and conscious character of the aim. The aim singles THEORETICAL PREMISES out as central systemizing component of psychologi- OF THE DEFINING INTEGER cal system of activity and reveals in two cases: fi rstly, AND PROBLEMS as its ideal and mentally imagined result; secondly as the level of reaching, which person try to achieve (as SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL the task to reach defi ned indicators) (V.D.Shadrikov) FORMATION STUDENT [2]. To the present time there are researched the aims Shilova V.S. of any different types of activity: professional, labour, Belgorodskiy state university playing, scientifi c, creative etc. Belgorod, Russia The defi ned interest for this research is the category of aim, which is opened by pedagogic science. At the psychologically-pedagogical dictionary The research of problem of the aims and tasks of (1998) the aim of formation supposes anticipated socially-ecological education of students requires the at the thinking results of participation of person revealing of necessary theoretical premises, the for- (population) at different educational programs. There

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 70 Pedagogical sciences discern two types: pedagogical, which are directed titude to environment: nature and social. This aim is to the enrichment of sets, understanding, knowledge concretized for each stage of education. Each aim, and skills; social, which suppose the humanization of notes Suravegina I.T., has not only ideological, but interests of personality and society, their corresponded also scientifi cally-cognitive tint, what complicates the progress. Refl ecting the functional role of the aim, process of education and requires from the teacher the Babanski U.K. consider it as the initial component of further concretization of tasks [6]. pedagogical activity and pedagogical process itself, What concerns the system of professional connects it (the aim) with the formulating students’ preparation, particularly, at the stage of higher system of different knowledge, skills, abilities, world education, there is carried out an active search for the outlook, active life position of personality, with the aims of ecological and socially-ecological education. development of skills and abilities of educational Thus, the aims of ecological education of students are activity, with the psychology of the process [3]. connected with ecological imperative at the process Some kind of unusual for traditional of development of civilization and improvement understanding there is offered a viewpoint of of human (Egorova G.I., Paderina M.A.); with the V.A.Slastenina, A.I.Myshenko, who take away the formation of anthropo-ecological, value consciousness aim from spontaneous frames of pedagogical system, and style of thinking, communication and activity explaining it by the understanding of the aim as the (Pak M.S., Shitova I.F.); with the ecohymanist multilevel phenomenon. The aim singles out as premise, paradigm (Grudzeva N.V.) etc [7]. A lot of scientists, and as inside inherent to the content phenomenon; at for example, S.N.Glyazachev, E.A.Kogay, as the aim the means the aim is also present in the obvious and of ecological education at the system of professional unobvious view, functions at the level of cognition education consider the formation of personality, the and reveals in activity. The authors especially note that nucleus of which there singles out the ecological the aim, as the expression of social order of society, is culture that provides the versatility and harmonicity, interpreted at the pedagogical terms, singles out as the integral ideology; overcoming of alienation of systemizing factor (not element), that means the outer personality from the nature and society, ecological strength against the pedagogical system. Pedagogical orientation in macro- and micro environment. With system is organized with the orientation to the aim [4]. it, at the ecological culture the authors consider not The specifi c analysis of category of aim at only the aim of ecological education but also the way the pedagogy, its statement was carried out by to the ecological safety, formulating of qualitatively E.V.Bondarevskaya and S.V.Kulnevich. As the new culture, which refl ects the integrity of world parameters of their analysis, the authors single at the base of its practical, intellectual and spiritual out: the idealization and ideologizing of aims, understanding [8]. its technocratism, correlation with the means of The spontaneous connection between realization. As the global aim of upbringing authors professional and ecological education there establishes consider the formation of person of culture. The N.M. Mamedov, who fairly consider, that in modern necessity of selection of the general aim in the work conditions scientifi c knowledge should help the future of pedagogue, in the opinion of authors, has principle specialist not only to sort the processes and phenomena methodological meaning, because it defi nes the main of the nature, complicated situations of life, but also direction of his activity. The way while the moving act knowingly. The aim of modern education, notes from the general aim to the fi nal result of upbringing the author, becomes not only digesting of the bases of supposes the development more particular (functional) the sciences, but also the forming of methodological aims, their classifi cation and systematization, which orientations and operational thinking. Defi ning the in turn can be carried out by different bases, for aims of preparation of specialist, Mamedov N.M. states example: system-component analysis of personality; to their diffi cult character, to the necessity of forming components of moral development of personality; of knowledge, skills, abilities, which are necessary behavior etc. [5]. for the reaching of such decisions, which don’t break At the context of object of our research the nec- the stability of socecosystems, assist the saving of essary is the examination of several target groups: nature systems, careful attitude to the resources of the aims of ecological and socially-ecological educa- biosphere. We should agree with Mamedov N.M. at tion; aims of professional preparation. To nowadays the defi ning of the aim-ideal, and just – the formation there are rather clear defi ned the aims of ecological of the ecological person. To approach to this aim there education of pupils (I.D.Zveryev, I.T.Suravegina, will help, in the opinion of the author, the reaching of A.N.Zahlebnyi and others). In the grounded opinion strategic aim of ecological education – upbringing of of Suravegina I.T., the main aim of ecological educa- responsibility as the measure of freedom of person in tion of pupils there singles out the formation of eco- conditions of ecological necessity [9]. logical responsibility, which supposes, on the one Mentioned general aims of ecological education hand, attitude to one’s health, on the other hand, at- at the system of preparation of specialist don’t

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Pedagogical sciences 71 contradict the aims of professional education. Thus, education of students: strategic, tactical, effi cient. Fokin U.G., Novikov A.M. as one of the base aims Their digesting formulates the position of the consider the creation of conditions for the owning personality of student relative to base elements of the of professional activity, reaching of qualifi cation (or environment to the side of harmony, what promotes requalifi cation) for including the person into a socially further stable development of society and state. helpful labour in correspondence with his interests and References abilities [10]. Obviously, that selection of this aims is 1. Frolov I.T. Philosophical dictionary. – M., connected, on the one hand with labour activity, as 1991; Gvyshiani D.M., Lapin N.I. Sociological dic- the process, which is carried out between the society tionary. – M., 1985; D. Julia Modern philosophical and nature; on the other hand with personal qualities, dictionary. Translation from French. – M., 2001. which promote the establishment of harmonious 2. Rubinshtein S.L. Bases of general psychol- relations with environment the process of labour, that ogy. – St.Petersburg, 2003; Leontiev A.N. Lectures allows to predict these relations in the near and far by the general psychology. – St.Petersburg, 2007; future. Shadrikov V.D. Psychology of activity and ability of It should be noted that one of the foundations person. – Moscow, 1996. of formulating of aims of upbringing last time there 3. Babanskyi U.K. The optimization of educa- singles out a system of values. To this fact there pay tional and upbringing process: methodological prob- attention Nikandrov N.D., Gershunski B.C and others. lems. – M., 1982. There is fair the note of for example, N.D.Nikandrov, 4. Slastenin V.A., Myshenko A.I. The general who notes the desirability of correspondence of the pedagogical process as the object of professional ac- aims of upbringing of really functioning at the society tivity of teacher. – M., 1997. the system of values. The upbringing of person in 5. Bondarevskaya E.V., Kulnevich S.V. Peda- these values is the right decision of the problem of gogy. – Rostov-on-Don, 1999. the aimsof upbringing. And with it, in the opinion 6. Suravegina I.T. Ecology to the teacher. – M., of Gershunski B.S., restructuring processes in our 1999. country laded to the destruction of former system 7. Ecological education: problems and perspec- of values, new is not yet created, therefore there is tives of development. Materials odf scientifi cally- problematic the defi ning of the aims of upbringing of practical conference. – St. Petersburg, 2001. younger generation [11]. 8. Glyasachev S.N., Kogai E.A. Ecological cul- Thereby, for defi ning of the aims of socially- ture and education: sketches of social ecology. – M., ecological education of students, as one of the basic 1999. types of activity, nowadays there are a lot of reasons. 9. Mamedov N.M. Culture, ecology, educa- At the process of their development and in compliance tion. – M., 1999. with the opinion of Nikandrov N.D. we have stated 10. Fokin U.G. Theory and technology of educa- that, on the one hand, values defi ne the contents of tion. Approach on activity. – M., 2006. the aims of socially-ecological education: objective 11. Nikandrov N.D. Values as the base of the and integral. On the other hand – the direction of the aims of upbringing // Pedagogy. – 1998. – № 3; Gers- system of socially-ecological education of studying hunki B.S. Philosophy of education. – M., 1994. youth to the main socially-ecological universal 12. Shilova V.S. Socially-ecological educa- values: objects (nature and society, or, if we widen tion of pupils: theory and practice. – M. – Belgorod, the object of socially-ecological science, thus: nature- 1999. technique-human-society), integral formations The work was submitted to international (socially-ecological culture, readiness of personality scientifi c conference «Prospects for the development for optimal interaction with the environment, the of university science», (Sochi), 22-25 September content of socially-ecological education) [12]. 2010, came to the editorial offi ce on 17.06.2010. Just these values allowed us to formulate corresponding multilevel aims of socially-ecological

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 72 Philosophy sciences

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN to take the glass of liquid. There was suggested that DECISIONS AND KNOWLEDGE liquid that is situated in the glass is the “liquid of Askerov Sh.G. knowledge”. Baku State University Let’s mark the height of full part of glass as Lk, empty part as Ld, and the overall height as Lo. Appar- ently, these parameters are interconnected: The picture of world’s development during Lo = Lk + Ld . (1) last hundred years shows, that side by side with big As the new criterion there was suggested to scientifi c and technical progress there also occur consider ratio of length of segment Lk to the segment scale regressions: two world wars, global warming, Ld. At previous works this ratio was called the factor breach of harmony between economical and spiritual of quality and was marked with K letter. There K development, wide spread of drug business and of acts as the new criterion of knowledge assessment, weapons of mass destruction, ecological problems, because: replacement of more fair social foundations by less a) in case when К >> 1, Lk >> Ld, the educational fair, presence of double standards etc testify to the system is irreproachable. presence of considerable shortcomings at the general b) in case when К = 1, Lk = Ld, the educational development of humanity. The truth can’t defeat the system has the middle condition. lie. The number of problems considerably exceeds c) in case when К << 1, Lk << Ld, the educational probable ways of their solving. All these cataclysms system is absent or it is paralyzed. are the result of wrong decisions, which were reached In the fi rst case (a) the digested part of material at the global and local level. One of the west thinkers is much more than undigested one. In the second case has characterized philosophy of development of last (b) they are equal. In the third case (c) the digested century like this: “when the last tree is cut, when the part of material is much lesser than undigested one. last fi sh is caught, when the last river is poisoned, If we divide both of sides of formula (1) to Lk, people will understand that money is not edible.” we’ll receive the formula: All these undesirable phenomena that have 1 place at the development of humanity indicate that h = (2) old criterions and measures of values defi nition lost 1+ K . their power and there is a necessity in new methods of It’s easy to understand that h characterize the assessment. At one old aphorism saying goes: “there is shortcoming of knowledge, more exactly the relative no bigger happiness than the measure, measure is the value of missing knowledge or “ignorance”. As we base of harmony”. If harmony was broken, that means, see from the formula (2), with the increase of K, the there are necessary new ideas, models, criterions and relative value of “ignorance” – h decreases. measures. It’s clearly that when: All these deviations from the straight and narrow а) K → ∞, h → 0; studying educational material are implicity connected fi rstly with insuffi cient level was fully digested. of scholarship of elite stratum of planet’s population. б) K → 0, h → 1; studying educational material Secondly with the absence of true methods of value was fully undigested. assessment, including assessment of knowledge of The meaning of these results consists in that it students. creates the possibility of creation of interconnection Every day each offi cer (or person) reaches tens between relative error of reached decision and relative of decisions. Per annum the number of such decisions, shortcoming of information (ignorance). At the which are reached by person, averages many thousands. work [3] there was shown that error of decisions is Obviously not all reached decisions are perfectly true, proportional to lack of information: the part of them undoubtedly false. The reason of ∆Q = с h . (3) these mistakes is hidden in shortcomings that occur Here, ∆Q is an error of reached decision, c is at the educational systems. Between mistakes, which the coeffi cient of proportionality. ∆Q is defi ned by are made while reaching of decisions at the system formula: of direction and at the system of education, there is ∆Q = Q а – Q т. interconnection. The aim of this work is to reveal this Here, Q а is absolutely right decision, Q connection. c is current decision. Obviously, that while the At previous works [1-2] there was offered approaching of Q c to Q a, the error of decision ∆Q new nonlinear scale and new criterion of knowledge approach to zero. assessment and as the model there was suggested In consideration of (2) in (3) we receive:

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Philosophy sciences 73

∆Q = с h = с Ld / Lо = с1 Ld . (4) I am grateful to associate professor G. Sadyg- where, с1 =с / Lо. From the formula (4) it zade for discussion and critical remarks. follows that while L d → 0, ∆Q → 0 that means that References there was reached a error-free decision. It’s clear that 1. Askerov H.G. Knowledge assessment: the it happens only when K → ∞. search of rational variant // National education. – For example, if one of the students from 100 2004. – № 1. – P. 141. questions rightly answered on 98, and other student 2. Asgarov Sh.G. The philosophy of knowledge on 88, then obviously that lack of knowledge fro fi rst assessment // Journal of Qafqaz University. – 2004.– student will be 2%, and for second student will be № 13. – P. 63. 12%. It’s obviously that error of reached decisions in 3. Asgarov Sh.G. İnternational conference “Ap- conditions of big values of knowledge’s lack (12%), plication of information-communication technologies accordingly will be considerably bigger as compared in science and education”. Baku, 01-03, November. – with fi rst student. 2007. – Vol. I. – P. 119-123. Thereby we receive that error of reached decision This work was submitted to All-Russian sci- depends on the level of incompetence of individual. To entifi c conference “Actual questions of science and right decisions we can go by means of irreproachable education”, Moscow, 11-13 of May 2010. Came to the education. In that consists the philosophy of struggle editorial offi ce 23.04.2010. for qualitative education.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 74 Historical sciences

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SELFIDENTIFICATION are “Mordvins, Mordvin women”. In Bashkiria among OF THE MORDVINS BASED the 35 of respondents 32 of them found themselves ON THE POLL OF 2007 “Mordvins, Mordvin women” etc. The biggest confu- sion is observed at the Republic of Mordovia. Here, Abramov V.K. speaking about nationality of their mothers, Mordvins Mordovian State University 197 times wrote “Mordvin”, 88 times “mordvinian”, Saransk, Russia 17 – “Erzya or Erzyanka”, 10 – “Moksha or Mokshan- ka”. The mothers of respondents, who called them- selves Russian had the term “Mordvinian” 42 times, At the frames of Finland-Russian project of “Mordvin” 38 times etc. It should be noted that these 2005-2008 years “About the regulations of Finno- alternative versions doesn’t testify to the presence of Ugric nations of Russia”, there was carried out the some essential, just national differences at the Mord- poll of population of 13 regions of Russia by the vinian sphere. Thus, from the respondents-Mordvins, whole number of problems, including the problem of which were questioned at the frames of mentioned defi nition of the nationality. While this all questioned project, 96,1% classed themselves to the Mordvinian Russians, Tatars and others called their nationality nationality and only 3,9% didn’t mentioned it while equally: Russian (woman), Tatar (women), Chuvash answering on this question. That means that the prob- (woman) etc. Some alternative versions had Maris: lem consists not in the tendency to the disintegration “Mariec (Mariika) or Mari. The biggest variety had of united nation, but in the unifi cation of term that re- the answers of Mordvins. Women had 13 types of fl ects its unity. From the norms of Russian language answering: Marostava, Moksha, Mokshanka, Mord- there follow: “Mordvin, Mordvin woman, Mordvins” vin, Mordvin-Moksha, Mordvin-Erzya, Mordvinian, as the indicators of nationality (by the analogy “Lett, Mordvinian-Moksha, Mordvinian-Erzya, Erzya, Er- Lett woman, Letts”); “Mordovets, Mordovka, Mordo- zya-Mordvinian, Erzya-Mordvinian, Erzyanka (erzya, vtsy” as the indicator to the place of living (“Latvian, moksha are subethnoses of Mordvins, marotava word Latvian woman, Latvians”). But in offi cial documents for word is “mother-earth” – V.A.). Men had nine there are used terms: Moedvin, Mordovka, what con- names. It should be mention that generally they are fuses this question. widely spread and this testifi es to the full confusion The work was submitted to international in this sphere. For example, in the Ulianovsk region scientifi c conference «Present-day problems of science all 68 of respondents-Mordvins answered that they and education», Moscow, 11-13 May, 2010, came to the are “Mordvins, Mordvin women”. In the Samara re- editorial offi ce 03.06.2010. gion the base mass of questioned declared that they

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Sociological sciences 75

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PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT of society and capabilities of present education system OF TWO-LEVEL HIGHER (dynamic balance between potential and demands EDUCATION IN RUSSIA with leading role of social and employers’ orders) in conditions of limited resources; Bogolyubova S., Bogolyubov V., – solving problems in interactions of different St.Peterburg State University parts of education system, which can be assumed as of Engineering and Economics, Russia development steps from simple to complex; – organizing education quality control and Higher education is directly and mediately correspondence of education system to defi ned goals related to national economics, science and social and society demands; culture. Therefore its development is an important part – fi lling in the present educational constructions, of general national development strategy. Assuming development of a supporting mechanism which success of higher school, we can’t neglect the fact, ensures self-development of education system, that with indisputable success in progress, the quality optimal correlation between educational components; of our graduates doesn’t meet modern demands. It is – seek of way to integration into world education revealed by the fact that we have one of the greatest system; engineering and economic manpower potential, and at – revelation of specifi c mechanisms to realization the same time we are signifi cantly behind from world of educational demands; level in quality of products and services, average – economical and legislative support of productivity of labor, reached in the world. qualitively new forming of an education system. Last years heavy discussions in Russia are in Peculiarity of multi-level education – is an the fi rst place concerned about reforming the higher appearance of different educational objectives on school. There are many points of view, but most of the different levels (steps) of training. The main objective offered decisions are not systematical and are aiming on each level is forming a creative thinking and to solve only one detached objective. conditions for self-actualization But the government’s voice has a peremptory First level – activization of traditional types tone and says about obligatory transition of traditional of educational activities (problem and “no-writing” education system to Two-Level educational system lectures, press-conference-lectures and etc., dialogue according to Bologna Process. They are assuming seminars, role-based seminars and etc.) that this system will defi nitely lead Russian Higher Second level – Activization of informational Education to world level, and will let graduates be education technologies; their variety and problem, competitive and demanded in national and world lessons in classroom, and also during students self- economics. work (computers, movies, television and etc.) And the We believe that in this case takes place a same time methods of active education are essential substitution of an essence of education by forms of Third level – Context approach, application education. A fortiori, if with reforming the form of of knowledge and abilities in solution of education we don’t reach the goal, then, a priori the quasiprofessional objectives. Wide implementation “bad teachers” are to blame. However we suppose of active (including business play and gaming that Higher Education in Russia including economic simulation) and informational education technologies. education is an integral system that shows problems of Education of Masters – lessons with research society and economics in tote. These problems can’t elements, participation in real business games be solved only with transition to multi-level education (innovative, business problem-solving, organizing- of students. and-acting). It is known that requirements to education of a There are some reasons to suppose that the form specialist are being formulated beyond the education of education is not the dominant factor in education system. They are formed according to common of the higher qualifi cation cadre, but the content of economic, and social purposes of government, demands education, contained in study plans and programs of employers. Ability to predict and foresee development supported by society and government with essential of higher professional education – is one of the most resources for high quality education of competitive important conditions of its successful functioning. graduates on labour market. Our research allowed us to provide fi rst-priority The work is submitted to the Scientifi c objectives in reforming Higher Education in Russia: International Conference «Current problems of – search of new more fl exible and effi cient education», October, 15-22, 2010, Greece, came to the structural forms of education, which refl ect demands editorial offi ce on 11.08.2010.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 76 Phisic-mathematical sciences

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TIME LINES AND THEIR Such model is called ARMA from the words APPLICATION IN EDUCATION autoregression (fi rst sum) and sliding average (second Dobrynina N.F. sum). The coeffi cients ai, bj are found by the method Russia, Penza of the least squares. This type of models is good for the prediction of next mean by the m previous. The real calculation of progress in maths in every next Time lines is one of the most important ob- semester corresponded to the built model with little ject of statistic analysis. As scalar time line there is deviation and the error didn’t move over the limits of called a massive from N meanings of some dynami- hundredth parts of the percent. While the studying of cal system with constant step Δ=tx: ii xt(), где statistic models there were used following literature tt=+−Δ=() i ti… N ii−1 1,1,,. The is examined [1, 2, 3]. a process of teaching at the higher education insti- More exact prognosis of progress we can tution (university). As the x we consider progress receive if we use the average mean of predictable Δt i at the end of semester, – time interval with the quantity: x m length of one semester, 0 – progress by the results N xExa==+ ax of Unifi ed State Examination, – the quantity of the ˆii0 ∑ iji− . educational semesters. Such statistic model we can j=1 build for the prognosis of progress at the end of one It’s suggested that previous means are known semester by the control points of calculation of prog- exactly. The noise is the compound part of linear ress during one semester. As there are no more than models and linear prognoses can be done to the small three control points at one semester, that the progno- number of steps forward. sis at the short interval should be with the big error. The correlation (2) is a discrete analogue of The calculations were leaded by the statistical facts compression of two signals: x(t) and ξ(t) with the of progress by the mathematics at the speciality “Ap- fi nite functions a(t) and b(t): plied mathematics” of Penza state university, where TT different sections of mathematics are taught during xt()=−+−∫∫ a ()(ττττξττ xt ) d b () ( t ) d. 10 semesters. 00 The treatment of statistic methods is based on The interval [0, T] is considered as the interval the treatment of statistic model. At the statistic model of time of teaching of one section of mathematics of the accent is underlined at the noise. For exit facts one semester length or, at the more general case, the we have character distribution and character time whole period of studying maths at the higher education correlations. The task of treatment consists in that institution. thing to build a model such way, that is transform noise Using the transformation of Fourier ∞ into a time line. At this way of building a model we Xxtedt()ω = ∫ ()−itω , we get a compression: can either demand the coincidence of several points of −∞ ∞ distribution, or use more complicated characteristics, Xt()=−∫ a (τττ ) yt ( ) d. such like the density of distribution. At the fi rst stage −∞ we will require the coincidence of several points of At the result of transformation of Fourier we get distribution. an expression: x We know a time line i. At the each point we can create a “noise”, this is a succession of un- XAXB()ωωωωθω=+ () () ()(). correlated and equally distributed accidental quanti- ties ξi with the zero average. Let’s suggest that i If we solve this equation concerning X(ω), we’ll element of the line x we can consider as some receive i function, which depends on m of preceded xx… B()ω elements iim−−1,, and accidental quantities X ()ωθω= (). (3) ξξ… 1− A()ω iik,,− : The selection of the functions a and b xFx= ()…… xξξ (1) iiimiik−−1,, ,,, − . allows to transform the spectrum of noise θ(ω) such For the beginning one can limit oneself to the way, that it become analogous to the spectrum of linear functions F, to the models of type analyzed signal. mk Built linear model (2) is convenient that which it xx=+ ax + bξ gives analytical results and its use doesn’t require a lot iiijjij0 ∑∑−−. (2) jj==11 of mechanical time. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Physical-mathematical sciences 77

References 3. Lung L. The identifi cation of the systems. 1. Box J., Jenkins G. The analysis of time Theory for user. – M.: Physmathlit, 1991. lines. The prediction and direction. – M.: Peace, The work was submitted to the all-Russian 1974. scientifi c conference «Actual questions of science 2. Katuan R.L., Rao A.R. Building of dynami- and education», Moscow, 11-13 of May 2010. Came cal stochastic models by the experimental facts. – M.: to the editorial offi ce 09.04.2010 Science, 1983.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 78 Ecology technologies

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LONG-TERM ASPECT OF THE KAMA The total reservoir infl ow for a long period (55.96 RESERVOIR WATER BALANCE cubic kilometers) is higher than the total reservoir Kitaev A.B. infl ow for a short period (55.41 cubic kilometers). The difference is caused by accounting of water entry Perm State University, Perm, Russia from industrial sewage. If this element was considered in annual water balance for a shorter period, total Water balance and concerned with it water reservoir infl ow for a short period and total reservoir exchange defi ne in a greater or lesser degree all infl ow for a longer period would be the same. elements of a regime of natural and artifi cial reservoirs. The basic account component of water balance Since level fl uctuations are connected with change of of a reservoir is the size of water spill through water balance elements it has affect on variance of hydroelectric power station turbines. During 1956- morphometric characteristics. Although water balance 1967 its size has constituted in an annual balance of reservoirs is identical in structure with water balance 51,68 cubic kilometers (97,6% from a water- of lakes it differ a number of specifi c features in a resources output part of balance). For the long period behavior and proportion of input and output elements. it became higher – 52,78 cubic kilometers (95,89% Singularity water balance of reservoir is caused fi rst of from input to a reservoir). The size of water loss by all by repercussions of complex interaction between evapotranspiration from a reservoir surface for both natural and anthropogenesis factors. Anthropogenesis compared periods are identical and constitute 0,79 factors defi ne nature of water input and water output cubic kilometers (1,5% from the discharge for the in reservoirs with cascade of hydroelectric power short period and 1,4% – for the long period). The stations. stranded ice loss for the long period became shade less For the fi rst time the average of mean annual (0,46 cubic kilometers or 0,83% from the discharge), sizes of water balance elements for a long term for than during the short period (0,51 cubic kilometers or the Kama Reservoir was defi ned by V.I.Ponomarev, 0,9% from the discharge). E.A.Snegirev, L.I.Ponomareva in Recurs Since 1978 making up of water balance began Poverkhnostnyx Void SSSR (part 2) (Recourses of a to consider a value of a travel of water through a dam Surface Water of the USSR). The information from (Ф). During 1978-1993 its annual size has constituted 1956 to 1967 had been generalized by the authors. 0,51 cubic kilometers or 0,92% from a discharge part In concordance with data of water balance from of balance. Even more, during the same period began 1956 to 1993 annual reservoir infl ow from master river to consider lockage losses (Ш) (the annual size has (Kama) was 29,76 cubic kilometers (53,18% from constituted 0,08 cubic kilometers or 0,14% from the water input). This value is just over the similar size discharge) and size of a water draft for municipal based on data for shorter period of estimation from demand (З) (0,76 cubic kilometers or 1,37% from the 1956 to 1967. This information is presented in Recurs discharge). Comparison of these characteristics for the Poverkhnostnyx Void SSSR (Recourses of a Surface long and short periods of record is impossible. Water of the USSR). Lateral infl ow for longer period Total reservoir losses of water during 1956- is 24,08 cubic kilometers (43% from input). Lateral 1967 in annual aspect (52, 92 cubic kilometers) are infl ow for shorter period is 24,56 cubic kilometers less than for longer period (55, 38 cubic kilometers). (46,3% from input). The unchanged cumulative value This is fi rst of all connected with allowance for new of water from master river and from lateral infl ows is components (Ф, Ш, З). If not to consider these com- 54 cubic kilometers. The meteorological precipitation ponents water losses for the long period will be also value is also unchanged. In concordance with data higher (54, 03 cubic kilometers), than for the short from 1956 to 1967 it is 0,92 cubic kilometers or 1,6% period (52, 92 cubic kilometers). Comparing input from hydrologic equilibrium input. In concordance and discharge parts of water balance of a reservoir for with data from 1956 to 1993 it is 0,93 cubic kilometers short and longer periods of record it will be observed or 1.66%.The annual water from fl oating ice and from the following: snow for a long period ( 0,47 cubic kilometers or 0,84% size of infl ow in a reservoir for a short period from input) is less than for short period (0,50 cubic (55,41 cubic kilometers) and for a long period (55,96 kilometers or 1,0% from input). In concordance with cubic kilometers) are suffi ciently close (if to consider data from 1978 to 1993 annual trade waste discharge industrial discharge for the short period they will be value is 0,72 cubic kilometers or 1,29% from water almost identical); migration into reservoir. Because of lack of trade size of water loss from a reservoir for the short waste discharge data, it is impassible to compare two period (52,92 cubic kilometers) and for the long period periods. (55,38 cubic kilometers) are different.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010 Ecology technologies 79

Annual sizes of input and discharge parts of draft for municipal demand – 1,37%, a water fi ltration water balance for the long period are suffi ciently close through a dam – 0,92%, stranded ice losses– 0,83%, (55, 96 cubic kilometers and 55, 38 cubic kilometers), lockage losses – 0,14%. for the short period they are essentially different (55, Comparison of components input part sizes and 41 cubic kilometers and 52, 92 cubic kilometers). discharge parts sizes for short (1956-1967) and longer Above mentioned differences are fi rst of all con- period has shown that on the Kama Reservoir infl ow nected with allowance of new components of balance from the Kama River has increased from 29,44 cubic for a long period (Пc, З, Ш, Ф) and also with more pre- kilometers to 29,76 cubic kilometers, lateral infl ow cise determination of size water evacuation through has decreased from 24,56 cubic kilometers to 24,08 tailrace structure. cubic kilometers). The amount of precipitation has The conclusions not changed, water from emerged ice has decreased Research of water balance components of the from 0,50 cubic kilometers to 0,47 cubic kilometers. Kama Reservoir (1956-1993) has conclusions: Water evacuation through the Kama hydroelectric 1) the basic components input parts of the Kama power station turbine has increased from 51,68 cubic Reservoir balance is a reservoir infl ow from the Kama kilometers to 52,78 cubic kilometers, evaporation River (53,18% in annual aspect), lateral infl ow – from a reservoir surface has not changed, stranded 43,03%, meteorological precipitation from reservoir ice losses are decreased from 0,51 cubic kilometers to surface – 1,66%, industrial discharge – 1,29%, water 0,46 cubic kilometers. from emerged ice and from emerged snow – 0,84%. The work was submitted to international 2) the basic components of water-resources scientifi c conference «Wildlife management and output: water evacuation through the Kama preservation of the environment», France (Paris), hydroelectric power station turbine– 95,31%, 15-22 October 2010, came to the editorial offi ce on evaporation from a reservoir surface– 1,43%, a water 30.08.2010.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 5 2010