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A 62–72, 75–93, 98–137, 143–165, Afghanistan, 70, 79, 107, 109, 111, 170–189, 191–193 114, 115, 130 bipartisanship, 101, 102, 114, 116, Agnelli, Giovanni, 11 124, 170 Alleanza Nazionale (AN – National Blair, Tony, 55, 64, 112, 116, 147 Alliance), 5, 35, 42, 43, 65, 105, Bossi, Umberto, 35 109, 110, 113, 146, 147, 149, branding diplomacy, 80, 82, 89, 105, 152, 153 118, 176, 178 Amato, Giuliano, 9, 10, 20, 56, 76, Bush, George W., 64, 72, 110, 113, 113, 148, 149 114, 116–119, 121–123, 147, Andreatta, Beniamino, 10, 61, 132 176 Andreotti, Giulio, 11, 12, 56, 78, 121 anti-globalization protesters, 113 C anti-immigration, 88, 89, 153, 179 Caligaris, Luigi, 105 Atlaticism, 163 Carli, Guido, 11, 13, 14, 18, 42, 76, 78, 131 Castellaneta, Giovanni, 90, 176 B Center-left coalition, 2 Balkans, 12, 17, 18, 45, 56, 106 Chirac, Jaques, 93, 112 Berlinguer, Enrico, 2, 4, 7, 20, 170 Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio, 9, 10, 19, 20, Berlusconomics’, 131, 132 26, 56, 57, 76, 92, 116–119, Berlusconi, Silvio, 4–6, 15, 16, 19, 132, 161 20, 23–28, 30–32, 34–36, 38, civilizational or cultural clashes, 70, 41–43, 45, 47, 48, 53, 55–60, 178, 180

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), 223 under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 E. Diodato and F. Niglia, Berlusconi ‘The Diplomat’, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97262-6 224 Index cooperation for development, 87–89 Ferrara, Giuliano, 68, 113, 133 Cossiga, Francesco, 3, 9, 117 Fini, Gianfranco, 85, 113, 149 Craxi, Bettino, 4–9, 20, 24, 47, 61, Forza Italia (FI – Italy go!), 15, 26, 63, 69, 121, 172, 183, 185 28, 37, 42, 44, 45, 54, 64, 65, cultural dimension of foreign policy, 67, 68, 71, 89, 92, 104, 105, 87 107–110, 128, 130, 144, 146, 147, 153, 157, 160, 162, 169, 174, 180, 183–185, 188, 191 D Frattini, Franco, 63, 84, 85, 106, 108, D’Alema, Massimo, 67, 87, 110, 111, 110, 115, 117, 122, 124, 157, 124, 171 180 de-diplomatization of foreign policy, 65 De Gasperi, Alcide, 6, 20, 62, 103 De Michelis, Gianni, 12, 13 G Democrazia Cristiana (DC – Cristian Gaddaf, Muammar, 59, 124, 125, Democratic Party), 4–7, 9, 11, 134, 178, 185 20, 66, 67, 170, 171 Gramsci, Antonio, 23, 28 Dini, Lamberto, 150 Grillo, Beppe, 164, 165, 182 Draghi, Mario, 13, 136, 149, 154

I E intelligence services, 86 Eltcin, Boris, 57 international credibility (of European People’s Party, 30, 107, Berlusconi), 3, 59 116, 157, 162 Iraq, 17, 56, 79, 90, 102, 107, 111, European policy 115–120, 122, 123, 130, 161 Berlusconi’s EU-skepticism, 151, 159 European monetary policy, 158, 160 Euro Plus Pact, or ‘Pact for the J Euro’, 111, 134, 136, 149 Jospin, Lionel, 112 Fiscal Compact, 164, 165 Maastricht Treaty, 89, 90, 105 Schengen rules, 144, 153 K the Euro crisis, 111, 135, 136 Kohl, Helmut, 157 vincolo esterno, 14, 18, 38, 42, 131, 132, 134, 145, 153, 163, 178 Euroscepticism, 109 L Lega Nord (LN – Northern League), 8, 9, 20, 35, 41–43, 45, 47, 65, F 84, 91, 92, 102, 105, 107–109, Fanfani, Amintore, 78 111, 115, 124, 133, 146, 147, Fassino, Piero, 110, 112, 121, 157, 149, 152–154, 160, 180, 188 158 Le Pen, Marine, 35 Index 225

Libya, 59, 111, 121, 123–126, 130, people-based foreign policy, 64, 192 134, 178 personal diplomacy, 53, 54, 58–60, 63, 79, 123, 134, 154, 160, 164, 175–177 M personalization and mediatisation of Made in Italy, 17, 25, 57, 80 politics, 146 Martino, Antonio, 58, 83, 84, 92, Pistelli, Lapo, 87, 124, 133, 148 114, 146, 151 political liberalism, 108 Mediterranean policy politicization of foreign policy, 102 relations with Israel, 111 populism Merkel, Angela, 123, 136, 154, 157 as a contemporary international phe- Middle East, 7, 17, 66, 71, 111, 116, nomenon, 31 120, 121, 123 as mentality, 27, 29, 37, 38, 108, Monti, Mario, 13, 135–137, 149, 127, 176, 179 155, 164, 172, 186 false populism, 34 Moro, Aldo, 7, 20, 78, 131 in Europe, 23, 29, 30, 32–34, 39, Movimento 5 Stelle (Five Star 40, 43, 44, 48, 56, 107, 126, Movement – FSM), 42, 164, 165, 147, 161, 162, 175, 178, 179, 171, 173, 181, 188 182, 187, 188, 191 in Latin America, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 179 N in the United States, 30–32, 34, 35, Napolitano, Giorgio, 17, 20, 125, 39, 134, 179 126, 135, 161 soft-populism, 179, 180 nationalist foreign policy, 47 tele-populism, 28, 63, 108, 127, nation’s role conception, 101 128, 134, 162 Nelli Feroci, Ferdinando, 154, 176 Prodi, Romano, 76, 80, 87, 92, 111, neo-nationalism, 1, 24 120, 122, 124, 132, 134, 149, 150, 157, 163, 171, 180, 185, 187, 188 O Putin, Vladimir, 58, 59, 64, 72, 110, Obama, Barak, 31, 123, 125, 134 113, 114, 121–123, 134, 147, 152, 173, 176, 177, 181, 191

P Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI – Q Italian Communist Party), 4–9, Qualunquismo, 127, 128, 134, 135, 20, 66, 67 144, 145 Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI – Italian Socialist Party), 4, 6, 9, 20, 66, 67 party organization and political alli- R ances, 109 Ratzinger, Joseph, 71 Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 24, 26 Reagan, Ronald, 5, 68, 78 226 Index

Ruggiero, Renato, 83, 84, 93, 112, U 114, 145, 147 United States (US), 5, 6, 30–32, 34, Russia, 33, 39, 40, 58–60, 79, 91, 93, 35, 39, 40, 45, 68, 70, 77, 78, 106, 110, 111, 116, 120–123, 100, 102, 114–116, 119, 122, 152, 159, 163, 171, 173–175, 123, 125, 129, 131, 134, 143, 181, 183, 191 147, 150, 174, 179, 181

S V Salvini, Matteo, 35, 42, 169, 171, 182 Valentini, Valentino, 98, 113, 122 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 55, 123–125, 136, Venturini, Franco, 134 154, 157, 176 Schroeder, Gerhard, 70 Supreme defense council, 116–119, 125, 126

T Thatcher, Margaret, 68, 78 Trump, Donald, 31, 36, 135, 177, 178