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Exploring Young People's Digital Sexual Cultures Through Creative, Visual and Arts- Based Methods Exploring young people's digital sexual cultures through creative, visual and arts- based methods Kate Marston Doctor of Philosophy, School of Social Sciences Cardiff University June 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank the young people who took part in this research project. It would not have been possible to write this thesis had it not been for their enthusiastic engagement. My encounters with them over the course of the project were thought- provoking, inspiring and often joyful. I am grateful to have had the opportunity to work with and hear from every single one of them. Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisors, EJ Renold and Dawn Mannay, for their invaluable academic guidance, attentiveness and lively engagement with my work as well as their warm pastoral care over the past five years. It has been a deeply felt privilege to work with academics so committed to co-production and making a difference. I continue to be inspired by their work. I am also grateful to have had the opportunity to collaborate with Bryony Gillard and Ailsa Fineron on the Fabricating Future Bodies Workshop. I would like to thank my incredible friends for supporting me throughout this process. Fiona, thank you for offering the guidance that ensured I could apply for the PhD to begin with. Nat and Colin, thank you for always being there for me and letting me use your spare room when I needed to travel. To my queer feminist friends, Catt, Harriet, Rowena and Rosie, thank you for all the dancing, music and activism that kept me going as I wrote my thesis. Last but not least: Tari, I am always grateful for your unwavering emotional support and uplifting phone conversation. Thank you for teaching me so much over our fifteen years of friendship. Finally, thank you to Li for providing a warm and welcoming home for me to stay in as I completed my thesis. I am so grateful for all that you do for us. My queer species kin, Che and Frida, deserve special mention for their emotional support. Most importantly, thank you to my partner Ellie for accompanying me on this journey. It was made so much more enjoyable and enriching by your presence, you encourage and inspire me in everything that I do. I look forward to returning the favour as you embark on your own PhD. iii ABSTRACT This thesis explores how digital technologies such as social media, smart devices and gaming platforms are shaping young people’s sexual cultures. While the majority of research on young people’s digital sexual cultures has maintained a narrow focus on risk and harm, and limited what digital practices are considered relevant and for whom, this thesis contributes to a growing body of scholarship that seeks to support children and young people to navigate the complexities of an ever-changing digital sexual age. I worked with a socio-economically and culturally diverse sample of twenty-five young people aged 11 – 18 years from England and Wales. Rather than focusing on a pre-defined set of digital practices, I set out to foster a creative, curious and open-ended approach that allowed participants to identify which digital practices mattered to them. Over a period of fifteen- months, I employed a range of creative, visual and arts-based methods in group and individual interviews to explore a flexible set of core issues including digital worlds, relationships, networked body cultures and media discourses. Taking inspiration from feminist posthuman and new materialist concepts of ‘assemblage’, ‘affect’, ‘phallogocentricism’ and ‘feminist figurations’, I trace normative articulations of gender and sexuality as well as activate different ways of seeing and relating to young people’s digital sexual cultures. My data highlights the enduring force of heteronormative and phallogocentric power relations in young people’s digital sexual cultures through the publicisation of intimate relations online, social media’s visual culture of bodily display and gendered harassment online. However, it also maps ruptures and feminist figurations that displace vision away from the heteronormative and phallogocentric mode. I illustrate how young people’s digital sexual cultures can be the site of unexpected and unpredictable relations that move beyond normative notions of (hetero)sexuality and towards possibilities for re-imagined sexualities that exceed heteronormative and phallogocentric norms. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One - Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Sexuality and gender definitions ................................................................................ 3 1.3 Young people’s digital sexual cultures ........................................................................ 4 1.4 The sexual politics of digital relationships and sexuality education in schools .............. 6 1.5 Researching young people’s digital sexual cultures ..................................................... 8 1.6 Research aims and questions ................................................................................... 10 1.7 Chapter summary and thesis outline ........................................................................ 11 Chapter Two - Mapping the Academic Field ............................................................ 15 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Heteronormativity ................................................................................................... 16 Part One: From performance to performativity ....................................................... 18 2.3 Interactionist and discursive theories of gender, sexuality and the body ................... 18 2.3.1 Interactionism ........................................................................................................... 19 2.3.2 Discursive theories .................................................................................................... 21 2.3.3 The interconnection of gender, sexuality and digital technology ............................. 23 2.4 What does research informed by interactionist and discursive theories tell us about young people’s digital sexual cultures? .................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 New visibilities for performing gender and sexuality ............................................... 25 2.4.2 Gender relations and sexual double standards ........................................................ 26 2.4.3 Queer socialities online ............................................................................................. 29 2.5 Limitations of interactionist and discursive approaches ............................................ 32 Part Two: Decentring the human ............................................................................ 34 2.6 Feminist posthuman and new materialist approaches to gender and sexuality .......... 34 2.7 The politics of research ............................................................................................ 35 2.8 Digital sexuality assemblages ................................................................................... 37 2.9 Prioritising affect ..................................................................................................... 40 2.10 The endurance of phallogocentric power relations in young people’s digital cultures42 v 2.11 Foregrounding feminist figurations in young people’s digital sexuality assemblages 45 2.12 Limitations of research working with feminist posthuman and new materialist theories to explore young people’s digital sexual cultures ........................................................... 49 2.13 Employing a creative, visual and arts-based approach to studying young people’s digital sexual cultures .............................................................................................................. 50 2.14 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 51 Chapter Three - ‘What have you done?!’: Experimenting with creative, visual and arts- based methods in digital sexualities research with young people ............................ 53 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 53 3.2 Research preparations, access and recruitment ........................................................ 56 3.2.1 Ethical approval ......................................................................................................... 56 3.2.2 Access ........................................................................................................................ 59 3.2.3 Researching digital sexualities in schools, colleges and youth groups ..................... 61 3.2.4 Engaging participants ................................................................................................ 64 3.2.5 Participants ................................................................................................................ 66 3.3 Devising a feminist post-human and new materialist methodology for researching young people’s digital sexual cultures ...................................................................................... 72 3.3.1 Research activities ....................................................................................................
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