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(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/002 1906 A1 Aharonian (43) Pub US 2016.002 1906A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/002 1906 A1 Aharonian (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 28, 2016 (54) USES OF COCALEAF ORVALERLAN ROOT Publication Classification TO REDUCE BITTERNESS IN PLANT-BASED FOODS SUCH AS THOSE CONTAINING (51) Int. Cl. UNSWEETENED COCOA A23G L/48 (2006.01) A23G I/44 (2006.01) (71) Applicant: Gregory Aharonian, Belmont, MA (US) A23G I/36 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventor: Gregory Aharonian, Belmont, MA (US) CPC. A23G 1/48 (2013.01); A23G I/36 (2013.01); A23G I/44 (2013.01); A23 V 2002/00 (2013.01) (21) Appl. No.: 14/744,242 (22) Filed: Jun. 19, 2015 (57) ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data Products that are Sugar-free, or are low in Sugar (or low in (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. PCT/US14/ artificial Sweeteners), are disclosed herein that comprise 48299, filed on Jul. 25, 2014, Continuation-in-part of extracts from the leaves of the Erythroxylum plant, and one or application No. PCT/US 15/12536, filed on Jan. 22, more plant products, such as cocoa powder, wherein the per 2015. ceived bitterness of the plant product(s) is reduced. Extracts (60) Provisional application No. 62/107.353, filed on Jan. from other plants. Such as Hibiscus and Valerian root, can be 24, 2015. used to reduce perceived bitterness. Patent Application Publication Jan. 28, 2016 Sheet 1 of 3 US 2016/002 1906 A1 FIGURE CHO.COLATE PRODUCTS Serving Fat Sugar Percent Size (grams) (grams) (grams) Fat/Sugar Brenner Hachez Cocoa D'Arriba 77% 40 9 68% Cake Boss Chocolate Frosting 35 O 20 86% Dagoba 74% Dark 56 24 4 68% Dove Silky Smooth Dark 42 '4 9 78% Endangered Species 88% Dark 43 2O 58% Equal Exchange 7% Dark 37 6 O 70% Equal Exchange 80% Extra Dark 37 8 68% Equal Exchange Organic Hot Cocoa 7 O 64% Ferrero's Nutela 37 2 2 89%, Ghiradei Double Choc Brownie Mix 32 3.5 8 67% Ghiradei Double Hot Chocolate 35 5 27 81% Ghiradeili Unsweet Baking Bar 42 22 529, Godiva 85%. Extra Dark 2 65% Godiva 70% Dark 7 70% Godiva 3%. Mik 3 20 82% Green & Blacks Organic Dark 5 68% Hershey's Hot Fudge 7 579, Hershey's Special Dark 2 80% Hershey's Special Dark Frosting 8 67% Hershey's 2%-Fat Chocolate Miik 25 78% Hudson Valley 70% Delightfully Dark 48 6 6 66% Keebler Dark Fudge Stripes 6% Lindt 70% Oark 2 78% Mars 3 Musketeers Bar 36 80% Nabisco Chocolate Oreo 3 Nabisco Chips Ahoy Chunky 2 62% Nestle's Nesquick Powder 26 84% Newman's Own 70% Super Dark 28 6 68% Scharffen Berger 82% Extra Dark 9 63% Smuckers Hot Fudge 3.5 17 54% Patent Application Publication Jan. 28, 2016 Sheet 2 of 3 US 2016/002 1906 A1 Swiss Miss Dark Hot Chocolate 3.5 Theo Chocolate 70% Organic Dark 6 Theo Chocolate Rich Dark Drinking Tootsie Roll 2.5 Vermont Nut Free Dark 17 Xocai Dark Nuggets 3. Lily's Sweets Dark 14 (note: Lily’s uses some erythritol) Patent Application Publication Jan. 28, 2016 Sheet 3 of 3 US 2016/002 1906 A1 FIGURE 2 US 2016/002 1906 A1 Jan. 28, 2016 USES OF COCALEAF ORVALERLAN ROOT & Food Research in 2015 reported that cocoa intake, at least TO REDUCE BITTERNESS IN PLANT-BASED in rats, may delay progression of type 2 diabetes (see Fernan FOODS SUCH AS THOSE CONTAINING 2015). Another study published in 2008 reported that drink UNSWEETENED COCOA ing two cups of hot chocolate a day may help older people increase blood flow in the brain (see Sorond 2008), with a CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED 2014 study showing that a high cocoa diet improves cognition APPLICATIONS in older adults (see Brick 2014). Another study published in 0001. This patent application claims priority benefit 35 2010 reported that theobromine-enriched cocoa lowered cen U.S.C. S371 to International Patent Applications Nos. PCT/ tral systolic blood pressure (see Bogard 2010). Levels of US 14/48299, filed on 25 Jul. 2014, and PCT/US 15/12536, theobromine higher than natural in chocolate are knownto act filed 22 Jan. 2015; and under 35 U.S.C.S 119(e) to provisional as a diet suppressant. Another study published in 2007 U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/107,353, filed 24 Jan. reported that regular consumption of dark chocolate that is 2015. The contents of each of the aforementioned patent rich in flavonols can lower arterial stiffness (see Vlach 2007), applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety while U.S. Pat. No. 6,900,241 claims use of cocoa to treat atherosclerosis. Another study published in 2013 reported and for all purposes. that theobromine seems to be the chemical in cocoa whose UTILITY AND MORALITY consumption leads to increases in serum-HDL (the so-called “good cholesterol) concentrations (see Neufin 2013). Mars, 0002 Some embodiments of the invention disclosed the chocolate company, has patented the use of some cocoa herein make use of the leaves of the coca plant (or equiva extracts as anti-tumor agents (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,820.713). lents), which could raise issues of public utility and morality. Similarly, another chocolate company, Barry Callebaut, has For example, European Patent Convention article 53(a) pro patented the use of Some cocoa extracts for treating prostate hibits patents that “would be contrary to order public or cancer (see U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,576). Also, recent studies morality”. Regular dietary consumption of coca leaf products have raised the question of whether people have too much is not addictive and not medically detrimental (a fact consis added iron in their diets, and if this added iron is contributing tent with the suppressed 1995 U.N. study on use of coca to a variety of health problems such as heart disease and leaves), and extreme consumption is orders less addictive increased inflammation. Cocoa is known to decrease iron than the consumption of products that contain nicotine, Sugar, absorption while eating. In 2007, scientists in Panama studied alcohol, prescription opioids, and prescription amphet the country's Kuna Indians, who consume large amounts of amines. As, Evo Morales, the president of Bolivia poetically, cocoa, typically consuming, each day, approximately 900 and accurately states, "Coca leaf is to cocaine, as grapes are to milligrams of flavonols in cocoa, as well as much theobro wine.” President Morales wants to help cure diabetes and mine. The result of the study was that deaths due to heart epilepsy with coca leaves—let’s help disease and cancer dropped by a factor often, and deaths due to diabetes dropped by a factor of four (see Bayard 2007). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION While these effects cannot be solely attributed to the cocoa 0003. The reference to, or discussion of any prior-pub diet, there is a positive health contribution from this consump lished document or any other historical or factual background tion of cocoa. More offbeat uses of cocoa include being used in this specification is in no way an acknowledgement that the to make Suppositories—a mix of cocoa butter and 2% men document or background necessarily is prior art. All refer thol. ences described herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Cocoa, Saturated Fats, Carbohydrates and the Global Obesity and Diabetes Crisis. Chocolate, Kuna Indians, and a Long and Healthy 0007. In the 1970s, based on statistically unreliable data, Life the U.S. government dictated that a healthy food diet should be low in fats (think of the host of low-fat and no-fat prod Cocoa/Cacao Wonder Drug of 21st Century ucts), and high in carbohydrates (low/no fat products often 0004 Except as noted below, the word “cocoa and its have lots of sugar), for example as discussed in “The Big Fat Spanish equivalent, "cacao, are used interchangeably Surprise' by Nina Teicholz. Result? Since then, rates of obe herein. In addition, unless otherwise indicated the word 'or' sity in the United States have more than doubled, and diabetes is used herein in its non-exclusive sense, e.g., “A or B can has become a S1 trillion per year global health problem. Much refer to either A only, B only, or A and B taken in combination. demonized has been Saturated fat, even though studies show 0005 While cocoa contains caffeine (along with many that, at a minimum, Saturated fats don’t pose much of a health nutrients such as flavonols, and flavor compounds see Schieb threat if not consumed in excess (as compared to consuming 2000), one important alkaloid it contains is a homologue of high Sugar/carbohydrate diets), and if anything, provides ben caffeine, theobromine (the free tertiary amine in theobromine efits such as raising “good HDL cholesterol levels, while the is methylated in caffeine.). Generally, cocoa powder com mono-unsaturated fats can help lower “bad” LDL. One very prises between about 2% to about 10% of theobromine. healthy Source of Saturated fats is cacao butter, a good source 0006. In recent years, various studies have shown that of Stearic acid, which has minimal impact on cholesterol consumption of cocoa can result in decreases in the rates of levels. Such fats become a health problem when consumed heart disease, cancer, diabetes and other health problems (see with sugars (see Volk 2014). Franco 2013). A study published in Caries Research in 2015 0008. Theobromine, flavonols and saturated fats, with reported that theobromine is as effective as fluorine in the their disease reduction properties, makes cocoa an ideal natu remineralization of teeth and in fighting tooth decay (see ral medicine that is also an inexpensive food—a nutraceuti Amae 2013).
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