5HT1A Receptor Partial Agonists Vilazodone, 64-66 5HT2A Receptor

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-64267-6 - Mood Disorders and Antidepressants: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Fourth Edition Stephen M. Stahl and Nancy Muntner Index More information

Index

5HT1A receptor partial agonists psychotherapy as an epigenetic equipoise situation, 125–126 vilazodone, 64–66 “drug”, 116–117 evidence-based selection, 117–118 5HT2A receptor antagonists, 82 SAMe (S-adenosyl-methionine), postpartum patient, 125 5HT2C receptor antagonists, 77–82 114 for pregnant patients, 121–125 fluoxetine, 61 thyroid hormones, 114 symptom-based approach, 118–121 5HT3 receptor antagonists, 82–86 transcranial magnetic stimulation triple action combination (SSRI/ (TMS), 114–115 SNRI/NDRI), 126–127 acetaminophen, 104 antidepressant classes for women based on life-cycle stage, Adapin, 106 5HT2C antagonism, 77–81 121 agomelatine, 77–81 alpha 2 antagonists, 81–86 for women of childbearing age, Akiskal, Hagop, 7 circadian rhythm resynchronizer, 121–125 alpha 2 antagonists, 81–86 77–81 antidepressants in development amitifidine (triple reuptake inhibitor), melatonergic action, 77–81 CRF1 (corticotrophin-releasing 129 monoamine oxidase inhibitors factor) antagonists, 129 amitriptyline, 106 (MAOIs), 90–106 future treatments for mood amoxapine, 106 monoamine transporter blockers, disorders, 129–130 amphetamine, 91 53–110 glucocorticoid antagonists, 129 Anafranil, 106 norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake multimodal agents, 129–131 analgesics inhibitors (NDRIs), 73–76 NMDA blockade, 129–130 interactions with MAOIs, 104 selective norepinephrine reuptake serotonin–norepinephrine– anesthetics inhibitors (NRIs), 76–77 dopamine reuptake inhibitors interactions with MAOIs, 99 serotonin antagonist/reuptake (SNDRIs), 129 antidepressant action, inhibitors (SARIs), 86–90 triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs), comparison with placebo in clinical serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake 129 trials, 49 inhibitors (SNRIs), 66–73 vasopressin 1B antagonists, 129 debate over efficacy, 49–51 serotonin partial agonist-reuptake antihistamines, 99 definition of a treatment response, inhibitors (SPARIs), 64–66 anxiety disorders, 32, 54, 91 49 serotonin selective reuptake aripiprazole, 64 disease progression in major inhibitors (SSRIs), 54–64 Asendin, 106 depression, 53 tricyclic antidepressants, 76, aspirin, 104 effects throughout the life cycle, 53 106–110 atomoxetine, 76 efficacy in clinical trials, 49–51 antidepressant-induced mood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder failure to achieve remission, 51 disorders, 11–14 (ADHD), 74 general principles, 49–53 antidepressant “poop-out”,9 atypical antipsychotics, 9 goal of sustained remission, 49 antidepressant selection atypical depression, 9 importance of achieving remission, arousal combos, 129 Aventyl, 106 53 based on genetic testing, 125–126 avoidant personality disorder, 9 in “real world” trials, 53 based on weight of the evidence, STAR-D trial of antidepressants, 51 125–126 BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic antidepressant augmenting agents, breastfeeding patient, 125 factor), 54 110–117 California rocket fuel (SNRI plus effects of depression, 77 brain stimulation techniques, mirtazapine), 127 stress effects, 32–33 114–116 combination therapies for major benzodiazepines, 99, 105 buspirone, 65–66 depressive disorder, 126–129 BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin), 110 deep brain stimulation (DBS), combination therapies for bipolar depression, 1–2 115–116 treatment-resistant depression, distinguishing from unipolar electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 126–129 depression, 14–16 114 depression treatment strategy, bipolar disorder L-methylfolate, 110–114 48–49 comorbid with dementia, 14

134

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Index

bipolar disorder NOS (not otherwise CRF1 (corticotrophin-releasing factor) disease progression in major specified), 7–8 antagonists, 129 depression, 53 bipolar I disorder, 2 cyclobenzaprine, 104 dopa decarboxylase, 21 bipolar II disorder, 2 cyclothymic disorder, 2 dopamine, 1 bipolar spectrum, 7–14 CYP450 (cytochrome P450) enzymes norepinephrine precursor, 21 bipolar ¼ (0.25) disorder, 9 using genotypes to predict drug dopamine beta hydroxylase, 21 bipolar ½ (0.5) disorder, 7–11 effects, 125 dothiapin, 106 bipolar I ½ (1.5) disorder, 12 CYP450 2D6 polymorphism doxepin, 106 bipolar II ½ (2.5) disorder, 11 effects on metabolism of drugs of abuse, 103 bipolar III (3.0) disorder, 11–14 venlafaxine, 71 duloxetine, bipolar III ½ (3.5) disorder, 15 properties, 72–73 bipolar IV (4.0) disorder, 12–16 decongestants dysthymia, 2 bipolar V (5.0) disorder, 12–14 interactions with MAOIs, 99 bipolar VI (6.0) disorder, 14 deep brain stimulation (DBS), eating disorders, 54 and schizoaffective disorder, 7–11 115–116 edivoxetine schizo-bipolar disorder, 7–11 delusional disorder, 9 norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor BMS-820836 (triple reuptake dementia (NERI), 77 inhibitor), 129 with comorbid bipolarity, 14 Elavil, 106 brain atrophy and depression, Deplin, 110 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 32–33 depression, 1–2, 9 use in depression, 114 brain stimulation benefits of early intervention, 53 Endep, 106 as antidepressent augmentation, brain atrophy and stress, 32–33 epigenetics, 114–116 deep brain stimulation (DBS), effects of psychotherapy, 116–117 breastfeeding patient 115–116 epistasis, 112–114 depression treatment, 125 disease progression concept, 53 ERK/AKT signal transduction brief psychotic disorder, 9 disruption of circadian rhythms, cascade, 130 brompheniramine, 99 77–81 escitalopram bupropion, 62 distinguishing unipolar from unique properties, 64 formulations, 75 bipolar depression, 14–16 estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), pharmacologic properties, 73–76 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 71, 125 buspirone, 110 114 eszopiclone, 105 augmentation of SSRIs, 65–66 and MAO-A activity, 95 euthymia, 2 monoamine hypothesis of, 26, California rocket fuel (SNRI plus 53–54 fibromyalgia, mirtazapine), 82, 127 monoamine receptor hypothesis milnacipran treatment, 73 carbamazepine, 104 and gene expression, 26–33 fluoxetine, 77, 104 catatonic depression, 9 neurotransmitter receptor 5HT2C antagonist properties, 61 chlomipramine, 106 hypothesis, 54–56 unique properties, 61 chlorpheniramine, 99 in perimenopausal women, 71–72 fluvoxamine, chlorpromazine, 107 physiological effects, 77–81 sigma 1 receptor binding, 63 circadian rhythms symptoms and circuits, 37–42 unique properties, 63 disruption in depression, 77–81 transcranial magnetic stimulation folate, 110, 112 citalopram (TMS), 114–115 enantiomers, 63 treatment strategy, 48–49 Gamanil, 106 racemic citalopram, 63–64 vulnerability genes, genetic testing unique properties, 33–37See also mood disorders aid to antidepressant selection, 63See also escitalopram depression treatment 125–126 clock genes, 77 postpartum depression, 125 glucocorticoid antagonists, 129 clomipramine, 103–104, 107–108 pregnant patient, 121–125 glucocorticoid levels Coaxil, 106 depression with hypomania, 12–14 effects of stress, 32–33 cocaine, 62 depressive temperament, 2 GSK372475 (triple reuptake codeine, 99, 104 Deprimyl, 106 inhibitor), 129 cognitive behavioral therapy, 117 desipramine, 76, 106–107 COMT (catechol-O- desvenlafaxine, hippocampus methyltransferase), 21, 112 properties, 71–72 effects of stress, 32–33 genetic variants, 112–114 dextromethorphan, 99, 103 histamine H1 receptor antagonists, 82 continuum disease model, 9–11 action on NMDA receptors, 130 homocysteine, 112 cortisol secretion dichotomous disease model, 7–9 HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary- elevation in depression, 77 dihydrofolate, 110 adrenal) axis, 129

135

Index

HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary- monoamine hypothesis of depression, bipolarity comorbid with dementia, adrenal) axis (cont.) 26, 53–54 14 abnormalities in depression, 77 monoamine neurotransmitters caused by antidepressants, 11–14 effects of stress, 32–33 and mood disorders, 1 continuum disease model, 9–11 Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria, 99 monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), 21, cyclothymic disorder, 2, 11 hydrocodone, 104 91–95 depression, 1–2 hyperthymic temperament, 2 and depression, 95 depression symptoms and circuits, and mood disorders, 12–16 reversible inhibitors of MAO-A 37–42 hypomania, 2 (RIMAs), 97–99 depression with hypomania, 12–14 with depression, 12–14 monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), 21, depressive temperament, 2 91–95 description, 1–2 imipramine, 106 monoamine oxidase inhibitors dichotomous disease model, 7–9 interpersonal therapy, 117 (MAOIs), 90–106 distinguishing unipolar from iproniazid, 90 avoidance of serotonergic agents, bipolar depression, 14–16 isocarboxazid, 91 99–103 double depression, 2 clinical management solutions, dysthymia, 2 ketamine, 114 95–106 future treatments, 129–130 antidepressant effects, 129–130 dietary tyramine interaction, 95–99 hyperthymic temperament, 2, 12–16 Kraepelin, Emil, 7 drug–drug interactions, 99–104 hypomania, 2 interactions with analgesics, 104 major depressive disorder, 2, 12 lamotrigine, 105 interactions with anesthetics, 99 mania, 1–2 levodopa, 91 interactions with decongestants, 99 mania symptoms and circuits, lithium, 103, 110 interactions with opiates, 104 42–43 lofepramine, 106 interactions with tricyclic mixed mood state, 2 Loroxyl, 106 antidepressants, 103–104 monoamine hypothesis of LuAA24530 (triple reuptake MAO-A activity and depression, 95 depression, 26 inhibitor), 129 MAO subtypes, 91–95 and monoamine neurotransmitters, Ludiomil, 106 myths and misinformation, 95–104 1 reversible inhibitors of MAO-A monoamine receptor hypothesis major depressive disorder, 2, 12 (RIMAs), 97–99 and gene expression, 26–33 disease progression concept, 53 risk of hypertensive crisis, 95–99 mood-centered perspective, 8 in perimenopausal women, 71–72 risk of serotonin toxicity/serotonin mood chart, 2 use of combination antidepressant syndrome, 99–103 mood-related temperaments, 2 therapies, 126–129 switching to and from, 104–106 natural history, 16–17 mania, 1–2, 9 sympathomimetics to avoid or neuroimaging, 44–45 symptoms and circuits, administer with caution, 99 neurotransmitter systems involved, 42–43See also mood disorders monoamine receptor hypothesis of 19 maprotiline, 76, 106–107 depression question of progression, 16–17 meclobemide, 97 and gene expression, 26–33 range of moods, 2 melancholic depression, 9 monoamine transporter blockers, rapid cycling, 2 melatonin secretion 53–110 related to substance abuse, 15 and depression, 77–81 monoamines relationship to psychotic disorders, meperidine, 103–104 interactions between, 26 7–11 methadone, 104 mood disorders, 1 schizoaffective disorder, 7–11 methionine synthase, 112 bipolar depression, 1–2 schizo-bipolar disorder, 7–11 methionine synthase reductase, 112 bipolar disorder NOS (not stress and depression, 32–37 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase otherwise specified), 7–8 unipolar depression, 1–2 genetic variants, 112–114 bipolar spectrum, 7–14 morphine, 99 L-methylfolate, 110–114 bipolar ¼ (0.25) disorder, 9 mTOR (mammalian target of methylphenidate, 62 bipolar ½ (0.5) disorder, 7–11 rapamycin) pathway, 130 mianserin, 82–86 bipolar I disorder, 2 milnacipran bipolar I ½ (1.5) disorder, 12 nefazodone, 86 properties, 73 bipolar II disorder, 2 neurodegenerative disorders, 91–93 mirtazapine, 77, 82–86 bipolar II ½ (2.5) disorder, 11 neuroimaging California rocket fuel (SNRI plus bipolar III (3.0) disorder, 11–14 mood disorders, 44–45 mirtazapine), 82, 127 bipolar III ½ (3.5) disorder, 15 neurotransmitter receptor hypothesis mitochondria, 21 bipolar IV (4.0) disorder, 12–16 of depression, 54–56 mivacurium, 99 bipolar V (5.0) disorder, 12–14 nicotine addiction, 75 mixed state mood disorders, 2, 9 bipolar VI (6.0) disorder, 14 NMDA blockade

136

Index

potential treatment for mood phenelzine, 91 serotonin norepinephrine dopamine disorders, 129–130 placebo effect reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in antidepressant clinical trials, 49 129 104 postmenopausal women serotonin norepinephrine reuptake noradrenergic neurons, 19–26 effectiveness of SSRIs and SNRIs, 72 inhibitors (SNRIs), 66–73 norepinephrine, 1 postpartum depression, 9, 125 California rocket fuel (SNRI plus regulation of 5HT release, 26 postpartum psychosis, 125 mirtazapine), 127 norepinephrine dopamine reuptake posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), desvenlafaxine, 71–72 inhibitors (NDRIs), 73–76 32 dopamine increase in the prefrontal in triple action combination (SSRI/ PRC200-SS (triple reuptake inhibitor), cortex, 69–70 SNRI/NDRI), 126–127 129 duloxetine, 72–73 norepinephrine receptors, 22–26 pregnancy effectiveness in postmenopausal norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors treatment of depression, 121–125 women, 72 (NERIs) premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 54 effects of NET inhibition, 69–70 edivoxetine, 77 Prothiaden, 106 milnacipran, 73 See also selective norepinephrine protriptyline, 106–107 in triple action combination (SSRI/ reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) pseudobulbar affect, 130 SNRI/NDRI), 126–127 norepinephrine transporter (NET), psychotherapy venlafaxine, 70–71 21–22 combined with antidepressants, serotonin partial agonist reuptake See also SNRIs, 70 116–117 inhibitors (SPARIs) norepinephrine transporter (NET) as an epigenetic “drug”, 116–117 vilazodone, 64–66 inhibition psychotic depression, 9 serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors selective NRIs, 76–77 psychotic disorders (SSRIs), 54–64 norfluoxetine, 105 relationship to mood disorders, citalopram, 63 Norpramin, 106 7–11 common features, 55–60 nortriptyline, 106–107 discontinuation reactions, 62–63 quetiapine, 64, 77 effectiveness in postmenopausal obsessive–compulsive disorder quinidine, 130 women, 72 (OCD), 63, 110 escitalopram, 64 olanzapine, 77 racemic citalopram, 63 fluoxetine, 61 opiates radafaxine, 74 fluvoxamine, 63 interactions with MAOIs, 104 rapacuronium, 99 paroxetine, 62–63 opioids rapid cycling in mood disorders, 2 SERT blockade, 55–60 interaction with MAOIs, 103 rasagiline, 91 sertraline, 61–62 oxcarbazepine, 104 reboxetine, 76 in triple action combination (SSRI/ reversible inhibitors of MAO-A SNRI/NDRI), 126–127 pain (RIMAs), 97–99 unique properties of individual low back pain treatment, 110 SSRIs, 60–64 psychic pain, 72–73 SAMe (S-adenosyl-methionine), 114 serotonin toxicity/serotonin syndrome somatic pain, 72–73 schizoaffective disorder, 7–11 risk with MAOIs, 99–103 pain treatments, schizobipolar disorder, 7–11 serotonin transporter (SERT), duloxetine, 72–73 schizoid personality disorder, 9 blockade by SSRIs, 55–60 Pamelor, 106 schizophrenia, sertraline panic attacks, 110 relationship to mood disorders, dopamine receptor (DAT) panic disorder, 91 7–11 inhibition, 61–62 paranoid personality disorder, 9 schizophreniform disorder, 9 sigma 1 receptor binding, 61–62 Parkinson’s disease, 115 schizotypal personality disorder, 9 unique properties, 61–62 use of MAO-B inhibitors, 91–93 scopolamine, 114 setiptilene, 82 paroxetine seasonal affective disorder, 9 shared psychotic disorder, 9 discontinuation reactions, 62–63 selective norepinephrine reuptake sigma 1 receptor binding side effects, 62–63 inhibitors (NRIs) fluvoxamine, 63 unique properties, 62–63 atomoxetine, 76 sertraline, 61–62 perimenopausal women reboxetine, 76 Sinequaan, 106 effectiveness of SSRIs and SNRIs, selegiline, 91, 97 sleep deprivation, 114 71–72 SEP-225289 (triple reuptake social phobia, 91 treatment of depression, 71–72 inhibitor), 129 Stablon, 106 vasomotor symptoms, 69, 71–72 serotonin, 1 STAR-D trial of antidepressants, 51 Pertofran, 106 serotonin antagonist/reuptake Sternbach criteria for serotonin pharmaceutical industry, 50 inhibitors (SARIs), 86–90 toxicity, 99

137

Index

stress, 129 thyroid hormones, unipolar depression, 1–2 BDNF effects, 32–33 as antidepressant augmenting distinguishing from bipolar brain atrophy and depression, agents, 114 depression, 14–16 32–33 tianeptine, 106 and depression vulnerability genes, Tofranil, 106 valproate, 105 33–37 tramadol, 103–104 vasomotor symptoms effects of environmental stress, 37 transcranial magnetic stimulation in perimenopausal women, 71–72 effects on glucocorticoid levels, (TMS), 114–115 vasopressin 1B antagonists, 129 32–33 tranylcypromine, 91 venlafaxine, 68 effects on the hippocampus, 32–33 trazodone, 86–90, 105 extended-release formulation, 71 effects on the HPA (hypothalamic- trial-based therapy, 117 properties, 70–71 pituitary-adrenal) axis, 32–33 tricyclic antidepressants, 76, 106–110 venlafaxine XR, 71 and vulnerability to depression, 37 interactions with MAOIs, 103–104 vesicular monoamine transporter 2 substance abuse potential for death in overdose, (VMAT2), 22 mood disorders related to, 15 107–110 vilazodone, 64–66, 129 subsyndromal/ultra-high-risk side effects, 107–110 Vivactil, 106 psychosis prodrome, 9 trimipramine, 106 vortioxetine, 129 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 77–81 triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs), 129 Surmontil, 106 TriRima (CX157), 99 Wellbutrin, 62 Tryprizol, 106 tapentadol, 104 tryptophan hydroxylase, 110 Z-drugs, 105 tasofensine, 129 tyramine in the diet zaleplon, 105 temperaments interaction with MAOIs, 95–99 ziprasidone, 106 mood-related, 2 tyrosine, 21 Zoloft, 62 tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), 110 tyrosine hydroxylase, 21, 110 zolpidem, 105

138