O Poder Da ARQUITETURA Japonesa
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IELTS Exam Training Courses an Extremely Difficult Academic Section 1
IELTS Exam Training Courses An extremely difficult Academic Section 1 Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on the Reading Passage below. WHY PAGODAS DON’T FALL DOWN In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how has Japan’s tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings – 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood. Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan’s first skyscraper – was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968. Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five meters into the sky-nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. -
Japón En Córdoba De Un Paso Al Otro Lado Del Mundo Antonio Míguez Santa Cruz Y E
Japón en Córdoba De un paso al otro lado del mundo Antonio Míguez Santa Cruz y E. Macarena Torralba García (Coords.) Japón en Córdoba Autor Nombre Apellido Título: Japón en Córdoba: De un paso al otro lado del mundo Colección: Japón en Córdoba Proyecto desarrollado por: Asociación Cultural Akiba-Kei y Universidad de Reservados todos los derechos. El con- Córdoba tenido de esta obra se halla protegido por Coordinación: Antonio Míguez Santa la ley, que establece penas de prisión y Cruz y E. Macarena Torralba García /o multa, además de las correspondientes Diseño y Maquetación: E. Macarena indemnizaciones a los autores por daños Torralba García y perjuicios, para quienes reproduzcan, Diseño de Portada: E. Macarena Torral- plagien, distribuyan o comuniquen públi- ba García camente, en todo o en parte, la presente Edición: Asociación Cultural Akiba-Kei y obra académica. Lo anterior también se Universidad de Córdoba extiende a su transformación, interpre- tación, o ejecución fijada en cualquier © de los textos: los autores tipo de soporte, e incluso a una eventual ISBN: 13 978-84-697-8549-2 comunicación oral a través de cualquier Depósito legal: CO 2535-2017 medio sin la preceptiva autorización. 2 Japón en Córdoba De un paso al otro lado del mundo Antonio Míguez Santa Cruz y E. Macarena Torralba García (Coords) Editan Asociación Cultural Akiba-Kei y Universidad de Córdoba Japón en Córdoba Autor Nombre Apellido Autores Antonio Míguez Santa Cruz Sandra Carrascosa Urbán Ismael Cristóbal Montero Díaz E. Macarena Torralba García Carolina Plou Anadón Manuel De Moya Martínez Andrés Camacho López Diego Bejarano Palma Raúl Fortes Guerrero Jose Montaño Muñoz Analia Lorena Meo Alejandro Pizarro Carrasco 5 Índice Presentación 9 Antonio Míguez Santa Cruz y E. -
Studiereis U-BASE 2018 Traditionele Houten Pagodes En Hun Onverwoestbaarheid Voor Aardbevingen
Studiereis U-BASE 2018 Traditionele houten pagodes en hun onverwoestbaarheid voor aardbevingen Afgelopen juli vertrokken 23 studenten Structural en Building Engineering van de studievereniging U-BASE en 2 professoren van de TU Delft richting Japan voor een studiereis. Tijdens deze reis zijn de steden Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe en Kyoto aangedaan. Er zijn veel interessante en unieke Japanse bouwwerken bezocht, waaronder meerdere pagodes. Aardbevingsbestendigheid stond tijdens deze reis uiteraard hoog in het vaandel. De werking en onverwoestbaarheid van deze pagodes wat betreft aardbevingsbestendigheid heeft veel indruk gemaakt op de studenten en de bevindingen zullen in dit artikel verder worden toegelicht. Traditionele Japanse tempels zijn vaak gebouwd in de stijl van een pagode. Dit is een torenvormig, houten gebouw dat uit verschillende, steeds kleiner wordende verdiepingen bestaat en waarbij elke verdieping haar eigen dak heeft. De pagode is altijd een losstaand gebouw zodat de gelovige er als ritueel omheen kan lopen uit respect voor de relikwieën die binnen worden bewaard. De eerste pagodes werden gebouwd tijdens de opkomst van het boeddhisme in China en Japan in de zesde eeuw na Christus. De oudste pagode in Japan is de Horyu-Ji tempel in Tokyo uit 607 na Christus en is ongeveer 38 meter hoog. De hoogste pagode in Japan is de Toji pagode in Kyoto en dit is tevens ook het hoogste houten gebouw in Japan. Deze bijna 55 meter hoge toren werd gebouwd in de Edo-periode in het jaar 1643. (Tarantola, 2011) Figuur 1: Horyu-Ji Tempel (Japan Deluxe Tours) Figuur 2: Toji Tempel (Wordpress) In de afgelopen 1400 jaar zijn er slechts twee tempels ingestort, dit ondanks het feit dat Japan geteisterd wordt door tyfoons en aardbevingen. -
International Aspects of the History of Earthquake Engineering
International Aspects Of the History of Earthquake Engineering Part I February 12, 2008 Draft Robert Reitherman Executive Director Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering This draft contains Part I: Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Japan The planned contents of Part II are chapters 3 through 6 on China, India, Italy, and Turkey. Oakland, California 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................i Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 “Earthquake Engineering”.......................................................................................................1 “International” ........................................................................................................................3 Why Study the History of Earthquake Engineering?................................................................4 Earthquake Engineering History is Fascinating .......................................................................5 A Reminder of the Value of Thinking .....................................................................................6 Engineering Can Be Narrow, History is Broad ........................................................................6 Respect: Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due ..........................................................................7 The Importance -
Draft Landmark Designation Report
DRAFT LANDMARK DESIGNATION REPORT Peace Pagoda & Peace Plaza Peace Plaza, Japantown Draft Article 10 Landmark Designation Report submitted to the Historic Preservation Commission, XXXXXXXX City and County of San Francisco Planning Department Landmark No. Edwin M. Lee, Mayor John Rahaim, Director XXX Cover: Peace Pagoda, 2013. The Historic Preservation Commission (HPC) is a seven-member body that makes recommendations to the Board of Supervisors regarding the designation of landmark buildings and districts. The regulations governing landmarks and landmark districts are found in Article 10 of the Planning Code. The HPC is staffed by the San Francisco Planning Department. This Draft Landmark Designation Report is subject to possible revision and amendment during the initiation and designation process. Only language contained within the Article 10 designation ordinance, adopted by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, should be regarded as final. CONTENTS OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 BUILDING DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Peace Pagoda ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Peace Plaza .............................................................................................................................................................. -
Why Pagodas Don't Fall Down
Reading Practice Why pagodas don't fall down In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five- storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood. Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan's first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968. Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. -
Design for Earthquake and Wind
IMIA12-19(96)E DESIGN FOR · EARTHQUAKE AND WIND ACC. (gal) kobe.ns ( ttiax: -820.56) 1000. 0. - 1000. kobe. ew ( Max: 619. 2 0) 800. 0. -800. kobe. ud (Max: 333. 27) 400. 0. -400. 0. 20 . 40 . Time (sec.) T. NOZAKI IMIAMSeptember 1996 IMIA12-19(96)E DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE AND WIND Introduction As you recall, the title I a~pted at the IMIA Conference last year was "Design Standard for Earthquake and Wind." Since then, my scrutiny of the title has prompt.ed me to exclude the term standard, as I have realized that design for earthquake and wind, still unexplained natural phenomena even at the end ofthe 20th century, is a matt.er ofrepetitive trial and error and thus is far from being finnly defined in a strict sense. The concept and method of design actually vary in accordance with kinds, functions and the respective meaning of structures or constructions. Moreover, numerous elements are involved, such as the history, culture and social trends of the c.ommunities or nations where the structures or buildings are located, requirements for security, economic demands, the experience or preference of the designers, and so forth. A design standard may exist for the design of machinery and equipment or housing that is mass produced or of particular construction. But the design standard in these instances is solely restricted to certain aspects of c.onstruction, as in the case of earthquake or wind resistant design. While my deletion of the term standard stems from the judgment that it is next to impossible to deal fully with such a big issue within the context of this paper and the time available, I should perhaps also mention that the sc.ope of our research, or as I would put it, playground, should be wider. -
Tracing the Origin of Japanese Pagodas Along the Silk Road
Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road 002 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012 Invited Talk Proceedings TRACING THE ORIGIN OF JAPANESE PAGODAS ALONG THE SILK ROAD Koji Miyazaki Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University, Japan Key words: Silk Road, Japanese pagodas, Buddhism, geometry, regular polyhedra Abstract This paper will trace the origins of a geometric tradition in the construction of Japanese traditional Buddhist pagodas, especially the five- and three-storied pagodas, as well as the Gorinto and Hokyointo pagodas, at the Western end of the Silk Road. Our guides along the way are geometric figures, the circle, square, and the regular polyhedra. The main conclusion is that the five-storied and Gorinto pagodas have been traditionally associated with the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism, which was fond of the circle and the number 5, while the three-storied and Hokyointo pagodas were favored by the Tendai sect, which seemed to like the square and the number 3 more. The rivalry between these two big sects continuing to this day reminds us of a philosophic tradition from the ancient Greece. 1. Introduction In Japan, the construction of Buddhist pagodas begun as early as the 7th century and thus, they became symbols of traditional Japan. Among them, the most remarkable ones are the large wooden five- and three-storied pagodas, and the small stone Gorinto and Hokyointo pagodas. Furthermore, there is also a special wooden two-storied Tahoto pagoda which may have been the origin of the multi-storied pagodas in Japan (Fig.1). Curiously enough, they have been designed according to strict geometric rules, although it is often said that Japanese are traditionally not fond of geometry. -
Seismic and Wind Performance of Five-Storied Pagoda of Timber Heritage Structure
Advanced Materials Research Vols. 133-134 (2010) pp 79-95 © (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.79 Seismic and Wind Performance of Five-Storied Pagoda of Timber Heritage Structure HANAZATO Toshikazu 1, a , MINOWA Chikahiro 2,b , NIITSU Yasushi 3,c , NITTO Kazuhiko 4,d , KAWAI Naohito 5,e , MAEKAWA Hideyuki 6,f and MORII Masayuki 7,g 1Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu-shi, Mie, Japan 2National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan 3Tokyo Denki University,2-1200, Busaigakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, Japan 4Tokyo University of the Arts,12-8, Ueno Park, Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan 5Building Research Institute,1-3,Tatehara, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, Japan 6Polytechnic University,4-1-1,Hashimotodai,Midori-ku,Sagamihara,Kanagawa,Japan 7National Research Institute for Cultural Properties,Tokyo,13-43, Ueno Park,Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], eKawai @ kenken.go.jp,[email protected], [email protected] Abstract In Japan, there exist a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before the middle of 19 centuries. All of those pagodas are registered as the important cultural heritages by Japanese Government, while some of them are listed in World Cultural Heritages such as Horyu-ji Temple’s Pagoda that was built in the end of 7 th century. As those timber pagodas in seismic areas have survived against earthquakes during their long histories, their earthquake resistant capacity has been studied for a century.