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Clinical Outcome of a New Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Peri-Implant Dehiscence in the Esthetic Area. a Case Report

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Clinical Outcome of a New Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Peri-Implant Dehiscence in the Esthetic Area. a Case Report applied sciences Case Report Clinical Outcome of a New Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Peri-Implant Dehiscence in the Esthetic Area. A Case Report Norberto Quispe-López 1 , Carmen García-Faria 2, Jesús Mena-Álvarez 2,* , Yasmina Guadilla 1, Pablo Garrido Martínez 3,4 and Javier Montero 1 1 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] (N.Q.-L.); [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28703 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Prosthesis, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, 28703 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This study describes the clinical and esthetic outcome of n apical surgical treatment on peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence in an implant with a poor prognosis in the esthetic area. The patient presented a compromised situation of clinical attachment loss both in the 1.2 implant and in the adjacent teeth. A biphasic approach consisted firstly of a connective tissue graft accessed by apical and then, 11 months later, a palatal flap technique plus a connective tissue graft. After 20 months of Citation: Quispe-López, N.; healing, surgical approaches without vertical releasing incisions showed a gain in recession reduction García-Faria, C.; Mena-Álvarez, J.; over the implant ranging from 0.3 to 2.7 mm (CI 95%), in addition to a gain in width (2 mm) and Guadilla, Y.; Garrido Martínez, P.; thickness (2.3 mm) of the keratinized mucosa. With respect to the white esthetic score, 4 points were Montero, J. Clinical Outcome of a gained, and with respect to the pink esthetic score, 3 points were gained. With the use of the apical New Surgical Technique for the approach technique and the palatal flap technique, satisfactory results are obtained in the treatment Treatment of Peri-Implant Dehiscence of recessions on implants, improving the amount of keratinized mucosa and the esthetic result in an in the Esthetic Area. A Case Report. objective manner in the anterior area. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4781. https://doi. org/10.3390/app11114781 Keywords: dental implants; connective tissue graft; dehiscence coverage; esthetic zone; apical approach; PES/WES; esthetic index; soft tissue management Academic Editors: Paola Gandini and Andrea Scribante Received: 11 April 2021 Accepted: 19 May 2021 1. Introduction Published: 23 May 2021 The concept of osseointegration was originally defined by Brånemark et al., as a direct structural and functional connection between living bone tissue and the surface of an Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral implant [1]. In the same way that systemic factors [2] (smokers, patients with poorly- with regard to jurisdictional claims in controlled diabetes, osteoporosis or oncologic conditions) affect bone metabolism, therefore published maps and institutional affil- affecting osseointegration, local factors [3] (modern surface treatments such as formation of iations. a thick layer of titanium oxide, alteration of surface chemical composition by incorporating bioactive molecules and at the creation of a surface topography) increase and accelerate implant osseointegration. Dental implants are a widely used treatment option in dental clinics with very high Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. long-term success rates; however, they are not free of complications [4,5]. The most preva- Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. lent are mucositis (29.48%) and/or peri-implantitis (9.25%) [6], esthetic complications [7,8] This article is an open access article and loss of osseointegration prior to prosthetic loading [9]. However, in addition to these distributed under the terms and biological and biomechanical complications of direct cause, there are different clinical conditions of the Creative Commons complications linked to the non-use of classical knowledge in implantology and periodon- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// tology [10]. Today, these complications, especially in the esthetic area, can be reduced creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ thanks to the new digital tools that we have at our disposal [11]. That is, a good diagnosis 4.0/). Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114781 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4781 2 of 14 must first be established, appropriate biomaterials used, and biologically appropriate restorations performed [12,13]. The peri-implant mucosa acts as a soft tissue barrier aimed at preventing bacterial penetration; this aspect must be taken into account, since the oral epithelium has a lower capacity to seal the implant than to seal a natural tooth [14,15]. In the premaxilla, the facial bone wall and the soft tissue of the vestibular surface are thinner than in the palatal region [16]. The most common peri-implant esthetic compli- cations are vestibular soft tissue recession and papilla loss, so surgical treatment using autogenous soft tissue grafts is commonly necessary [17]. The most popular surgical procedures aim to increase the keratinized mucosa width (KMW), which is the strip mea- sured in millimeters from the free mucosal margin to the mucogingival junction on the central-vestibular side of each implant and/or the mucosal thickness (MT). MT can be measured both in vestibular (measurement in mm of the thickness of the facial mucosa 2–3 mm apical to the soft mucosal margin of the implant) and in crestal (vertical dimension measured in millimeters from the most coronal portion of soft tissue to the crestal bone) to improve esthetics, function, and biology [4]. The purpose of increasing the keratinized mucosa width (KMW) is to decrease plaque accumulation, since in the presence of more than 2 mm of keratinized tissue, according to some authors, there is evidence of better plaque control [18,19]. In addition, with increased peri-implant mucosal thickness (MT), less marginal bone loss is observed, as well as less discoloration of the soft tissues [18–20]. Peri-implant soft tissue dehiscences/deficiencies (PSTD) is the most widely used term for recessions on dental implants that are accompanied by a loss attachment on one or more of their surfaces [17]. Several factors seem to influence PSTD, including peri-implant soft tissue thickness, presence of <2 mm of keratinized mucosa, absence of facial bone wall, implant malposition, single-unit implants, attachment loss of adjacent teeth, and surgical trauma [21–23]. Different surgical procedures have been recommended to treat PSTD on the vestibular side, and the coronal advancement flap with or without vertical releasing incisions plus a connective tissue graft is the most commonly described technique in the literature [17,24,25]. Recently, Zucchelli et al. [26] in 2019, made a classification to describe PSTD on single implants in the esthetic zone, adding a subcategory in relation to the papilla dimension (Table1). In addition, they recommend a decision-making protocol to select the most appropriate treatment. This classification identifies four classes of dehiscence (PSTD) according to the vestibular–palatal position of the implant-supported crown profile (except class I, which is characterized by a soft tissue margin located at the same level as the ideal position of the gingival margin of the natural tooth counterpart; thus, only an inadequate thickness of the peri-implant keratinized mucosa is identified). Three subcategories (for classes II, III and IV) are also identified according to the dimension of the interproximal papillae: (a) the tip of both papillae is >3 mm coronal to the ideal position of the soft tissue margin of the implant-supported crown; (b) the tip of at least one papilla is <3 mm coronal to the ideal position of the soft tissue margin; (c) the height of at least one papilla is at the same level or more apical to the ideal position of the soft tissue margin of the implant-supported crown. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4781 3 of 14 Table 1. Classification of PSTD and recommended surgical treatment [26]. Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Dehiscence Class Subclass Recommended Surgical Treatment Characteristics The soft tissue margin is located at the same level of the ideal position of the Ia: coronally advanced flap (CAF) or gingival margin of the homologous natural tunnel plus CTG (or other graft substitutes). I tooth, and the color of the Ib: Combined prosthetic–surgical abutment/implant is visible only through approach. the mucosa and/or there is a lack of keratinized tissue/soft tissue thickness. The soft tissue margin is located more apical to the ideal position of the gingival IIa: No crown removal, CAF plus CTG. margin of the homologous natural tooth, IIb: Combined prosthetic–surgical and the implant-supported crown profile is II approach. located inside (more palatal) the imaginary IIc: Soft tissue augmentation with curve line that connects the profile of the a: The tip of both papillae is submerged healing. adjacent teeth at the level of the soft tissue ≥3 mm coronal to the ideal margin. position of soft tissue margin The soft tissue margin is located more of the implant-supported apical to the ideal position of the gingival crown. margin of the homologous natural tooth. b: The tip of at least one ≥ The implant-supported crown profile is papilla is 1 mm but <3 mm located outside (more facially) the coronal to the ideal position of IIIa: Crown removal, CAF plus CTG. imaginary curve line that connects the the soft tissue margin of the IIIb: Combined prosthetic–surgical III profile of the adjacent teeth at the level of implant supported crown. approach. the soft tissue margin, and the head of the c: The height of at least one IIIc: Soft tissue augmentation with implant (evaluated by removing the crown) papilla is <1 mm coronal to submerged healing. is inside (more palatally) the imaginary the ideal position of the soft straight line connecting the profile of the tissue margin of the adjacent teeth at the level of the soft tissue implant-supported crown.
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